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D.C. Generators

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24 views53 pages

D.C. Generators

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dockanye3
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D.C.

Generators
•Although a far greater percentage of the electrical
machines in service are a.c. machines, the d.c. machines
are of considerable industrial importance.
•The principal advantage of the d.c. machine, particularly
the d.c. motor, is that it provides a fine control of speed.
Such an advantage is not claimed by any a.c. motor.
•d.c. generator is important because it represents a
logical introduction to the behaviour of d.c. motors
Generator Principle
•An electric generator is a machine that converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy
•An electric generator is based on the principle that
whenever flux is cut by a conductor, an e.m.f. is induced
which will cause a current to flow if the conductor circuit
is closed
The direction of induced e.m.f. (and hence current) is given by
Fleming’s right hand rule. Therefore, the essential components
of a generator are:
(a) a magnetic field
(b) conductor or a group of conductors
(c) motion of conductor w.r.t. magnetic field.
Construction of d.c. Generator
• Field system
• The function of the field system is to produce uniform magnetic field
within which the armature rotates.
Armature core
• The armature core is keyed to the machine shaft and rotates
between the field poles.
• It consists of slotted soft-iron laminations (about 0.4 to 0.6
mm thick) that are stacked to form a cylindrical core
• The laminations are individually coated with a thin insulating
film so that they do not come in electrical contact with each
other.
• The purpose of laminating the core is to reduce the eddy
current loss.
Armature winding
• The slots of the armature core hold insulated conductors that
are connected in a suitable manner.
• This is known as armature winding.
• This is the winding in which “working” e.m.f. is induced.
• The armature conductors are connected in series-parallel;
Commutator
• A commutator is a mechanical rectifier which converts the
alternating voltage generated in the armature winding into
direct voltage across the brushes
Brushes
• The purpose of brushes is to ensure electrical connections
between the rotating commutator and stationary external
load circuit
• Armature Resistance (Ra)
• The resistance offered by the armature circuit is known as
armature resistance
(Ra) and includes:
(i) resistance of armature winding
(ii) resistance of brushes
The armature resistance depends upon the construction of
machine. Except for small machines, its value is generally
less than 1W.
•A turn consists of two conductors connected
to one end by an end connector.

A coil is formed by connecting several turns in


series.
A winding is formed by connecting several
coils in series
• In a lap winding, the number of parallel paths (a) is always equal to
the
number of poles (p) and also to the number of brushes.

• In wave windings, the number of parallel paths (a) is always two


and there may be two or more brush positions.
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
• the induced voltage in a turn is
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
ARMATURE VOLTAGE
• The voltages induced in all the turns connected in series for one parallel path
across the positive and negative brushes will contribute to the average terminal
voltage Ea.
• Let N = total number of turns in the armature winding and a = number of parallel
paths
DEVELOPED (OR ELECTROMAGNETIC)
TORQUE
TORQUE
TORQUE
• All the conductors in the armature winding develop
torque in the same direction and thus contribute to the
average torque developed by the armature. The total
torque developed is
emf Equation
•Let
P = Number of poles of the machine
𝜑 =Flux per pole in Wb
Z = Total number of armature conductors
N = Speed of armature in rpm
A = Number of parallel paths in the armature winding.
•In one revolution of the armature; Flux cut by one
conductor = P𝜑 Wb
• Time taken to complete one revolution, t = 60/N second
Average induced emf in one conductor,
𝑃∅ 𝑃∅𝑁
𝑒= = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑡 60
• The number of conductors connected in series in each parallel path = Z/A.
Average induced emf across each parallel path or
across the armature terminals,
For a given machine, the number of poles and
number of conductors per parallel path (Z/A) are
constant.
Torque Equation
• when a current carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field a
force is exerted on it which exerts turning moment or torque (F× r)
• This torque is produced due to electro-magnetic effect, hence is
called electromagnetic torque.
EXAMPLE

•A 4-pole, DC machine is having 500 wave


wound conductors and running at 1000 rpm.
The flux per pole is 30 m Wb. What will be the
voltage induced in the armature winding.
EXAMPLE

•A 4-pole, DC machine has 144 slots in the


armature with two coil-sides per slot, each coil
has two turns. The flux per pole is 20 m Wb,
the armature is lap wound and if rotates at 720
rpm, what is the induced emf (i) across the
armature (ii) across each parallel path?
•A four-pole dc machine has an armature of radius 13.0
cm and an effective length of 25 cm. The poles cover
65% of the armature periphery. The armature winding
consists of 36 coils, each coil having seven turns. The
coils are accommodated in 30 slots. The average flux
density under each pole is 0.75T.
EXAMPLE

•A DC generator carries 600 conductors on its


armature with lap connections. The generator
has 8 poles with 0.06 Wb useful flux. What will
be the induced emf at its terminals if it is
rotated at 1000rpm? Also determine the speed
at which it should be driven to induce the same
voltage with wave connections?
EXAMPLE

•A 50 HP, 400 V, 4 pole, 1000 rpm, DC motor


has flux per pole equal to 0.027 Wb. The
armature having 1600 conductors is wave
connected. Calculate the gross torque when
the motor takes 70 ampere.
Types of D.C. Generators
d.c. generators are divided into the following two classes:
(i) Separately excited d.c. generators
(ii) Self-excited d.c. generators
Separately Excited D.C. Generators
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an independent
external d.c. source (e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited generator.
Self-Excited D.C. Generators
• A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied current from the output
of the generator itself is called a self-excited generator. There are three types of
self-excited generators depending upon the manner in which the field winding is
connected to the armature, namely;
(i) Series generator;
(ii) Shunt generator;
(iii) Compound generator
Series generator
• In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature
winding so that whole armature current flows through the field winding as well as
the load.
Shunt generator
• In a shunt generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature
winding so that terminal voltage of the generator is applied across it
• Compound generator
• In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each
pole—one is in series and the other in parallel with the armature.
• A compound wound generator may be:
(a) Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature
winding [See Fig. (i)].
(b) Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series
• field and armature winding [See Fig (ii)]
Compound generator

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