NARENDRA

ACADEMY ,SULTANA
Kishorepura Road,Teh.-Chirawa,Distt.JHUNJHUNU(RAJ)333028

PROJECT
ON
TRANSFORMER
In partial fulfilment of the requirements of

All India Senior School Certificate Examination

FOR PHYSICS
CLASS 12th
(session:2024-25)
Submitted by:
Name: Ankit Kumar
Reg.No.:
Board`s Roll. No.:
 Certificate

this is to certify that ANKIT , a

student of class 12th(science) has successfully
completed his project work under the guidance of
subject teacher Mrs.Priyanka during the year
2024-25 from Narendra Academy School Sultana
partial fulfilment of physics practile examination

conducted by CBSE.

................ .........
......
Teacher In-charge External Examiner

...............
Principal School Rubber Stamp
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my
sincere gratitude to my
Physics teacher for her vital
support , guidance and
encouragement , without
which this project would not
have come forth. I would also
like to express my gratitude
to the other staff of the
department of
Physics for their support.
I can’t forget to offer my
sincere thanks to my
classmates who helped me to
carry out this project work
successfully on time.
 Index
01) Introduction
02) Objective
03) Principle
04) Construction
05) Theory and Working
06) Efficiency
07) Energy Loses
08) Apparatus
09) Circuit Diagram
10) Procedure
11) Uses of Transformer
12) Sources of Error
13) Conclusion
14) Precautions
15) Bibliograpy
 INTRODUCTION
The transformer is a device used for converting a
low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage into a low
alternating voltage.
It is a coupling between its winding
circuits.transfor-mers range in size from a
thumbnail-sized coupling transformers hidden
inside a stage microphone to huge units
weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant
substations or to interconnect portions of the
powergrid. All operate on the same basic
principles, although the range of design is
wide . While new technologies have
eliminated the need for transformers in
some electronic circuits, transform-ers are still
found in many electronic devices.
Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electric power transmission, which makes long-
distance transmission economically practical .
A transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit . In a
transformer , the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. A transformer
which increase the voltage is called a
step-up transformer .
Transformer is, therefore,an essential
piece of apparatus both for high and low current
circuit.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the
ratio of -
1.input and output voltage
2.No. of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self-made transformer.

PRINCIPLE
It is based on the principle of
mutual induction that is if a
varying current is set-up in a
circuit neighbouring circuit . The
varying current in a cir-cuit
produce varying magnetic flux
which induces a.m. in the
neighbour-ing circuit.
 Construction
A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft
iron core made of laminated sheets, well
insulated from one another. Two coils p1 and p2
and s1 & s2 are wound one the same core, but are
well insulated from the core, the source of
alternating a.m. is connected to p1p2 , the
primary coil and a load resistance R is
connected to s1 & s2 , the secondary coil
through an open switch S. thus there can be no
current through the sec. coil so long as the
switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we
assume that the resistance of the primary and
secondary winding is negligible. Further, the
energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is
also negligible . For operation at low
frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to
reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And the output
circuit is called secondary.

An ideal voltage step-down transformer. The secondary current arises

from the action of the secondary EMF on the (not shown) load
impedance.
 The ideal transformer as a circuit element.

THEORY AND WORKING

when an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary
coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling
in it. The alternating current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux , which
induces altering voltages in the primary as
well as in the secondary. In a good-transformer ,
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, and then the
induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary.

Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of

the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary coils of the transformer and , Dф b /
dt = rate of change of flux in each turn of the
coil at this instant, we have
Ep = -Np Dфb /dt (1)
Es = -Ns Dфb /dt (2)

Since the above relations are true at every

instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,we get
Es / Es = -Ns / Np (3)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f

induced in the primary coil p1p2 coil, then the
instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is
given by

I= E – E P / RP

E – E p = I pRp
When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIp
can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or EP = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f
Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E
= output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or

transformation ratio.
In a step up tansformer

Es > E so K > 1 , hence Ns > Np

In a step down tansformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns > Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same

instant t

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant ,

then Input power at the instant t = EpIp and
Output power at the same instant = Es Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer , then in the transformer , then
Input power = output power or

E p Ip = E s Is Or
E s / Ep = I p / Is = K
In a step up tansformer

As k > 1 , so Ip > Is or Is < IP

I.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary

voltage is higher . Hence , whatever we gain in
voltage , we gain in current in the same ratio .

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down

the current & a step down transformer steps up
the current.

BASIC IDEA OF STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

 BASIC IDEA OF STEP UP TRANSFORMER

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio
of output power to the input power i.e.

n = output power / input power = Es Is / Es Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer , where there is no

power losses , n = 1. But in actual practice ,
there are many power losses ; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
In practice , the output energy of a transformer is
always less than the input energy , because
energy losses occur due to a number of reason
as explained below.
1.Loss of Magnetic Flux : The coupling
between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of
the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is
not linked up with the secondary coil .
2. Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of
lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The
magnitude of eddy current may, however be
small. And part of energy is lost as the heat
produced in the iron core.
3. Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the
transformer possess resistance .So a part of the
energy is lost as the heat produced in the
resistance of the coil.
4. Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in
the coil tapes the iron care through complete
cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to
hysteresis.
5. Magneto restriction: The alternating current
in the transformer may be set its part in to
vibrations and sound may be produced. It is
called humming. Thus a part of energy may be
lost due to humming.

Apparatus
Iron Rod, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Copper Wire

Circuit Diagram
 Procedure

1.Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick

paper and wind a large number of turns of thick
Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes
primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound relatively smaller number of turns
(say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the
input voltage and current using Arc voltmeter
and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and
current through s1 & s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again
measure voltage and current through primary
and secondary coil of step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made
transformer by changing number of turn’s
primary and secondary coil.
USES OF TRANSFORMER
A transformer is used in almost all A.c operations

● in voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator,

computer, air conditioner etc.
● in the induction furnaces.
●A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
●A step down transformer is used for obtaining
large current.
●A step up transformer is used for the
production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
●Transformer are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
●Transformer are used in the transmissions of
A.c. over long distances.
●Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

Sources of Error

1. Values of current can be changed due to

heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change in readings.

Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer across

the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns /
Np ) with respect to the input voltage.
2. The output voltage of the transformer across
the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns /
Np ) with respect to the input voltage
3. There is loss of power between input and
output coil of a transformer.
 Precautions
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and
voltage the A.C should remain constant.

Bibliography
→ NCERT Textbook Class 12
→ NCERT Physics Lab Manual Class 12
→ Google Website