7.

DYNAMICS OF FLUID FLOW

7.1 Practical Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation Converging
There are many applications of Bernoulli’s equation such as in venturimeter, Section 1 Entry zone Throat Diverging zone
a1
Orifice plate and many other applications which will be considered in subsequent chapters. ρ1 Piezometric rings
v1
7.1.1 Venturimeter Flow (Q)
(a) Horizontal Venturimeter 1 2
Consider a horizontal venturimeter as shown in Fig 7.1. At the inlet section 1, let d1, p1,
v1 and a1 be the diameter, pressure, velocity and the cross-sectional area. Then d2, p2, v2 and Section 2
a2 are the corresponding values at section 2. a2
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2, ρ2
z1 z2 v2 Axis of water
p1 v12 p v2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 x Leads to U-tube gauge filled with fluid
w 2g w 2g
X X in pipeline of density ρ
Since the pipe is horizontal, z1 = z2
p1 v12 p 2 v 22 z Manometric fluid, density ρman
 + = +
w 2g w 2g Datum
p -p
But 1 2 is the difference of pressure heads at sections 1 and 2, and is equal to the
w Fig. 7.1: Venturimeter
venturi head H.
p -p Actual discharge, Qa= Q = Cd×Qt
Or 1 2 = H
w aa
 Q = Cd 1 2 2gH …(7.1)
v2 v2 a12 - a 22
 H= 2 - 1 …(i)
2g 2g where Cd = Coefficient of discharge.
Applying the continuity equations at sections 1 and 2, a
If m is the area ratio, where m = 1 ,
a a2
a1 v1 = a 2 v 2 or v1 = 2 v 2
a1 a1
Substituting in equation (i),  Q = Cd 2gH …(7.2)
2
m 2 -1
 a 2 v2  Example 7.1 A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameters of 300mm and
  150mm respectively is used to measure the flow of water. If the reading of the differential
v 22  a1  v2  a 2  v 22  a12 - a 22 
H= - = 2 1- 22 =  2  manometer connected to inlet and throat is 200mm of mercury, determine the discharge.
2g 2g 2g  a1  2g  a1  Take Cd = 0.98.
 a2  Solution.
Or v 22 = 2gH 2 1 2 
 a1 - a 2  
Diameter at inlet d1 = 0.3m  a1   0.32  0.07069m 2
4
 a 2
 a1
 v 2 =  2gH 2 2  = 1
2gH 
a1 - a 2  Diameter at throat d2 = 0.15m  a2   0.152  0.01767 m 2
 a12 - a 22 4
Theoretical discharge, Cd = 0.98, and reading on differential manometer = 0.2m of mercury.
a1 a 2 Difference in head is given by,
Qt = a 2 v2 = 2gH  
a12 - a 22 H  x man  1
  
 13.6 
H  0.2  1  2.52m of water
 1 
Discharge,
a1a2
Q  cd 2 gH
a12  a22
0.98  0.07069  0.01767  2  9.81  2.52

0.070692  0.01767 2
= 0.126 m³/s of water.

1 pmk 2 pmk
 (b) Inclined Venturimeter. Dividing by ρg:
Consider an inclined venturimeter as shown in Fig.7.2. At the inlet section, let a1, ρ1 ρ ρ
and v1, be the area, density and velocity respectively. The corresponding values at the throat
p1  p 2
 z1  z 2  
gx
ρ man  ρ   x man 
ρg ρg  ρ 
are a2, ρ2 and v2 respectively, and the flow is continuous.
p1  p 2
Assuming that there is no loss of energy and applying Bernoulli’s equation to sections But H   z1  z 2 
1 and 2; ρg
p1 v12 p v2 ρ 
   z1  2  2  z 2  H  x man  1  …(v)
w 2g w 2g  ρ 
 p1  p2 
  z1  z 2 
Note:
or v2  v1  2 g 
2 2
…(i)
 w   
(a) When a differential manometer is connected, H  x man  1 , where x is the
But a1v1  a2 v2 or v2  1 v1
a   
a2 deflection on the manometer, ρman is the density of the manometric fluid and ρ is the
Substituting values in equation (i), density of the fluid flowing through the pipeline. Equation (v) applies whether the
2 meter is horizontal, inclined or vertical.
 a1  2  a1   p1  p2 
 v1   v1  v1   1  2 g     z1  z 2  (b) When a differential manometer contains a liquid lighter than the liquid flowing
2

a
 2  a
 2   w   s 
through the pipe, then H  x1  l  , where sl = specific gravity of lighter liquid in
a2  p  p2   so 
 v1  2g 1    z1  z 2 
a12  a22  w  U-tube, So is the specific gravity of liquid flowing through the pipe and x the
deflection of lighter liquid in the U-tube.
Section 1
a1 Example 7.2: Water flows through a 300mm diameter pipe placed in an inclined position
ρ1 into which a venturimeter having a throat diameter of 150mm is fitted. The difference in
v1
pressure between the main and the throat is measured by a liquid of specific gravity 0.6 in an
2 Section 2 inverted U-tube, which gives a reading of 300mm. If the loss of head between the main and
Flow a2 the throat is 0.2 times the kinetic head of water in the pipe, determine the discharge.
1 ρ2 Solution.
z1 x z2 v2

Diameter at inlet d1=0.3m  a1   0.32  0.07069 m²
z ρman 4
Datum 
Diameter at outlet d2=0.15m  a2   0.152  0.01767 m²
4
Fig 7.2 Inclined venturimeter Deflection in U-tube manometer, x = 0.3m
Difference of pressure head,
p1  p2  s 
But H   z1  z 2  p  p 
H   1  z1    2  z 2   x1  l  where sl = 0.6, and so = 1.0
w w   w   s0 
a1a2
 Qt  a1v1  2 gH …(ii)  0.6 
a12  a22  H  0.31    0.12m of water
 1.0 
a1
If m is the area ratio, where m = , v12
a2 Loss of head hL = 0.2×kinetic head of water in pipe  0.2 
2g
a1 Apply Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2;
 Qt  2 gH …(iii)
m2 1 p1 v12 p v2
Actual discharge, Q = Qt·Cd.   z1  2  2  z 2  h L
w 2g w 2g
a1
 Q  Cd 2gH …(iv)  p1   p2  v
2
v2
m2  1 Or   z1     z 2   1  2  h L
The value of H can be evaluated from the reading of the U-tube gauge. The  w   w  2 g 2g
connections to the gauge are filled with the fluid flowing in the pipeline of density ρ, and the p  p  v2
density of the manometric fluid in the bottom of the U-tube is ρman. Considering the pressures But  1 + z1  -  2 + z 2  = H = 0.12m of water and hL = 0.2 1
 w   w  2g
at level XX as same in both left and right limbs, with x as the deflection in the manometer;
v12 v 22 v2
PXX  p1  ρg z1  z   p 2  ρg z 2  z  x   ρ man gx  0.12    0.2 1
Expanding and rearranging: 2g 2g 2g
p1  p 2   ρgz1  z  z 2  z   ρ man gx  ρgx or 0.12  0.8
v12 v22
 0 …(i)
or p1  p 2   ρgz1  z 2   ρgx  ρ man gx 2g 2g

3 pmk 4 pmk
 Apply continuity equation at 1 and 2; For the orifice meter shown (Fig 7.4), let a1, v1 and p1 be the area of the pipe,
a 0.1767 v velocity of flow and pressure at section 1. The corresponding values at section 2 are a2, v2
 a 1 v1  a 2 v 2 , or v1  2  v 2   v2  2 and p2, with a2 as the area of the orifice.
a1 0.07069 4
orifice plate
Substitute value in equation (i): p0, a0, v0
2 2 2
0.8  v2  v v  0.8 
0.12    0.12 
2

2
 1  0 flow
2 g  4  2 g 2 g  16  p1,a1,v1 p2,a2,v2

 v2 
2
1 2
or 0.12   0.95   0 , or v 2 = 1.574 m/s
 2g 
Fig 7.4: Orifice plate
 Q  a 2 v 2  0.01767  1.574  0.0278m 3 /s
Ignoring losses, and by Bernoulli’s theorem,
(c) Vertical Venturimeter. p1 v12 p v2
  z1  2  2  z 2
The equation for discharge for vertical venturimeter (Fig 7.3) is similar to that for w 2g w 2g
horizontal or inclined venturimeter provided that ‘H’ is properly defined. With z 1  z 2 for horizontal meter,
p1  p 2  v 2  v12 
H 2  …(i)
w  2g 
Note: h =z2-z1 a1
For continuity of flow, a1v1  a2 v2 or v2  v1
2 a2
Substituting values in (i),
2
h  a1 
 v1   v12
v 2  a  v 2  a 2  a 2 
2
p1  p 2 a 
H 2 
z2 1 x
 1  1   1  1  1 2 2 
w 2g 2g  a 2   2g  a 2 
z1 X X 
z
a2 2 gH
Or v1 
Fig 7.3 Vertical venturimeter a12  a22
Actual discharge, Q = Q a  Cd   Qt
Example 7.3 A 300×150mm venturimeter is inserted in a vertical pipe conveying water
vertically upwards. A differential mercury manometer connected to the inlet and throat gives a 1a 2
Or Q  Cd   a 1 v 1  Cd  2gH
a reading of 200mm. Determine the discharge if Cd = 0.98. a 12  a 22
Comparing with the above equation, actual discharge at the orifice plate,
Solution. a o a1
 Q  Cd 2gH , …(7.3)
Diameter at inlet d1 = 0.3 m  a1   0.3  0.07069 m²
2
a12  a 02
4
where, Cd = coefficient of discharge of the orifice plate.

Throat diameter d2 = 0.15m.  a2   0.152  0.01767 m² Using m 
a1
as the area ratio,
4 a0
   13.6  a0
H  x man  1  0.2  1  2.52 m of water. Q  Cd 2gH
    1.0 
m2  1
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 0.98
a1a2 Example 7.4 An orifice meter with orifice diameter of 100mm is inserted in a 200mm
Qa  cd 2 gH
a12  a22 diameter pipe. The pressure gauges on the upstream and down stream of the orifice meter
gave readings of 196.2 kN/m2 and 98.1 kN/m2 respectively. Determine the discharge if Cd
0.98  0.07069  0.01767
  2  9.81 2.52 =0.6, and the fluid flowing is water.
0.07069 2  0.01776 2
= 0.126 m³/s. Solution.

7.1.2. Orifice Meter Diameter of orifice d0 = 0.1m  a0   0.12  0.007854 m²
4
The Orifice meter (or Orifice plate) measures the rate of flow (discharge) through a 
pipe and is a cheaper device than a venturimeter. It is kept generally 0.5×diameter of pipe Diameter of pipe d1 = 0.2m  a1   0.2 2  0.03142 m²
(though may vary from 0.4-0.8×diameter). A differential manometer is connected at section 4
1, which is at a distance of about 1.5-2.0×diameter of pipe at the entrance point. Given: p1=196.2 kN/m2, p2=98.1kN/m2, Cd=0.6
 p1/w =196.2 ×103/9.81×103×=20 m of water
5 pmk 6 pmk
 and p2/w =10 m of water Change of momentum of this fluid in time δt
p1 - p 2 = increase due to momentum of fluid CC′D′D – momentum of fluid AA′B′B.
H = = 20 -10 = 10m of water Distance AA′ = v1 δt
w
a a 2gH 0.6  0.007854  0.03142  2  9.81  10 Distance CC’ = v 2 δt
Q  Cd o 1  Mass of fluid CC′D′D = ρ 2 a 2 v 2 δt
a 12  a 02 0.03142 2  0.007854 2
3
Momentum of fluid CC′D′D = ρ 2 a 2 v 2 δt × v 2
= 0.0682m /s = ρ 2 a 2 v 22 δt
Similarly, momentum of fluid AA′B′B = ρ1 a1 v12 δt
7.2 The Momentum Equation and its Applications
7.2.1 Impulse Momentum Principle Change of momentum of fluid between AB and CD in time δt,
The Impulse Momentum Principle states that the net force acting on a fluid mass is = ρ 2 a 2 v 22 δt - ρ1 a1 v12 δt
equal to the change in momentum of flow per unit time in that direction. Rate of change of change of momentum of fluid between AB and CD in time δt, is
In mechanics, the momentum of a particle is defined as the product of mass ‘m’ and its obtained by dividing above equation by δt, and taking ρ = ρ1 = ρ2, where ρ = mass
velocity ‘v’. density of the fluid,
Momentum = mv  
= ρ a 2 v 22  a 1 v12
Any particle of fluid will obey the normal laws of mechanics similar to a solid body. For continuity of flow, a1v1 = a2v2 = Q = discharge
When a force is applied, its behaviour can be predicted from Newton’s laws of motion which  Rate of change of momentum of fluid between AB and CD,
state: = ρQ(v2- v1) …(7.5)
(i) A body will remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless acted upon by WQ
an external force. = ( v 2  v1 ) , where ρ = W/g
g
(ii) The rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied,
= mass per second flowing × change of velocity.
and takes place in the direction of the force.
(iii) Action and reaction are equal but opposite.
7.2.3 Applications of Momentum Equation.
Since the fluid particle in a stream possesses momentum, whenever the velocity of the 7.2.3.1 Forces on Curved Vanes.
 Force due to the deflection of a jet by a stationary curved vane
stream is changed in magnitude and direction, there will be a corresponding change in
Consider a jet flowing around a curved vane as shown in Fig 7.6. The resultant force R
momentum of the fluid particles. For fluid particles of fixed mass, Newton’s second law of
exerted by the fluid on the vane is found by determining the component forces Fx, and Fy in
motion relates the change of velocity occurring in a given time (i.e. acceleration) to the
the x and y directions respectively.
applied force.
X- direction:
The force (F) acting on a fluid mass is given by Newton’s second law as: v1
Initial velocity = v1
F = mass×change in velocity/time θ
Final velocity = v2cosθ
= mass×acceleration
Mass of water deflected = ρQ
= ma =m dv/dt Fy R
Change of velocity in x-direction = v1-v2cosθ
Thus Fdt = mdv …(7.4)
Force in x-direction, Fx α Fx
The quantity ‘Fdt’ represents the impulse while the quantity ‘mdv’ represents the change in
= mass/s deflected × change of velocity in x-direction.
momentum.
= ρQ (v1-v2cosθ)
The above relation is called the impulse momentum theorem and may be stated as “the v2
Y-direction: Fig 7.6
impulse of a force ‘F’ acting on a fluid mass ‘m’ in a short interval of time ‘dt’ is equal to the
Initial velocity = 0
change of momentum ‘mdv’ in the direction of the force”.
Final velocity = - v2sinθ
Change of velocity in y-direction = 0-(-v2sinθ) = v2sinθ
7.2.2 Rate of Change of Momentum
Force in y-direction, Fy = ρQ(v2sinθ)
Consider a fluid flowing in a tapering pipe as shown in Fig 7.5
Resultant force, R = Fx2  Fy2
v1δt
v2δt  Fy 
A A′ Resultant force R will be inclined to the x-direction at an angle, α  tan 1  
C C′  Fx 
Example 7.5: A jet of water from a nozzle is deflected through an angle θ =30° from its
A1,v1, ρ1 A2,v2, ρ2
original direction by a stationary curved vane which it enters tangentially (similar to Fig7.8)
without shock, with a mean velocity of v1 of 32ms-1. The jet leaves with a mean velocity of
D D′ 27ms-1. If the discharge from the nozzle is 0.85 kgs-1, determine the magnitude and direction
B B′
Fig 7.5 of the resultant force on the vane. Derive the equations used.
Solution.
At section AB let a1, v1 and ρ1 be the area, velocity and the density of the fluid. Fx = m(v1-v2cosθ) (∵ m is the mass of water)
The corresponding values at section CD are a2, v2 and ρ2 . = 0.85(32-27cos30°)
In a small time interval δt, fluid contained between AB and CD moves to A′B′ and C′D′. = 7.32 N
Fy = m· v2sinθ
7 pmk 8 pmk
 = 0.85×27sin30. v2 = Q/a2 = 0.6/0.07068 = 8.488 m/s.
=11.48 N
Resultant force, R = Fx2  Fy2 Apply Bernoulli’s equation at sections 1 and 2:
p1 v12 p v2
= 11.48  7.32
2 2   z1  2  2  z 2
g 2 g g 2 g
 13.615kN
But z1 = z2
The resultant force R will be inclined to the x-direction at an angle,
 Fy  p1 v12 p 2 v 22
  tan1      
 Fx 
ρg 2g ρg 2g
1  11.48 
88.29  10 3
2.122 2 p 2 8.488 2
 tan   Or   
 7.32  9.81  10 3
2  9.81 ρg 2  9.81
 57 0 29  p
 2  5.558m of water
ρg
7.2.3.2 Forces on Bends.
Consider the pipe bend as shown Or P2 = 5.558×9.81×10 = 54.524 kN/m²
in Fig.7.7(a). Let a1, v1, and p1 be the area, p2 Forces on bend:
v2sinθ a2, v2, ρ2 Fx = ρQ(v1-v2cosθ) + p1a1- p2a2cosθ
velocity and pressure intensity at section 1. v2 2 2
The corresponding values at section 2 are a2, v2cosθ =10³×0.6×(2.122-8.488cos45°)+(88.29×10³×0.2822)
v2, and p2.Let Fx and Fy be the components Fy -54.524×10³×0.07068cos45°
of the resultant force R in x and y directions = -2328+2490-2725
1
respectively. a1 = 19.907 kN.
Forces acting in the x-direction are : v1 Fy =-ρQv2sinθ–p2a2sinθ
p1 θ = -10³×0.6×8.488 sin45°–54.19×10³×0.07068sin 45°
Force due to p1 = p1a1. Fx
Component of force due to p2 = -p2a2cosθ. = -3601-2708
Force due to change in momentum, =-6.309kN (i.e vertically downwards)
1 (a) Resultant force on bend,
= mass/s × change in velocity α Fx
= ρQ(v1-v2cosθ)
Fy R
R= F2
x 
 Fy2  19.907 2

 6.309 2  20.88kN
 Fx = ρQ(v1-v2cosθ) + p1a1- p2a2cosθ …(i) (b)
Forces acting in the y-direction are: Angle made by resultant force with x axis,
Force due to p2 = -p2a2sinθ. Fig 7.7  Fy    6.309 
Force due to change in momentum, α  tan 1    tan 1    17 35
0

= ρQ(0-v2sinθ)  Fx   19.907 
= - ρQv2sinθ
 Fy = -ρQv2sinθ - p2a2sinθ …(ii) 7.2.3.3 Force Exerted by a Jet
(-ve sign indicates opposite direction). (i) Jet strikes a flat plate normally
Resultant force, R = Fx2  Fy2 …(iii)  Stationary plate
Let a, v, and ρ be the cross-sectional area, velocity and mass density of the jet as shown
Inclination of the resultant force from the horizontal, in Fig 7.9. The jet strikes the plate and does not rebound, but spreads sideways over surface
α = Tan -1 (Fy/ Fx), where α is the angle of inclination …(iv) of plate so that the momentum normal to the plate is not destroyed.
The actual directions of the forces acting at the bend will be as shown in Fig 7.7(b), with the Volume of water striking the plate per second = av
resultant force R inclined at α° from the horizontal. Mass of water striking plate per second = ρav
Initial velocity normal to plate = v
Example 7.6: A 45° reducing bend is connected in a pipeline the diameter at inlet and outlet Final velocity on impact = 0
a,v P
being 600mm and 300mm respectively. If the flow rate is 600 l/s and pressure at the inlet to Change of velocity = v-0 = v
the bend is 88.29 kN/m², determine the force exerted by water on the bend. Force exerted on plate,
Fig 7.9
P = rate of change of momentum of jet
Solution Or P = mass/s ×change of velocity
Diameter at inlet = 0.6 m = ρav×v
Fx v2
  P = ρav²
 a1   0.6 2  0.2827 m². α 2 2
4  Plate moving with velocity u in the same direction as the jet.
Diameter at outlet = 0.3m R
Fy Since the length of the jet is increasing continuously (Fig 7.10), part of fluid leaving
 nozzle is required to extend the length of jet, thus reducing the amount that strikes the plate.
 a2   0.32  0.07068 m². 450
4
1 y
Pressure at inlet, p1 = 88.29 kN/m² v1
Q = 600 l/s = 0.6m³/s. x
v1= Q/a1 = 0.6/0.2827 = 2.122 m/s. 1
Fig 7.8
9 pmk 10 pmk
 Final velocity normal to plate = u cosθ
a, v Change of velocity normal to plate = vcosθ - u cosθ = (v-u) cosθ
u Force exerted normal to plate P = mass striking/s×change of velocity
= ρau(v-u) ×(v-u) cosθ
 P = ρa(v-u)²cosθ
u for unit time
Examples 7.7: A jet of water 225mm diameter impinges normally on a flat plate moving at a
Fig 7.10
velocity of 0.6m/s in the same direction as the jet. If the discharge is 0.14 m³/s, determine the
Initial velocity of the jet =v, and area = a force and work done/s on the plate.
Mass of fluid leaving nozzle/s = ρav
In unit time, plate moves distance u increasing the volume of the fluid in the jet by au. Solution
Mass of fluid used to extend jet/s = ρau Force exerted on the plate;
Mass of fluid striking plate/s = ρa(v-u) Given: u = 0.6m/s, diameter d = 225mm, Q = 0.14 m³/s
Final velocity of jet = velocity of plate = u. 
Change of velocity = v-u. a  0.2252  0.0398 m².
4
Force on plate, P = rate of change of momentum of jet. Q 0.14
= mass/s × change of velocity. v=  = 3.52 m/s
a 0.0398
= ρa(v-u)×(v-u)
Force on plate P = ρa(v-u)2
Or P = ρa(v-u)²
=10³×0.0398(3.52-0.6)² =339 N
Work done on plate/s;
(ii) Jet strikes the plate at an angle θ to the normal to the plate.
Work done on plate/s
 Stationary plate
= force exerted ×distance moved per second.
Jet (Fig 7.11) does not rebound but flows over plate in all directions (smooth plate).
= P×u = 339×0.6 = 204 Nm or J/s =204W
Momentum normal to plate is destroyed on impact.
Examples 7.8: A jet of water 25mm in diameter, moving with a velocity of 6m/s strikes a flat
a, v
plate at an angle of 30° to the normal to the plate. If the plate itself is moving with a velocity
θ 90 0
vcosθ
of 1.5m/s and in the direction of the normal to its surface, determine the normal force exerted
θ
on the plate, the work done per second and the efficiency.

Fig 7.11

Solution.
Normal force on plate = rate of change of momentum normal to the plate
The arrangement will be as shown below.
= mass/s striking plate×change of velocity normal to the plate
Initial component of velocity of jet normal to plate = vcosθ
a, v
Final velocity of jet after impact = 0.
θ A B
Change of velocity = vcosθ –0 = vcosθ u
Force exerted normal to plate, P = mass/s×change of velocity normal to plate.
= ρav× vcosθ
 P = ρav²cosθ
u/unit time
Fig 7.13
 Plate moving at velocity u
Jet is continuously extending so that only part of the flow leaving the nozzle strikes the
Mass leaving nozzle/s = ρav
plate as shown in Fig 7.12.
u
Mass used to extend jet/s = ρa×(AB) = a 
a, v cos 
θ u  u 
Mass striking plate/s = a   v  
 cos  
Initial component of velocity normal to plate = vcosθ
u for unit time Final velocity normal to plate = u
Fig 7.12
Change of velocity normal to plate = vcosθ –u
Force normal to plate, P = mass/s×change of velocity
Increase in length of jet/s = u.  u 
Mass required to extend jet/s =ρau. = ρa  v    v cos θ  u 
 cos θ 
Mass striking plate per second = ρau(v-u)
Initial component of velocity normal to plate = vcosθ

11 pmk 12 pmk
 Or P  a
v cos   u 2 Or K.E. /s =
1 1 1
mv 2 = × ρav × v 2 = ρav3
cos  2 2 2
 1
Putting: ρ= 10³kg/m³, a   0.0252  4.90910-4m2, v = 6m/s, u = 1.5m/s, θ =30° K.E./s = ×10 × 0.1× 6 = 10800 W
3 3

4 2

Force normal to plate, P = 10 3  4.909  10  4 

6 cos 30  1.5
o

2

=7.74N
Efficiency, η =
5400
×100 = 50%
10800
cos 30 o
Work done/s = force ×distance/s
Other applications of the momentum equation
= P×u = 7.74×1.5 = 11.7W
(a) Reaction of Jet on Sprinklers
1
Kinetic Energy of jet at nozzle/s = av 3 (b) Free Jets (jet of water exposed to the atmosphere such by fire extinguisher)
2 (c) Reaction of a jet on a tank with a side orifice
1  (d) Jet propelled vessel
= 103   0.0252  63 = 53.1W
2 4
work done/s 11.7
Efficiency =   22%
energy of jet/s 53.1

7.2.3.4 Undershot Water Wheel.

Example 7.9: In an under shot water wheel, the cross sectional area ‘a’ of the stream
striking the series of radial flat vanes of the wheel is 0.1m² and the velocity ‘v’ of the stream
is 6m/s. The velocity ‘u’ of the vanes is 3m/s. Determine the force P exerted on the series of
vanes by the stream, the work done per second and the hydraulic efficiency.

Solution
Since there are a series of vans on the wheel, average length of jet from the nozzle to
point of impact remains constant and all water from the nozzle strikes one or other of
the vanes as shown in Fig 7.14.

a,v
u

Fig 7.14 Undershot water wheel

Assuming the diameter of the wheel is large so that impact is approximately

normal;
Mass of water striking vane/s = ρav
Initial velocity of water =v
Final velocity = velocity of vane =u
Change of velocity = v-u.
Force of water on vane, P = rate of change of momentum of jet
= mass/s×change of velocity
= ρav×(v-u)
 P = ρav(v-u)
Substituting: ρ =10³ kg/m³ , a = 0.1m², v = 6m/s, u = 3m/s.
Forces on vanes, P = 10³×0.1×0.6×(6-3)= 1800N
Work done on vanes /s = force × distance moved/s
= P×u = 1800×3
= 5400 Nm/s or W
work done/s
Efficiency =
energy supplied/s
Energy supplied is the kinetic energy (K.E.)of jet/s

13 pmk 14 pmk