Solution

RAY OPTICS

Class 12 - Physics
Section A
1. (a) 4f
Explanation:
4f
2.
(c) zero
Explanation:
zero

3. (a) move faster than its actual speed

Explanation:
Let h be the actual height and h' be the apparent height of bird at any instant.
Then, = μ
h
(refractive index of air with respect to water)
′ aw
h
3
= 4
(since refractive index of water with respect to air is 4

3
)
If v is the actual speed and v' be the apparent speed of bird, then
′

v= dh

dt
and v' = dh

dt

Thus, v

′
= 3

4
v

or v' = 4v

–
4. (a) 36/√7
Explanation:

From the figure it is clear that:

r
tan C =
h

Therefore, the radius of the circle is given by

r = h tan C,
where C is critical angle at the water-air interface and h, the depth of the fish below the water surface.
Now, sin C = = = 0 ⋅ 75
1

μ
1

4/3

or C = 48 ⋅ 6 ∘

Thus, r = 12 tan 48.6o = 13 ⋅ 6 = 36/√7 cm

–

5.
(d) (i) Between F and C, (ii) Between P and F
Explanation:
When the object is placed between C and F in front of a concave mirror, the imager is formed beyond C. Image is magnified,
real and inverted.
When the object is placed between P and F in front of a concave mirror, the image is formed behind the mirror. Image is
magnified, virtual and erect.

6.
(d) 40 cm
Explanation:

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 fo
L = fo + fe = 44 and |m| = = 10
fe

This gives f o = 40cm

7.
(c) 1.35
Explanation:
μ μ μ −μ
2 1 2 1
− =
v u R

Putting v = 3 cm
μ1 = 1

u = ∞

R = 0.78 cm
μ μ −1
2 1 2
− =
3 ∞ 0.78

∴ μ2 = 1.35

8. (a) 20.0
Explanation:
In case of normal adjustment, final image is formed at infinity.
fo
So magnifying power is given by , m = f
=
100

5
= 20
e

9. (a) Total internal reflection

Explanation:
Total internal reflection principle is used in optical fibre.
10.
(b) binoculars gives three dimensional view
Explanation:
As both eyes are used for viewing, binoculars project a 3D image and provide a better in depth perception and a broader field
of vision i.e., binocular lens gives the proper three dimensional image.

11. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion.
12. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
The focal length of a lens is given by,
1 1 1
= (μ − 1) ( − )
f R1 R2

For, goggle, R1 = R2
1 1 1
∴
f
= (μ − 1) (
R1
−
R2
) =0
Therefore, Power P = 1
= 0.
f

13.
(d) A is false and R is also false
Explanation:
A is false and R is also false

14.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

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15.
(b) Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
Explanation:
Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.

16.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
One assumes that in general, there is no loss of energy.

17.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation:
Focal length of a mirror does not depend on the medium in which mirror is held. It depends on the radius of the sphere from
which it is made. However focal length of a lens does depend on medium.

18.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement.
Explanation:
We cannot interchange the objective and eye lenses of a microscope to make a telescope because focal length of lenses are very
small in microscope and hence their difference (fo - fe) is also very small.
Whereas in telescope, objective has a very large focal length as compared to eye lens. So, difference between focal length of
objective and eye piece is large in telescope as compared to the same in case of microscope.

19.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

20.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A convex lens made of glass behaves as a convergent lens when placed in air or water. However when the same lens is
immersed in carbon disulphide (μ = 1.63) , it behaves as a divergent lens. Therefore when a convergent lens is placed inside a
transparent medium of refractive index greater than that of material of the lens, it behaves as a divergent lens. Behaviour of a
lens depends on the refractive index of a surrounding medium.

21.
–
(b) μ > √2
Explanation:
For total internal reflection θθ > C
1
⇒ sin θ > sin C ⇒ sin θ >
μ

1 1 –
or μ > sin θ
⇒ μ>
sin 45
∘ ⇒ μ > √2 ⇒ μ > 1.41

22.
(c) make an angle of 32o with each other
Explanation:

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 sin i 1 ∘
= [∵ i = 30 ]
sin r 1.44
1.44
sin r = = 0.72
2
∘ ∘ ∘
∠AC B = 2[180 − (120 + 90 − r)]
∘ −1 ∘ o
= 2(r − 30 ) = 2[sin (0.72) − 30 ] ≈ 32

23. (a) μ < μ ; μ = μ 2 1

Explanation:
Since light rays do not get refracted while entering the lens, hence, μ = μ 1

After emerging from concave lens, light rays converge, hence, μ < μ 2

24.
(c) 2
Explanation:
In a spherical mirror, when a beam of light passing through Focus falls on the mirror, the ray after reflection from the mirror
becomes parallel to the principal axis of the mirror.
Incidence ray PQ is coming through principal focus F so it must be parallel to principal axis, i.e. either 2 or 4
As it is a concave mirror so, ray cannot go behind the mirror so ray (4) is discarded.
So ray 2 is the reflected ray.
We can verify it again by drawing normal QC and find the ∠r = ∠i . So ray (2) is the reflected.

25.
(d) 3
Explanation:
At path 3,
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
Therefore, the light ray takes least time at path 3.

Section B
26. Here it is given that the object distance, u = -100 cm, R = + 20 cm, n1 = 1 and n2 = 1.5
Image distance, v = ?
We know that
n2 n1 n2 − n1
− =
v u R
1.5 1 1.5−1
⇒ + =
v 100 20
1.5 0.5 1
⇒ = −
v 20 100
2.5−1 1.5
= = ⇒ v = +100cm
100 100

Thus, the image is formed at a distance of 100 cm from the glass surface in the direction of incident light.

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27. The figure given below shows the formation of the image compound microscope.

The total magnification of the compound microscope M = mo x me = L

f
×
D

f
o e

where L is the tube length of the compound microscope, fo is the focal length of the objective, fe is the focal length of the eye-
piece, and D is the closest comfortable distance for viewing the image equal to 25 cm.
28. The formation of the image of the cellphone by a concave mirror is shown in Fig. The part of the set which is at C will form the
image of the same size at C only. In this figure, B'C=BC. The part of the set which lies between and F will form an enlarged image
beyond C as shown. Obviously, the magnification of each part of the mobile cannot be uniform on account of different locations.
That is why distortion occurs in the image.

29. i. When a ray of light travels from an optically denser medium into a rarer medium at an angle greater than the critical angle, it
reflects back into the denser medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.
Conditions for total internal reflection:
a. Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
b. Angle of incidence in denser medium must be greater than critical angle.
, for total internal reflection to occur i ≥ i at critical angle, angle of refraction, r = 90o hence
1 sin i 1 sin ic
ii. μ
=
sin r
c μ
= ∘
sin 90
1
⇒ μ=
sin ic

iii. a. Mirage
b. optical fibre
c. sparkling of diamond
d. shinning of air bubbles in water
e. totally reflecting prism
30. From 1

f
= (μ − 1) (
1

R1
−
1

R2
) , taking R1 = R and R2 = -R
1 1 1 2
= (μ − 1) ( + ) = (μ − 1)
15 R R R

μ−1
Thus, R
=
1

30
................(i)
For each half lens, R1 = R, R2 = ∞
μ−1
∴
1

′
= (μ − 1) (
1

R
−
1

∞
) =
R
=
1

30
[from (i)]
f

∴ f' = 30 cm
Section C

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31. i. The complete ray diagram which shows the image formation of the object in convex mirror is given below:

Figure shows the formation of image A'B' of a finite object AB by a convex mirror. The image is vritual, erect and diminished.
ii. Now, ΔABP ∼ ΔA B P ′ ′

′ ′ ′
A B PB
∴ =
AB PB

Applying the new cartesian sign convention,

A'B' = h2, AB = h1, PB' = v, PB = -u
h2 v
∴ =
h1 −u

h2
Linear magnification, m = h1
= −
v

32. i. Mirror formula: M1M2 is a concave mirror having pole P, focus F and centre of curvature C.
An object AB is placed in front of mirror with point B on the principal axis. The image formed by mirror is A'B'. The
perpendicular dropped from point of incidence D on the principal axis is DN.
In △ABC and △A'B'C
∠ ABC = ∠ A'B'C (each equal to 90o)
∠ ACB = ∠ A'CB'(opposite angles)

Both triangles are similar.

AB BC
∴ ′ ′
= ′
...(i)
A B B C

Now in △DNF and △A'B'F

∠ DNF = ∠ A'B'F (each equal to 90o)
∠DFN = ∠ A'FB' (oppsite angles)
∴ Both triangles are similar
DN
=
′ ′
or FN
= (∵ AB = DN) ...(ii)
′
AB

′ ′
FN

′
A B B F A B B F

Comparing (i) and (ii), we get

BC
=
′
...(iii) FN

′
B C B F

If the aperture of the mirror is very small, the point N will be very near to P, so FN = FP
BC FP P B−P C FP
∴ ′
= ′
or ′
= ′
...(iv)
B C B F P C−P B P B −P F

sign convention
Distance of object from mirror PB = -u
Distance of image from mirror PB' = -v
Focal length of mirror PF = -F
Radius of curvature of mirror PC = -R = -2 f
Substituting these values in (4), we get
−u−(−2f ) −f −u+2f −f
= ⇒ =
−2f −(−v) −v−(−f ) −2f +v −v+f

⇒ 2f2 - vf = -uf + uv + 2f2 - 2fv or fv + uf = uv

Dividing both sides by uvf, we get
1 1 1
= +
f v u

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 ii. In the magnified image of a measuring scale lying along the principal axis of a concave mirror, the markings are not
equidistant, Because it reflects each marking differently you could say a concave mirror converges the ray of light
approaching from the object and in that way, it reflects each marking on the measuring scale differently.
33. For minimum deviation
r1 + r2 = A ; r1 = r2
(90 - β ) + (90 - β ) = A
180 - 2β = A
2β = 180 - A
2β = 2α
β = α

r1 + r2 = A
r1 + ic = A
ic = A - r1
ic = A - (90 - β )

34. a. Ray Diagram:

b. From similar triangles A'B'F and MPF, we have

′ ′ ′
B A B F
=
PM FP
′ ′ ′

or, B A

BA
=
B F

FP
(Since PM = BA)
From similar triangles A'B'P and ABP, we have
′ ′ ′
B A B P
=
BA BP
′ ′

Hence, B F

FP
=
B P

BP

Now, B'F = B'P + PF

= (+ v) + (- f )
=v-f
and BP = - u
v−f +v
∴ =
−f −u

−v −v
+ 1 =
f u

1 1 1
∴ + =
v u f

This is the mirror formula.

′ ′

Linear magnification is given by = B A

BA

From similar triangle A'B'P' and ABP, we get

′ ′ ′
B A B P
=
BA BP

∴ Linear magnification is given by:-

′
B P +v v
m = = = −
BP −u u

35. i. When an object is placed at the focus of a convex lens of focal length f, u = -f, v = ?
From lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v u f

1 1 1 1 1
= + = − = 0
v f u f f

∴ v=∞
∴ Image is formed at infinity. The course of rays is shown in figure below:

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 ii. When object is placed at the focus of a concave lens of focal length f, u = + f, v = ?
From lens formula,
1 1 1
− =
v u f

1 1 1
= +
v f u

As f is negative for a concave lens,

1 1 1
∴ = + = 0
v −f f

v=∞
Image is formed at infinity. The course of rays is shown in figure below:

Section D
36. a. Magnifying power of reflecting type telescope is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image to the angle
subtended at the unaided eye by the object.
Mathematically, we can write
f f f
m= f
0
Or m = f
0
(1 +
D
e
)
e e

where, fo is the focal length of the objective, fe is the focal length of the eye-piece.
b. Using, the lens equation for objective lens,
1
= −
1

v0
1

u0
f0

⇒
150
1
= 1

v0
−
1

5
−3×10

⇒
150
1
−
1

5
= vo
1

3×10
5

⇒ vo = 3×10

1999
= 150 cm
Hence, magnification due to the objective lens is given by,
vo −2 −2

mo = uo
= 150×10

3000
= 10

20

⇒ mo = 0.05 × 10-2
Now, using lens formula for eye-piece, we get
1 1 1
= −
fe ve ue

⇒
1

5
= 1

−25
−
1

ue

−25
⇒ ue = 6
cm
−25
Therefore, magnification due to eyepiece me = 25
= 6 cm
−
6

Hence, total magnification, m = me × mo

m = 6 × 5 × 10-4
= 30 × 10-4
So, size of final image = 30 × 10-4 × 100 m = 30 cm
OR
a. Focal length of mirror: It is the distance of the point from the pole of mirror through which ray of light moving parallel to its
principle axis passes (or appear to come from).

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 Let C be the centre of curvature of mirror, MD be the perpendicular from M to the principal axis.
∠ MCP = θ and ∠ MFP = 2θ

tan θ = , tan 2θ =
MD

CD
(1) MD

CD

For small angles, tan θ ≈ θ and tan 2θ ≈ 2θ

From equation 1, = 2
MD

FD
MD

CD

FD = CD

2
... equation (2)
For small θ, the point D is very close to the point P
∴ FD ≃ FP = f and CD ≃ CP = R
R
∴ from equation 2, we get f = 2

b. Applying Snell’s law at face AB, we get

–
√3 sin 30 = 1.sin e
–
√3 × = sin e
1

√3

2
= sin e
sin 60 = sin e
e = 60o
hence,the angle of emergence (e) of the ray of light incident normally on the face AC = 60o
When the medium (the air) in which the prism is kept is replaced with a liquid of refractive index 1.3 the angle of emergence
would decrease. It is because bending in the ray of light will be lesser.
37. a.

where AB = object, A'B' = image formed by objective, A''B'' = image formed by eyepiece
L is the separation between the eyepiece and the objective,
f0 is the focal length of the objective,
fe is the focal length of the eyepiece,
D is the least distance for clear vision
b. For the least distance of clear vision, the total magnification is given by:
m = −
fo
L
(1 +
D

fe
) = mo ⋅ me ...(i)
Also, the given magnification for the eyepiece:
me = 5 = (1 + D

fe
)

20
⇒ 5=1+ fe

⇒ fe = 5 cm
Substituting the value of m and me in equation (i), we get:
m = m0 . me
⇒ mo =
m

me
=
20

5
=4
Now, we have:
L
mo =
| fo |

⇒ f0 = 14

4
= 3.5 cm

OR

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 i.

Magnifying power of a telescope – It is defined as the ratio the angle subtended at the eye by the final image to the angle
subtended by the object at the lens.
The two limitations of a refracting telescope over a reflecting telescope are following
Less resolving power and
Difficult mechanical support.
ii. fo = 1.0 cm, fe = 2.5 cm, m = 300, D = 25 cm, L = ?
L D
|m| = ⋅
f f
0 e
25
300 = 1.0
L
⋅
2.5

L = 30 cm
hence the required tube length of the microscope = 30 cm
38. i. (b): Each half lens will form an image in the same plane. The optic axes of the lenses are displaced,
1 1 1
− = ; v = 60 cm
v (−30) 20

ii. (a): Here f1 =20 cm; f2 = ?

F = 80 cm
As f
+
1 1

f
=
F
1
⇒
1

f
=
1

F
−
1

f
1 2 2 1

1 1 1 −3
= − =
π2 80 20 80
−80
f2 = = −26.7 cm
3

iii. (b): The bubble behaves libe a diverging lens.

iv. (b): Convex lens is used in magnifying glass.
v. (d)
f
39. i. (a): m = fe
o
= 7

fo = 7fe

In normal adjustment, distance between the lenses, f o + fe = 40

40
7fo + fe = 40 ⇒ fe = = 5 cm
8

fo = 7fe = 7 × 5 = 35 cm

ii. (d): m = -10 ; L = 22 cm

−f f
As m = fe
o
⇒ −10 = −
o

fe

fo = 10fe

As L = f o + fe

22 = 10fe + fe = 11fe

or f e =
22

11
= 2cm

fo = 10fe = 20cm

iii. (d): Objective lens has larger focal length than eye-piece.
iv. (d): Astronomial telescope is used to see stars, sun etc.
v. (c) : f ≫ f o e

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