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Chap02-02 Preamble - Intro To Solid Modeling (Compatibility Mode)

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18 views

Chap02-02 Preamble - Intro To Solid Modeling (Compatibility Mode)

Uploaded by

Prasad Pawar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Introduction to Solid Modeling

Prof. A S Rao

Robotics & CAD/CAM Laboratory


Mechanical Engineering Department
VEERMATA JIJABAI TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
MUMBAI-400019
Overview
Various Schemes of 3D Rep
Geometry & Topology
Wire, Surface and Solid Rep Schemes:
Definition and Comparison
Various Solid Rep Schemes: Definition and
Comparison
Conclusions
Various Geometric
Representation Schemes
Wire-frame Models

Surface Models

Solid Models
Geometry & Topology
Geometry: Describes the location and size of
entities. Examples are coordinates of a vertex and
position and radius of a circle.
Topology: Tells how the entities are connected
with one another. It describes how faces are
bounded by edges, how edges are shared by
faces, how vertices are shared by edges and so
on.
Same Geometry but Different
Topology
Geometry & Topology
Model Geometry Topology
Wire-Frame Vertices Edges (Connectivity among vertices)
Surface Vertices Edges,
Faces (Connectivity among edges)
Solid Vertices Edges,
Faces,
Solids (Connectivity among faces)
Features of
Wire-frame Models
It is analogous to obtaining the shape by
welding the wires representing the edges.
It is the simplest and the fastest 3D rep. scheme.
It is a subset of any other higher level modeling
scheme.
All modelers use it for quick displays.
Limitations of
Wire-frame Models
It is ambiguous leading to several interpretations of
the same model.
Nonsense objects may be created.
Topological information available with a wire-frame
model is inadequate.
– Hidden line removed views are not possible. Therefore, when
large number of edges are present, display becomes messy.
– Properties such as area, mass, CG and I cannot be calculated.
Ambiguity of
Wire-frame Models
Nonsense
Wire-frame Objects
Types of Surface Models
Faceted or tessellated or polyhedral
models
Exact surface models (NURBS
Based)
Features of Surface Models
A surface model is analogous to obtaining the shape by
joining the cardboard pieces representing the faces together.
A surface model can be of two types (Faceted and Exact).
For very complicated and precision applications (Free-form
modeling for styling and NC path), exact surface models were
the only option until recently. Examples are ALIAS and
SurfCAM, MasterCAM.
Faceted surface model is a subset of any solid model.
Faceted surface model is a simpler and faster way to display
3D objects with hidden lines removed.
Limitations of
Surface Models
Faceted model is inaccurate. If accuracy is to be
improved, the size of the model will become very high.
Nonsense objects may be created.
On a pure surface model, only area can be calculated
since its inside is not defined.
Stitching of edges – viz., obtaining water-tight models
- exactly is difficult. As a result, STL files may be
erroneous.
Types of Solid Models
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)
Boundary Representation (B-Rep)
Feature Based Modeling (FBM)
Space Decomposition (Exhaustive &
Hierarchical - HSD)
Features of Solid Models
A solid model is an unambiguous and
informatively complete representation of a
physical object.
A solid model can be created in several ways
but the resulting object can be interpreted in
only one way.
Since inside the solid is also defined, all
properties such as area, mass, c.g., moment of
inertia etc. can be easily calculated.
Limitations of Solid Models
Costliest modeling scheme in terms of
compute space (RAM and disc space) and
time.
However, this is no longer a limitation,
thanks to the availability of more powerful
computers at low cost.
Features of CSG Solid Models
CSG is the first solid rep. scheme developed at
University of Rochester.
In CSG, a complex object is constructed from simple
shapes such as box, cylinder etc. using Boolean
operations.
The CSG model of an object is represented in the form
of a binary tree called CSG tree whose leaves are the
primitives and the branches are the Boolean
operators.
Primitives in CSG
Boolean Operators in CSG

Union

Intersection

Subtraction
CSG Tree of a Stepped
Block with a Hole
CSG Tree of Tappet Valve
Features of CSG Solid Models
Advantages:
- Simple to understand and use.
- Low memory requirements.

Limitations:
- CSG is an unevaluated or raw model.
Therefore, for any operation such as display
or property calculations, it takes more time.
- Data accession becomes more difficult as
the complexity of the part increases.
Features of B-Rep Models

B-Rep. is a very powerful solid rep. scheme using the


concept of half spaces.
In B-Rep., a complex object is constructed out of its
constituent surfaces.
The B-Rep. model of an object is generally
represented in the form of winged data structure
which has some amount of data redundancy to
enhance speed.
Comparison of
CSG & B-Rep
Features of B-Rep Models
Advantages:
- Algorithms work very fast due to its presence in evaluated
condition and data redundancy.

Limitations:
- High memory requirements.
- Difficult for a user to create since he has to calculate the
intersections of various surfaces, i.e., poor user
friendliness.
- Large amount of data redundancy.
- During the manipulative operations, the topology may be
disturbed leading to nonsense object if proper check is
not made.
Features of FBM
The shape is constructed out of manufacturable features such
as holes, boss, slot etc. instead of a collection of primitives
operated by the Booleans. In other words, Boolean operations
are implied by the features.
Each feature has some constraints which it shall always
adhere.
These constraints ensure adherence to topological conditions
even when the dimensions are changed.
FBM is design of a family of parts and not just a part.
It is driven by constrained parameters.
Basically 2D sketches are involved.
Features of FBM - Procedure
Choose a sketch plane.
Sketch a rough 2D sketch. This gives only topology.
Just constrain this sketch in three levels:
– Use the rules defined internally
– Add more relational constraints
– Add dimensional parameters for the rest.
Convert the 2D sketch into 3D features such as extrusion,
revolution, sweep, cutout etc.
The first feature created in this manner is called base feature.
Use the above steps to create all other features.
Features of FBM - Advantages
By changing a few parameters, the object can be changed
unambiguously since all the dimensions are related to each other by
these parameters. this way, a family of parts can be designed with the
same effort required to design a part in CSG.
Changes propagate throughout the assembly automatically.
Due to the presence of constraints, even if the dimensions change, the
topological relations are preserved. For instance, a through hole
remains ‘through’ even if the the thickness of the plate is increased.
Creation of 2D and its conversion to 3D using familiar features makes
this approach more elegant and natural.
Unlike CSG, here, the Boolean operations are not explicit. They depend
on the feature characteristics. This minimizes construction effort.
Automatic and just dimensioning.
Features of FBM - Limitations

More intelligence is required for the users. solving


constraints requires considerable geometric acumen.

User should plan well in deciding the parameters to


exploit the benefits of this philosophy.

Not very amenable for freeform modeling (freeform


and constraints do not go together!)
Spatial Decomposition Models

Exhaustive enumeration (Voxel-Based)

Hierarchical Space Decomposition (HSD) such


as Bintree, Octree, Lintree and Polytree (also
known as Extended Octree)
Exhaustive Enumeration
Octree
Features of Octree - Advantages
Memory required by octree is independent of the number of
NC blocks (primitives and operators).
For a given resolution, memory required depends only on the
surface area of the component.
Frequently used operators (such as Boolean operations in NC
simulation), rendered display of any isometric view, scaling by
factors of 2 etc. are very trivial.
One can choose any desired resolution.
It inherently lends itself to parallization.
Inherently handles non-manifold and self-intersecting objects.
Features of Octree - Limitations

Memory required increases exponentially


with the increase in resolution.
Octree is an approximate representation.
Feature details are irretrievably lost.
Practical Solid
Modeling System
No single solid representation
User
scheme is good enough in all
aspects. Therefore, any
CSG/ FBM practical solid modeling
system invariably makes use
B-Rep/ HSD of and maintains two or more
representations - one being
user-friendly and the other
Application Program
being system-friendly.
Practical Solid
Modeling Systems
User-friendly System-friendly
Software
Representation Representation
AutoCAD MDT, CSG & FBM B-Rep
I-DEAS,
Unigraphics
Pro/E, SolidWorks FBM B-Rep
GIS, Medicine, NC Images, NC Program HSD (V-Rep or
Simulation … (DSG) Octree)
Conclusions
Wire-frame, Surface and Solid are the three possible
representations of 3D objects.
These representations differ in the amount of topological
information they store.
Solid Modeling is the most preferred model as of now.
There are several solid representations in use, some more user-
friendly and others more system-friendly – none have both.
Any usable solid modeler has at least two representations
simultaneously.
An object which has not only shape and size but many other
properties such as tolerance, surface finish, color, smell etc. and
is composite is the ultimate aim. This is still a far off goal.

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