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Index
S. Contents Pg.no
No.

1. Introduction of Induction 3

2. Self Induction & Mutual Induction 4

3. Applications & Future Use of Self 10

Induction & Mutual Induction

4. Conclusions 16

5. Bibliography 17
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INTRODUCTION
What is INDUCTION?
Induction simply means generation or production. In physics,
it is the process of generating electric current in the conductor by
placing the conductor in the changing magnetic field. It is called
because current is said to be induced in the conductor by the magnetic
field. When induction occurs in an electrical circuit and affects the flow
of electricity it is called inductance.

Joseph Henry, an American physicist discovered Induction &

investigated how current in one circuit induces current in the another.
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SELF INDUCTION & MUTUAL INDUCTION

SELF INDUCTION:
It is the property of the coil due to which the coil opposes
any change in the strength of current flowing through it by inducing an
e.m.f in itself. In other words, it is the production of the emf on changing
the current in a coil in itself.
The property of the self inductance is a particular form of the
electromagnetic induction. In the case of self induction, the magnetic
field created by a changing current in the circuit itself induces a voltage
in the same circuit. Therefore, the voltage is self induced.
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Coefficient of Self Induction:

Let I is the current flowing through the coil at any time. Φ be the
magnetic flux linked with all the turns of the coil at that time.
We also know that,
ΦαI
Φ =LI
Here L is a constant of proportionality & is called coefficient of self-
induction or self inductance of the coil. L varies with number of turns of
the coil, area of cross-section of the coil & nature of material of the coil.
If I =1A
Then Φ =L or, L= Φ
hence, the coefficient of self induction of the coil can be numerically
defined as the amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil when 1
ampere of current flows through the coil.
Now, by faraday’s law:
E= -d Φ/dt
E= -d(LI)/dt
or, E= -L d I/d t (self induced emf)
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Self Induction of a Long Solenoid

The magnetic field around a long solenoid is given by

B = μNI/l

Where μ is magnetic permeability of free space, N is the

total number of turns in the solenoid.

Therefore, magnetic flux through each turn of the solenoid is

B X Area of each turn

= (μNI/l) A

Therefore, ϕ = (μNI/l) A N

But ϕ = LI

Therefore, LI = (μNNA)/l

MUTUAL INDUCTION:
When one circuit induces current flow in a nearby circuit, it is known
asMutual Induction. It is the property of two coils due to which each
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opposes any changes in the strength of current flowing through the other
by developing an induced emf.

On pressing the key, current in A increases from zero to

maximum value. It takes some time to reach to the maximum value.
During this time (rise of current) current is continuously increasing
hence the magnetic flux associated with the A also increases. Since B is
nearby to A, magnetic flux associated with it also increases. Thus an emf
is induced in the coil and according to the Lenz’s Law, the induced
current in B would oppose increase in current in A by flowing in a
direction opposite to the cell current in A.

Similarly, on releasing the key, the current in the coil A decreases hence
the magnetic flux associated with it decreases. As B is nearby, so
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magnetic flux associated with B also decreases and hence an induced

emf is developed. The direction of the induced current would be in the
direction of the cell current so as to oppose the decrease in the current.

Coefficient of Mutual Induction:

Let Φ be the magnetic flux linked with all the turns of the neighbouring
coil.
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I be the current in the coil.

We know that,

ΦαI
=> Φ =MI

Here M is a constant of proportionality & is called coefficient of mutual-

induction or mutual inductance of the two coils.
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APPLICATIONS & USE OF SELF and MUTUAL INDUCTION

The applications of this Induction are everywhere. In
transformers, AC’s, eddy currents etc. It is only this induction which is
basis even for electric guitars which completely changed the face of the
whole music world. In details, the applications are discussed below.

Inductive Transducers:

The inductive pick-up transducers are mainly used for

displacement or position measurement. Example of inductive pick-up
based transducer is LVDT ( Linear Variable Differential Transducers) .

LVDT is similar to transformer sharing a common core & a primary

winding.
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The two secondary coils are connected opposite to each other. The
connection is in such a way that the outputs of the two coils are added
together simply by connection. The secondary coils are connected in the
center of the primary coils. From an Oscillator, an AC current or voltage
is applied in the primary coil.

The two secondary coils are connected in such a way that when the
core is at the centre position, equal voltage signal is induced in both the
coils. When the core is displaced right or left, the no. of turns in the
secondary coil exposed to the primary coil changes. Thus any movement
in the core causes the Mutual Inductance of each secondary coil to vary
relative to the primary coil. The variations of mutual inductance of each
coil, in effect, induce varied relative voltage in the secondary coils.
Since the two secondary coil windings are connected in opposite, as the
core moves, the output of one increase and other decrease.
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Cross-Sectional View of LVDT Core and Windings.

Asynchronous AC Motors:

An induction motor (or asynchronous motor) is a type of alternating

current motor where power is supplied to the rotor by means of
electromagnetic induction. The induction motor was invented by Nikola
Tesla in 1882 in France.

The basic difference between an induction motor and a synchronous AC

motor is that in the latter a current is supplied onto the rotor.
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The principle of operation of AC motors is similar regarding

interaction of the magnetic fields, but commutation is not required. The
rotor winding of the asynchronous AC motors have no external voltage
applied; rather, voltages are induced in the rotor windings due to the
rotating fields around the stator. The rotor rotates at slower speed than
the rotary stator fields (called slip) making the induction possible, hence
the term asynchronous. Due to this, these are sometime called Induction
machines.
Induction motors are preferred due to their rugged construction, absence
of brushes (which are required in most DC motors) & the ability to
control the speed of the motor.

A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor.

Transformer:

Transformers are used to increase or decrease AC voltages &

currents in the circuits The transformer is based on two principles firstly,
that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism)
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and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire

induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction).

The basic principle involved in a transformer is Mutual Induction. A

change in the current in the primary coil changes the developed
magnetic flux. Thus a voltage is induced in the secondary coil by the
changing magnetic flux.

A
magnetic field is created by the current passing in the primary coil. The
primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high
magnetic permeability.
The voltage induced across the secondary coil is

----------------- (1)
Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the
secondary coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux.Since the same voltage
passes through both primary and secondary coils, the instantaneous
voltage across the primary is given by
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------------------ (2)
Dividing equation 1 by equation 2, we get

(it is the basic equation for the stepping up or stepping down.)

CONCLUSIONS
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The observations led by Michael Faraday and other scientists

revealed another face of our universe how it works. Applications of this
Induction is almost everywhere. It is the basis of the many basic
amenities required in day-to-day life. For example electric generators
that power cities and transportation lines. Induction furnace which is
used in industries to melt metals at large scale also makes use of this
induction.

How about a life without machine or without electricity or even without

entertainment? Simply horrible! It’s simply tough for we machine
aligned & dependent human to compromise with life without these
things. Imagine a life without electricity. Ironically, earth would be
Black Hole. Make your head turn around and you will see Induction
around you.

Bibliograpgy
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 Physics textbook

 Wikipedia