IS 15988: 2013

8.5.2.3 Design Section or anchor bolts to enhance the load transfer

A-1 Explain basic principles of seismic evaluation mechanisms.
and retrofit of structures. d. Foundation Enhancements: Foundations can be
Ans: Seismic evaluation and retrofit of structures retrofitted by adding additional piles, deepening
involve assessing the ability of existing buildings and existing foundations, or installing base isolators
infrastructure to withstand seismic forces and to improve the structure's ability to absorb
implementing measures to improve their seismic seismic energy.
performance. The process typically consists of two e. Non-Structural Mitigation: Measures are taken
main steps: seismic evaluation and retrofitting. to secure non-structural elements, such as
Seismic Evaluation: Seismic evaluation involves the equipment, utilities, and contents, to prevent
assessment of the structural capacity of a building to hazards and ensure functionality during
resist seismic forces. The objective is to determine earthquakes.
the building's vulnerability and identify potential A-2- Describe the steps of column jacketing
weaknesses that could lead to structural damage or according to is 15988:2013-
failure during an earthquake. Seismic Hazard Page-11,12, cl 8.5.1.1.
Analysis: This step involves studying the historical
seismicity and geological characteristics of the region A-3 how does you define retrofitting? explain RC
to estimate the potential ground shaking levels that a and steel jacketing with neat sketches.
structure may experience. Retrofitting:
a. Structural Analysis: Structural engineers Retrofitting is the process of modifying something
perform a detailed analysis of the building's after it has been manufactured. Retrofitting a building
involves changing its systems or structure after its
design, materials, and construction techniques to
initial construction and occupation. This work can
understand its response to seismic forces.
improve amenities for the building's occupants and
b. Performance Assessment: The structural
improve the performance of the building.
response is evaluated in terms of performance Advantages of Retrofit:
objectives, such as immediate occupancy, life  Energy efficient.
safety, or collapse prevention.  Increases life span.
c. Vulnerability Assessment: Engineers assess the  Existing buildings can be made green later on.
building's vulnerability based on its structural  Allows changes in future as per the need.
deficiencies, including weak columns,  Lower carbon emissions from building activities.
inadequate bracing, or insufficient ductility.  Upgrades existing elements of a building.
Seismic Retrofitting:  Adaptation of new technologies
Seismic retrofitting involves strengthening or  Material from a structure can be reused in some
modifying existing structures to improve their cases.
ability to resist seismic forces. The retrofit  Reduced maintenance cost.
measures are tailored to address the identified Disadvantages of Retrofit:
vulnerabilities and bring the building's  It is an expensive and inconvenient method.
 Wall insulation may reduce internal spaces.
performance up to desired levels.
 Retrofitting can cause damage to heritage or
a. Adding Structural Elements: This involves
ancient assets.
adding new elements, such as steel braces,
 More detailed research is required for retrofit.
concrete walls, or steel frames, to enhance the  There should be more focus on the risks
building's lateral stiffness and strength. of retrofitting.
b. Strengthening Existing Elements: Weaker RC and steel jacketing with neat sketches
structural components, such as columns or
beams, can be reinforced using techniques like A-4 explains the application of rebound hammer
jacketing, steel plating, or fiber-reinforced test and ultrasonic pulse velocity test for the
polymers (FRP) to increase their load-carrying damage assessment of structures.
capacity. Applications of rebound hammer test
 It is used to test in-situ concrete as well as fresh
c. Upgrading Connections: Weak or inadequate
concrete after final set. It is used to assess the in-
connections between structural elements can be place uniformity of the concrete. It is used to
improved by installing steel plates, shear walls, find out the exact location of poor quality and

16
 IS 15988: 2013

deteriorated concrete. Rebound hammer test is equipment can be used to test rock strata and to
used to estimate in-place strength if a correlation provide useful data for geological survey work.
is developed.  The method has also been used for testing
 The most common use for a rebound hammer is graphite and it is likely that it will
in the process of determining the relative A-5 Explain retrofit strategies suitable for RC
hardness of concrete by using the concept of the
moment resisting frame structures constructed in
rebound. Despite this, scholars have attempted to
use the approach to evaluate a variety of tangible Surkhet
characteristics. The following are examples of Retrofit strategies for reinforced concrete (RC)
applications that are very common: moment resisting frame structures in Surkhet, Nepal,
 Determine how consistent the concrete is where would also focus on enhancing the seismic
it is placed. performance of the buildings. Surkhet is located in a
 Delimit areas within a structure that are made of seismically active region, and retrofitting existing
concrete that is of low quality or has
structures is crucial to ensure their safety and
deteriorated.
 As a technique for estimating the strength of resilience. Here are some retrofit strategies suitable
concrete while it is still in situ for RC moment resisting frame structures in Surkhet
Applications for Pulse Velocity Testing 1. Adding New Shear Wall
 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) The UPV 2. Adding Steel Bracing
method is widely used to detect internal defects, 3. Wall Thickening Technique
and estimate crack depth and compressive 4. Base Isolation Technique
strength for concrete structures. 5. Mass Reduction Technique
 The velocity of ultrasonic pulses traveling in a 6. Jacketing Method
solid material depends on the density and elastic 7. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
properties of that material. 8. Epoxy Injection Method
 The quality of some materials is sometimes
9. External Plate Bonding
related to their elastic stiffness so that
1. Adding New Shear Wall:
measurement of ultrasonic pulse velocity in such
 This is a frequently used technique for
materials can often be used to indicate their
quality as well as to determine their elastic retrofitting of a building of non-ductile
properties. reinforced concrete frame buildings.
 Materials which can be assessed in this way  The elements can be either cast-in-place or pre-
include, in particular, concrete and timber but cast concrete elements. New elements preferably
exclude metals. are placed at the exterior of the building.
 When ultrasonic testing is applied to metals its 2. Adding Steel Bracing
object is to detect internal flaws which send  Steel bracing is an effective solution in the
echoes back in the direction of the incident beam retrofitting of buildings when large openings are
and these are picked up by a receiving required.
transducer. The measurement of the time taken  Potential advantages due to higher strength and
for the pulse to travel from a surface to a flaw stiffness and opening for natural light can be
and back again enables the position of the flaw to provided.
be located.
3. Wall Thickening Technique
 Such a technique cannot be applied to
 The existing walls of a building are added a
heterogeneous materials like concrete or timber
certain thickness by adding bricks, concrete, and
since echoes are generated at the numerous
boundaries of the different phases within these steel aligned at certain places as reinforcement.
materials resulting in a general scattering of  The weight of the wall increases and it can bear
pulse energy in all directions. more vertical and horizontal loads.
 The pulse velocity method has been shown to 4. Base Isolation Technique
provide a reliable means of estimating the  Isolation of the superstructure from the
strength of timber and has been used to test foundation is known as base isolation. It is the
various kinds of timber products. most powerful method for passive structural
 It is in use for the detection of rot in telegraph vibration control techniques.
poles and provides a very economic method of
inspecting these poles while in service. The same

17
 IS 15988: 2013

 This method is inefficient for high-rise buildings

and not suitable for buildings resting on soft
soils.
5. Mass Reduction Technique
 In mass reduction technique, for instance, by
removal of one or more storeys as shown in the
figure.
 In this method, it is evident that the removal of
the mass will lead to a decrease in the loading,
which will lead to an increase in the required
strength.
6. Jacketing Method:
Jacketing is the most popularly used method for
the strengthening of columns and beams of a
building.
Jacketing consists of added concrete with
longitudinal and transverse reinforcement around
the existing columns.
7. Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
 A fiber-reinforced polymer is an axial
strengthening system used to improve or enhance
the capacity of reinforced concrete beams.

 It can be used for both circular as well as

rectangular-shaped columns but it is more
effective in the former shape.
8. Epoxy Injection Method
 It is capable of restoring the strength of concrete
to its pre-cracked strength.
 The epoxy tensile bond to the concrete is
stronger than the tensile strength of concrete.

A-6 Describe the steps of nonlinear push

over analysis.

18
 IS 15988: 2013

A-7 What are the various techniques of

retrofitting? why retrofitting in existing building
is important?
The various method of retrofitting is:
a) Adding new Shear Wall
b) Adding Infill Wall
c) Filling Opening
d) Adding Buttresses
e) Adding Steel Bracing
f) Adding Wing Wall
g) Concentric braced frame
h) Adding Braces
i) Wall Thickening Technique

19
 IS 15988: 2013

j) Mass Reduction Technique

k) Base Isolation Technique
l) Mass Dampers diagonal, or stair-shaped cracks with more than three
m) Jacketing of RC frame (Beams &Columns) millimeters in width.
n) Underpinning and Strengthening of Non- Structural Cracks – These are cracks with no
Individual footings regular shape or size and are present in your house’s
o) Upgrading of pile foundation foundation. These types of cracks do not affect the
p) Adding drill Piers structural integrity of your home or building. They
Retrofitting existing building is important for are fragile cracks (usually less than three millimeters
several reasons: - in width). Climate change, poor construction
A) Energy efficiency: - Retrofitting can material, and hydrostatic pressure are the leading
significantly improve the energy efficiency of older causes of Non-Structural Cracks.
buildings, which often lack modern insulation, Structural crack Non-Structural crack
HVAC systems, and energy-saving technologies. Structural integrity of Structural integrity of
B) Environmental Impact: Retrofitting existing building is concerned building is not concerned
buildings helps reduce the overall environmental as they are superficial
impact of the built environment. By improving Usually 3mm wide Small hairline cracks
energy efficiency, buildings contribute less to climate Affects load bearing Doesn’t Affects load
change and decrease the demand for fossil fuels capacity, structural bearing capacity,
c) Cost Savings: Retrofitting can lead to substantial stability of building structural stability of
cost savings over time. By improving energy building
efficiency, buildings require less energy for heating, It indicates the risk It doesn’t question the
cooling, and lighting, resulting in lower utility bills. structure is in and also safety of structure but
d) Building Performance and Comfort: pose risk too occupants shows the underlying
Retrofitting can enhance the overall performance and problem the structure
comfort of existing buildings. has, example
e) Building Longevity: Retrofitting helps extend the temperature variation,
lifespan of existing buildings. By addressing surface tears etc
structural deficiencies, upgrading mechanical and It can progress It can affect the aesthetic
electrical systems, and implementing preventive structural failure if not of structure
maintenance measures, the building's durability and maintained on time
resilience can be improved. Identification and Identification and
f) Historical Preservation: Retrofitting historic evaluation should be evaluation are relatively
buildings allows for their preservation while meeting performed by expertise easy and expertise are
modern needs. By carefully integrating new not mandatory
technologies and systems, the historical character and Repairing these cracks Repairing these cracks
architectural significance of these structures can be needs proper can be done by cosmetic
maintained, ensuring they remain valuable cultural investigation, analysis improvements like
assets for future generations. and appropriate patching or treating
g) Regulatory Compliance: Retrofitting may be measures. cause for seepage issue.
necessary to comply with updated building codes, Cause- settlement, Cause- vibration,
energy efficiency regulations, and environmental improper design, settlement, surface tear,
standards. construction flaw, seepage, thermal
A-8 Differences between structural and non- seismic activity, expansion and
structural cracks with neat sketches. Write down foundation issue, contraction, shrinkage
its cause of occurrence. overloading
Structural Cracks – This category of cracks
threatens the structural integrity of the construction or
building. They can take any shape or size and needs
to be addressed quickly. They can be vertical,
horizontal,

20
 IS 15988: 2013

A-9 Enlist damage grade classification according joints of wall panel

to EMS-98 for masonry and RCC frame DG Substantial to Cracks in beam and
structure? 3 heavy Damage column at the base,
Damage Grades: Masonry Buildings (moderate spalling of concrete
Damage Grades Extent of Damage Structural, heavy covers, buckling of steel
DG Negligible slight Hair-line cracks in very nonstructural bars, Large cracks in
1 damage (no few walls, falling of small damage) partitions and infill
structural, slight pieces of plaster only, fall walls, failure of
non-structural) of loose stone from upper individual infill panels
part of building in rare DG Very heavy Large cracks in
cases 4 damage (Heavy structural elements with
DG Moderate damage Thin cracks in many structural , very compression failure of
2 (slight structural, walls, fall of fairly large heavy concrete and fracture of
moderate pieces of plaster, damage nonstructural rebars, bond failure of
nonstructural to non-structural parts like damage) beam bars, tilting of
damage chimney, projecting columns, collapse of few
cornices; The load columns or single upper
carrying capacity s not floor
reduced appreciably. DG Destruction (Very Collapse of ground floor
DG Substantial to Large and extensive 5 heavy structural or parts of the building
3 heavy Damage cracks in most walls, roof damage)
(moderate tiles detach, tilting or B-2 Explain the Various Remedial Methods of
Structural, heavy falling of chimneys, Causes of Cracks in Building.
nonstructural failure of individual non- ANS: Cracks in buildings can occur due to a variety
damage) structural elements such of causes, including structural settlement, foundation
as partition/ gable walls. movement, temperature changes, moisture-related
Load carrying capacity of issues, and material defects. Remedial methods aim
structure is partially to address the underlying causes and repair the cracks
reduced. to restore the structural integrity of the building. Here
DG Very heavy Gaps occur in walls, walls are various remedial methods for common causes of
4 damage (Heavy collapse, partial structural cracks:
structural , very failure of floor/ roof,1) Structural Settlement:
heavy Building takes a dangers a) Underpinning: This method involves
nonstructural state. strengthening the foundation by extending it
damage deeper into the soil or adding additional support
Damage Grades: RC Frame Buildings through piers or piles. It helps to stabilize the
foundation and prevent further settlement.
Damage Grades Extent of Damage b) Slab Jacking: Also known as mud jacking, this
DG Negligible slight Hair-line cracks in technique involves injecting a cementitious grout
1 damage (no plaster over frame beneath sunken concrete slabs to lift and level
structural, slight members or in walls at them, correcting the settlement issues.
non-structural the base, Fine cracks in 2) Foundation Movement:
partitions and infill a) Epoxy Injection: For cracks in concrete
DG Moderate damage Cracks in columns and foundations, epoxy resin can be injected into the
2 (slight structural, beams of frame and in cracks to bond and fill them. This helps restore
moderate structural walls, Cracks the structural integrity and prevent further
nonstructural in partition and infill movement.
damage walls, fall of brittle b) Carbon Fiber Reinforcement: Carbon fiber
plaster and cladding, sheets or strips can be applied to the foundation
falling mortar from walls to provide additional strength and prevent
further cracking or movement.

21
 IS 15988: 2013

3) Temperature Related Cracks:  Structural connection

a) Expansion Joints: Expansion joints are designed Non-destructive Tests
to accommodate the thermal expansion and Non Destructive tests can accurately determine
contraction of building materials. Installing the retrofitting and repair techniques required for
expansion joints at appropriate locations helps to various structural members in a structure.
control and relieve stress caused by temperature Different types of NDT methods are:
changes, reducing the likelihood of cracks. A) Sounding Test
4) Moisture-Related Issues:  Tapping on a wall with a dense object, such as a
a) Waterproofing: Proper waterproofing hammer
techniques, such as using waterproof  Can be useful for identifying voids or
membranes, sealants, and drainage systems, can delamination's in concrete and masonry walls.
prevent water infiltration into the building. This  Sound produced from a solid wall will be
helps to minimize moisture-related issues, such different from that from a wall with voids or
as swelling of materials, which can lead to delamination's close to the surface.
cracks. B) Rebound Hammer Test
b) Grading and Drainage: Correcting the grading  for assessing the in-situ compressive strength of
around the building and improving the drainage concrete
system can divert water away from the C) Rebar Detection Test
foundation, reducing the risk of soil movement  Used to determine the location, cover and size of
and moisture-related cracking. reinforcing steel in a concrete or masonry wall
5) Material Defects: D) In-SituTesting In-Place Shear
a) Repair or Replacement: In cases where the  Used to determine the shear strength of the wall
cracks are caused by material defects, such as E) Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
weak concrete or faulty construction techniques,  Reviewing the test data, it is seen that the
the affected sections may need to be repaired or ultrasonic pulse velocity investigations carried
replaced. This could involve removing and out on foundation footing of column & various
replacing the damaged material or strengthening structural elements at different floor levels of the
it using appropriate techniques. Main Building indicate that overall quality of
b) Reinforcement: Strengthening measures, such concrete
as adding steel reinforcement or fiber-reinforced B-7 Can a building (an existing building) be
polymers (FRP), can be employed to enhance the protected from Earthquake?
load-bearing capacity and durability of structural Yes, it is possible to protect an existing building from
elements. earthquakes through various measures known as
B-4 Describe the visual inspection and non- seismic retrofitting. Seismic retrofitting involves
destructive testing methods in detail? modifying the structure to improve its ability to
Detailed visual inspection of buildings can provide withstand seismic forces. Here are some common
adequate information about structural distress of the techniques used to protect buildings from earthquake:
building. It allows engineers and professionals to 1. Assess Vulnerabilities: Conduct a thorough
assess the condition of existing structure, identify assessment of the building to identify its
possible issue & determine the necessary retrofit vulnerabilities to seismic forces. Consider factors
measures. Visual inspection is typically the initial such as the building's age, design, materials used,
step in the retrofitting process and the following is to and structural integrity.
be seen during the visual inspection of a building: 2. Engage Professional Engineers: Consult with
 Color, rust stains and water stains. structural engineers or seismic retrofitting
 Pattern and width of cracks on structural experts who specialize in evaluating and
members. retrofitting buildings for earthquakes. They can
 Spalling of concrete provide valuable insights and recommend
 Sinking of structural members appropriate measures.
 Crippling and buckling 3. Understand Local Building Codes: Familiarize
 Exposed reinforcement steel corrosion yourself with the seismic design provisions and
 Settlement of structure requirements specified in the local building

22
 IS 15988: 2013

codes. These codes outline the minimum standards for

4. constructing and retrofitting buildings in 8. Gravity loads are removed and a new lateral load
earthquake-prone areas. increment is applied to the modified structural model
5. Seismic Retrofitting Options: Explore various such that additional member(s) yield. Note that a
seismic retrofitting techniques, such as separate analysis with zero initial conditions is
strengthening the structure, upgrading the performed on modified structural model under each
foundation, installing damping systems, incremental lateral load. Thus, member forces at the
retrofitting masonry components, upgrading end of an incremental lateral load analysis are
obtained by adding the forces from the current
nonstructural elements, and improving the soil.
analysis to the sum of the those from the previous
Determine which techniques are most suitable
increments. In other words, the results of each
for your specific building and circumstances.
incremental lateral load analysis are superimposed.
6. Cost-Benefit Analysis: Evaluate the cost- 9. Similarly, the lateral load increment and the roof
effectiveness of the proposed retrofitting displacement increment are added to the
measures. Consider the potential benefits, such corresponding previous total values to obtain the
as increased safety, reduced damage, and accumulated values of the base shear and the roof
potential savings on insurance premiums or post- displacement.
earthquake repairs. Compare these benefits to the 10. Steps 7, 8 and 9 are repeated until the roof
retrofitting costs to make an informed decision. displacement reaches a certain level of deformation
7. Engage Professional Contractors: Once you or the structure becomes unstable. Roof
have a retrofitting plan in place, hire experienced Displacement Base Shear lateral load increment yield
contractors who specialize in seismic retrofitting. of member(s)
Ensure they have the necessary expertise and 11. The roof displacement is plotted with the base
qualifications to carry out the retrofitting work shear to get the global capacity.
effectively and in compliance with local
Visual Observation:
regulations.
 This one-day training program is limited to
8. Regular Maintenance and Inspections: After
“Visual Observation” a preliminary level of
retrofitting, implement a regular maintenance
Damage Assessment.
and inspection program to ensure the continued
 The graduates of this training should restrict
effectiveness of the retrofit measures. Regular
themselves to Visual Observation only.
inspections can help identify any potential issues
 These graduates are not allowed to undertake
or deterioration that may require further
other detailed damage assessments. Visual
attention.
Assessment of a damaged building to identify if
the building can be entered or not for light search
Push over analysis steps
and rescue operation.
1. A two or three dimensional model that represents
the overall structural behavior is created.  Is done by visual inspection without using any
2. Bilinear or trilinear load-deformation diagrams of sophisticated instrument and of equipment.
all important members that affect lateral response are  Done by a group of people with experience on
defined. building construction and or trained for visual
3. Gravity loads composed of dead loads and a observation.
specified portion of live loads are applied to the Steps of Visual Observation
structural model initially. 1. Get Instruction / Permission from Incident
4. A predefined lateral load pattern which is Commander.
distributed along the building height is then applied. 2. Take individual / collective safety precautions.
5. Lateral loads are increased until some member(s) 3. Mobilize team with only proper Personal
yield under the combined effects of gravity and Protection Equipment (PPE).
lateral loads. 4. Do not work alone always work in pairs.
6. Base shear and roof displacement are recorded at 5. Examine all the external surface along with the
first yielding.
periphery of the building before entering.
7. The structural model is modified to account for the
6. Examine any “ground of distress”.
reduced stiffness of yielded member(s).
7. Enter if safe and continue inspection inside.

23
 IS 15988: 2013

8. Document the observations like area and extent of 9. Discuss the observations and decide the safety
effect, damage pattern, location and size of cracks, level of the building observed.
any other deformations, nonstructural damages, 10.Report outcome to the Incident Commander.
obstacles in circulation areas, spillage of hazardous
materials etc.

ANNEX A
(Foreword)
COMMITTEE COMPOSITION
Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39
Organization Representative(s)
aterials & Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi DR A. S. ARYA (Chairman)
of Consulting Engineers, Bangalore SHRI UMESH B. RAO
SHRI B. V. RAVINDRA NATH (Alternate)
rgy Regulatory Board, Mumbai DR P. C. BASU
SHRI ROSHAN A. D. (Alternate)
y Electrical Limited, New Delhi SHRI RAVI KUMAR
DR C. KAMESHWARA RAO (Alternate)
aterials & Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi SHRI J. K. PRASAD
SHRI PANKAJ GUPTA (Alternate)
ding Research Institute, Roorkee SHRI NAVJEEN SAXENA
SHRI AJAY CHAURASIA (Alternate)
ic Works Department, New Delhi SHRI BHAGWAN SINGH
SHRI S. P. LOKHANDE (Alternate)
s and Materials Research Station, New Delhi SHRI N. P. HONKANDAVAR
SHRI S. L. GUPTA (Alternate)
er & Power Research Station, Pune SHRI I. D. GUPTA
SHRI S. G. CHAPHALKAR (Alternate)
er Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR, CMDD (E & NE)
DIRECTOR, EMBANKMENT (Alternate)
ltants Pvt Ltd, New Delhi DR (SHRIMATI) PRATIMA R. BOSE
ge of Engineering, Delhi SHRI ALOK VERMA
of Atomic Energy, Kalpakkam SHRI S. RAMANUJAM
SHRI R. C. JAIN (Alternate)
General of Border Roads, New Delhi SHRI A. K. DIXIT
-Chief’s Branch, New Delhi BRIG B. D. PANDEY
SHRI RAVI SINHA (Alternate)
ndia Limited, New Delhi SHRI VINAY KUMAR
SHRIMATI ILA DASS (Alternate)
dia Limited, Mumbai SHRI V. N. HAGGADE
SHRI J. N. DESAI (Alternate)
Survey of India, Lucknow SHRI HARSH GUPTA
DR KIRAN MAZUMDAR (Alternate)
Urban Development Corporation Ltd, New Delhi SHRIMATI BINDU JESWANI
SHRI SURINDER GERA (Alternate)
rete Institute, Chennai. DR A. R. SANTHAKUMAR
ute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai DR RAVI SINHA
DR ALOK GOYAL (Alternate)
ute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad DR C. V. R. MURTY
ute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur DR DURGESH C. RAI
ute of Technology Madras, Chennai DR A. MEHER PRASAD
ute of Technology Roorkee, PROF ASHOK JAIN

24
 IS 15988: 2013

ute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee DR D. K. PAUL

ute of Technology, Gandhinagar DR S. K. JAIN
rological Department, New Delhi SHRI SURYA BALI JAISWAR
SHRI RAJESH PRAKASH (Alternate)
Congress, New Delhi SECRETARY GENERAL
DIRECTOR (Alternate)
Organization Representative(s)
ty of Earthquake Technology, Roorkee PROF D. K. PAUL
PROF H. R. WASON (Alternate)
Engineering Research Institute, Nasik SUPERINTENDING ENGINEER (EARTH DAM)
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR (EARTH DAM) (Alternate)
Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi SHRI R. K. PANDEY
SHRI VIRENDRA KUMAR (Alternate)
uncil for Cement and Building, Ballabgarh SHRI V. V. ARORA
ophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad DR M. RAVI KUMAR
DR N. PURANCHADRA RAO (Alternate)
ghway Authority of India, New Delhi SHRI SURESH KUMAR PURI
ermal Power Corporation, Noida DR PRAVEEN KHANDELWAL
SHRI SAURABH GUPTA (Alternate)
wer Corporation India Limited, Mumbai SHRI U. S. P. VERMA
SHRIMATI MINI K. PAUL (Alternate)
ks Department, Mumbai SHRI M. M. KHAN
esign & Standards Organization, Lucknow SHRI PIYUSH AGARWAL
SHRI R. K. GOEL (Alternate)
ted, Gurgaon SHRI K. N. S REENIVASA
anning & Architecture, New Delhi DR V. THIRUVENGADAM
ngineering Research Centre, Chennai DR K. MUTHUMANI
SHRI N. GOPALA KRISHNAN (Alternate)
sultants Pvt Limited, New Delhi DR MAHESH TANDON
SHRI VINAY K. GUPTA (Alternate)
ting Engineers, Mumbai SHRI K. V. SUBRAMANIAN
SHRI C. K. RAVINDRANATHAN (Alternate)
a-Sheth Consulting Engineers, Mumbai SHRIMATI ALPA R. SHETH
SHRI R. D. CHAUDHARI (Alternate)
a National Institute of Technology, Nagpur DR O. R. JAISWAL
DR R. K. INGLE (Alternate)
ute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun DR SUSHIL KUMAR
capacity (174/2 F, Solanipram, Roorkee) DR S. K. THAKKAR
capacity (36 Old Sneh Nagar Wardha Raod, SHRI L. K. JAIN
SHRI ISH JAIN (Alternate)
capacity (C-2/155, West Enclave Pitam Pura DR K. G. BHATIA
hi)
capacity (K-L/2 Kavi Nagar, Ghaziabad) DR A. K. MITTAL
rate General SHRI A. K. SAINI, Scientist ‘F’ and Head (Civ Engg)
[Representing Director General (Ex-officio)]

Member Secretary
SHRI S. CHATURVEDI
Scientist ‘E’ (Civ Engg), BIS

25
(Continued from second cover)

This standard was originally formulated as part of project entitled ‘Review of Building Codes and Preparation
of Commentary and Handbooks’ awarded to IIT Kanpur by the Gujarat State Disaster Management Agency
(GSDMA) Gandhinagar, through World Bank finances.
The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is given in Annex A.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value,
observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2 :
1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

26
Bureau of Indian Standards

BIS is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious
development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to
connected matters in the country.

Copyright

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be reproduced in any form
without the prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of
implementing the standard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations.
Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.

Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are
needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards
should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of
‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards : Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: CED 39 (7428).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

Headquarters:
Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002
Telephones : 2323 0131, 2323 3375, 2323 9402 Website: www.bis.org.in

Regional Offices: Telephones

Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 2323 7617

NEW DELHI 110002 2323 3841
Eastern : 1/14 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, Kankurgachi 2337 8499, 2337 8561
KOLKATA 700054 2337 8626, 2337 9120
Northern : SCO 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022 60 3843
60 9285
Southern
: C.I.T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 2254 1216, 2254 1442
2254 2519, 2254 2315
Western
: Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East) 2832 9295, 2832 7858

27
Branches: MUMBAI 400093 2832 7891, 2832 7892
AHMEDABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR. COIMBATORE.
DEHRADUN. FARIDABAD. GHAZIABAD. GUWAHATI. HYDERABAD. JAIPUR.
KANPUR. LUCKNOW. NAGPUR. PARWANOO. PATNA. PUNE. RAJKOT.
THIRUVANANTHAPURAM.

VISAKHAPATNAM.

Published by BIS, New Delhi

28