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Quality Assurance & Standards in Space Projects

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DOI: 10.1109/RAST57548.2023.10197884

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 Quality Assurance & Standards in Space Projects
Sefa Aydes* Zafer Oznalbant
Dep.of Aerospace Science and Technologies Dep. of Aeronautical Engineering
Eskişehir Osmangazi University Eskişehir Osmangazi University
Eskişehir, Türkiye Eskişehir, Türkiye
[email protected] [email protected]

Abbreviations applications. The main purpose of this paper is to prepare a

guide to the use of PA and QA standards and to outline the
2023 10th International Conference on Recent Advances in Air and Space Technologies (RAST) | 979-8-3503-2302-3/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/RAST57548.2023.10197884

ECSS : European Corporation for Space Standardization

ESA : European Space Agency QA tasks and requirements. Aside from highlighting
JAXA : Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency standards, it is aimed to raise awareness about using them
MA : Mission Assurance more inclusively.
NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration Definitions
PA : Product Assurance
QA : Quality Assurance ECSS specifies three major branches for the successful
QMS : Quality Management System implementation of space projects i) project management ii)
engineering iii) PA [3]. PA is defined as “a discipline that
Abstract— Quality assurance (QA) is a system in which the plans and implements the essential activities to meet the
tasks to be performed are planned to meet the quality specified requirements throughout the product life-cycle” in
requirements of the project activities. It is one of the six major [4]. There are six disciplines in PA management, namely
disciplines for product assurance (PA) according to European
Corporation for Space Standardization (ECSS). This paper  QA
focuses on presenting the brief structure of PA and QA  Dependability
standards for space projects and summarizes the required  Safety
systematic scheme of quality assurance tasks. The importance  Electrical, electronic and electromechanical (EEE)
of establishing and maintaining a QA system that can prevent components
major nonconformities or take appropriate dispositions in case  Materials, mechanical parts and processes
of occurring nonconformance has been emphasized. For such a  Software PA
QA system, it is necessary to benefit from various standards
that are the result of many years of experience in different
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
places of the world. General guidance for the establishment of
uses “safety and mission assurance” definition instead of the
a successful QA system is provided by defining key standards.
After defining the PA and QA approaches according to the
“product assurance” description, and divides it into thirty-
major authorities, the differences between the terms PA and three sub-disciplines. Some of the disciplines managed by
QA are clarified. Then, the QA tasks to be performed as part NASA Office Safety and Mission Assurance (OSMA) are
of the project activities in accordance with the ECSS are listed below [5];
defined according to the phases of the project.
 Quality
Keywords—product assurance, quality assurance, space  Human factors
project, standards  Model-based mission assurance
 Reliability and maintainability
I. INTRODUCTION  Risk management
Being one of the extreme environments, space is a  Mechanical system assurance
challenging place for all kinds of man-made machines such  Workmanship
as satellites, spacecraft, and space telescopes. Designing a  Software assurance and software safety
system that can survive in this hazardous condition is not  Mishap investigation
enough to achieve a successful space-project, but also the  Metrology and calibration
project must face off the high cost of transportation budgets
and harsh conditions from Earth to orbit. These challenges PA management is a multidisciplinary activity to ensure
make each space project a unique and one-of-a-kind study that the assurance program is planned, managed, and
with uncommon and custom-built hardware and software coordinated with all contributors for all phases of the project
outputs [1]. The effects of a problem occurring in the [6]. The required activities to establish a proper PA
satellite, launcher, or ground support equipment at any phase management plan consists of the following contents, i)
of a project can devastating from many perspectives [2]. To analyzing studies from conceptual design to production, ii)
ensure the success of projects, companies have to follow establishing a surveillance and inspection responsibility in
systematic approaches that are called PA or MA. The terms production & test, and iii) knowledge capture in the
product/mission/quality assurance can be used operational period.
interchangeably, however, the differences are emphasized in
the following paragraphs. Briefly, PA management is the guarantee of the product
to be designed, manufactured, tested, and commissioned to
Although standards can be readily accessible in the meet customer requirements and subsequently perform as
literature, it is not easy to find an appropriate guide for expected performance throughout its life cycle.
*Quality Assurance Engineer
TUBITAK Space Technologies Research Institute
Ankara, Turkiye

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 The definitions of quality assurance according to some TABLE III. ECSS STANDARDS
well-known organizations are given in TABLE I. Standard Number Standard Name
ECSS-Q-ST-10C Rev.1 Product Assurance Management
TABLE I. QUALITY ASSURANCE DEFINITIONS ACCORDING TO
ORGANIZATIONS ECSS-Q-ST-20C Rev.2 Quality assurance
Organization Quality Assurance Definition ECSS-Q-ST-20-07C Quality and safety assurance for space test
centers
Part of quality management focused on providing ECSS-Q-ST-20-08C Storage, handling and transportation of
ECSS
confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled [7]. spacecraft hardware
ECSS-Q-ST-20-10C Off-the-shelf items utilization in space systems
Processes, activities and functions that evaluate
successful realization of product conformance and ECSS-Q-ST-10-04C Critical-item control
NASA realization of the quality controls planned for
maximizing and determining process or product ECSS-Q-ST-10-09C Nonconformance control system
conformance [8]. Rev.1
ECSS-Q-ST-30C Rev.1 Dependability
A planned system of all actions necessary to ensure that
JAXA the end items will satisfy all quality requirements ECSS-Q-ST-40C Rev.1 Safety
specified [9].
ECSS-Q-ST-60C Rev.3 EEE components
Apart from the projects, organizations need to construct ECSS-Q-ST-70C Rev.2 Materials, mechanical parts and process
quality management systems (QMS) compatible with
ISO9001 or EN/AS/JIS9100 to manage their institutional ECSS-Q-ST-80C Rev.1 Software assurance
processes. In [10], QMS is defined as “ part of a
QA standard [13] defines the requirements for the
management system concerning quality” and indicate that
establishment and implementation of a QA program for
QMS provides a framework for quality management products of space projects. Standard defines general
activities. The quality policy is determined within the scope activities that are independent project phases and it also
of QMS and plans are made under this policy. defines principles and requirements according to project
Implementation of the quality management system can help activities. The following phase-independent activities stated
to improve the overall performance of the organization and as;
sustainable development [11].
 Critical-items control
II. STANDARDS  Nonconformance control
The main space standards & policies that set the essential  Alert management
requirements for the PA or MA management, belonging to  Acceptance authority media control
major organizations are given in TABLE. These sources  Traceability
determine the fundamental framework of organizations. In  Metrology and calibration
the proceeding sections, these standards are defined  Handling, storage and preservation
according to owner organizations.  Statistical quality control

Besides these activities, standard states that the principles

TABLE II. RELEASED STANDARDS BY ORGANIZATIONS should be followed for;
Organization Standard Name
 Design and verification
Product Assurance Management -
ECSS
ECSS-Q-ST-10C Rev.1  Procurement
NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success -  Manufacturing, assembly and integration
NASA
NPD 8700.1F  Testing
JAXA Quality Assurance Program Standard - JMR-005A  Acceptance/delivery and launch
Space Systems - Program Management Part2:
ISO The requirements for these principles are detailed in section
Product Assurance ISO14300-2:2011
Quality Space and Launch Requirements Addendum to 0.
SMC
AS9100C - SMC-S-003
NASA Standards
NASA regulations come in the form of NASA procedural
ECSS Standards requirements (NPR), NASA policy directives (NPD), and
ECSS is an initiative established to develop a coherent, NASA technical standards [14]. OSMA determines the
single set of user-friendly standards for use in all European safety and mission assurance policies, namely
space activities [12]. The active product assurance standards
defined by ECSS are composed of sixty-two documents  NASA Policy for Safety and Mission Success (NPD
categorized into six branches at the time this report was 8700.1F)
written. Four of them are directly related to the QA  Safety and Mission Assurance (SMA) Audits,
discipline. However, where necessary, these standards also Reviews, and Assessments (NPR 8705.6D)
refer to other PA standards. Table 3 illustrate some PA  Hardware Quality Assurance Program
standards. Requirements for Programs and Projects (NPR
8735.2C)

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 These policies assure compliance of manufactured and JMR-004C Reliability Program Standard
tested items, by personnel, test equipment and facilities,
manufacturing processes, and of management systems for the JMR-002D Launch Vehicle Payload Safety Standard
criticality of the mission, systems, subsystems, components,
subassemblies, parts, and materials [14]. ISO Standards
The number of NASA technical standard and handbook ISO publishes international standards for aerospace industry
series that constitute of safety, quality, reliability and as well as for the other industrial applications. The
maintainability are above thirty as of January 2023. technical committee 20 (TC20) and its subcommittees SC12
and SC14 are responsible for publishing space systems
TABLE shows some standards and handbooks of NASA
8xxx technical standard series. standards. Some of these standards are shown in TABLE
VI.
TABLE IV. NASA STANDARDS
Standard Number Standard Name TABLE VI. ISO STANDARDS
NASA-STD-8729.1 NASA Reliability and Maintainability (R&M)
Standard Standard Number Standard Name
ISO 14300-2:2011 Space systems - Programme management - Part 2:
NASA-STD-8739.10 EEE Parts Assurance Standard
Product assurance

NASA-STD-8739.12 Metrology & Calibration ISO 27025:2010 Space systems - Programme management - Quality
assurance requirements

NASA-STD-8739.6 Implementation Requirements for NASA ISO 20188:2018 Space systems - Product assurance requirements for
Workmanship Standards commercial satellites

NASA-STD-8739.8 Software Assurance and Software Safety ISO 23461:2010 Space systems - Programme management - Non-
Standard conformance control system

NASA-HDBK-8739.23 NASA Complex Electronics Handbook for

Assurance Professionals SMC Standards
The United States Air Force Space Command (AFSPC)
Space & Missile Systems Center (SMC) publish compliance
QA which is one of the key disciplines of Safety and specification and standards for defining governmental
Mission assurance, has the following main emphases [15] requirements and expectations for contractors in projects.
listed below ;
These standards have superseded the military (MIL)
 Identification and traceability standards that cover space projects formerly published by the
 Procurement and contract QA requirements Department of Defense (DoD). These standards aim to assist
 Control of fabrication activities the SMC organization in order to assure mission success.
 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) preventation The approach of SMC is described in [16] as “launch and
 Nonconformance and problem reporting satellite system failures threatening national security,
 Inspection and test of stored limited-life hardware decreasing system operational availability, and significantly
increasing program life cycle cost”. The standard in [17]
 Acceptance data package
incorporates best practices of the space industry for high-
 Control of quality records reliability space programs. Besides the SCM has an
 Verification activities agreement with The Aerospace Corporation and some
 QA audits technical groups from the space industry for preparing
JAXA Standards technical reports and regulations. Some of these reports are
given in TABLE .
At JAXA, PA is named as “safety and mission
assurance” like NASA does. In addition, JAXA is based on TABLE VII. THE AEROSPACE CORP. TECHNICAL REPORTS
JISQ9100 for QMS. JMR-005A QA program standard
Report Number Report Name
specifies the requirements for launch vehicles and spacecraft
TOR-2007(8546)-6018 Mission Assurance Guide
development and fabrication. Other standards applied by
JAXA are shown in TABLE.
TOR-2015-03035 Compliance Specifications and Standards
TABLE V. JAXA STANDARDS
Standard Number Standard Name TOR-2006(8583)-5236 Technical Requirements for Electronic Parts,
Materials, and Processes Used in Space and
JMR-005A Quality Assurance Program Standard Launch Vehicles
TOR-2011(8591)-19 Failure Review Board Guidance Document
JMR-013A QA Program Standard Basic Req(JIS Q 9100)

JMR-012A EEE Parts Program Standard TOR-2009(8591)-11 Design Assurance Guide

JMR-001C System Safety Standard

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TOR-2013(3909)-1 Objective Reuse of Heritage Products A typical project life cycle is illustrated in Fig. 2 and
project phases are associated with major project activities.

Tailoring
It shall be necessary to adapt the requirements that come
from the standards according to the content of the projects
and customer requests. Tailoring is stated as “the process of
adapting the requirements to project specificities” in [18]
and seven steps in tailoring activities are listed;
 Identification of project characteristics
 Analysis of project characteristics and
identifications of risks
 Selection of applicable ECSS standards
 Selection of requirements from applicable
standards
 Complementation of requirements
 Harmonization of requirements
Fig. 2. Project life cycle [31]
 Documenting of requirements applicability
Project reviews such preliminary design review (PDR),
A draft standard in [19] was published about tailoring as critical design review (CDR), etc. are linked to the end of
of June 2020. This standard describes in detail the tailoring these activities. These phases are defined below;
methodology. The project characteristics complexity,  Phase 0-Mission analysis/needs identification
budget, life cycle, risk policy, and type of product are  Phase A-Feasibility
decisive tailoring criteria. The tailoring approaches may
 Phase B-Preliminary Definition
vary by organization. For instance, NASA Jet Propulsion
 Phase C-Detailed Definition
Laboratory (JPL) defines three type of projects for tailoring
QA requirements which are illustrated in Fig. 1 [20].  Phase D-Qualification and Production
 Phase E-Utilization
 Phase F-Disposal

QA standard [13] classified and described where QA

tasks and requirements by activities are listed below and
will be detailed in the following sections;
 Design and verification
 Procurement
 Manufacturing, assembly and integration
 Testing
Fig. 1 JPL project types for QA requirements tailoring [20]  Acceptance/delivery and launch
QA Requirements for Design and Verification
NASA provides guidance in [21] about the tailoring
process. Different sources show that tailoring challenges The Standard [13] defines the objective of QA functions
depends on the organization’s heritage in previous projects. and for ensuring the objectives to set principles and
requirements. The QA function in these activities is to
III. APPLICATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE T ASKS AND ensure that design requirements are properly documented
REQUIREMENTS IN PROJECT ACTIVITIES and verified consistently as planned [22]. The design
So far, the terms QA and PA and some related concepts requirements stated in the standard are listed below;
have been explained. The used standards by well-known  Producibility
organizations are also defined briefly. In this section, the  Repeatability
applications of QA task and requirements according to the  Inspectability and testability
project activities are presented.  Operability

QA should be examine in the design process whether

these criteria are followed. Design requirements should be
evaluated in the aspect of consistency, verifiability, and
unambiguously. In the identification of high-level
requirements and apportionment to subsystems, QA
requirements should be tailored according to the project
contract. The design changes should be reviewed for quality
impacts.
In verification phases, methods and tools should be
defined for each requirement to be verified. The standard

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[23] defines the fundamental concepts of the verification QA Requirements for Testing
process, the criteria for defining the verification strategy, As a brief description, a test is a verification method. In
and specifies the requirements for the implementation of the general, the most critical requirements shall be met with
verification program. The interfaces of system products test. This reality is increasing the test and test philosophy
must be complied with the system-level construction importance. Testing standard [25] addresses the
specifications and adapt to the coordination between the requirements for performing verification by testing space
later systems and the final assembly [24]. segment elements and space segment equipment on the
For qualification the QA standard in [13] states “QA ground prior to launch. Standard [26] specifies the test
should ensure that qualification approach is implemented to scopes as “the complete test program for launch vehicles,
demonstrate that the item performs satisfactorily in the upper-stage vehicles and space vehicles encompasses
intended environment”. development, qualification, acceptance, system, pre-launch
QA Requirements for Procurement validation, and post-launch validation tests” for standing
extremely severe and unforgiving environments.
Procurement activities, selection of sources, control of
This demanding and comprehensive testing process
purchase documents, and surveillance of suppliers should be
imposes a significant responsibility for QA and requires
controlled under the QA. Some details of QA controls in
careful monitoring of testing activities. Standard [13] states
this activity listed below:
tasks for QA before the test, during the test and after the test
 Pre-order survey of the supplier’s facility and and critic topics on which QA should focus stated below;
capability
 Test facilities
 Comprehensive descriptions of the items/services
 Test equipment
 Acceptance conditions
 Test documentation
 Surveillance over all activities, audit and inspection
 Test performance monitoring
points
 Test reviews
QA Requirements for Manufacturing, Assembly and
Integration Fig. 3 shows performed tests to ensure the mission success
Manufacturing, assembly, and integration are activities for launch and the on-orbit [27].
with the most intensive tasks for QA. The production
processes of spacecraft elements that contain complex
avionics and critical mechanics should be accomplished
carefully in order to realize the desired design. Standard
[13] also defines the basic principles as “all manufacturing,
assembly, and integration operations are planned and
performed in coordination with inspections and tests to
ensure that the deliverables are built, assembled and
integrated to the approved configuration baseline”.
Nonconformance that occurs in these activities can be
more expensive and time delaying issues. Thus, awareness
and attendance of persons working on the production
process about quality concerns are very important. For this
goal, the standard mandates various requirements listed
below;

 Planning of manufacturing, assembly and

integration activities and associated documents
 Manufacturing readiness reviews(MRR)
Fig. 3 Tests and environments phase by phase [27]
 Control of processes
 Workmanship standards A. QA Requirements for Acceptance/Delivery&Launch
 Materials and parts control The objective in acceptance and delivery activities is
 Equipment control defined in [13] as “to ensure that an acceptance and delivery
 Cleanliness and contamination control process is implemented which allows demonstrating and
 Inspection points and acceptance criteria documenting the conformance of the delivered item”. For
 Manufacturing, assembly and integration records the acceptance of the end item there are three main QA
 ESD control questions;

Material and component selection criteria, a process  Have all qualification and acceptance tests been
called special and critical, workmanship standards, and completed?
inspection methods are key points for these activities. The  Are all nonconformance tracked and appropriate
traceability that is the general principle of QA should waivers/deviations raised and approved?
maintain in all stages of manufacturing, assembly, and  Is the end item data package (EIDP) complete?
integration via documentation, forms and logs.

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 QA responsibles are the members of a delivery review time and effort required for quality to operate the processes
board and should ensure that no open items about healthily will directly affect the success of the project.
acceptance. The configurations (hardware, software) states With the exception of all these considerations, it is
should be checked and recorded as a final configuration. obvious the actual effectiveness of these defined quality
Since spacecraft preservation on the ground and principles and requirements and the kinds of improvements
transportation to launch site issues are so diligent, it should that can be made are separate evaluation issues.
be planned to refer to storage, handling, and transportation
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