Physics As Level Loay M.

Khalil

SI Unite System:

Base Quantities Base Units Symbol

Length metre m

Time second s

Mass Kilogram Kg

Temperature Kelvin K

Current Intensity Ampere A

Prefixes:

Prefix Symbol Value

Tera T 1012

Giga G 109

Mega M 106

Kilo K 103

deci d 10-1

centi c 10-2

milli m 10-3

micro µ 10-6

nano n 10-9

pico p 10-12

Example:
500 Km= 500 x 10 3 m= 500,000 m
0,0073 A= 7.3 x 10-3 A= 7.3 mA
Scalar Vs. Vector:
Scalar quantity: a quantity which has a magnitude only
e.g.: distance, speed, energy, work, power, pressure, mass, time, charge.
Vector: a quantity which has both magnitude and direction
e.g.: Displacement, Velocity, acceleration, Force, moment.

Distance Vs. Displacement:

Displacement is the distance moved relative to a certain fixed point, in a certain direction.

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 Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Speed Vs. Velocity:

Speed is rate of distance covered.

Velocity is the rate of displacement covered.

Acceleration: The rate of change in velocity

𝑣−𝑢
a=
𝑡 Slope = Velocity

Displacement-Time Graph:

Velocity-Time Graphs: Slope = Acceleration

V
v

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 Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

v
v

t t

Net Area under the graph = Displacement

Forces: a force is a pull or a push, measured in Newtons (N)

Calculating the Resultant of two forces:

By Calculations:

Forces Resultant (Net) Force

5N 10 N 15 N

5N 10 N 5N

5N
R2= 102+ 52
5N
o
θ
10 N
10 N

By Drawing: Scale Diagram (Parallelogram method): 7N

1- Set Scale 120o
2- Re-draw the given diagram to scale
3- Enclose a parallelogram
10 N
4- Connect the Diagonal
5- Calculate the Resultant’s magnitude and Direction.

Calculating the Resultant of three or more forces:

Resolution of forces: 6.5 N

10 N 10 N

5N 7 cos 30 N 5N 1N
30o
7N
7 sin 30 N

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 Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Head to tail method: F2

F1 F4 The resultant force

F3 F4
is non-cyclic with
Re-draw all the F3
F2
R
the rest of the
forces with the tail
forces
of each placed at
F1 the head of the
previous

All the forces are

cyclic so there is no
resultant.

Equilibrium

Types of Forces:
1-Weight: The gravitational pull on an object, due to its mass.

W W
W
N.B.: The weight is always directed vertically downwards.
g: gravitational field strength, m/s2
W=mg
m: Mass, kg
Weight Vs. Mass:

Weight Mass
Gravitational pull The property of the body which resists
change in its motion
Measured in Newtons (N) Measured in Kilograms (Kg)
Variable from one place to another in the Constant any place in the universe.
universe.

2-Normal Reaction: N
N NW
NG
N

N.B.: Force perpendicular (normal) on the surface due to an object resting on it.
3-Friction: Force due to interaction between two solid surfaces which generates heat.

F F
F
N.B.: Friction is opposite to direction of motion.

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Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Fluid Forces:
4- Upthrust: is the Uplift on an object partially or fully submerged in a fluid, due to
difference in pressure between the lower surface and the upper surface of the
object.

5- Drag: is the resistance to motion inside a fluid which opposite to direction of

motion.
e.g.: Air Resistance
Factors affecting drag: Upthrust

1- Speed (Directly)
2- Surface Area (Directly)

N.B: Drag is opposite to direction of motion.

Sky Diver:
On leaving the Plane
F=W
ma = mg
a= g
After a while
Weight > Air Resistance
F= W- A.R.
F>0 → a>0 → speed increases, so A.R.
increases
Reaching maximum Speed
Weight = Air Resistance
F= W- A.R.= o
F=0 → a= 0 → Constant Speed
(Terminal Velocity)

Opening the parachute

Surface Area increased so A.R.
increased
W< A.R.
F<0 → a<0 → speed decreases, A.R
decreases
Preparing to land
Weight = Air Resistance
F= W- A.R.= o
F=0 → a= 0 → Constant Speed
(Terminal Velocity)

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Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Speed-Time graph of journey:

Newton Laws of Motion:

N e wt on’s Fi rs t Equilibrium
Law: (a=0)

An object remains in its state of rest

At Rest or constant velocity unless acted Constant
(v=0) upon by a net unbalanced force. Velocity

Newton’s Second Law:

Force= mass x acceleration

F= ma
Force: is the rate of change in momentum.

Ft=mv-mu
Impulse = change in momentum
Newton’s Third Law:

When an object A exerts a force on object B, object B reacts with a force:

a) Equal in magnitude
b) Opposite in directions
c) Of the same kind

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Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Kinematics:
v=u+at
S=ut+ ½ at2
v2=u2+2aS
S= ½ (u+v)t

Horizontal motion:
A car accelerates from 20m/s to 30m/s in a distance of 50m.Calculate:
i) The time of the journey:
S= ½ (u+v)t
50= ½ (20+30) t
t= 2 s
ii) The acceleration:

v2=u2+2aS
302=202+2(50) a
a= 5 m/s2

Vertical motion:
A ball is projected vertically above a cliff of height 5 m above sea level with a speed of 20
m/s. Find:
i) Maximum height above the sea level:
u=20 m/s, a= -9.81 m/s 2, v=0 m/s
v 2=u2+2aS
0=400-(19.62)S
S= 20.4 m
Maximum Height above sea level= 20.4 +5= 25.4 m 5m

ii) Velocity with which the ball hits the sea:

u=20 m/s, a= -9.81 m/s 2, S= -5 m
v2=u2+2aS
v2= 400+ (98.1)
v= -22.3 m/s

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 Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Projectiles: uy= 0
u=ux
vy= 0
uy= u sin α Y
u Y
α ux= u cos α
-u X
X
Horizontal Vertical
u ux= u cos α uy= u sin α
a ax= 0 (constant velocity) ay= -9.81 (-g)
v vx= ux vy= v sin θ
S X Y
t Time

Equations:

Horizontal Vertical
vy = uy + ay t
Y= uy t+ ½ ay t 2
X= uxt vy 2= uy 2+ aY
Y= ½ (uy + vy)t
Moments: The turning effect of a force.

Moment= Force x perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action of the force .
F
Moment= F x d
Torque of a couple: D
Couple = F x D

Principle of moments: F

Sum of Clockwise moments = Sum of Anti-Clockwise moments about any point.

x
(6 + 2x) Nm
x = 3.6 m

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Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Equilibrium Conditions:
Resultant force= Zero
Resultant turning effect= Zero

Centre of Mass: the point where the weight of the object maybe considered to act.
Centre of mass of regular shapes:

Centre of mass of irregular shapes:

1- Pin the object from one point so that
it rotates freely.
2- Draw a vertical line once the object
reaches equilibrium.
3- Repeat steps 1 and 2.
4- The point of intersection is the centre
of mass.
This is because when the object reaches equilibrium there is no perpendicular distance
between the weight and the pivot, so there is no moment which means that the centre
of mass is somewhere on the vertical line.

Stability:
To achieve higher stability:

1- Wider base
2- Lower Centre of mass

Stable Stable Topples Stable

Momentum (p):
p=mv
Law of Conservation of momentum:
Total momentum before collision is equal to Total momentum after collision in a closed
system.

m1u1+m2u2=m1v1+m2v2

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Physics As Level Loay M. Khalil

Types of collisions:
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision
Momentum is conserved Momentum is conserved
Kinetic energy is conserved Kinetic energy is not conserved
u1- u2= v2- v1
relative velocity of approach= relative
velocity of seperation
e.g: collisions between gas molecules e.g.: firing of a bullet, nuclear decay, explosions

Energy, Work and Power:

Energy:
Measured in Joules (J).

1-Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion of mass (body).

m: Mass, Kg
K.E. = ½ mv2
v: velocity, m/s
2- Potential Energy: Energy stored inside the body
a- Gravitational Potential Energy: Energy due to being at an elevated level from
ground.
g: acceleration of free fall, m/s2

G.P.E. = mgh h: height, m

Work:
Work= Force x distance moved parallel to the force, measured in Joules (J).

W= F x d //

Work = Energy
P: Pressure
Work done in compressing a gas: W= P ΔV
ΔV: change in volume, m 3
Power: is the rate of doing work, or rate of Energy Transfer.

, measured in Watts (W).

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