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Lecture 7-1

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Bitthal Bharadwaj
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Lecture 7-1

Uploaded by

Bitthal Bharadwaj
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Introduction

Concept of GPS

To GPS

Dr. Pawan Kumar Gautam


M.Sc. NET. Ph.D. (Geology)
INTRODUCTION TO
GPS
Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (GNSS):
❑ GLONASS (Russia)
❑ Galileo (European Union)
❑ BeiDou (China)
❑ NavIC (India)
❑ Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-
based navigation system that provides location
and time information in all weather conditions,
anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is
an unobstructed line of sight to four or more
GPS satellites.

❑ It was originally developed by the U.S.


Department of Defense and is now widely used
for civilian purposes, including mapping,
transportation, geolocation, and navigation in
various fields like agriculture, environmental
monitoring, and geoscience.
What is the GPS?
⚫ Orbiting navigational satellites
⚫ Transmit position and time data
⚫ Handheld receivers calculate
⚫ latitude
⚫ longitude
⚫ altitude
⚫ velocity

⚫ Developed by
Department of Defense
Space
➢ 31 satellites (though only 24 are
needed for full global coverage)
➢ 12,000 miles above Earth
➢ Orbit twice daily
➢ At least 4 satellites in view
➢ Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) at around
20,200 kilometers.
The GPS Constellation
Components of the System
User segment
⚫ GPS antennas & receiver/processors
⚫ Position
⚫ Velocity
⚫ Precise timing
⚫ Used by
⚫ Aircraft
⚫ Ground vehicles
⚫ Ships
⚫ Individuals
Components of the System

Ground control segment


⚫ Master control station
⚫ Schreiver AFB, Colorado
⚫ Five monitor stations
⚫ Three ground antennas
⚫ Backup control system
GPS Communication and Control
GPS Ground Control Stations
PROCESSING OF
GPS
How does GPS work?
Triangulation
❑ GPS receiver requires signals from at
least four satellites.

❑ The receiver calculates the distance to


each satellite based on the signal’s travel
time.

❑ Using these distances, the receiver


determines the user’s position (latitude,
longitude, and altitude).
Time Measurement
❑ GPS satellites carry atomic clocks, which
ensure precise timing.

❑ The difference between the time when the


signal is transmitted and received helps
calculate the distance to the satellite.
GPS Position Determination
System Performance
⚫ Standard Positioning
System
⚫ 100 meters horizontal accuracy
⚫ 156 meters vertical accuracy
⚫ Designed for civilian use
⚫ No user fee or restrictions
⚫ Precise Positioning
System
⚫ 22 meters horizontal accuracy
⚫ 27.7 meters vertical accuracy
⚫ Designed for military use
Factors Affecting GPS Accuracy
❑ Atmospheric conditions (ionosphere,
troposphere) can delay signals, reducing
accuracy.

❑ Obstructionslike buildings, mountains, or


dense trees can block or reflect signals.

❑ Receiver Quality: Higher-end GPS


receivers provide better accuracy.
❑ India's own satellite-based
navigation system is known as
NavIC (Navigation with Indian
Constellation). It is designed to
provide accurate position
information services to users in
India and the surrounding region.
APPLICATION OF
GPS
Application of GPS Technology
⚫ Location - determining a basic position
⚫ Navigation - getting from one location to
another
⚫ Tracking - monitoring the movement of
people and things
⚫ Mapping - creating maps of the world
⚫ Timing - bringing precise timing to the
world
Application of GPS Technology
⚫ Private and recreation
⚫ Traveling by car
⚫ Hiking, climbing, biking
⚫ Vehicle control
⚫ Mapping, survey, geology
⚫ Aviation
⚫ General and commercial
⚫ Spacecraft
⚫ Maritime
GPS Navigation
Geodesy: Measurement
Of the Earth and its
Potential Fields
Military Uses for the GPS
Operation Desert Storm
⚫ Featureless terrain
⚫ Initial purchase of 1000 portable commercial
receivers
⚫ More than 9000 receivers in use by end of the
conflict
⚫ Foot soldiers
⚫ Vehicles
⚫ Aircraft
⚫ Marine vessels
GPS Contributes to Monitoring the Earth

Global Geodetic Observing System - GGOS


GPS/GNSS combines with other space geodetic techniques, VLBI, SLR, DORIS, InSAR, UAVSAR
Classroom Applications
⚫ Physics
⚫ Distance, velocity, time
⚫ Orbital concepts
⚫ Earth Science
⚫ Mapping
⚫ Spacecraft
⚫ Environmental Science
⚫ Migratory patterns
⚫ Population distributions
⚫ GLOBE Program
⚫ Mathematics
⚫ Geography
⚫ Technology
GPS Precise Navigation - Low Earth Orbiters
CHAMP (Jul 2000) • GPS Flight Receiver on board
each
• LEO Missions Objectives/
GRACE (Mar 2002) Science Goals include:
– Atmospheric remote
sensing
– Gravity, Magnetics
– Ionospheric remote
sensing
– Ice and oceans
SAC-C (Nov 2000)
ICESat (Jan 2003) COSMIC (2005)

JASON-1 (Dec 2001)


Broad Societal Benefits from NASA GDGPS
GDGPS: Global Differential GPS

Natural hazard National security (GPS integrity monitoring)


monitoring: real time
earthquake damage
assessment and Tsunami
alerts

Natural hazard monitoring:


space weather
Deep space navigation Precise real-time positioning anywhere

QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Civil
Emergency
systems (E911)
TASS: next
generation navigation
near Earth

Location-based services
Advantages of GPS
❑Global coverage with high accuracy.
❑Works in all weather conditions, day and night.
❑Versatile applications across various industries
(transport, defense, research, etc.).

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