Construction Planning, Equipment,

and Methods Sixth Edition

CHAPTER
GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS,
COMPACTION, AND STABILIZATION
• A. J. Clark School of Engineering •Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

4b

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 75

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Same weight but different volume.

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 76
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Example 4

The soil borrow material to be used to

construct a highway embankment has a
mass unit weight 96.0 lb per cu ft (pcf)
and water content of 8%, and specific
gravity of soil solids is 2.66. The
specifications require that the soil be
compacted to dry unit weight of 112 pcf
and that the water content be held to
13%.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 77

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 4 (cont’d)

a) How many cubic yards of borrow are

required to construct an embankment
having a 250,000-cu-yd net section
volume?
b) How many gallons of water must be
added per cubic yard of borrow material
assuming no loss by evaporation and one
gallon of water equals 8.34 lb?
c) If the compacted fill becomes saturated at
a constant volume, what will be the water
content and mass unit weight of the soil?

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 78
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Example 4 (cont’d)

Borrow:
lb
γ = 96.0 , ω = 8.0%, Gs = 2.66
ft 3
γ 96 lb
γd = = = 88.89 3
1 + ω 1 + 0.08 ft
Embankment:

lb
γ d = 112.0 , ω = 13.0%,
ft 3
lb
γ = γ d (1 + ω) = 112
( 1 + 0).13 = 126.56
ft 3

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 79

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 4 (cont’d)

(a):
Compacted Dry Unit Weight 112
Shrinkage Factor = = = 1.26
Bank Dry Unit Weight 88.89

Volume of Borrow Required = 1.26(250,000 cu yd) = 315,000 cu yd

(b):
Water needed in embankment :
lb
γ − γ d = 126.56 − 112 = 14.56 3
ft
 27 ft 3 
 lb 
( )
Weight of Water needed = 14.56 3  250,000 yard3
ft 
  = 98,280,000 lb
3 
  yard 

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 80
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 4 (cont’d)

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 81

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 4 (cont’d)

(b) continued:
Water from borrow :
lb
γ − γ d = 96 − 88.89 = 7.11
ft 3
 27 ft 3 
 lb 
( )
Weight of Water from Borrow =  7.11 3  315,000 yard3   = 60,470,550 lb
3 
 ft   yard 
Weight of Additional Water Required = 98,280,000 − 60,470,550 = 37,809,450 lb

37,809,450 lb lb
Gallons of Req' d Water = = 120
315,000 yard3 cu yd
lb 1 gal
= 120 = 14.39
cu yd 8.34 lb/gal cu yd borrow

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 82
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 4 (cont’d)

(c): If the fill becomes saturated all voids between the solid soil
particles are filled with water. Therefore, the total weight
weight is
increased by the added weight of water:

Weight
Additional air = 0
Volume Water to
air AIR
replace Air
Va
Volume
voids
Vv Weight Total
water = Ww weight W
Total Volume
volume water Water
V Vw

Weight
soil solids
Volume Ws
soil solids Soil
Vs

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 83

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 4 (cont’d)

Total volume includes

Air
Water
Solids

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 84
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Example 4 (cont’d)

(c): continued G = Ws ⇒ V = Ws = 112

= 0.675 ft 3
Vs γ w Gsγ w 2.66(62.4)
s s

Ww 14.56
Vw = = = 0.233 ft 3
γw 62.4

Vv = 1.000 − 0.675 − 0.233 = 0.092 ft 3

Weight of extra water: W = V γ = 0.092(62.4) = 5.74 lb

w w w

Ww (14.56 + 5.74)
ω= = = 0.181 = 18.1%
Ws 112
lb
γ = 14.56 + 5.74 + 112 = 132.3
ft 3

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 85

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 86
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COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL
The engineering properties of
most soils can be improved
by compaction.
Compaction is the art of
mechanically densifying
materials.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 87

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SOIL TYPES

SMALL GRAINED
< #200 MESH SIEVE
NON-COHESIVE COHESIVE
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 88
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SOIL TYPES

ORGANIC
SOILS
Will usually
have to remove
before
building.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 89

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COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL
Before the specifications for a
project are prepared
representative soil samples are
usually collected and tested in
the laboratory to determine
material properties.

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 90
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COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL

SOIL CLASSIFICATION
(Atterburg Limits)
LL - Liquid limit
PL - Plastic limit
PI - Plasticity Index

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 91

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL
SOIL LIMITS

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 92
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION

LL - Liquid limit
is the water
content of a soil
when it passes
from the plastic
to liquid state.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 93

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SOIL CLASSIFICATION

LL - Liquid limit
Non-cohesive or sandy soils
have low LLs -- less than 20.
Clay soils have LLs ranging
from 20 to 100.

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 94
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SOIL CLASSIFICATION

PL - Liquid limit
is the lowest
water content at
which a soil
remains plastic.

1/8 inch diameter thread

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 95

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SOIL CLASSIFICATION

PI - Plastic Index
PI = LL - PL
The higher the PI the more
clay that is present in the soil.

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 96
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COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL
Normal testing would include
grain-size analysis because the
size of the grains and the
distribution of those sizes are
important properties, which
affect a soil's suitability.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 97

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION
Soil gradation is
the distribution,
in percent (%)
by weight, of
individual
particle sizes.
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 98
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL
Soil Gradation (Particle-size Distribution)

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 99

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL
Maximum Dry Density/Optimum
Moisture
9Critical test is the construction of a
compaction curve.
9From compaction curves the
maximum dry unit weight (density)
and the percent water required to
achieve maximum density can be
determined.
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 100
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 101

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION SPECIFICATION
AND CONTROL

Maximum Dry Density/Optimum

Moisture (cont’d)
9This percent of water, which
corresponds to the maximum dry
density (for a given compactive
effort), is known as the optimum
water content.

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 102
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COMPACTION TESTS
The standard laboratory tests that are
used for evaluation of maximum dry
unit weights (γd’s) and optimum
moisture contents for various soils are:
1. The Standard Proctor Test (ASTM
D-698 and AASHTO T-99).
2. The Modified Proctor Test (ASTM,
D-1557 and AASHTO T-180)

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 103

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test

9The soil is compacted in a mold that
has a volume of 1/30 ft3 (943.3 cm3).
9The diameter of the mold is 4 in. (101.6
mm)
9During the laboratory test, the mold is
attached to a base plate at the bottom
and to an extension at the top (see
Figure 1).

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 104
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COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test

9The soil is mixed with varying
amounts of water and then
compacted in three equal layers by
a hammer (Figure 2) that deliver 25
blows to each layer.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 105

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Figure 1. Standard Proctor Test Equipment: (a) mold; (b) hammer

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 106
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COMPACTION
PROCTOR TEST
Standard Proctor
or
AASHTO T-99

Soil sample 1/30 cubic foot

3 layers

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 107

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Figure 2. Compaction
of Soil using Standard
Proctor Hammer
( courtesy of John
Hester, Carterville, IL)

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 108
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test (continued)

9The hammer weighs 5.5 lb (mass =
2.5 kg) and has a drop of 12 in.
(304.8 mm).
9 For each test, the moist unit weight
of compaction γ can be calculated as
W
γ= (28)
Vm

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 109

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test (continued)

Where
W = weight of compacted soil in mold
Vm = volume of mold (1/30 ft3)
9For each test, the moisture content w of
the compacted soil is determined in the
laboratory.
9With known moisture content, the dry unit
weight γd can be calculated as

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 110
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test (continued)

γ
γd = (29)

1+ ω

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 111

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test (continued)

Where w = moisture content
9The values of γd determined from the
above equation can be plotted
against the corresponding moisture
contents for the soil as shown the
following figure (Fig. 3), which is a
compaction for silty clay.
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 112
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS
Figure 3. Standard Proctor Compaction Test Results for a Silty Clay

Figure 3

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 113

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COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test (continued)

9For a given moisture content ω, the
theoretical maximum dry unit weight
is obtained when there is no air in
the void spaces, that is, when the
degree of saturation S equal 100%.
Thus, the maximum dry unit weight at
a given moisture content with zero air
voids can computed from

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 114
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Standard Proctor Test (continued)

Gγ (30)
γ zav = s w
1+ e
For 100% saturation, e = ωGs , so
G γ
γzav = s w (31)
1 + ωG s

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 115

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Modified Proctor Test

9The soil is compacted in a mold that
has a volume of 1/30 ft3 (943.3 cm3).
9The diameter of the mold is 4 in.
(101.6 mm)
9During the laboratory test, the mold is
attached to a base plate at the
bottom and to an extension at the top
(see Figure 4).

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 116
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Modified Proctor Test (cont’d)

9The soil is mixed with varying
amounts of water and then
compacted in five equal layers by a
hammer (Figure 2) that deliver 25
blows to each layer.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 117

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS
Figure 4. Modified Proctor Test Equipment: (a) mold; (b) hammer

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 118
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION

PROCTOR TEST
Modified Proctor
or
AASHTO T-180

Soil sample 1/30 cubic foot

5 layers

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 119

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Modified Proctor Test (cont’d)

9The hammer weighs 10 lb (mass =
4.54 kg) and has a drop of 18 in.
(457.2 mm).
9 For each test, the moist unit weight
of compaction g can be calculated as
W
γ= (32)
Vm

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 120
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Modified Proctor Test (cont’d)

W = weight of compacted soil in mold
Vm = volume of mold (1/30 ft3)
9For each test, the moisture content ω of
the compacted soil is determined in the
laboratory.
9With known moisture content, the dry
unit weight γd can be calculated (Eq.29)

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 121

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION TESTS

Modified Proctor Test (cont’d)

9The values of γd determined from the
above equation can be plotted
against the corresponding moisture
contents for the soil as shown the
following figure (Fig. 5).

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 122
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COMPACTION TESTS
Figure 5. Standard and Modified Compaction Curves

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 123

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Comparison between Standard

& Modified Proctor Tests
Figure 5 shows compaction
curves which illustrate the effect
of varying amounts of moisture
on the density of a soil subjected
to given compactive efforts.
The two energy levels depicted
are known as standard and
modified Proctor tests.
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 124
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Comparison between Standard

& Modified Proctor Tests
It should be noted that the
modified Proctor, which is a
higher energy level, gives a
higher density at a lower
moisture content than the
standard Proctor, as shown
in Figure 5.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 125

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Comparison between Standard

& Modified Proctor Tests
In this figure, the
optimum moisture for
the standard Proctor is
16%, versus 12% for the
modified Proctor.

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 126
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Example 5

The laboratory test data for a

standard Proctor test are given
as shown in Table 3. Find the
maximum dry unit weight and
the optimum moisture content.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 127

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 5 (cont’d)

Table 3. Test Data for Example 5

Weight of Wet Soil in the
Volume of Mold (ft3) Moisture Content ω (%)
Mold (lb)
1/30 3.88 12
1/30 4.09 14
1/30 4.23 16
1/30 4.28 18
1/30 4.24 20
1/30 4.19 22

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 128
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Example 5 (cont’d)

Volume, V (ft3) Weight, W (lb) γ (lb/ft3) ω (%) γ d (lb/ft3)

1/30 3.88 116.4 12 103.9
1/30 4.09 122.7 14 107.6
1/30 4.23 126.9 16 109.4
1/30 4.28 128.4 18 108.8
1/30 4.24 127.2 20 106.0
1/30 4.19 125.7 22 103.0

Sample Calculation :
Weight of Wet Soil = 4.09,= 12%, Hence
ω
W 4.09 lb γ 122.7 lb
γ= = = 122.7 3 , γd = = = 107.6 3
V (1 / 30) ft 1 + ω 1 + 0.14 ft

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 129

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 5 (cont’d)
9Plot the dry unit weight gd against the
moisture content w as shown in the
following figure(Figure 6). From the
figure find the maximum γd and
optimum ω.
Maximum dry unit weight = 109.5 lb/ft3

Optimum moisture content = 16.5%

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 130
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

Example 5 (cont’d)

Figure 6. Compaction Curve for the Data of Example 5

110
(lb/ft^3)

109

108

107
Dry Unit W e ight,

106

105

104

103

102
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
M oisture Conte nt, ω (% )

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 131

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION
SPECIFICATIONS
Typically
specifications
give an
acceptable range
of water content,
OMC ± 2% for
example.
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 132
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIELD

COMPACTION
In most specifications for earth work,
the contractor is required to achieve a
compacted field dry unit weight of 90%
to 95% of the maximum dry unit weight.
The maximum dry unit weight is the
maximum unit weight that is determined
by either the standard or modified
Proctor test.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 133

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION
SPECIFICATIONS
The specification 123.
also sets a 5

minimum
density, 90% or
95% of max. dry
density for a
specific test.
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30
 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 134
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

123. Must

SPECIFICATIONS
5 work in
the box.
COMPACTION

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 135

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION
SPECIFICATIONS
Lift. A layer of soil placed
on top of soil previously
placed in an embankment.
The term can be used in
reference to material as
spread or as compacted.
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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 136
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

COMPACTION

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 137

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
The specification for field
compaction can be based
either on
(1) relative compaction RC or
(2) relative density Dr

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 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 138
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
The relative compaction (RC), is therefore,
defined as the ratio of the dry unit weight
of the soil in the field to the maximum dry
unit weight of the same soil determined in
the laboratory
γ d (field)
RC (%) = × 100 (33)
γ d (max, lab)

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 139

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR FIELD

COMPACTION
The relative density Dr is given by

1  R0  (34)
Dr = 1 −
 RC 
(1 − R)0   γ d (min)
R0 =
γ d (max)
where
γd(min) = dry unit weight in the loosest condition
(at a void ratio of emax)
γd(max) = dry unit weight in the densest condition
(at a void ratio of emin)
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33
 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 140
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
ASTM Test Designation D-2049
provides a procedure for the
determination of the minimum and
maximum dry unit weights of
granular soils.
For sands, this done by using a
mold with a volume of 0.1 ft3 (2830
cm3).

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 141

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
For determination of the minimum
dry unit weight, sand is loosely
poured into the mold from a funnel
with a 1/2-in (12.7-mm) diameter
spout.
The average height of the fall of
sand into the mold is kept at about
1 in (25.4 mm)
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34
 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 142
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
The value of γd(min)
(min) can then be
determined as
Ws
γ d (min) = (35)
Vm
where
Ws = weight of sand required to fill the mold
Vm = volume of the mold (0.1 ft3)

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 143

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
9The maximum dry unit weight is
determined by vibrating sand in the
mold for 8 min.
9A surcharge of 2 lb/in2 (13.8 kN/m2) is
added to the top of the sand in the
mold.
9The mold is placed on a table that
vibrates at a frequency of 3600
cycles/min and that has an amplitude
of vibration of 0.025 in (0.635 mm).
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35
 CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 144
ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION
The value of γd(max)
(max) can then be
determined at the end of the
vibrating period with the knowledge
of the weight and volume of sand.
An empirical formula has been
developed by Lee and Singh (1971)
to give a relationship between RC
and Dr.

CHAPTER 4b. GEOTECHNICAL MATERIALS & COMPACTION Slide No. 145

ENCE 420 ©Assakkaf

SPECIFICATIONS FOR
FIELD COMPACTION

For granular soils, the relationship

is given as

RC (%) = 80 +0.2 Dr (36)

According to Lee and Singh (1971), the correlation

between RC and Dr was based on the observation
of 47 soil samples.
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36