1.

0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Control Extension

Control extension in surveying is a critical process that involves expanding the framework of

reference points established during a control survey to cover a larger area. These reference

points, known as control points, serve as the foundation for all subsequent surveying and

mapping activities, ensuring that measurements are accurate and consistent across the project.

Control extension is essential in various applications, from construction and land

development to infrastructure projects and environmental studies. It provides the necessary

precision and reliability required for detailed mapping, layout, and design.

1.1. 2 Aims and Objectives of Control Extension

Aims:

To establish a densified and precise network of reference points that extends the coverage or

improves the accuracy of an existing control network.

Objectives:

 Expand Coverage: The primary objective of control extension is to extend the reach of an

existing control network to encompass a new survey area.

 Enhance Accuracy: Control extension can also be used to improve the overall accuracy of

an existing control network.

 Facilitate Data Integration: A well-extended control network allows for seamless

integration of data collected with different surveying methods and instruments.

 Reduce Measurement Errors: By having readily available reference points throughout the

survey area, control extension minimizes the need for long-distance measurements, which

are more prone to errors.

1.1.3 Significance of the Survey

Control extension is vital for maintaining the accuracy and consistency of survey data over

large areas, ensuring that all subsequent surveying activities align with established reference

points. It supports the precise layout and construction of infrastructure projects, minimizing

errors and enhancing project efficiency. Additionally, it enables reliable resource

management and strategic planning, essential for successful and sustainable development

initiatives.

1.1.4 Methodology

Preparation:

Planning and Reconnaissance:

 Define the project area and the extent of control extension needed.
 Analyze existing control network data (coordinates, accuracy) to determine if it meets
project requirements.
 Conduct a site visit to identify potential locations for new control points, considering
factors like accessibility, stability, and clear lines of sight.

Equipment Gathering:

 Total station with a data collector

 Sturdy tripod and tribrach
 Prism pole with reflector
 Plumb bob (optional)
 Field notebook and marking flags
 Batteries and chargers

Fieldwork:

1. Setting Up the Total Station:

 Choose a suitable location for the first new control point, considering visibility to
existing control points or planned locations for subsequent new points.
 Set up the tripod, ensuring the legs are spread evenly and the tripod head is level (use
the built-in bubble level or plumb bob).
 Securely mount the total station onto the tribrach and the tribrach onto the tripod
head. Tighten all locking screws.
2. Leveling the Instrument:

Most total stations have electronic levels for precise leveling. Follow the manufacturer's
instructions to level the instrument both horizontally and vertically.

3. Power Up and Configure:

 Turn on the total station and data collector.
 If connecting to existing control points, enter their coordinates into the data collector.
Otherwise, establish a starting point with user-defined coordinates.
4. Backsighting (Optional):
 If possible, sight a known control point in the distance and set it as a backsight for
reference. This helps verify instrument stability and orientation.
5. Establishing New Control Points:
 Use the total station to determine the positions for new control points based on pre-
determined coordinates, offsets from existing control, or traversing techniques.
 Mark these points with stakes, nails, and flagging tape for visibility.
6. Data Collection:

For each new control point established, record the following information in the field
notebook and data collector:

 Point number or description

 Measured horizontal and vertical angles
 Slant distance (distance measured by the total station)
 Any relevant notes about the point's location or visibility
1.2 Route Survey

Route surveying involves the detailed examination and mapping of a corridor where

infrastructure such as roads, railways, pipelines, or power lines will be constructed. This type

of survey focuses on collecting data along a linear path, including horizontal and vertical

alignments, cross-sections, and profiles. It starts with reconnaissance to understand the

general path, followed by more precise surveying to capture all necessary details. Route

surveys are crucial for designing and constructing efficient and safe infrastructure, requiring

careful planning and execution to accommodate terrain variations and other environmental

factors.

1.2.2 Aims and Objectives of Route Survey

Aims:

The aim of route survey is to establish the optimal path for a linear infrastructure project,

such as a road, railway, pipeline, or canal.

Objectives:

 Gather Data on Terrain and Features: This involves collecting detailed information about

the topography of the land, including slopes, elevations, and any natural or man-made

features along the proposed route.

 Determine Right-of-Way Needs: The survey helps to establish the necessary width of

land acquisition (right-of-way) for construction, maintenance, and future expansion of the

route.

 Minimize Construction Challenges: By identifying potential obstacles like rock

formations, underground utilities, or unstable soil conditions, the survey helps to

minimize construction difficulties and associated costs.

1.2.3 Statement of the Problem

In the absence of a comprehensive route survey, infrastructure projects lack a clear

understanding of the terrain, environmental factors, and potential construction challenges.

This can lead to poorly defined alignments, unforeseen delays, cost overruns, and potential

environmental damage.

1.2.4 Significance of the Survey

A route survey is vital for the planning and execution of infrastructure projects, such as

highways, pipelines, and telecommunications networks. It provides precise data on the

topography, existing structures, and environmental conditions along the proposed route,

ensuring accurate design and cost estimation.

1.2.5 Methodology

Theodolite:

 Traverse Method: Establish a series of control points along the proposed route using GPS

or a higher-precision method. Set up the theodolite at each control point, ensuring proper

levelling.

 Angle Measurement: Sight the previous control point and take a reading on the horizontal

circle. Then, turn the theodolite and sight the next point on the proposed route, recording

the horizontal angle measurement.

 Distance Measurement: If the theodolite lacks an electronic distance meter (EDM), use a

separate tool like a chain or tape to measure the distance between control points.
 Traverse Calculations: After completing the traverse, use trigonometry to calculate the

relative positions (bearings and distances) of each point from the previous one. Combine

these calculations to determine the overall route alignment.

Level:

 Height Difference Determination: Set up the level at a control point with known

elevation. Sight another point along the route using the level's telescope and stadia hairs.

 Staff Reading: An assistant will hold a graduated levelling rod (staff) vertically at the

second point. Read the intercept point of the line of sight on the staff's graduations.

 Height Calculation: Based on the staff reading, instrument height, and distance correction

(if necessary), calculate the difference in elevation between the two points.

 Levelling Traverse: Repeat steps 1-3 for subsequent points along the route, accumulating

the elevation differences to determine the relative heights of each point compared to the

starting control point.

Total Station:

The total station combines the functionalities of a theodolite and EDM, simplifying the

process:

 Set Up and Control Points: Similar to the theodolite method, establish control points and

set up the total station.

 Direct Measurement: Sight various features along the proposed route using the total

station. The instrument electronically measures both horizontal and vertical angles, as

well as the slant distance to the target point.

 Coordinate Calculations: The total station's internal computer, with pre-programmed

control point coordinates, can calculate the X, Y, and Z coordinates (Easting, Northing,

and Elevation) of each targeted point directly.

1.3 Topographic Survey

A topographic survey is a crucial process in the field of surveying that involves mapping and

documenting the contours, elevations, and physical features of a specific land area. Unlike

standard property surveys, which primarily focus on defining boundaries, a topographic

survey provides a detailed representation of the terrain, including natural and man-made

features such as hills, valleys, rivers, buildings, and roads. This type of survey is essential for

various applications, including urban planning, construction, environmental management, and

infrastructure development.

1.3.2 Aims and Objectives of Topographic Survey

Aims:

The aim of a topographic survey is to create a detailed and accurate two-dimensional

representation of the Earth's surface features, providing a comprehensive picture of the land.

Objectives:

 Depict Landforms: Accurately represent natural features like mountains, valleys,

rivers, lakes, and coastlines. This includes capturing the elevation (height) of these

features using contour lines.

 Show Man-Made Features: In addition to natural landforms, topographic maps depict

human-made structures such as buildings, roads, bridges, property boundaries, and

utilities.

 Calculate Distances and Areas: The scale of a topographic map allows users to

measure distances and areas on the ground with relative accuracy.

 Determine Slopes and Gradients: By using contour lines (lines that connect points of

equal elevation), topographic maps help visualize the steepness and slope of the

terrain.
1.3.4 Significance of the Survey

Topographic surveys are vital for accurate representation of terrain features, enabling

informed decision-making in urban planning, infrastructure development, and environmental

management. By providing detailed elevation data and mapping natural and man-made

features, these surveys mitigate risks, optimize design, and ensure the safety and

sustainability of construction projects.

1.3.5 Methodology

Pre-Planning and Preparation:

 Define Project Scope: Determine the area to be mapped, the desired level of detail, and

the scale of the final map.

 Gather Existing Data: If available, collect existing topographic maps, aerial photographs,

or LiDAR data for the area. This provides a starting point and reference information.

 Control Network Establishment: Establish a network of control points with known

coordinates using GPS or a higher-precision surveying method. These points will serve as

reference for your total station measurements.

 Equipment Setup: Prepare the total station, tripod, tribrach, battery pack, data collector,

prism pole with reflector, field notebook, and flagging tape.

Field Data Collection:

1. Set up the Total Station: Set up the total station at a control point. Ensure proper leveling

and instrument stability.

2. Data Collection Methods:

 Direct Observation Method: This method involves setting up the total station at

multiple vantage points within the survey area. From each point, the total station
 is used to directly measure horizontal and vertical angles and distances to specific

features like trees, corners of buildings, or changes in slope.

3. Data Recording: For each point measured, record the following information in your field

notebook and data collector:

 Point number or description

 Horizontal and vertical angles

 Slant distance (distance measured by the total station)

 Any relevant notes about the feature

4. Fieldwork Considerations:

 Collect data from multiple setups of the total station at different vantage points.

 Ensure proper data collection density to capture all relevant topographic features.

 Pay attention to weather conditions; avoid collecting data during heavy rain,

strong winds, or extreme temperatures, as these can affect instrument accuracy.