Mathematical Proof Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1

A proof is a logical and structured argument to show that a mathematical statement (or Meanwhile, when 𝑘 = 0,
conjecture) is always true. A statement that has been proven is called a theorem. A Methods of proof:
statement that has yet to be proven is called a conjecture. A mathematical proof needs to (0)𝑥 ! You can prove a mathematical statement using proof by exhaustion. This method requires you
+ 3(0)𝑥 + 2 = 0
show that something is true in every case. to break the statement into smaller cases and prove each case separately.
2=0
Below are a series of steps that you will have to use to prove a mathematical statement: This method is better suited to a small number of results. You cannot use one example to prove
This is impossible, which means there are no real roots when 𝑘 = 0 a statement is true as one example is only one case.

Known facts of Clearly shown Statement of " " Example 5: Prove that all square numbers are either a multiple of 4 or 1 more than a multiple of
Hence, combining 0 < 𝑘 < # and 𝑘 = 0 gives 0 ≤ 𝑘 < #
theorem logical steps proof 4.
"
In conclusion, 𝑘 satisfies the inequality 0 ≤ 𝑘 < # First, you will need to consider the two cases, odd and even numbers separately. You can write
In a mathematical proof, you must ensure you: any odd number in the form of 2𝑛 + 1 where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
• State any information or any assumptions that you are using To prove an identity, you should:
• Show every step of your proof clearly • Start with the expression on one side of the identity Hence, for odd numbers:
• Follow every step logically from the previous steps • Manipulate that expression algebraically until it matches the other side
• Cover all the possible cases (2𝑛 + 1)! = 4𝑛! + 4𝑛 + 1
• Show every step of your algebraic working
• Write a statement of proof at the end of your working = 4𝑛(𝑛 + 1) + 1
It is important to note that the symbol ≡ means ‘is always equals to’. It shows that two
Proof by deduction: expressions are mathematically identical. Since 4𝑛(𝑛 + 1) is a multiple of 4, we have that 4𝑛(𝑛 + 1) + 1 is one more than a multiple of
Sarting from known facts or definitions, then using logical steps to reach the desired 4.
conclusion. Example 3: Prove that (3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 7) ≡ 3𝑥 $ + 8𝑥 ! − 101𝑥 − 70
Next, you can write any even numbers in the form 2𝑛 where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
Example 1: Proof that 𝑛! − 𝑛 is an even number for all values of 𝑛.
Hence, for even numbers:
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 7) ≡ 3𝑥 $ + 8𝑥 ! − 101𝑥 − 70
Start by factorising the term as follow:
(2𝑛)! = 4𝑛!
𝑛! − 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
(3𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 − 35) ≡ 3𝑥 $ + 8𝑥 ! − 101𝑥 − 70 4𝑛! is a multiple of 4
Any number is either ODD or EVEN. Start by assuming 𝑛 is ODD:
If 𝑛 is ODD, then that means 𝑛 − 1 is EVEN. Hence: 3𝑥 $ + 6𝑥 ! − 105𝑥 + 2𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 70 ≡ 3𝑥 $ + 8𝑥 ! − 101𝑥 − 70 Hence, taking both cases into account, all numbers are either odd or even, so all square
numbers are either a multiple of 4 or 1 more than a multiple of 4.
𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) ⟹ ODD × EVEN = EVEN 3𝑥 $ + 8𝑥 ! − 101𝑥 − 70 ≡ 3𝑥 $ + 8𝑥 ! − 101𝑥 − 70
Counter-example:
Next, we assume 𝑛 is EVEN: As the left-hand side is equal to the right-hand side, we have proved the identity. You can prove a mathematical statement is not true by counter-example. A counter-example is
If 𝑛 is EVEN, then that means 𝑛 − 1 is ODD. Hence: one example that does not work for the given statement. To disprove a statement one counter
example is enough.
𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) ⟹ EVEN × ODD= EVEN
!
Example 4: Prove that (𝑥 − % )$ ≡ 𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 +
'!
− %!
" Example 6: Show, by means of a counter-example, that the following inequality does not hold
Conclusion: % when p and q are both negative
∴ 𝑛! − 𝑛 is even for all values of 𝑛
2 12 8
(𝑥 − )$ ≡ 𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 + − 𝑝 + 𝑞 > R4𝑝𝑞
!
Example 2: The equation 𝑘𝑥 + 3𝑘𝑥 + 2 = 0, where 𝑘 is a constant, has no real roots. Prove 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥$
"
that 𝑘 satisfies the inequality 0 ≤ 𝑘 < Start by taking negative values for both 𝑝 and 𝑞
#
2 2 2 12 8 𝑝 = −1, 𝑞 = −2
(𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − ) (𝑥 − ) ≡ 𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 + − 𝑝 + 𝑞 = (−1) + (−2) = −1 - 2 = -3
State which assumption or information you are using at each stage of your proof. Start by 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥$
stating: R4𝑝𝑞 = R4(−1)(−2) = √8
But -3 < √8, i.e. 𝑝 + 𝑞 < R4𝑝𝑞
𝑘𝑥 ! + 3𝑘𝑥 + 2 = 0 has no real roots, so 𝑏! − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 y 2 4 12 8 Hence by counter example, we proved the inequality is not true for negative values.
M𝑥 − N (𝑥 ! − 4 + ! ) ≡ 𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 + −
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥$
(3𝑘)! − 4(𝑘)(2) < 0 Example 7: Prove that the following statement is not true:
9𝑘 ! − 8𝑘 < 0
𝑘(9𝑘 − 8) < 0 4 8 8 12 8
𝑥 $ − 4𝑥 + − 2𝑥 + − $ ≡ 𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 + − ‘The sum of two consecutive prime numbers is always even’
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥$
Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑘(9𝑘 − 8) 𝑦 = 𝑘(9𝑘 − 8)
2 and 3 are both prime numbers appearing consecutively.

From the graph, we can see that when 𝑘(9𝑘 − 8) < 0, 𝑘 12 8 12 8

𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 + − $ ≡ 𝑥 $ − 6𝑥 + − 2+3=5
8 0 8 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥$
0<𝑘< 9
9 5 is an odd number. Hence, the statement is not true.

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Algebraic Expressions Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
In this chapter you are introduced to simple algebraic concepts that you may have Example 5: Factorise the following expressions
come across before in your previous studies.
Expanding Brackets
When expanding brackets for the product of two expressions, you have to multiply each term a) 𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 + 6
Index Laws in the first expression by each term in the second expression and simplify the final product of
𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 6
There are four key index laws that you need to know for not just this chapter but this by collecting like terms.
for the entirety of your maths course. Two factors of 𝑎 × 𝑐 which also add up to b need to be calculated. Hence
(𝑥 + 2) is the first expression and (𝑥 + 3) is the second agree with the following statements:
• 𝑎# × 𝑎$ = 𝑎#%$ expression. 1. _? _ × _? _ = 𝑎 × 𝑐 = 1 × 6 = 6
• 𝑎# ÷ 𝑎$ = 𝑎#&$ The first term in the first expression is 𝑥 which is 2. _? _ + _? _ = 𝑏 = 5
• (𝑎# )$ = 𝑎#$ (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) multiplied by the terms 𝑥 and 3 in the second
The two numbers which agree with both the statements are 3 and 2.
• (𝑎𝑏)# = 𝑎# 𝑏# expression as indicated by the grey arrows.
Where a & b are the bases and c & d are the powers The ‘b’ term can now be rewritten using the two factors found and hence the
The second term in the first expression is 2 which is also
multiplied by the terms 𝑥 and 3 in the second expression will take the form of:
Example 1: Simplifying expressions using index laws expression as indicated by the green arrows. 𝑥 ! + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 6

a) 𝑥 ' × 𝑥 " = 𝑥 '%" = 𝑥 ( Now factorising the first two terms and the last two terms:
Therefore, (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) + 2(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 ! + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 6
𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 3(𝑥 + 2)
Collecting the like terms, (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 ! + 5𝑥 + 6
') ! ' )! = (𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 + 3)
b) !) "
= ! × ) " = 2𝑦 *&" = 2𝑦 "
Example 4: Expand the following brackets and simplify • Difference of two squares: 𝑥 ! − 𝑦 ! = (𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦)
! ' !×' ,
c) (𝑧 ) = 𝑧 =𝑧
a) 3(𝑝 + 3)(𝑝 + 2) = (3 × 𝑝 + 3 × 3)(𝑝 + 2) = (3𝑝 + 9)(𝑝 + 2)
= 3𝑝(𝑝 + 2) + 9(𝑝 + 2)
Surds and Rationalising Denominators
d) (𝑥 ! " )" 𝑦 =𝑥 !×" "×"
𝑦 =𝑥 𝑦 * -
Surds are irrational numbers which come in the exact form of √𝒂 and where 𝒂 is not a
= 3𝑝! + 6𝑝 + 9𝑝 + 18
= 3𝑝! + 15𝑝 + 18 square number. The following rules can be applied to surds:
Negative and Fractional Indices • √𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎 × √𝑏
Indices (powers) can come in the form of fractions or negative numbers. The
b) (𝑞 + 1)(𝑞 + 2)(𝑞 + 3) 0 √0
index laws can still be applied contingent on the powers being rational. • N7 =
√7
Ø 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑠 You may come across fractions with the denominator being a surd. To get rid of this
• 𝑎. = 1 (𝑞 + 1)(𝑞 + 2) = 𝑞! + 2𝑞 + 𝑞 + 2 = (𝑞! + 3𝑞 + 2) irrational number in the denominator we can rationalise it by using the following
/
• 𝑎&# = 0# rules/methods which apply to different forms of fractions:
•
$
𝑎 # = √𝑎
# Ø Rewrite the initial expression as (𝑞! + 3𝑞 + 2)(𝑞 + 3) and expand
1 𝑎 For this form we multiply the numerator and
#
% (𝑞! + 3𝑞 + 2)(𝑞 + 3)
• 𝑎 % = √𝑎 # = 𝑞! (𝑞 + 3) + 3𝑞(𝑞 + 3) + 2(𝑞 + 3) 𝑎 𝑎 denominator by √𝑎
= 𝑞" + 3𝑞! + 3𝑞! + 9𝑞 + 2𝑞 + 6
Example 2: Simplify the following expressions = 𝑞" + 6𝑞! + 11𝑞 + 6 1 𝑎 + √𝑏 For this form we multiply the numerator and
&
"
𝑎 − √𝑏 𝑎 + √𝑏 denominator by 𝑎 + √𝑏
a) 𝑥 " = √𝑥 ! Factorising
Factorising is the reverse of expanding brackets. When expanding brackets, you find the For this form we multiply the numerator and
1 𝑎 − √𝑏
b) 36𝑥 ! ÷ 6𝑥 &/ = 6𝑥 !&(&/) = 6𝑥 " product of two or more expressions, however when you find the factors of a given expression
𝑎 + √𝑏 𝑎 − √𝑏 denominator by 𝑎 − √𝑏
it is called factorising.
$
/ / /
c) (81𝑦 ! )&& = $ = = -) Example 6: Expand and simply the following expression.
(,/) & )& √,/×4) & 4 The common factor of both
terms in the expression is 4 1 1 1
Example 3: Given that 𝑠 = 𝑡 ! , express each of the following in terms of t. = =
(4𝑥 + 24) = 4(𝑥 + 6) O5 + √44Q 5 + √4 × 11 5 + O√4 × √11Q
& &
!×
& ' 1 × (5 − 2√11)
a) 𝑠 = (𝑡 ! ) = 𝑡
" " " =𝑡 " To factorise quadratic expressions with the form 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 where a, b and c are areal =
numbers and 𝑎 ≠ 0. 5 + 2 √11 × (5 − 2√11)
$
b) 𝑠 &
' =
/
=
/
=
/
=
/
𝑜𝑟
/ • Calculate the product of 𝑎 × 𝑐 and find two factors of this product which add up to (5 − 2√11)
$ $ $ $
√6 =
5' (6 & )' 6
&×
' 6& 𝑏. 25 − 10√11 + 10√11 − 4(11)
• Rewrite the initial expression and substitute the 𝑏𝑥 term with the two factors found
(5 − 2√11) −(−5 + 2√11)
before. = =
• Factorise the first two terms and the last two terms of the rewritten expression. 25 − 44 −19
−5 + 2√11
• Simplify by taking out the common factor. =
19

.
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 Quadratics Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Similar to the quadratic expression, quadratic equation can be represented in the Example 4: Sketch the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2
+ 5𝑥𝑥 − 3. Label all the intercepts and
form 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0, where 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 are real number and 𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0. Functions turning point.
A function can be seen as a machine that takes in an input, converts this value mathematically Before we start sketching, we need key pieces of information about the
Solving Quadratic Equations and gives an output. The input is most commonly denoted with the term ′𝑥𝑥 ′ and the output characteristics of the graph, which can be obtained by doing some calculations using
• To solve quadratic equations, a given equation must be rewritten in the is most commonly represented as 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) or 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥). For a given function, the set of possible the methods you have learnt so far.
form or kept in form of 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = 0. inputs is called domain and the set of possible outputs is called range. We can compare the function to a general function of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 to
• Once in the correct form, the left-hand side of the equation, underlined determine the shape of the parabola.
in red, must be factorised and the factors must be equated to 0. For Function
example, if the factorisation came to (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐)(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑑𝑑) = 0, to solve for ′𝑥𝑥′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑎𝑎 = 2 and 2 > 0 hence the shape of the graph would look like .
you have to set the factor (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑐𝑐) = 0 and the factor (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑑𝑑) = 0 and
find the values of 𝑥𝑥 for each respective case. 3 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2 32 + 2 The next step would be to find the roots of the functions so we can determine where
= 11 it would cross the 𝑥𝑥 axis. To do this we need to solve the quadratic equation of
Note that quadratic equations can only have one, two or no real solutions. 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0
During your mathematics course you will come across the questions or statements which are (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 3) = 0
Example 1: Solve the following quadratic equation. related to ‘finding the roots of a function’. The roots of a function are the values of the input 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑥𝑥 for which the output 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is equal to 0 (∴ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0). Hence the roots of the function are:
3𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑥 − 8 = 0 1
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = −3
Factorising 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 6𝑥𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑥 − 8 = 0 Example 3: Find the value 𝑓𝑓(2) of the following function and find the roots of the function. 2
1
3𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥 − 2) + 4(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0 At coordinates � , 0� & (−3,0) is where the x intercepts will be located.
2
(3𝑥𝑥 + 4)(𝑥𝑥 − 2) = 0 a) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 3
Solving for values of 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑓𝑓(2) = 2(2)2 + 5(2) − 3 = 15
∴ 𝑥𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = 2 The last bit of information we need is the location of turning point for which we need
3 to complete the square.
You may come across quadratic equations that may seem impossible to solve b) 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 3
through factorisation. In this scenario, we could utilise the quadratic formula: To find the root of a function we have to equate the output to 0. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 0 5 3
−𝑏𝑏 ± √𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2𝑥𝑥 2 + 5𝑥𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2[𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − ]
𝑥𝑥 = 2 2
2𝑎𝑎 (2𝑥𝑥 − 1)(𝑥𝑥 + 3) = 0
5 2 25 3
Example 2: Solve the following equation using the quadratic formula. 2𝑥𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2[�𝑥𝑥 + � − − ]
Hence the roots of the function are: 4 16 2
2
2𝑥𝑥 2 − 8𝑥𝑥 + 3 = 0 1 5 49
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑥𝑥 = −3 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2 �𝑥𝑥 + � −
𝑎𝑎 = 2, 𝑏𝑏 = −8 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑐𝑐 = 3 2 4 8
• Substitute the values of a, b and c into the quadratic formula Hence the turning point would have a coordinate of
Quadratic Graphs 5 49
(− , − ).
For functions which come in the form of a quadratic expression, the plot of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) would 4 8
−(−8) ± �(−8)2 − 4 × 2 × 3 Using all the information that we just obtained we
𝑥𝑥 = be illustrated on a graph in the form of a shape called a parabola. can sketch the graph.
2×2 For a given quadratic function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐, if
The Discriminant
• 𝑎𝑎 is positive the shape of the parabola would be The expression 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 is called the discriminant. The value obtained using the
discriminant expression on a quadratic function will indicate how many roots a given
4 + √10 4 − √10 function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) has.
𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = • 𝑎𝑎 is negative the shape of the parabola would be
2 2 For the quadratic function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐
Completing the square For a given quadratic graph, points A and B are the roots of the function as this is where the • If the discriminant 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0, then the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) has two distinct
Rewriting equations or expressions by completing the square, can be applied to graph intercepts the 𝑥𝑥axis and at these two points the output 𝑦𝑦 = 0. real roots.
many different applications in maths. Hence this would be regularly used in your • If the discriminant 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0, then the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) has one repeated
further studies. At point C on the graph is where the 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐 as 𝑥𝑥 = 0 at real root.
this point. In other words, 𝑓𝑓(0) = 𝑐𝑐. • If the discriminant 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 < 0, then the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) has no real roots.
𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏 2
• 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐 = �𝑥𝑥 + � − � � + 𝑐𝑐
2 2
Point D on the graph represents the ‘turning’ or Example 5: Find the range of values of 𝑘𝑘 for which 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 = 0 has two distinct
• A B real roots.
‘stationery’ point. The coordinates of the turning point
Example 3: Write the following expression in the form of (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑎𝑎)2 + 𝑏𝑏 𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘 = 0
of the graph can be found by completing the square
𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑏𝑏 = 2 and 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑘𝑘
𝑥𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑥 + 2 𝑏𝑏 2 𝑏𝑏 2
C
D
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = �𝑥𝑥 + � − � � + 𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 > 0 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
6 2 6 2 2 2 22 − 4 × 1 × 𝑘𝑘 > 0
�𝑥𝑥 + � − � � + 2 𝑏𝑏 𝑏𝑏 2
2 2 Hence the turning point would be at (− , − � � + 𝑐𝑐) 22 − 4 𝑘𝑘 > 0
2 2
(𝑥𝑥 + 3)2 − 7 −4 𝑘𝑘 > −4
𝑘𝑘 < 1

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Equations and Inequalities Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Quadratic Inequalities
This chapter covers both linear and quadratic simultaneous equations and how
Equation 2 can be rewritten as: Similar to the method we used to solve quadratic equations, we can also solve
to solve them algebraically. You should also be able to interpret solutions of a 𝑦
2) 𝑥 = −1 − quadratic inequalities.
given equation graphically. It also cover both linear and quadratic inequalities. 2 Let us look at the inequality 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 − 2 > 0. To solve this, we need to first find the
We can substitute this rewritten equation into equation 1). critical (similar to roots of a function) values of this inequality by solving the quadratic
Linear Simultaneous Equations 𝑦
1) 𝑦 ! + 2 .−1 − / = 10 equation on the left-hand side.
Linear simultaneous equations have two same unknowns in their respective 2
𝑦 ! − 2 − 𝑦 = 10 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 − 2 > 0
equation and has one set of values between them which makes both the (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) > 0
equations valid. 𝑦 ! − 𝑦 − 12 = 0 $
(𝑦 + 3)(𝑦 − 4) = 0 Hence one critical point is at 𝑥 = − and the other one at 𝑥 = 2. Now we can plot the
!
In the two equations 1 and 2, 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 𝑦 = −3 and 𝑦 = 4 graph of 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 − 2.
two unknowns. For the equations to be Substitute these two 𝑦 values into equation 2) to obtain the 𝑥 values.
valid, the 𝑥 value in equation 1 has to be the "# $ % The set of values which corresponds to the inequality 2𝑥 ! −
𝑥 = −1 − ! = ! and 𝑥 = −1 − ! = −3
same 𝑥 value in equation 2; the same would 3𝑥 − 2 > 0, are the 𝑥 values of the plot which are above the 𝑥
apply for the unknown 𝑦. Simultaneous Equations on graphs axis. Hence, the solution to this inequality would be 𝑥 > 2 and
1 2 × 6 + (−6) = 6 The only set of values for which this would The solutions of a set of simultaneous equation can be represented on a graph. Simultaneous $
equations share the same set of values for the unknowns, hence if two given simultaneous 𝑥 < − !.
be true is if the unknowns have the values
2 6 × 6 + 2 × −6 = 24 of 𝑥 = 6 & 𝑦 = −6 equations were illustrated on a graph then at some point on their respective plot, they would
share the same coordinate and hence intersect. Hence, the intersection point on a graph of However, if the inequality were to be 2𝑥 ! − 3𝑥 − 2 < 0, then
two lines would be the solution or at least one of the solutions for the curves’ or lines’ the set of values which would correspond to it, would be the 𝑥
In order to solve these simultaneous equations and find the set of values which values that are below the 𝑥 axis. Hence, the solution to this
simultaneous equation.
make the given equations valid, we can use either the method of elimination or $
inequality would be − ! < 𝑥 < 2
substitution. The graph on the left shows the plot of 𝑦 = 𝑥 !
and 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0.
Example 1: Solve the following simultaneous equation. If we take the point (2,4), we can check if this Inequalities on graphs and Regions
set of values are valid for both the equations. You may come across question where you are asked to find the solutions to the
1) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! (4) = (2)! " # inequality by interpreting the functions graphically.
2) 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 24 𝑦−𝑥−2=0 (4) − (2) − 2 = 0 "# Example 4: The graph shows the plot of 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3. Determine the
We can also check if the point (−1,1) agrees solutions to the inequality 2𝑥 + 3 > 𝑥 ! .
We can use the method of elimination to solve this. To eliminate one unknown, with the two equations.
we need the coefficient of a single unknown to be the same for both the equations. First you will need to find the points of intersection, which can
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! (1) = (−1)! " #
be done by equating the two equations and solving it.
In order to achieve this, we can multiply the first equation by 2. This would give 𝑦−𝑥−2=0 (1) − (−1) − 2 = 0 " #
use a third equation which is equivalent to equation 1: Hence from this we can see that we can use 𝑥 ! = 2𝑥 + 3
!
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
graphs to solve simultaneous equations by
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
3) 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12 plotting and observing any intersection points.
Now we can eliminate the unknown 𝑦 by taking away equation 3) from 2). 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −1
• Note that when solving simultaneous equations that come in the form of a quadratic Hence the two points of intersection are (3,9) and (−1,1). The
equation 𝑎𝑥 ! + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, the discriminant of the equation after substituting can set of values that validates to the inequality 2𝑥 + 3 > 𝑥 ! is the
2 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 24
be used to determine the number of solutions that the simultaneous equations have. line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 is above the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! . Hence, the set of
3 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12
Hence, on a graph it can also indicate the number of intersection points. values lie between the intersection points −1 < 𝑥 < 3
2𝑥 + 0 = 12
Linear Inequalities Regions on graphs can be shaded to identify the areas that satisfies given linear or
2𝑥 = 12 Similar to the methods we have learnt to solve linear equations, we can also solve linear quadratic inequalities.
𝑥=6 inequality problems using the same approach. When you solve an inequality, you find the set Example 5: Shade the regions which satisfy the inequalities.
1) 2 × 6 + 𝑦 = 6 of all real numbers that make the inequality valid. 𝑥 ! − 8𝑥 + 15 ≤ 𝑦
𝑦 = −6 Example 3: Find the set of values for which 𝑦−𝑥 <3
Quadratic Simultaneous Equations 2𝑥 − 5 < 3𝑥 + 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑥 + 9 ≤ 𝑥 − 5 The graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! − 8𝑥 + 15 and 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3 is
You may come across simultaneous equations where one equation is quadratic, 2𝑥 − 5 < 3𝑥 + 8 3𝑥 + 9 ≤ 𝑥 − 5 plotted.
and one equation is linear. For this scenario you will need to use the method of −13 < 𝑥 2𝑥 ≤ −14 • If 𝑦 > 𝑓(𝑥), then this would represent the region
substitution. As a quadratic equation is involved there can be up to two sets of 𝑥 > −13 𝑥 ≤ −7 above the curve or line.
values/solutions for the simultaneous equation. • If 𝑦 < 𝑓(𝑥), then this would represent the region
below the curve or line.
Example 2: Solve the simultaneous equation. Therefore, for the inequality 𝑦 − 𝑥 < 3, the region satisfied is
We can plot this inequality on a number line to find the set of values which agree with both represented by the area below the green dotted line and for
1) 𝑦 ! + 2𝑥 = 10 the inequalities. The area which overlaps on the number line is between -13 and -7. Hence the inequality 𝑥 ! − 8𝑥 + 15 ≤ 𝑦, the area above the red curve.
2) 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 the solution for this inequality would be −13 < 𝑥 ≤ −7. Hence the region satisfied for both the inequalities is illustrated
by the grey shaded area.

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Graphs and Transformation Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Cubic & Quartic Graphs Stretching Graphs
Cubic functions come in the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑. Quartic 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 Similar to translating graphs, multiplying a constant outside, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), or inside, 𝑦 =
𝑦 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0 𝑦 = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 0 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 > 0 𝑦 = 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 0
functions come in the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒, where 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑓(𝑎𝑥), a function stretches the graph in the vertical direction or horizontal direction
𝑎, 𝑏. 𝑐, 𝑑 & 𝑒 are all real numbers and where 𝑎 ≠ 0. respectively.
Similar to sketching quadratic graphs, cubic graphs can also be represented on a • 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥) would stretch the graph in the vertical direction by a multiple of 𝑎.
plot. There are two main basic shapes for cubic graphs if • 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥) would stretch the graph in the horizontal direction by a multiple of
𝑎 > 0: 𝑎 < 0: 1
.
𝑎
• 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) would be the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the 𝑥-axis.
• 𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥) would be the reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the 𝑦-axis.
1
Example 4: Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 16 − 4𝑥 2, sketch the curve with the equation 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(𝑥).
1
Before we start to sketch 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(𝑥), we need to know the 𝑥 and 𝑦 intercepts of the
Points of Intersection curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and how the curve looks like.
Multiple functions can be sketched on a single graph to show the points of intersection, 𝑦 = 16 − 4𝑥2
which represent the solutions to respective equations. 𝑦 = (4 − 2𝑥)(4 + 2𝑥)
Example 1: Sketch the curve with the equation 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥. Example 2: Sketch the following functions and find the 𝑥 coordinate of the intersection To find the 𝑥 intercept we need to equate 𝑦 as 0.
Before we start sketching, we need to know points. 0 = (4 − 2𝑥)(4 + 2𝑥)
• the general shape of the cubic equation 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2
• the location of the roots of the equation To find the y intercept we need to substitute 𝑥 as 0 ∴ 𝑥 = 0.
We can compare the function to a general function of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑦 = 16 − 3 × 02
The curves have been sketched using the
𝑑 to determine the shape of the curve. 𝑦 = 16
methods you have learnt in this course. To find 1
the intersection point, we must obtain the 𝑥 Hence, the curve of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is: The transformation of 𝑦 = 2 𝑓(𝑥) would stretch the
coordinate of the locations. To solve this, we graph by a multiple of ½. Hence the new 𝑦 intercept
1
𝑎 = 1 and 1 > 0 hence the shape of the graph would look like . need to find the solutions to would be at (16 × 2 , 0)→(8,0). The 𝑥 intercept would
• 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) not change as this transformation only effects the
The next step would be to find the roots of the functions so we can determine 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 vertical direction.
where it would cross the 𝑥 axis. To do this we need to solve the quadratic 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 = 0
equation of 𝑥(2𝑥2 − 3) = 0
𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = 0 & 2𝑥2 − 3 = 0
2
𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
3 3
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2 = 0 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = √ & 𝑥 = −√
Hence the roots of the function are at: 2 2
𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −2
At coordinates (0,0), (1,0) & (−2,0) are where the x intercepts will be located.
Translating graphs
The same method can be applied to sketching graphs of quartic functions. The Adding or subtracting a constant outside, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎, or inside, 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎), a function
basic shapes of these graphs come in the form of: can translate a graph vertically or horizontally respectively. Note that when translating
functions, the asymptote of that function is also translated if it has one.
• The translation of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑎 can be represented by the vector ( )
0 Transforming graphs
𝑎 You may come across graphs with functions that are difficult to recognise. You can still
−𝑎
• The translation of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑎) can be represented by the vector ( ) apply various transformations to these types of functions by using key points such as
0
Example 3: Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , sketch the curve of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 3). intersection points, turning points and the 𝑥 & 𝑦 intercepts.
.
Applying the translation of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − 3) would Example 5: The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥)
shift the graph by three units to the right, forming a The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) The graph of 𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥) would be the
This is the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 new graph of 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 3)2 reflection of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) in the 𝑥-axis.

Reciprocal graphs
𝑎 𝑎
Reciprocal graphs that come in the form of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 or 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2, where 𝑎 is any
real number, can also be sketched by considering their asymptotes. The graphs
𝑎 𝑎
of 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 both have asymptotes at 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0. The basic shapes
of these reciprocal graphs can be illustrated as:

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Straight Line Graphs Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 Parallel and Perpendicular lines
The gradient 𝑚 of straight-line graphs can be found by taking two random points A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and B (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) on the line and • Parallel lines have the same gradient
considering the horizontal and vertical distance between these two points. • Perpendicular lines are normal to each other. In other words, they make right angles when they intersect.

The formula to calculate any given straight line’s gradient is:

𝑦 −𝑦
• 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
2 1

Straight line equations come in the form of

• 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡.
Or
• 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠.

1
The lines 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 2 and𝑦 = 2𝑥 are perpendicular. If
The lines 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 and 𝑦 = 2𝑥 are parallel 2
as they have the same gradient 𝑚 = 2. you know the gradient 𝑚1 of one of the lines, then the
Example 1: Calculate the gradient of the following line. Point A has coordinate (4,3) and point B has coordinate (7,5). The
gradient of the line perpendicular to it is
line passes through both point A and B. 1
• 𝑚2 = − 𝑚
2 1
To calculate any gradient, we need know any two points which the line passes Example 4: Line 𝑙1 is perpendicular to the line 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 4 and passes through the point (4,6). Find the equation of line 𝑙1 .
3
through. We are given two points, point A (4,3) and point B (7,5). The vertical 1
To find the gradient of the line 𝑙1 , we need to use the rule 𝑚2 = − . The gradient of the line that it is perpendicular
distance between point A and B needs to be divided by the horizontal distance 𝑚1
2
between the points. to is 𝑚1 = − 3
𝑦 −𝑦 5−3 2
• 𝑚 = 𝑥2 −𝑥1 = 7−4 = 3 Hence, the gradient of 𝑙1 is
2 1
1 1 3
𝑚2 = − =− =
𝑚1 2
−3 2
The line passes through the point (4,6)
Example 2: A line 𝑙 has gradient 2 and 𝑦 intercept at (0, −7). The line has equation 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0. Find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
and 𝑐. 3
Straight line equations come in the form of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑚 is the gradient and 𝑐 is the 𝑦 intercept. In the question we 𝑦 − 6 = (𝑥 − 4) → 2𝑦 − 12 = 3𝑥 − 12
2
are given that the gradient is 2, hence 𝑚 = 2, and that the 𝑦 intercept is at (0, −7), hence 𝑐 = −7. Substituting these values 3
into 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 we get 𝑦= 𝑥
2
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7 Length and Area
However, the question asks us to find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 on the form of 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0. Hence, we need to rearrange We can calculate the distance between two points on the line by using the concept of Pythagoras theorem
our equation into this form.
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 7 = 0 To calculate the distance 𝑑 between points A and B we can use the formula
Therefore, the solutions to this question are 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −1 and 𝑐 = −7.
• 𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
Equations of Straight Lines 1
Instead of relying on using 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 to find the equation of a line, in some cases it may be useful to find the equation of a Example 5: 𝑙1 has equation 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 2 and 𝑙2 has equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥. Lines 𝑙1 & 𝑙2 are
line using the following method. perpendicular and intersect at point B. Find this intersection point and area of the
If you know one point on the line and the gradient or two distinct points on the line, we can find the equation of the line by triangle 𝐴𝐵𝑂.
using the formula: The intersection point of the lines are at B
• 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 1 5 4 4 8 4 8
2𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 2 → 𝑥 = 2 → 𝑥 = 𝑦 =2× = 𝐵( , )
Example 3: Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (7,2) and (8,5). 2 2 5 5 5 5 5
2
First, we need to work out the gradient 𝑚 4 8
Length AB is 𝐴𝐵 = √(5 − 0)2 + (5 − 2) =
2√5
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 5 − 2 3 5
𝑚= = = =3 4 8 2 4√5
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 8 − 7 1 Length OB is 𝑂𝐵 = √(5 − 0)2 + (5 − 0) =
We can take the point (7,2) or (8,5) to use in the formula. Let us take point (7,2): 5
1 1 2√5 4√5 4
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Hence, the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝑂 is 2 × 𝐴𝐵 × 𝑂𝐵 = 2 × × 5 =5
5
𝑦 − 2 = 3(𝑥 − 7)
𝑦 − 2 = 3𝑥 − 21 → 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 19

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Circles Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Midpoints and perpendicular bisector 2 2
Example 5: The circle has equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 45 = 0. The line 𝑙1 is
The midpoint of a line segment can be calculated in a similar fashion to You may come across circles that have equations that come in the form of tangent to the circle at point 𝑃. Find the equation of this tangent 𝑙1.
calculating averages of two numbers using the formula • a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0
𝑥 +𝑥 𝑦 +𝑦
• Midpoint ( 1 2 , 1 2 ) The equations that come in this form are just (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2 multiplied out and
2 2
Where (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) are the end points of the line segment. simplified. To get from the form a𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑒 = 0 to (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = The circle has equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 − 10𝑦 +
𝑟 2 . You can use the method of completing the square. 45 = 0. To find the centre point, we need to use
• A perpendicular bisector of a line segment is a line that is perpendicular the completing the square method to get the
to the line segment and passes through the midpoint of the line Example 3: Find the centre and radius of the circle with equation equation into the form of
segment. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 3 = 0 (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2
Example 1: The line segment PQ is the diameter First, we need to rearrange the equation, so all the like terms are together: (𝑥 − 5)2 − 25 + (𝑦 − 5)2 − 25 + 45 = 0
of a circle, where P is at (2,3) and Q is at (6,7). 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = 3 (𝑥 − 5)2 + (𝑦 − 5)2 = 5
Find the coordinates of the midpoint of the Hence, the centre is at 𝐶(5,5). We can now work
circle. We need to complete the square of 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 and 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦. out the gradient of 𝐶𝑃.
As line segment PQ is the diameter of the circle, 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 = (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 5−4 1
𝑚1 = =
.
the midpoint of the line is the centre of the 𝑦 2 − 6𝑦 = (𝑦 − 3)2 − 9 5−3 2
Now we need to substitute this into the equation of the circle
circle.
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2 (𝑥 − 2)2 − 4 + (𝑦 − 3)2 − 9 = 3 The tangent property states that the tangent to the circle is perpendicular to the radius
Midpoint of PQ: ( , 2 )= (𝑥 − 2)2 + (𝑦 − 3)2 = 16 of the circle at the intersection point. Hence line 𝑙1 is perpendicular to 𝐶𝑃. Therefore,
2
2+6 3+7
( 2 , 2 ) = (4,5) Hence, the centre of the circle is at (2,3) and radius of the circle is 𝑟 = √16=4 the gradient of 𝑙1 is
1
Hence, the centre of the circle is (4,5). 𝑚2 = − = −2
Intersections of straight lines and circles 1
2
You can use similar methods to find intersection points of a straight line and a circle as you We know the gradient of 𝑙1, 𝑚2 = −2, and a point that the line passes trough 𝑃(3,4).
Example 2: Line 𝑙1 passes through the centre of the circle (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and is
did with a straight line and another straight line or a curve. The equation of line 𝑙1 can be found from this.
perpendicular to the line segment AB. Find the centre of the circle and the
There can either be one, two or zero intersection points between a straight line and a circle. 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
equation of the line 𝑙1 .
𝑦 − 4 = −2(𝑥 − 3)
As line segment AB is the diameter of the Example 4: The line 𝑙1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3 meets the circle (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 9 at two distinct 𝑦 − 4 = −2𝑥 + 6
circle, the midpoint of the line is the centre of points. Find the 𝑥-coordinates of these two intersection points. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 10
the circle. In order to find the solution, we can solve the equations simultaneously.
Midpoint of AB: (𝑥 − 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 9 Circles and triangles
3+7 6+4 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 3
( 2 , 2 ) = (5,5)
Hence, the centre of the circle is C (5,5). • A circle that passes through the vertices of a
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (2𝑥 + 3 − 4)2 = 9 triangle is called a circumcircle of the triangle.
(𝑥 − 3)2 + (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 9 The perpendicular bisectors of each side of the
As line 𝑙1 is perpendicular to the line segment, 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 9 + 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 9
2
if the gradient of the line segment is 𝑚1, then triangle intersect at the centre of the circle. This
5𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
1 point is called the circumcentre.
the gradient of 𝑙1is 𝑚2 = − We can use the quadratic equation to solve this.
𝑚1 • If the triangle is a right-angled triangle., the
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 hypotenuse of the triangle would be the
𝑥=
Gradient of the line segment AB: 2𝑎 diameter of the circle.
6−4 2 1 −(−10) ± √(−10)2 − 4 × 5 × 1 • The angle in a semi-circle will always be 90𝑜
𝑚1 = = = 𝑥=
7−3 4 2 2×5
Hence, the gradient of the line 𝑙1 is 5 + 2√5 5 − 2√5
1 𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 =
5 5
𝑚2 = − = −2
1 Use tangent and chord properties You can find the centre of a circle using any three
2 points on the circumference. The intersection point
The line 𝑙1 passes through the centre C(5,5). Therefore, the equation of the The tangent to The
of the perpendicular bisector of any two chords
line 𝑙1 is the circle is perpendicular
formed by the three points on the circumference is
𝑦 − 5 = −2(𝑥 − 5) perpendicular bisector to a
the centre of the circle. Hence, you need to find the
𝑦 − 5 = −2𝑥 + 10 to the radius of chord of the
equation of the respective perpendicular bisectors
𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 15 the circle at the circle will pass
and find this point of intersection.
Equation of a circle intersection through the
• The equation of any given circle with centre (𝑎, 𝑏) and radius 𝑟 is point. centre C.
(𝑥 − 𝑎)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑟 2
As all points on the circumference have the same distance to its centre, the
radius, the equation of the circle is derived using Pythagoras’ theorem.

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Algebraic Methods Cheat sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
In this chapter you will learn about Algebraic fractions and constructing mathematical proofs The factor theorem:
Algebraic Fractions: Start by writing 𝑛# − 𝑛 as multiple of two terms. We can do that by factorising the term as
The factor theorem is a quick way of finding simple linear factor of a polynomial
Fractions whose numerator and denominator are algebraic expressions are called algebraic follows
fractions 𝑛# − 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
The factor theorem states that if f(𝑥) is a polynomial then,
• If f(𝑝) = 0, then (𝑥 − 𝑝) is a factor of f(𝑥)
Any number is either ODD or EVEN. Now consider if 𝑛 is even, then 𝑛 − 1 must be odd which
Simplifying algebraic fractions: • If (𝑥 − 𝑝) is a factor of f(𝑥) , then f(𝑝) = 0
implies
To simplify algebraic fractions you will have to cancel common factor. But sometimes, you
𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) ⇒ Even × Odd = Even
have to factorise the expression before you cancel common factor. Example 3: f(𝑥) = 3𝑥 & − 12𝑥 # + 6𝑥 − 24 If 𝑛 − 1 is even then 𝑛 must be odd which implies
Example 1: a) Use factor theorem to show that (𝑥 − 4) is a factor of f(𝑥) 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) ⇒ Odd × Even = Even
a) b) Hence, show that 4 is the only real root of the equation f(𝑥) = 0
!" ! #$" " %&" Hence, 𝑛# − 𝑛 is even for all values of 𝑛
Divide each numerator by 2𝑥 a)
'"
!" ! $" " %" According to the theorem, Prove an Identity:
= #" − #" + #" Identical statements mean they are always equal mathematically. In this section you will have to
If (𝑥 − 4) is a factor of 3𝑥 & − 12𝑥 # + 6𝑥 − 24 , then f(4) must be equal to 0
= 4𝑥 # − 2𝑥 $ + 3 prove an identity. That is, you will have to show the right hand side of the equation equal to left
hand side.
Substitute 𝑥 = 4 in the polynomial
(/%$)(1/#2) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 & − 12𝑥 # + 6𝑥 − 24
b) Cancel the common factor of (3𝑥 − 1) Example 5: Prove that H𝑥 + I𝑦KH𝑥 − I𝑦K ≡ 𝑥 # − 𝑦
(1/#2) ∴ 𝑓(4) = 3(4)& − 12(4)# + 6(4) − 24
= 192 − 192 + 24 − 24 Start by solving one side of the identity. It will be logical to start
= 𝑥+4 =0 with H𝑥 + I𝑦KH𝑥 − I𝑦K as this can be expanded.
So (𝑥 − 4) is a factor of 3𝑥 & − 12𝑥 # + 6𝑥 − 24
With Factorise Cancel Common Factor b) H𝑥 + I𝑦KH𝑥 − I𝑦K = 𝑥H𝑥 − I𝑦K + I𝑦H𝑥 − I𝑦K
C) Factorise To find the root of the equation, first you need to use long division to factorise the = 𝑥 # − 𝑥 I𝑦 + 𝑥I𝑦 − (I𝑦I𝑦) 𝑎𝑠I𝑦 × I𝑦 = 𝑦
polynomial and equate it to 0 = 𝑥# − 𝑦
" # %1"%' ("%')("%2) "%' 3x 2 + 6
" # %3"%$
= ("%$)("%2)
= "%$ ⇒ H𝑥 + I𝑦KH𝑥 − I𝑦K ≡ 𝑥 # − 𝑦
x - 4 3x3 - 12x 2 + 6 x - 24 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 # + 6)
Hence, we have proved the identity.
Dividing polynomials 3x3 - 12x 2
Equate 𝑓(𝑥) = 0
A polynomial is a finite expression with positive whole number indices ( ≥ 0 ) 6 x - 24 Methods of proof:
There are different methods to prove a mathematical statement. However, in this chapter you
6 x - 24 (𝑥 − 4)(3𝑥 # + 6) = 0
Polynomials Not polynomials will only learn Proof by Exhaustion.
$
0
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟓, 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝟓𝒚 + 𝟔, 𝟖 - √𝑥, 5𝑥 "# , %
Proof by Exhaustion: In this method you will have to split your statement into smaller cases and
3𝑥 # + 6 is a quadratic equation
prove each case separately. This way you will be able to prove that the statement is true.
You can use long division to divide polynomial by (𝑥 ± 𝑝), where p is a constant ⇒ 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = 0, 𝑐 = 6
And to check if the roots are real or not, you need to find discriminant i.e. 𝑏# − 4𝑎𝑐
Example 6: Prove that the sum of two consecutive square numbers between 1# and 8# is an odd
Example 2: Write the polynomial 4𝑥 & + 9𝑥 # − 3𝑥 − 10 If 𝑏# − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 ⇒ equation has no real roots
By substituting the values of a, b and c in the discriminant we get, number.
in the form (𝑥 ± 𝑝)(𝑎𝑥 # + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) by dividing
𝑏# − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 − 4(3)(6) = −72 < 0
Hence 3𝑥 # + 6 has no real roots. Therefore 𝑓(𝑥) has only one real root of 𝑥 = 4 You will prove this by exhaustion. Start by listing all square numbers between 1# and 8# and add
4x 2 Start by dividing the first term by 𝑥, so that the consecutive square numbers to get a result,
4𝑥 & ÷ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 #
x + 2 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 - 3x - 10 Mathematical proof:
2# + 3# = 𝑂𝑑𝑑, 3# + 4# = 𝑂𝑑𝑑, 4# + 5# = 𝑜𝑑𝑑, 5# + 6# = 𝑜𝑑𝑑, 6# + 7# = 𝑂𝑑𝑑
Key terms:
4x + 8x 3 2 Multiply (𝑥 + 2) by 4𝑥 # Now you can see, each case is proved to be an odd number
Theorem Mathematical statement (or a Conjecture)
2
So that 4𝑥 # × (𝑥 + 2) = 4𝑥 & + 8𝑥 # So, the sum of two consecutive square numbers between 1# and 8# is always an odd number.
x - 3x A statement that has been proven A statement that has yet to be proven
Subtract, Counter-example:
So that (4𝑥 & + 9𝑥 # ) − (4𝑥 & + 8𝑥 # ) = 𝑥 # In this section you will have to prove mathematical statement (or conjecture). In simple
You can prove a mathematical statement is not true by counter-example. A counter-example is
#
4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 5 And copy −3𝑥 words you will have to show that the mathematical statement is true in specified cases.
one example that does not work for the given statement. To disprove a statement one counter
You will have to use the following steps to prove a statement
x + 2 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 - 3x - 10 example is enough.

4 x 3 + 8x 2 Repeat the process till you get a remainder Example 7: Show, by means of a counter-example, that the following inequality does not hold
Start with
x 2 - 3x Clearly show Statement of when p and q are both negative
know facts
If the remainder is 0 then the divisor, in this logical steps proof
x2 + 2 x
or theorems 𝑝 + 𝑞 > I4𝑝𝑞
case (𝑥 + 2) is a factor of Start by taking negative values for both 𝑝 and 𝑞
-5 x - 10 polynomial 4𝑥 & + 9𝑥 # − 3𝑥 − 10 𝑝 = −1, 𝑞 = −2
- 5 x - 10 𝑝 + 𝑞 = (−1) − (−2) = −1 + 2 = 1
0 Example 4: Prove that 𝑛# − 𝑛 is an even number for all values of 𝑛.
I4𝑝𝑞 = I4(−1)(−2) = √8
Hence, 4𝑥 & + 9𝑥 # − 3𝑥 − 10 = (𝑥 + 2)(4𝑥 # + 𝑥 − 5)
You know the fact that ODD×EVEN = EVEN. But 1 < √8, i.e. 𝑝 + 𝑞 < I4𝑝𝑞
Hence by counter example, we proved the inequality is not true for negative values

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 The Binomial Expansion Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
The binomial expansion can be used to expand brackets raised to large powers. It can be used to Example 2: Solving Binomial Problems
simplify probability models with a large number of trials, such as those used by manufacturers to The coefficient of 𝑥 ! in the expansion of of (2 − 𝑐𝑥)! is 294. Find the possible values of the You can use the general term of the binomial expansion to find individual coefficients in a
predict faults. constant c. (Note: if there is an unknown in the expression, form an equation involving the binomial expansion.
unknown) 𝑛
Pascal’s triangle In the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)" the general term is given by B E 𝑎"+( 𝑏( .
You can use Pascal’s triangle to quickly expand expressions such as (𝑥 + 2𝑦)! . Consider the 𝑟
The coefficients are 1, 3, 3, 1:
expansions of (𝑎 + 𝑏)" for n = 0,1,2,3 and 4: Example 6:
The term in 𝑥 % is 3 × 2(−𝑐𝑥)% = 6𝑐 % 𝑥 %
a. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 & in the binomial expansion of (2 + 3𝑥)$# .
(𝑎 + 𝑏)# = 1 So, 6𝑐 % = 294
10
𝑐 % = 49 ⇒ 𝑐 ± 7 𝑥 & term = B E 2/ (3𝑥)&
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = $
1𝑎 + 1𝑏 4
% % Each coefficient is the sum of the 2 = 210 × 64 × 81𝑥 &
(𝑎 + 𝑏) = 1𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 1𝑏% Factorial notation
coefficients immediately above it
(𝑎 + 𝑏)! = 1𝑎! + 3𝑎% 𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏% + 1𝑏! Combinations and factorial notation can help you expand binomial expressions. For larger indices, = 1088640𝑥 &
it is quicker than using Pascal’s triangle. The coefficient of 𝑥 & in the binomial expansion of (2 + 3𝑥)$# is 1088640.
(𝑎 + 𝑏)& = 1𝑎& + 4𝑎! 𝑏 + 6𝑎% 𝑏% + 4𝑎𝑏! + 1𝑏&
Using factorial notation 3 × 2 × 1 = 3! b. Find the coefficient of 𝑥 ! in the binomial expansion of (2 + 𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥)0 .
You can use factorial notation and your calculator to find entries in Pascal’s triangle quickly. The
Every term in the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)" has total 𝑛
number of ways of choosing r items from a group of n items is written as ." 𝐶( or B E: First, find the first four terms of the binomial
index n: 𝑟 (3 − 2𝑥)0
𝑛 expansion of (3 − 2𝑥)0
In the 6𝑎% 𝑏% term the total index is 2 + 2 = 4. ." 𝐶( = B E =
"!

In the 4𝑎𝑏! term the total index is 1 + 3 = 4. 𝑟 (!("+()!

7 7 7
𝑛−1 = 30 + B E 3/ (−2𝑥) + B E 3- (−2𝑥)% + B E 3& (−2𝑥)! + ⋯
Pascal’s triangle is formed by adding adjacent pairs of the numbers to find the numbers on the The rth entry in the nth row of Pascal’s triangle is given by ."+$ 𝐶(+$ = B E 1 2 3
next row. 𝑟−1
= 2187 − 10206𝑥 + 20412𝑥 % − 22680𝑥 ! + ⋯
Example 3: Calculate ⟹ (2 + 𝑥)( 2187 − 10206𝑥 + 20412𝑥 % − 22680𝑥 ! + ⋯ )
Here are the first 7 rows of Pascal’s triangle:
a. 5! b. .- 𝐶% c. the 6th entry in the 10th row of Pascal’s triangle
1 Now expand the brackets (2 + 𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥)0
a. 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120 "
Use the . 𝐶( and ! functions on your
1 + 1 b. - -!
. 𝐶% = %!!! =
$%#
= 10 calculator to answer this question. 𝑥 ! term = 2 × (−22680𝑥 ! ) + 𝑥 × 20412𝑥 %
$%
The third row of Pascal’s triangle
1 + 2 + 1 c. .. 𝐶- = 126 You can calculate .- 𝐶% by using the = −24948𝑥 !
gives the coefficients in the There are 2 ways of making the 𝑥 ! term:
." 𝐶( function on your calculator. The coefficient of 𝑥 ! in the binomial
1 + 3 + 3 + 1 expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)% (constant term × 𝑥 ! term) and (𝑥 term
𝑛! 5!
." 𝐶( = = expansion of (2 + 𝑥)(3 − 2𝑥)0 is −24948. × 𝑥 % term)
The rth entry in the nth row is ."+$ 𝐶(+$ 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)! 2! (5 − 2)!
1 + 4 + 6 + 4 + 1

1 + 5 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 Binomial Estimation
The binomial expansion If the value of 𝑥 is less than 1, then 𝑥 " gets smaller as 𝑛 gets larger. If 𝑥 is small you can
𝑛
The binomial expansion is a rule that allows you to expand brackets. You can use B E to work out sometimes ignore large powers of 𝑥 to approximate a function or estimate a value.
1 + 6 + 15 + 20 + 15 + 6 + 1 𝑟
the coefficients in the binomial expansion. For example,
The (𝒏 + 𝟏)𝒕𝒉 row of Pascal’s triangle gives he coefficients in the expansion of (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 . in the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)- = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏), to find the 𝑏! term you Example 9:
5 a. Find the first four terms of the binomial expansion, in ascending powers of 𝑥, of
can choose multiples of b from 3 different brackets. You can do this in B E ways so the 𝑏! term is
Example 1: 3 1 $#
5 B1 − &E .
Use Pascal’s triangle to find the expansions of: B E 𝑎% 𝑏 ! .
3
a. (𝑥 + 2𝑦)! b. (2𝑥 − 5)& 1 $# 10 1 10 1 % 10 1 !
! Index = 3 so look at the 4th row of Pascal’s The binomial expansion is: B1 − &E = 1$# + B E 1. B− &E + B E 12 B− &E + B E 10 B− &E + ⋯
a. (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 1 2 3
triangle to find the coefficients. 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
The coefficients are 1, 3, 3, 1 so: (𝑎 + 𝑏)" = 𝑎" + B E 𝑎"+$ 𝑏 + B E 𝑎"+% 𝑏% + ⋯ + B E 𝑎"+( 𝑏( + ⋯ + 𝑏"
1 2 𝑟 =1 − 2.5𝑥 + 2.8125𝑥 % − 1.875𝑥 ! + ⋯
(𝑥 + 2𝑦)! = 1𝑥 ! + 3𝑥 % (2𝑦) + 3𝑥(2𝑦)% + 1(2𝑦)!
𝑛 "!
= 𝑥 ! + 6𝑥 % 𝑦 + 12𝑥𝑦 % + 8𝑦 ! where B E =." 𝐶( = (!("+()! b. Use your expansion to estimate the value of 0.975$# , giving your answer to 4
𝑟
This is the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)! with 𝑎 = 𝑥 and 𝑏 = 2𝑦. decimal places.
Use brackets to ensure you don’t make a mistake. Example 4 : Use the binomial theorem to find the expansion of (3 − 2𝑥)- . 1
We want B1 − &E = 0.975
𝑥 Calculate value of x
b. (2𝑥 − 5)& 5 5 5 5 = 0.025
Index = 4 so look at the 5th row of Pascal’s triangle. (3 + 2𝑥)- = 3- + B E 3&(−2𝑥) + B E 3! (−2𝑥)% + B E 3% (−2𝑥)! + B E 3$ (−2𝑥)& + (−2𝑥)- 4
1 2 3 4 𝑥 = 0.1
The coefficients are 1, 4, 6, 4, 1 so:
1 $#
(2𝑥 − 5)& = 1(2𝑥)& + 4(2𝑥)! (−5) + 6(2𝑥)% (−5)% + 4(2𝑥)(−5)! + 1(−5)& = 243 − 810𝑥 + 1080𝑥 % − 720𝑥 ! + 240𝑥 & − 32𝑥 - Substitute 𝑥 = 0.1 into the expansion for B1 − E from part a:
&
= 16𝑥 & − 160𝑥 ! + 600𝑥 % − 1000𝑥 + 625 0.975$# ≈ 1 − 0.25 + 0.028125 − 0.001875
There will be 6 terms. Each term has a total index of 5. Use (𝑎 + 𝑏)" = 0.77625
This is the expansion of (𝑎 + 𝑏)" with 𝑎 = 2𝑥 and 𝑏 = −5 with 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −2𝑥 and 𝑛 = 5 0.975$# ≈ 0.7763 to 4 d.p Using a calculator, 0.975$# = 0.77632962.
so, approximation is correct.

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Trigonometric ratios Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
The cosine rule: The sine Rule. Solving Traingle problems:
The cosine rule can be used to find missing side and missing angle. The rule can be The sine rule can be used to work out missing side or angles in triangles. Similar to cosine rule, Problems involving triangles can be solved by using sine rule, cosine rule along with
rearranged in two ways depending on what we need to find, missing side or missing sine rule can also be rearranged in two ways to find either missing angle or missing side. pythagoras theorem and standard right-angled triangle trigonometry.
angle Please refer to the figure shown by arrow for the sine rule.
Where a, b, and c are lengths opposite to angles A, B and C respectively. In this section you will learn when to use the above mentioned rules.
Finding missing side: Finding missing angle Right-angled triangle: Try using basic trigonometry and Pythagoras’s theorem to work out
Where a, b, and c are lengths other information
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 sin 𝐴
= sin𝑏 𝐵 = sin𝑐 𝐶
opposite to angles A, B and C = = 𝑎 Not Right-angled triangle: Use the Sine rule or the Cosine Rule. You can use the rules
respectively. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
depending on what information is given.
Example 3: Work out the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦
𝐵 Use Sine rule Use Cosine rule
Find missing side: when you are considering when you are considering
𝑎! = 𝑏! + 𝑐 ! − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴 In this problem, there is a missing 2 angles and 2 sides 3 sides and 1 angle
This version of the rule is used to find a missing side if you know two sides and the 5.5𝑐𝑚 side as well as a missing angle.
3.9 𝑐𝑚
angle between them. You will have to use both versions Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent:
75° of sine rule. In this section you will have to sketch the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent.
𝑥
Finding missing angle. 𝐴 𝐶 All three graphs are periodic i.e. they repeat themselves after a certain interval.
" ! #$ ! %&! 𝑦 𝑐𝑚 The below table will help you with properties of the three graphs
cos 𝐴 = !"$ Finding missing angle:
The side opposite to angle 𝑥 is length 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎 = 3.9 𝑐𝑚
This version of the rule is used to find missing angle given all three sides. 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝑎 = 3.9 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐 = 5.5 𝑐𝑚, 𝐶 = 75°, 𝑥 =?
Example 1: calculate the length of the missing side Use the sine rule for missing angle and substitute values of a, c and angle 𝐶 Crosses the x axis at Crosses the x axis at Crosses the x axis at
*+, - *+, / *+, 1 *+, 56° 2.4×*+, 56° ..,−𝟏𝟖𝟎°, 𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟎°, 𝟑𝟔𝟎°,.. ..,−90°, 90°, 270°, 450°, .. ..,−180°, 0, 180°, 360°, ..
= ⇒ = ⇒ sin 𝑥 = = 0.68493 Maximum value = 1 Maximum value = 1 No maximum value
. 0 2.4 6.6 6.6
𝐵 The missing length is AB which is opposite Minimum value = -1 Minimum value = -1 or minimum value
to angle C. 𝑥 = sin%' (0.68493) = 43.23° Using sine inverse to find 𝑥 Has vertical asymptotes
6.5 𝑐𝑚 Use the cosine rule for missing side At 𝑥 = −90°, 90°, 270°, ..
substitute values of a, b and c Finding missing angle:
Let 𝑎 = 6.5𝑐𝑚, 𝑏 = 8.4 𝑐𝑚 and 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑐 =? In order to calculate, we need the angle opposite to length 𝑦 which is ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 You can refer to the graphs below for sine, cosine and tangent graphs
20° ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 180° − (75 + 43.2)° = 61.8°
Use the sine rule for missing angle and substitute values of c, angle B and C.
𝐴 8.4𝑐𝑚 𝐶 9 0 ; 6.6 6.6×*+, 61.8°
= *+, / ⇒ *+, 61.8° = *+, 56 ⇒ 𝑦 = = 5.018
*+, : *+, 56

𝑐 ! = 𝑎! + 𝑏! − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝐴𝐵! = 6.5! + 8.4! − 2 × 6.5 × 8.4 × cos 20° = 10.1955 𝑦 = 5.02 𝑐𝑚
𝐴𝐵 = √10.1955 … = 3.19𝑐𝑚
Two solutions for sine:
Transforming trigonometric graphs:
The sine rule sometimes produces two possible solutions for a missing angle as
Example 2: Find the size of the smallest angle in a triangle whose side have length In chapter 4, you have learned transformations i.e. translation and reflection. In this section
sin 𝜃 = sin(180° − 𝜃)
3cm, 5cm and 6cm you will have to apply the knowledge of transformations in trigonometric functions and
Start by drawing the triangle and label it say Areas of triangles: sketch the new curve.
ABC. The smallest angle is opposite is to the In this topic you will learn to calculate area of any triangle given 2 sides and the
smallest side so angle B is the required angle between them Example 5
angle. Use the cosine rule for missing angle Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = tan(𝜃 − 45°)
and substitute values of a, b and c. The graph of 𝑦 = tan(𝜃 − 45°) is the graph of tan 𝜃 translated by 45° to the right.
1
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏 sin 𝐶 Remember 𝒇(𝒙 + 𝜽) ⟹ 𝜽 shifted to LEFT and 𝒇(𝒙 − 𝜽) ⟹ 𝜽 shifted to the RIGHT
2
The graphs will shift by 45° to the right
So if tan 𝜃 meets the 𝜃- axis at(0°, 0°) then tan(𝜃 − 45°)
Example 4: Calculate the area of triangle. meets the 𝜃 - axis at (0° + 45°, 0°) = (45°, 0°)
𝑎 = 6𝑐𝑚, 𝑏 = 3𝑐𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 5𝑐𝑚 The angle between two sides AB and BC is angle B Hence,
𝑏! = 𝑎! + 𝑐 ! − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵 AB is opposite to angle C so AB = c and AC is opposite to angle B so AC = b The graph meets the 𝜃 axis at (45°, 0), (225°, 0)
𝑎! + 𝑐 ! − 𝑏! 6! + 5! − 3! 𝐵 And to find, where the graph meets the 𝑦-axis do the
'
cos 𝐵 = = = 0.866 … … Area= ! 𝑎𝑐 sin 𝐵 following
2𝑎𝑐 2×6×5 80°
6.4 𝑐𝑚 6.4 𝑐𝑚 1 You know that 𝜃 = 0° on 𝑦-axis,
%' 𝐴 = × 6.4 × 6.4 × sin 80° So 𝑦 = tan(𝜃 − 45°) = tan( 0 − 45°) = tan(−45°) = −1
𝐵 = cos 0.8666. . 2
𝐵 = 29.9° 𝐴 = 20.16.. Hence the graph meets the 𝑦- axis at (0, −1) and has
Hence, the smallest angle is 29.9°
𝐴 𝐶 𝐴 = 20.2 𝑐𝑚! asymptotes at 𝜃 = 135°and 𝜃 = 315°

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Trigonometric identities Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Angles in all four quadrants You can use the following rules to find sin, cos or tan of any positive or negative angle using
"($%&'(! ))
Unit circles: the corresponding acute angle made with the 𝑥-axis Example 4: Simplify 𝑎. 5 sin! 3𝜃 + 5 cos! 3𝜃 𝑏.
&'( )
A unit circle is a circle with radius of 1 unit. It will help you understand the trigonometric a. Start by factorising the equation
ratios. ⇒ 5(sin! 3𝜃 + cos! 3𝜃 )
sin(180° − 𝜃) = + sin 𝜃 ⇒5×1=5 As sin! 𝜃 + cos! 𝜃 ≡ 1 ⇒ sin! 3𝜃 + cos! 3𝜃 = 1
𝑦 sin(180° + 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 b.
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) sin(360° − 𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 𝜃 "($%&'(! ))
=
√(,-! .
As cos! 𝜃 + sin! 𝜃 = 1 ⇒ (sin! 𝜃 = 1 − cos! 𝜃)
180° − 𝜃 &'( ) &'( .
For a point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) on a unit circle such that 𝑂𝑃
making an angle with the positive 𝑥-axis ⇒
"($%&'(! ))
=
(,- .
= tan 𝜃
cos 𝜃 = 𝑥-coordinate of 𝑃 &'( ) &'( .

sin 𝜃 = 𝑦- coordinate of 𝑃
! tan(180° − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 Simple Trignometric equations.
𝑥 tan 𝜃 = " =gradient of 𝑂𝑃 tan(180° + 𝜃) = + tan 𝜃 180°+𝜃 360° − 𝜃 In this section you will learn to solve simple trignometric equations of the form sin 𝜃 = 𝑘,
You always start measuring 𝜃 from positive x- tan(360° − 𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = 𝑘 (where −1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1) and tan 𝜃 = 𝑝 (where 𝑝 ∈ ℝ)
axis −1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 1 as sin and cos has maximum = 1 and minimum = −1
cos(180° − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃 𝑝 ∈ ℝ as tan has no maximum or minimum value
Positive angles Anti-clock wise cos(180° + 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃
Negative angles Clockwise cos(360° − 𝜃) = cos 𝜃
Example2: Example 5: Solve the equation 2 cos 𝜃 = −√2 for 𝜃, in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
Express the following in terms of trigonometric ratios of acute angles. First rearrange the equation in the form cos 𝜃 = 𝑘
%√!
With the help of unit circle you can find values and signs of sine, cosine and tangent. a. sin 240° b. cos(−50°) So cos 𝜃 = ! = −0.7071 The values you get on calculator taking inverse of trigonometric functions
a. b. θ = cos%$ (−0.7071) = 45° are called principal values. But principal values will not always be a solution
to the equation.
The 𝑥-𝑦 plane is divided into quadrants:
As cos 𝜃 = −0.7071 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = 45° ⇒ cos is negative so you need to look θ
in the 2nd and 4th quadrant
45 45° is the acute angle (i.e angle made with the horizontal axis) but we are
Angles may lie outside the range ° looking for the angle made from the positive x- axis anti-clockwise.
45°
Second First 0-360°, but they always lie in one So, there are two solutions
quadrant quadrant of the four quadrants. 180° − 45° = 135° and 180° + 45° = 225°
Hence, θ= 135° or θ= 225°
For e.g. 520° is equivalent to
Third Fourth 520° − 360° = 160° which lies in Harder trigonometric equations:
quadrant quadrant second quadrant You will have to solve equations of the form
The angle 240° is obtuse and measured from The angle −50° is the angle measured from
sin 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘, cos 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan 𝑛𝜃 = 𝑝
the +𝑣𝑒 𝑥 -axis anti-clockwise. the positive 𝑥- axis clockwise. sin(𝜃 + 𝛼) = 𝑘, cos(𝜃 + 𝛼) = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan(𝜃 + 𝛼) = 𝑝
So the acute angle is 60° 50° is the acute angle. It is same as solving simple equations, but will have some extra steps
sin is – 𝑣𝑒 in the third quadrant cos is +𝑣𝑒 in the fourth quadrant
Example 1: So sin 240° = − sin 60° So cos(−50°) = cos 50° Example 6: Solve the equation sin(𝑥 + 60°) = 0.3 in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°
Find the signs of sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 in the second quadrant. Example 3: Let 𝑋 = 𝑥 + 60° ⇒ sin 𝑋 = 0.3
Draw a circle with centre 0 and radius 1, with 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) in the second quadrant. Given that 𝜃 is an acute angle, express tan(𝜃 − 540°)in terms of tan 𝜃 The interval for 𝑋 will be 0 + 60° ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 360° + 60° ⇒ 60° ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 420°
To express tan(𝜃 − 540°) in terms of tan 𝜃, we need to find in which quadrant the angle 𝑋 = sin%$ 0.3 = 17.45°, principal value
You know that 𝑥 is −𝑣𝑒 and 𝑦 is +ve in the 𝜃 − 540° lies. Sin is positive which mean 17.45° should be in the 1st and 2nd quadrant.
second quadrant You know that 540° is equivalent to 540° − 360° = 180°
One of the solution will be 180° − 17.45° = 162.54°
sin 𝜃 = +𝑣𝑒 , cos 𝜃 = −ve ⇒ −540° is equivalent to −180° ⇒ 180° clockwise and 𝜃 = anti-clockwise
Now the other solution could be 17.45° but 60° ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 420°, so it cannot be 17.45°.
+𝑣𝑒 So first you will go 180° clockwise and then 𝜃 anti-clockwise which will be in the third quadrant.
tan 𝜃 = = −𝑣𝑒 tan is +ve in the third quadrant So start from +𝑣𝑒 𝑥-axis and measure one full circle i.e. 360° and add 17.5°
−𝑣𝑒 Hence, tan(𝜃 − 540°) = tan 𝜃 ⇒ 360° + 17.45° = 377.45° So 𝑋 = 162.54 … °, 377.45 … °
So, only sin 𝜃 is +𝑣𝑒 in the second quadrant Subtract 60° from each value: Hence, 𝑥 = 102.5° 𝑜𝑟 317.5°
Exact values of trigonometric ratios. Equations and Identities:
You can find exact values of sin, cos and tan of 30°, 45° and 60°. Please refer the table below for the exact You will have to solve quadratics equations in sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan 𝜃
With the help of the following diagram, you can determine the signs of each of the
values.
trigonometric ratios 𝟑𝟎° 𝟒𝟓° 𝟔𝟎° Example 7: Solve for 𝜃, in the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°, the equation 2 cos! 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0
Only 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 is positive sin 𝜃, cos 𝜃 and tan 𝜃 are 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 1 1 √3 Start by factorising the equation as you do for quadratic equation
for angle 𝜃 in the all positive for angle 𝜃 in 2 √2 2 2 cos! 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0 Compare with 2𝑥 ! − 𝑥 − 1 = (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 √3 1 1
second quadrant. the first quadrant. So (2 cos 𝜃 + 1)(cos 𝜃 − 1) = 0
2 √2 2 $
cos 𝜃 = − 𝑜𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 1 Set each factor equal to 0 thereby finding two sets of solutions
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 1 √3 !
=
3 1 √3 1
√3 cos 𝜃 = − ⇒ 𝜃 = 60°
2
Only 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 is positive Cosine is negative implies solution is in the 2nd and 3rd quadrants
Only 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 is positive Trignometric Identities: 60° 60°
for angle 𝜃 in the In the 2nd quadrant 𝜃 = 180 − 60 = 120°. So, one solution is 120°
for angle 𝜃 in the third Equation of unit circle is 𝑥 ! + 𝑦 ! = 1 In the 3rd quadrant 𝜃 = 180 + 60 = 240°. 60° 60°
quadrant fourth quadrant. As we know cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 and sin 𝜃 = 𝑦 ⇒ cos! 𝜃 + sin! 𝜃 = 1 So, the other solution in the 3rd quadrant will be 240°
For all values of 𝜃,sin! 𝜃 + cos! 𝜃 ≡ 1 cos 𝜃 = 1 𝑠𝑜 𝜃 = 0 𝑜𝑟 360°
#$% & So the solutions are
For all values of 𝜃, such that cos 𝜃 ≠ 0, tan 𝜃 ≡
'(# &
𝜃 = 0°, 120°, 240°, 360°
You can use the above identities to simplify trignometric expressions and complete proofs

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 Edexcel Pure Year 1
Vectors Cheat Sheet
Example7: 00000⃗
𝑂𝐴 =5i−2j and 00000⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 3i + 4j. Find the position vector of 𝐵
Vectors
Example 3: Given that a=2i+3j and b=4i−j, find the vector 4b−a in terms of i and j Start by drawing the vectors on the axes to find position vector of 𝐵. From the diagram position vector of 𝐵 is vector
A vector has both magnitude and direction.
Start by substituting vectors a and b in 4b−a and then simplify 00000⃗
𝑂𝐵 .It is easier to work with column vectors, so write the vectors
You can represent a vector using a directed line segment. Direction of arrow shows the direction of vector
4b−a= 4(4𝐢 − 𝐣) − (2𝐢 + 3𝐣 ) in column vector form
𝑦
This vector = (16𝐢 − 4𝑗) − (2𝐢 + 3𝐣) = (16 − 2)𝐢 + (−4 − 3)𝐣 = 14𝐢 − 7𝐣 00000⃗ = ; ) < and 00000⃗
𝑂𝐴 𝐴𝐵 = ;!+< 𝐵
*"
00000⃗ starts at
𝑃𝑄 If 00000⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑅𝑆00000⃗ , then the
Hence, 4b−a in terms of i and j is 14𝐢 − 7𝐣 Using triangle law of vector addition vector
00000⃗
This vector 𝑄𝑃
𝑃 and line segment 𝑃𝑄 and 𝑅𝑆 00000⃗ = 𝑂𝐴
00000⃗ + 00000⃗
starts at 𝑄 and 𝑂𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝑂
finishes at 𝑄 are equal in length and Example 4: Given that a= ;/.<, b= ;*! --
< and c= ;*0 < find 2a + b + c 𝑥
finishes at 𝑃 5 3 5+3 8
are parallel
*- 00000⃗ = ? A + ? A = ?
𝑂𝐵 A=? A
Start by substituting vectors a, b and c in 2a + b + c −2 4 −2 + 4 2 𝐴
2a + b + c= 2;/.< + ;*!--
< + ;*0 < = ;-0 --
< + ;*! < + ;*0 < = ;"- < In i, j form 𝑂𝐵 00000⃗ = 8i +2j
*- -+ *- -1 𝑦

00000⃗ 00000⃗ implies

𝐴𝐵 = −𝐵𝐴 Solving geometric problem:
Unit Vector: (0, 1)
𝐴𝐵 is equal in length, parallel and in the opposite direction to 𝐵𝐴 j You can use vector to find the position vector of a point that divides a line segment in a given ratio
A unit vector is a vector of length 1.
The unit vectors along the 𝑥- and 𝑦-axes are usually If the point 𝑷 divides the line segment 𝑨𝑩 in the ratio 𝝀: 𝝁, then 𝐴
i (1, 0) 𝑥 𝑃
𝜆
Triangle law for vector addition: denoted by i and j respectively. 00000⃗ = 00000⃗
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝐴 + 00000⃗
𝐴𝐵
i= ;-1< j= ;1-< 𝜆+𝜇
You can add two vector using the triangle law for vector addition.
The law states that 00000⃗ + % 𝑂𝐵
= 𝑂𝐴 00000⃗ − 00000⃗
𝑂𝐴
You can write any two-dimensional vector in the form 9#$: = 𝑝i+𝑞j %(, 𝑂
00000⃗
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 00000⃗ = 00000⃗
𝐴𝐶 𝐵
In this topic you will learn to find a unit vector in the direction of a given vector
If 00000⃗
𝐴𝐵 =a, 𝐵𝐶 00000⃗ = b and 00000⃗
𝐴𝐶 = c then, a+b=c A unit vector in the direction of a is
𝐚 Example 8: In the diagram the points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have position vectors a and b respectively.
|𝐚| The point 𝑃 divides 𝐴𝐵 in the ratio 1:2. Find the position vector of 𝑃
𝐚
so if |a| = 5, then a unit vector in the direction of a is 00000⃗.You can refer to the figure above. To find000000⃗
Example 1: The diagram shows vectors a, b and c. Draw a diagram to illustrate the vector addition ) The position vector of 𝑃 is vector 𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝑃 we can make use of the equation
given above for point 𝑷 dividing the line segment 𝑨𝑩 in the ratio 𝝀: 𝝁. Here 𝜆 = 1 and 𝜇 = 2 and substituting them
Answer:
Magnitude and direction: in to the equation gives us,
First use the triangle law for -
To calculate the magnitude of vector you can use Pythagoras theorem. 00000⃗ = 00000⃗
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝐴 + 𝐴𝐵 00000⃗
a+b, then use it again for !
For the vector a= 𝑥i+𝑦j= 9𝒚𝒙: the magnitude of the vector is given by 00000⃗ = 00000⃗
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝐴 + ;𝑂𝐵
-
00000⃗ − 𝑂𝐴
00000⃗< You will have to write 00000⃗
𝐴𝐵 in terms of the position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵
(a+b) +c. c !
in order to find 00000⃗
𝑂𝑃
The resultant goes from the |a|= Z𝑥 " + 𝑦 " 1 1
00000⃗ = 00000⃗
𝑂𝑃 𝑂𝐴 + 00000⃗𝑂𝐵 − 00000⃗ 𝑂𝐴
start of a to the end of c The two straight lines on either side of the vector is the notation for magnitude of a vector 3 3
- -
00000⃗ − 00000⃗
= 𝑂𝐴 𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵 00000⃗ = " 00000⃗
𝑂𝐴 + 𝑂𝐵
-
00000⃗ = " 𝐚 + - b
! ! ! ! ! !
Example 4: a = 2i + 3j, b = 3i -4j. Find the exact value of a + b Hence, 00000⃗
"
𝑂𝑃 is 𝐚 + b
-
Subtracting a vector is same as adding a negative vector 𝒂 − 𝒃 = 𝒂 + (−𝒃) ! !
Since we need to calculate exact value of a + b, first we will have to add the two vectors.
We can do that by representing the vectors in column vector form and then add
If a and b are two non-parallel vectors and 𝒑a + 𝒒b = 𝒓a + 𝒔b then 𝒑 = 𝒓 and 𝒒 = 𝒔
So, a = ;"!< and b = ;*+
!
< implies a + b = ;"!< + ;*+
!
< = ;"(!
!*+
)
< = ;*- <
Use the formula for magnitude which is |a|= Z𝑥 " + 𝑦 "
Modelling with vectors
Hence, |a + b|= Z5" + (−1)" = √26 In mechanics, vectors have both magnitude and direction. For example velocity, displacement, and force.
Multiplying a vector: Keep your answer in surd form as you are asked to find exact value. Magnitude of a vector is a scalar quantity - it has size but no direction
You can multiply a vector by a scalar. If the number is +𝑣𝑒 the resultant vector has same direction but different
length. If the number is −𝑣𝑒 ,the new vector has different length but opposite direction Vector quantity Its magnitude
Example 5: For vector a = 5i − 12j, find the unit vector in the same direction.
𝐚 velocity speed
A unit vector in the direction of a is displacement distance
|𝐚|
Let us first calculate |𝐚|, so |𝐚| = Z5" + (−12)" = √25 + 144 = √169 = 13
𝟏 Example 9: A girl walks 2km due east from fixed point O to A, and then 3km due south from A to B. Find: i. The
Any vector parallel to the vector a may be written as 𝜆a where 𝜆 is a non-zero scalar To find the unit vector in the direction of a first write the vector in column vector form and multiply by
𝐷 𝐶 |𝐚| position vector of 𝐵 relative to 𝑂 ii. the bearing of 𝐵 from 𝑂
Parallelogram Law for vector addition: !
b 𝐚 𝐚 $ & i) To find the position vector of 𝐵 relative to 𝑂,
For the parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷,
|𝐚|
= $% = $% #'$( $ = %$"%
"#
&
00000⃗ = a, 𝐴𝐷
00000⃗ =b then 00000⃗ We will have to represent the girl’s journey on a diagram 2km
If 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 = a+b "#
𝐴 𝐵 !
00000⃗ =pi + qi
𝑂𝐵
a Hence, the unit vector in the direction of a is %$"%
"#
&
Example 2: Show that the vectors 6a + 8b and 9a + 12b are parallel. 2km due east implies p= 2 and 3km due south
"#
Try to write one of the vectors as 𝜆 × other vector Example 6: Find the angle that the vector 3i − 5j makes with j axis implies q= −3, you can refer to the diagram here
3km
!
9a + 12b = (6a + 8b) So 00000⃗
𝑂𝐵 = (2i −3j) km
"
! j 3 The angle the vector 3i − 5j makes with j is 90° + angle 𝜃
Since, 9a + 12b can be written as 𝜆 ×(6a + 8b) where 𝜆 = , this implies that 6a + 8b and 9a + 12b are parallel. Vector 3i − 5j on axes will be 3 units to the right on i axis and 5 units
"
down on j axis ii) To find bearing of 𝐵 from 𝑂, you will have to calculate angle clockwise from North of 𝑂 to
Representing vector: We can find angle 𝜃 by using trigonometric ratio tan 𝜃 =
8##8'9:;
=
) line segment 𝑂𝐵 which is 90° + angle 𝜃
5 <=><?;@: !
A vector represent change in position or displacement relative to the change in 𝑥-and 𝑦 −axes ) )
Using tan 𝜃 we can find angle 𝜃
So, tan 𝜃 = taking inverse we get 𝜃 = tan*- 9 : = 59° !
! ! tan 𝜃 =
"
𝒂= ;𝟒𝟓< where 4 is the change in the 𝑥 −direction and 5 is the change So the angle 3i − 5j makes with j is 90° + 59° = 149° !
𝜃 = tan*- = 56.3°
"
in 𝑦-direction
Position Vector: So the bearing of 𝐵 from 𝑂 is 90° + 56.3° = 146.3° = 146°
This is called Column vector. Example 10: Find the distance moved by particle which travels for 10 seconds at velocity (5i−j) m𝑠 *-
Position vector are the vectors that gives us the position of a point relative to fixed origin
In general, a point 𝑃 with coordinates (𝑝, 𝑞) has a position vector You are familiar with the formula for distance, Distance = speed × time
00000⃗ In order to calculate distance we need to find speed (i.e. magnitude of velocity)
To multiply a column vector by a scalar multiply each component by the scalar: 𝜆 9#$: = 9%#
%$
: 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑝i+𝑞j= 9#: $ and substitute speed and time = 10 seconds in the formula.
To add 2 column vector add the 𝑥- component and the 𝑦-components: 9#$: + ;&'< = 9#(&
$('
: Use the magnitude formula to calculate speed
Speed = |5i−j|= Z5" + (−1)" = √25 + 1 = √26 = 5.099
Hence, Distance = 5.099× 10 = 51.0cm

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 Differentiation Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Differentiation is a process that helps us to calculate gradient or slope of a function at different Differentiating quadratics: Second order derivative:
points. It also help us to identify change in one variable with respect to another variable. You will A quadratic function or a curve is given by 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 % + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, where 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 are constants. When you differentiate a function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) once it called first order derivative i.e. 𝑓 ! (𝑥)
&'
learn real life application of differentiation in this topic The derivative of 𝑦 is = 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 And when you differentiate a function 𝑓(𝑥) twice, it called second order derivative and denoted by 𝑓′′(𝑥)
&( '!(
or
') !
Derivative Note: Differentiate each term one at a time Example 5: Find
'(
and
'!(
for 𝑦 = 2𝑥 % + 7𝑥 − 3
&' ') ') !
Notation: Derivative of only a constant term is always 0. So if 𝑦 = 2 then = 0
&(
!" '(
!#
of 𝑓 $ (𝑥) represents derivative of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) with respect to x ')
= (2 × 2𝑥 %*+) + 7 − 0 = 4𝑥 + 7
%
Example 3: Find the gradient of the curve with equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 at the point (2,5) '!( '(
To find , find the derivative of i.e. 4𝑥 + 7
As explained in the gradient of curves section, finding the gradient of a curve at a point is same as calculating ') ! ')
Gradient of curves: derivative of the curve at that point. So,
'!( $ $
= 4 × 𝑥 + 0 = 4 as 𝑥 = 1 and derivative of 7 is 0
') !
Unlike straight lines, the gradient of a curve changes constantly. The gradient of a curve at any given So first, you will have to calculate the gradient of 𝑦 = 2𝑥 % − 𝑥 − 1 Stationary points
point is the same as calculating gradient of the tangent at that given point. You can find exact A stationary point is any point on the curve where the gradient of the curve is 0. In this section you will
gradient of a curve at any given point using derivatives. &'
= 2 × 2 × 𝑥 (%*+) − 1 × 𝑥 (+*+) − 0 Since 1 is a constant, derivative of a constant will be 0 learn to determine the nature of stationary points i.e. whether the stationary point is local maximum, a
&(
&' local minimum or a point of inflection (a point where the curve changes from being concave to convex or
The gradient of a curve at calculating gradient of the Finding derivative at that = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 $ = 4𝑥 − 1 As 𝑥 $ = 1
.

.
any given point tangent at that given point given point &( vice versa). You can refer to the table below,

Now to find the derivative of 𝑦 at point(2,5), you need to substitute 𝑥 = 2 in the derivative function Any point on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓 !(𝑥) = 0 is called a stationary point. For a small positive value ℎ:
𝑑𝑦 Type of stationary point 𝒇! (𝒙 − 𝒉) 𝒇′(𝒙) 𝒇′(𝒙 + 𝒉)
Finding derivative: = 𝑓 ! (2) = 4(2) − 1 = 8 − 1 = 7
𝑑𝑥 Local maximum +ve (Positive) 0 -ve (Negative)
In this section you will learn how to find derivative of a function (i.e. exact gradient of a curve or Hence, the gradient of the curve with equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 % − 𝑥 − 1 at the point (2,5) is 7. Local minimum -ve (Negative) 0 +ve (Positive)
function at a given point)
-ve (Negative) 0 -ve (Negative)
Consider the following figure for a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) Gradient, tangents and normal Point of Inflection
+ve (Positive) 0 +ve (Positive)
In this section, you will learn to find equation of tangent and normal to a curve at a given point.
As point 𝐵 moves closer to point 𝐴, the gradient of chord 𝐴𝐵 gets closer What is normal? You can also use second order derivative, 𝑓′′(𝑥), to determine the nature of Stationary points
to the gradient of tangent to the curve at 𝐴. Normal to a curve at point 𝐴 is a straight line passing through 𝐴 and
The coordinate of 𝐴 is (𝑥$ , 𝑓(𝑥$)) and 𝐵 is (𝑥$ + ℎ, 𝑓(𝑥$ + ℎ)). So, the perpendicular to the tangent line at point 𝐴.
-(($ 0")*-(($ )
If a function 𝑓(𝑥) has a stationary point when x = 𝑎 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓 ! (𝑎) = 0 ) then if:
gradient of AB is . As ℎ gets smaller, gradient of 𝐴𝐵 gets closer to For a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the gradient of the tangent at point 𝐴 with
"
gradient of curve at 𝐴. 𝑥 coordinate 𝑎 is 𝑓 ! (𝑎) 𝒇′′(𝒂) > 𝟎 ⟹ Local minimum 𝒇!! (𝒂) = 𝟎⟶Could be local minimum, local maximum or point of
Hence, 𝒇′′(𝒂) < 𝟎 ⟹ Local maximum inflection. You will have to use the above table to determine its
The equation of tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
The gradient function or the derivative of a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is given by nature.
𝒇(𝒙0𝒉)*𝒇(𝒙) at the point with coordinates (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) is given by You have come across in chapter 5 that the equation of
𝒇! (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 lim. means the limit as ℎ tends to 0. straight line with gradient m that passes through the point
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉 "→$
(𝑥+,𝑥% ) is given by Example 6: For 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 0 − 3𝑥 % + 3𝑥, (1,1) is a stationary point.
This rule is called differentiating from the first principle 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) Determine the nature of the stationary point.
𝑦 − 𝑦+ = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥%)
You can use 𝑓′′(𝑥) to find the nature of As 𝑓 !! (0), you need to consider points on either side of 𝑥 = 1,
Example 1: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 % a. Show that 𝑓 $ (𝑥) = lim (2𝑥 + ℎ) b. Hence deduce that 𝑓 $ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 So, since the gradient of tangent at point A is 𝑓 ! (𝑎), (1,1) i.e. you need to check sign or shape of gradient on either side of 1
&→( +
a. Use the definition of derivative the gradient of Normal at point A will be − "(.) To find 𝑓 !! (𝑥), we need to find the 𝑥 0.9 1 1.1
- The gradient of perpendicular lines are negative derivative twice
𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 ! (𝑥) 0.03 0 0.03
𝑓 ! (𝑥) = lim reciprocal of each other
+ Hence, 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = 3𝑥 % − 6𝑥 + 3 Shape /+ve ----- /+ve
"→$ ℎ b. The equation of normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at i.e. 𝑚+ = − , where 𝑚+ and 𝑚% are gradients !! (𝑥)
8! ⇒𝑓 = 6𝑥 − 6
+
%
So 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 implies 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) = (𝑥 + ℎ) , % 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = 2𝑥 point 𝐴 ≡ (𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) with gradient − " (.) is given by of perpendicular lines Substituting 𝑥 = 1 Since the gradient on both sides of (1,1) is positive, (1,1) is
-
Substitute 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) and 𝑓(𝑥) into the above definition of From part a, we know that 1 we get, 𝑓 !! (1) = 6(1) − 6 = 0 point of inflection
derivative 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = lim(2𝑥 + ℎ) 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = − ! (𝑥 − 𝑎)
Expand the bracket "→$ 𝑓 (𝑎)
(𝑥 + ℎ)% − 𝑥 % Apply the limits Here are some examples for you to understand how to find equation of tangent and normal. Example 7: a. Find the coordinates of the stationary point on 𝑦 = 𝑥 1 − 32𝑥
𝑓 ! (𝑥) = lim (𝑥 + ℎ)% = (𝑥 + ℎ)(𝑥 + ℎ) b. Determine the nature of stationary point using second order derivative
"→$ ℎ = 𝑥 % + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ% As h→0, 2𝑥 + ℎ → 2𝑥
h→0 means as h tends to 0 or h approaches a. Find the derivate of 𝑦 and equate to 0. b. To find the nature of stationary point,
Example 4: Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 % − 7𝑥 + 10 at the point (2,0) '(
𝑥 % + 2𝑥ℎ + ℎ% − 𝑥 % Factorise the numerator to 0, 2𝑥 + ℎ approaches 2𝑥 = 4𝑥 0 − 32 find whether 𝑓′′(𝑥) > 0, 𝑓′′(𝑥) < 0 or
𝑓 ! (𝑥)
= lim First find the derivative of 𝑦, in order to find the gradient. Once you get the gradient function, substitute the 𝑥 ')
!!
ℎ Let = 0 and solve the equation to find the value of 𝑥 𝑓 (𝑥) = 0
↓ '(
"→$ Hence, coordinate i.e. 2 into the function ')
𝑓 ! (𝑥) = lim(2𝑥 + ℎ) = 2𝑥 &'
So, = 2𝑥 − 7 4𝑥 0 − 32 = 0 ⟹ 4𝑥 0 = 32
2𝑥ℎ + ℎ% ℎ(2𝑥 + ℎ) "→$ '!(
𝑓 ! (𝑥)
= lim ⟹ 𝑓 ! (𝑥)
= lim &(
Hence, 𝑥 = 2 = 4 × 3 × 𝑥 0*% − 0 = 12𝑥 %
"→$ ℎ "→$ ℎ 𝑑𝑦 ') !
⇒ = 𝑓 ! (2) = 2(2) − 7 = 4 − 7 = −3 Substituting the value of 𝑥 in to the original equation '!(
𝑑𝑥 When 𝑥 = 2, = 12(2)% = 48
! (𝑥) we get 𝑦 coordinate ') !
𝑓 = lim(2𝑥 + ℎ) &'
Since 𝑓 !! (2)
= 48 > 0, point (2, −48) is a local
"→$ Substitute the gradient = −3, 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 into the equation of tangent So for 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 21 − 32 × 2 = −48
&(
minimum
The equation of tangent is 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) Hence (2, −48) is a stationary point.
Differentiating 𝒙𝒏 ⇒ 𝑦 − 0 = −3(𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 6
In this chapter you will only learn how to differentiate functions of the form 𝑥 & , where 𝑛 is any number. Hence equation of tangent to the curve 𝑦 at (2,0) is 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 6 Modelling with differentiation:
Use the following results to differentiate functions. In this section you will learn how to use derivatives to model real life situations involving rates of change.
'(
Equation of normal: represents the rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥. The term 𝑑𝑦 is small change in 𝑦 and term 𝑑𝑥 is small
')
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 & then
'(
= 𝑓 !(𝑥) = 𝑛𝑥 &*+ where 𝑛 is any real number Now as discussed earlier, 1 (𝑥 − 2) change in 𝑥.
') + + + ⇒𝑦−0= (𝑥 − 2) ⇒ 𝑦 =
the gradient of normal is − =− = 3 3 You know that speed is the change in distance over change in time. So if 𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑡) is the function that
-" (.) */ / Hence the equation of normal to the curve 𝑦 at (2,0) '2
'(
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 & then = 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑛𝑥 &*+ where 𝑛 is any real number and 𝑎 is a constant So the equation of normal at point (2,0) will be, ((*%)
represents distance of object from a fixed point at time t, then = 𝑓′(𝑡) represents speed of the object at
') '3
1 is 𝑦 = time t.
/
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = − ! (𝑥 − 𝑎)
Here is an example for you to understand how to apply the results 𝑓 (𝑎)
Example 2: Find the derivative, 𝑓 ! (𝑥) when 𝑓(𝑥) equals: Example 8: Given that the volume, 𝑉 cm3, of an expanding sphere is related to its radius, 𝑟 cm, by the formula
1
a. 𝑥 , b. 10𝑥 *+ Increasing and decreasing function: 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 0 , find the rate of change of volume with respect to radius at the instant when the radius is 5 cm.
0
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , b. 𝑓(𝑥) =10𝑥 *+ As you know derivative represents rate of change, so in order to find rate of change of volume with respect
In this section you will be able to find out whether a function is increasing or decreasing.
You are supposed to find derivative Use the result for 𝑎𝑥 & '4
The function 𝑓(𝑥) in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏], for all values of 𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑏 is to radius 𝑟 = 5, you will have to find
of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , , use the result for 𝑥 & 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = 10 × (−1) × 𝑥 *+*+ = −10 𝑥 *% '4 1
'5

So 𝑓 ! (𝑥) = 6𝑥 ,*+ = 6𝑥 - +
𝑓 ! (𝑥) = −10 × ! = − !
+$
As 𝑥 *% =
+ Increasing if Decreasing if Hence, = × 𝜋 × 3 × 𝑟 0*+ = 4𝜋𝑟 % remember 𝜋 is a constant, so it will be multiplied with 4
'5 0
) ) )!
𝒇′(𝒙) ≥ 𝟎 𝑓′(𝑥) ≤ 0 When 𝑟 = 5,
'4
= 4𝜋 × (5)% = 314 remember 𝜋 value is 3.14
'5
'4 67#
So, the rate of change is 314 cm3 per cm. Interpret the answer with units P → R
'5 67

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Integration Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Integration is the reverse of differentiation. We can use integration to find areas bounded We start by sketching the curve:
Here is an example showing how we use these properties in practice:
between a curve and the coordinate axes.
2
Example 2: Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥 + − " ) + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Notation
The ∫ symbol is used to represent integration. Since integration is the reverse of differentiation,
we have that We can split up the integral as follows:

The 𝑑𝑥 means that we are integrating with

⇒ 2∫ 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + (−4)∫ 𝑥 1% 𝑑𝑥 + 4∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
respect to 𝑥
!" We see that the curve is strictly positive for −3 < 𝑥 < 0 and strictly negative for
§ If !#
= 𝑓(𝑥) then 𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 1$ 𝑥% 0 < 𝑥 < 1. We must find the area of these regions separately and add the results
⇒ 28 9+ 𝑐 − 48 9 +𝑑 +48 9 +𝑒
4 −1 2 together:
The integral sign
The expression we want to integrate goes 0 $
between the integral sign and the 𝑑𝑥. This is
𝑥2 4 Area required = ∫1+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇒ + + 2𝑥 % + 𝑘
known as the integrand. 2 𝑥
"' %" ( +" )
Indefinite integrals ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 + + 2𝑥 % − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = @ 2 + − A
Each of the integrals yields an integration constant (𝑐, 𝑑 and 𝑒), so we can denote their total as one + %
!
In this chapter, you will only learn how to integrate functions of the form 𝑥 , where 𝑛 is a constant, 𝑘.
constant and 𝑛 ≠ −1. To integrate functions of this form, you can use the following result: 0 3$ %(%5) +(7) 28
so ∫1+ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (0) − B 2 − +
− %
C= 2

" !"#
§ ∫ 𝑥 ! 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐 Finding the constant of integration $ $ % + 5
!#$ and ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = B2 + + − %C − (0) = − $%
You can find the constant of integration if you are given a point the curve passes through or the value of the
function at a given point.
The " + 𝑐" is known as the constant of integration. To see why we need to add this constant to 28 5 5$
so the required area is + =
our result, consider the following three functions: Example 3: The curve 𝐶 with equation 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) passes through the point (4,5). Given that 𝑓 & (𝑥)
=
' ! (%'
, find the
2 $% 9
√'
equation of 𝐶. If we tried to calculate the area using just one definite integral, the negative and positive area
- 𝑦 = 𝑥% + 2
- 𝑦 = 𝑥% would partly cancel out giving us an incorrect answer.
𝑥" ! +
- 𝑦 = 𝑥% − 9 𝑓 & (𝑥) = − 4𝑥 $.# = 𝑥 " − 4𝑥 "
𝑥 $.#
More complicated areas
If we differentiate the above functions, the result is the same:
&'
= 2𝑥 because the constant
# ! You may need to combine triangles, trapeziums and direct integrals to calculate more complicated
𝑥" 4𝑥 " 2 # 8 !
&" ∴ 𝑓(𝑥) = − +𝑐 ⇒𝑦 = 𝑥" − 𝑥" + 𝑐 areas. A common type of problem is one where you must find the area bounded between a curve
term disappears upon differentiating. But since integration is the reverse of differentiation, we 5 3 5 3
2 2 and a line.
should be able to integrate 2𝑥 and get back to whichever of those functions we started with. To
allow for this, we must add the unknown constant of integration, 𝑐, to our end result. But we are told that at 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 5. Substituting these values: Example 5: The diagram shows part of the curve with equation 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 − √𝑥 + + 4 and the line
$
The above process is known as indefinite integration. 2 # 8 ! with equation 𝑦 = 4 − % 𝑥. Given that the line and the curve cross at the point 𝐴(4, 2), find the
5= (4)" − (4)" + 𝑐
5 3 area of the finite region bounded by the curve and the line.
Definite integrals 64 64 203 2 # 8 ! 203
A definite integral is one where the integral is bounded between two limits. The main difference 5= − +𝑐 ⟹ 𝑐= ∴ 𝑦= 𝑥" − 𝑥" +
5 3 15 5 3 15
between a definite integral and an indefinite integral is that a definite integral will yield a
numerical value, while an indefinite integral will yield a function. To calculate a definite integral: Finding Areas
You need to be able to use definite integration to find the area bounded between a curve and the 𝑥-
axis.
*
§ ∫) 𝑓 ( (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑓(𝑥)]*) = 𝑓(𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
§ The area between a curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the lines 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 𝑏 and the 𝑥-axis is given by
To find the required area, we can subtract the area of the trapezium made by the line
+ We write the result in square brackets, with the * and the axes from the area under the curve:
Example 1: Evaluate ∫% 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥. limits outside 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 7 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

3
)
[1] [2]
3 3
+
𝑥3 3 2 8 19
7 𝑥 % 𝑑𝑥 = 8 9 = : ;−: ; = 9− = Required area =
% 3 2
3 3 3 3 −
The limits of the integral are 2 and 3, written on the We substitute our limits into the result, and Areas under the 𝒙-axis
top and bottom of the integral sign. simplify, When integrating over an interval where the curve is below the 𝑥-axis, the resultant area will be "
Integrating the curve. Note that √𝑥 ! = 𝑥 !
negative. As a result, you need to take extra care when finding areas under curves which are not
Integrating polynomials strictly positive. %
You can use the following two properties of integrals to integrate expressions where %
!
3𝑥 " 𝑥 "
#
! 2 # 96
there are multiple terms of the form 𝑎𝑥 & [1] = ( 3√𝑥 − ,𝑥 ! + 4 𝑑𝑥 = / − + 4𝑥2 = 32 34"4 − (4)" + 4(4)4 − (0) =
§ When integrating over an interval where the curve is both above and below the 𝑥-axis, you $
3 5 5 5
should split the integral up into separate regions where the function is strictly positive or 2 2 $
𝑥𝑛+1 negative in each.
§ ∫ 𝑘𝑥 & 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘∫ 𝑥 & 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 2 𝑛+1 3 + 𝑐 for any constant 𝑘. (𝑎 + 𝑏)ℎ (4 + 2)(4)
[2] = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 = = = 12 Substituting the limits
2 2
Example 4: Find the area bounded between the curve with equation
§ ∫ 𝑥 & + 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 & 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 ' 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3) and the 𝑥-axis over the interval −3 < 𝑥 < 1 . 96 36
∴ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = − 12 =
5 5

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 Exponentials and Logarithms Cheat Sheet Edexcel Pure Year 1
Exponential functions Example 2: c. 2log " 3 + 3log " 2
Functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 ! , where 𝑎 is a constant, are called exponential functions. You should The density of a pesticide in a given section of field, P mg/m2 , can be modelled by the equation 2log " 3 = log " (3% ) = log " 9
become familiar with these functions and the shapes of their graphs. 𝑃 = 160𝑒 #'.'')* 3log " 2 = log " (20 ) = log " 8
For instance, table below shows an example of values for 𝑦 = 2! . log " 9 + log " 8 = log " 72
where t is the time in days since the pesticide was first applied.
a. Use this model to estimate the density of pesticide after 15 days. 1
𝑥 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 d. log&' 3 − 4log&' F G
1 1 1 After 15 days, 𝑡 = 15. 2
𝑦 1 2 4 8
8 4 2 𝑃 = 160𝑒 #'.'')×&" 1 1 $ 1
4log&' F G = log&' F G = log&' F G
𝑃 = 146.2 mg/m2 2 2 16
1 1
The graph of 𝑦 = 2! is a smooth curve that looks like this: b. Interpret the meaning of the value 160 in this model. log&' 3 − log&' F G = log&' F3 ÷ G = log&' 48
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑃 = 160𝑒 , = 160, so 160 mg/m2 is the initial density of pesticide in the 16 16
𝑦
field. Solving equations using logarithms
-.
c. Show that -* = 𝑘𝑃, where 𝑘 is a constant, and state the value of 𝑘. You can use logarithms and your calculator to solve equations of the form 𝑎 ! = 𝑏. You
can also solve more complicated equations by ‘taking logs’ of both sides.
𝑃 = 160𝑒 #'.'')* -1
-. If 𝑦 = 𝑒 2! then = 𝑘𝑒 2! • Whenever 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥), log / 𝑓(𝑥) = log / 𝑔(𝑥)
= −0.96𝑒 #'.'')* , so 𝑘 = −0.96 -!
-*
𝑥 d. Interpret the significance of the sign of your answer to part c. Example 5: Solve the following equations, giving your answers to 3 decimal places.
As 𝑘 is negative, the density of the pesticide is decreasing (there is exponential decay) a. 3! = 20
So 𝑥 = log 0 20 = 2.727 Use the log button on your calculator
𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 e. Sketch the graph of P against t.
!
𝑃
Exponential functions of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 have a special property. The graphs of their gradient b. 5$!#& = 61
functions are a similar shape to the graphs of the function themselves. When the value of a is So 4𝑥 − 1 = log " 61
approximately equal to 2.71878, the gradient function is exactly the same as the original function. 160 4𝑥 = log " 61 + 1
The exact value of this is represented by the letter e.
4,5# )&6&
𝑥= = 0.889
For all real values of 𝒙: $
• If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 then 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒙 𝑡
𝒅𝒚
0 Working with natural logarithms
• If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙
• The graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 is a reflection of the graph 𝑦 = 𝑒 ! in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥.
!
Logarithms The graph of 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 passes through (1,0) and does not cross the y-axis.
A similar result holds for functions such as 𝑒 "! , 𝑒 #! and 𝑒 "! . The inverses of exponential functions are called logarithms. The y-axis is an asymptote of the graph 𝑦 = ln 𝑥. This means that ln 𝑥 is only defined for
• log / 𝑛 = 𝑥 is equivalent to 𝑎 ! = 𝑛 (𝑎 ≠ 1) positive values of x.
For all real values of 𝒙 and for any constant 𝒌:
Logarithms are the inverses of exponential functions. This rule can be used to solve
• If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒆𝒌𝒙 then 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒆𝒌𝒙 Example 3: Write each statement as a logarithm.
𝒅𝒚 ! equations involving powers and logarithms.
• If 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒌𝒙 then 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒌𝒆𝒌𝒙 a. 3! = 9 b. 2" = 128 c. 64" = 8
• 𝑒 78 ! = ln(𝑒 ! ) = 𝑥
• ln 𝑥 = log 9 𝑥
a. 3! = 9, so log 0 9 = 2
Example 1: Differentiate with respect to 𝑥. b. 2" = 128, so log % 128 = 7
! & Example 6: Solve these equations, giving your answers in exact form.
!
c. 64" = 8, so log )$ 8 = Logarithms can take fractional or negative values a. 𝑒 ! = 5
a. 𝑒 $! b. 𝑒 #"! c. 3𝑒 %! %
When 𝑒 ! = 5
ln(𝑒 ! ) = ln 5 You can write the natural logarithm on both sides
a. 𝑦 = 𝑒 $! Laws of logarithms
Use the rule for differentiating 𝑒 2! with 𝑘 = 4 𝑥 = ln 5
𝑑𝑦 Expressions involving more than one logarithm can be rearranged or simplified.
= 4𝑒 $!
𝑑𝑥 The laws of logarithms: b. ln 𝑥 = 3
• log / 𝑥 + log / 𝑦 = log / 𝑥𝑦 (the multiplication law) When ln 𝑥 = 3
! !
b. 𝑦 = 𝑒 #"! • log / 𝑥 − log / 𝑦 = log / (the division law) 𝑒 78 ! = 𝑒 0
1
𝑑𝑦 1 & • log / (𝑥 2 ) = 𝑘log / 𝑥 (the power law) 𝑥 = 𝑒0
= − 𝑒 #%!
𝑑𝑥 2
You should also recognise the following special cases: Logarithms and non-linear data
%! To differentiate 𝑎𝑒 2! , multiply the whole & Logarithms can also be used to manage and explore non-linear trends in data.
c. 𝑦 = 3𝑒 • log / ! = log / (𝑥 #& ) = −log / 𝑥 (the power law when 𝑘 = −1 )
𝑑𝑦 function by 𝑘. The derivate is 𝑘𝑎𝑒 2! .
= 2 × 3𝑒 %! = 6𝑒 %! • log / 𝑎 = 1 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1) If 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 : then the graph of log 𝑦 against log 𝑥 will be a straight line with gradient 𝑛 and
𝑑𝑥 • log / 1 = 0 (𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1) vertical intercept log 𝑎.
log 𝑦
Exponential modelling Example 4: Write as a single logarithm.
𝑒 ! can be used to model situations such as population growth, where the rate of increase is a. log 0 6 + log 0 7
proportional to the size of the population at any given moment. Similarly, 𝑒 #! can be used to model = log 0 (6 × 7)
radioactive decay, where the rate of decrease is proportional to the number of atoms remaining. = 42 log 𝑎

b. log % 15 − log % 3
= log % (15 ÷ 3) 0
= log % 5 log 𝑥

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