method of mixture.

----- 45-46

17.
i) To study the relation between frequency and length of a given
wire under constant tension using sonometer.
ii) To study the relation between the length of given wire and
tension for constant frequency using sonometer. ----- 47-49

18. To find speed of sound in air at room temperature using a

resonance tube by two resonance positions. ----- 50

19. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a

graph of potential difference versus current. ----- 52-53

20. To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge and

hence determine the resistivity of its material. 54-55

21. To verify laws of combination of resistance (Series &

Parallel) using meter bridge. ----- 56-57

22. To compare e.m.f. of two given primary cells using

potentiometer. ----- 58-59

23. To determine the internal resistance of given primary cell

using a potentiometer. ----- 60-61

24. To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half deflection

method and to find its figure of merit. ----- 62-63

25. To convert the given galvanometer into

I. Voltmeter of desired range
 II. Ammeter of desired range
and verify the same. ----- 64-66
26. To find the frequency of the AC mains with a
sonometer. ----- 67-68

27. To find the value of v for different values of u in case of a

concave mirror and to find the focal length. ----- 69-72

28. To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a convex

lens. ----- 73-74

29. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs

between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v. ----- 75-78

30. To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex

lens. ----- 79-80

31. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism

by plotting a graph between angle of incidence and the angle
of deviation. ----- 81-82

32. To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using

travelling microscope. ----- 83-84

33. To find the refractive index of a liquid by using convex lens

and a plane mirror. ----- 85-86

34. To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction in

forward bias and reverse bias. ----- 87-90

35. To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and to

determine its reverse breakdown voltage. ----- 91-93
36. To study the characteristics of a common emitter n-p-n or p-
n-p transistor and to find out the values of current and
voltage gains. ----- 94-98
EXPERIMENT 1
AIM
To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by
plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.

OBSERVATIONS
Length of the resistance wire, l = 25 cm.
Range of the given ammeter = 30 A
Range of the given voltmeter = 10 V

Table: Voltmeter and Ammeter Reading

S. Ammeter Voltmeter V/I = R
No. Reading I (A) Reading V (V) (ohm)
1. 3.8 2 0.526
2. 7.6 4 0.526
3. 11.5 6 0.522
4. 15.3 8 0.523
5. 19.1 10 0.524

52
Mean Value of Resistance, R = 0.5242 ohm.

CALCULATION
Graph between V and I is plotted which comes to be a
straight line.

From the graph resistance = cot θ (θ is the angle the

curve makes with x axis.)

RESULT
1. Resistance per cm of the wire = 0.021Ω cm-1

53
EXPERIMENT 2
AIM
To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge
and hence determine the resistivity of its material.

OBSERVATIONS
Length of the resistance wire, l = 30 cm.

Table 1: Unknown Resistance

S. Resistance Length Length Unknown
No. from l (100 – l) Resistance
resistance (100  l )
X  R
box l
1. 1 36.2 63.8 1.76243
2. 2 53.1 46.9 1.76648
3. 3 62.9 37.1 1.76948

Mean Resistance = 1.76613 ohm.

54
 Table 2: Diameter of the wire
S. Diameter in one directionDiameter in perpendicular Observed Diameter
No. direction
Pitch Circular d1 = M + Pitch Circular d1 = M +
Scale Scale n1 × L.C. Scale Scale n2 × L.C. d1 + d2
(M) (n1) (M) (n2) Di =
(mm) (mm) 2
1. 0 6 0.06 0 6 0.06 0.06
2. 0 6 0.06 0 6 0.06 0.06
3. 0 6 0.06 0 6 0.06 0.06

Mean Diameter = 0.006 cm = 0.00006 m.

CALCULATION

 D2
Specific Resistance,   X.
4L

= 1.6645 × 10-8 ohm-m.

RESULT
1. Value of unknown resistance, X = 1.76613 ohm
2. The resistivity of the material of the wire, ρ =
1.6645 × 10-8 ohm-m.

55
EXPERIMENT 3
AIM
To verify laws of combination of resistance (Series
& Parallel) using meter bridge.

OBSERVATIONS

Resistance S. Resistance Length Length Resistance

Coil No. from l (100 – l) Mean
(100  l )
resistance X  R
box (R) l
(ohm)
R1 1. 2 45.4 54.6 2.41
2. 3 55.6 44.4 2.40 R1 = 2.41
3. 5 67.5 32.5 2.41
R2 1. 2 38.5 61.5 3.19
2. 3 48.4 51.6 3.20 R2 = 3.19
3. 5 61.2 38.8 3.17
R1 & R2 in 1. 5 47.2 52.8 5.59
series 2. 10 64.1 35.9 5.6 RS = 5.6
3. 12 68.2 31.8 5.6
R1 & R2 1. 1 42 58 1.38
in parallel 2. 2 59.2 40.8 1.38 RP = 1.38
3. 3 68.2 31.5 1.38

56
CALCULATION
1. Experimental value of RS = 5.6 ohm.
Theoretical value of RS = R1 + R2 = 5.6 ohm.
2. Experimental value of RP = 1.38 ohm.

R 1R 2
Theoretical value of RP = = 1.37 ohm
R 1 +R 2

RESULT
Experimental value and theoretical value of RS & RP
are almost equal (within limits of experimental
error)

57
EXPERIMENT 4
AIM
To compare e.m.f. of two given primary cells using
potentiometer.

OBSERVATIONS
Range of the given ammeter = 15 A
Range of the given voltmeter = 10 V
Least count of the given ammeter = 0.5 A
Least count of the given voltmeter = 0.2 V
e.m.f. of battery eliminator = 0-10 V
e.m.f of Leclanche cell, E1 = 1.45 V
e.m.f of Daniel cell, E2 = 1.08 V

58
 Table: Lengths
Balance point when Balance point when
S. Ammeter Leclanche cell is in Daniel cell is in the E l
No. Reading the circuit (l1) circuit (l2) 1
 1
(A) 1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean E2 l2
l1 l2
1. 0.25 179 178 178.5 126 126 126 1.41
2. 0.20 222 220 221 154 157 155.5 1.42
3. 0.15 272 272 272 195 194 194.5 1.39
4. 0.10 340 340 340 261 261 261 1.41

E1
Mean 
E2 1.4075

RESULT

E1
The ratio of e.m.fs.,  1.4075
E2

59
EXPERIMENT 4
AIM
To determine the internal resistance of given
primary cell using a potentiometer.

OBSERVATIONS
Range of the given voltmeter = 0-3 V
Least count of the given voltmeter = 0.05 V
E.M.F. of the battery = 4 V
E.M.F. of the cell = 1.5 V

60
 Table: Lengths

Position of the null point (cm) Shunt Internal

S. Ammeter Resistance Resistance
No. Reading
Without Shunt With Shunt R  l l 
(ohm) r   1 2  .R
1 2 Mean 1 2 Mean  l2 

1. 0.05 384 383 383.5 170 171 170.5 2 2.5

2. 0.15 272 272 272 157 158 157.5 4 2.9
3. 0.20 220 224 222 146 148 147 6 3.1
4. 0.25 179 177 178 123 127 125 8 3.4

RESULT
The internal resistance of the given cell is 2.5 - 3.4
ohm.

61
EXPERIMENT 5
AIM
To determine resistance of a galvanometer by half
deflection method and to find its figure of merit.

OBSERVATIONS

Table 1: Resistance of galvanometer

S. Resistance Deflection in Shunt Half Galvanometer
No. R Galvanometer resistance Deflection Resistance
(ohm) 𝛉 S  R.S
(ohm) G
2 RS

1. 3200 28 47 14 47.70
2. 5050 18 45 9 45.40
3. 8200 12 50 6 50.31

Mean resistance = 47.8033

62
 Table 2: Figure of Merit
Resistance from Deflection Figure of Merit
S. e.m.f. of the resistance box (R) (θ) E
No. battery (ohm) (div.) k
( R  G )
1. 2.5 5000 20 0.00002476
2. 5 15000 14 0.00002373
3. 7.5 12000 25 0.0000249

Mean value of k = 0.00002446

RESULT
1. Resistance of the galvanometer is 47.8033
2. Figure of merit of the given galvanometer is
0.00002446.

63
EXPERIMENT 6
AIM
To convert the given galvanometer into
1. voltmeter of desired range
2. ammeter of desired range
and verify the same.

OBSERVATIONS
Resistance of the given galvanometer, G = 47.80 ohm.
Figure of merit, k = 0.00002446
Number of division in the galvanometer scale, n = 30
Current for full deflection, Ig = n.k = 0.0007338 A
Range of conversion (to voltmeter), V=3V
Range of conversion (to ammeter), I=3A

64
VRIFICATION
Table 1: For Voltmeter
Reading of converted galvanometer into
S. voltmeter Standard Difference
No. V voltmeter V2 - V1
Deflection V1 = θ × reading
(θ)
n V2
1. 15 1.5 1.5 0
2. 20 2.0 2.0 0
3. 25 2.5 2.5 0

Table 1: For Voltmeter

Reading of converted galvanometer into
S. ammeter Standard Difference
No. I ammeter I2 - I1
Deflection I1 = θ × reading
(θ)
n I2
1. 5 0.5 0.5 0
2. 10 1.0 1.0 0
3. 15 1.5 1.5 0

65
RESULT
As the difference in actual value and measured value
of current and voltage are very small, the conversion
is accurate.

66
 EXPERIMENT 7
AIM
To find the frequency of the AC mains with a
sonometer.

OBSERVATIONS
Length of the sonometer wire L = 130 cm.
Mass of the wire, m = 2.5 g
Linear density, M = m/L = (2.5/130) g/cm = 0.0019 Kg/m

S. Load Tension Resonant length of the mean

No. on the produced wire (cm) length 1 T Current
l = (l1 + n
wire on the increasing Decreasing l2)/200 2 L M frequency
M wire l1 l2 (m) n’=n/2
1. 1.5 14.7 39.5 39.7 0.396 0.396 110.39
2. 2.0 19.6 51.2 51.2 0.512 0.512 98.58
3. 2.5 24.5 53.2 53.0 0.531 0.531 106.28

mean current frequency, n’ = 52.54 Hz

67
RESULT
The frequency of A.C = 52.54 Hz

68
EXPERIMENT 8
AIM
To find the value of v for different values of u in case
of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.

FORMULAE USED

1 1 1
 
f v u

u.v
We have, f 
uv

OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the given concave mirror = 16 cm.
Actual length of the knitting needle, x = 25 cm.
The observed distance between the mirror and object needle
when the knitting needle is placed between them, y = 25 cm.
The observed distance between the mirror and image needle
when the knitting needle is placed between them, z = 25 cm.

69
Index correction for object distance u, x – y = 0 cm.
Index correction for image distance v, x – z = 0 cm.

1
Table: u, v 1and ,
u v
Position of (cm) Observed Focal
S. Distance Length
No. Concave Object Image PO = u PI = v
1 1
u.v
Mirror needle needle (cm) (cm) u v f 
P O I uv
1. 10 30.5 66.9 20.5 55.9 0.0488 0.0179 15.29
2. 10 32.5 53.8 22.8 43.8 0.0439 0.0228 14.99
3. 10 35.6 46.2 25.6 36.2 0.0391 0.0276 15
4. 10 37.2 43.4 27.2 33.4 0.0368 0.0299 14.99
5. 10 39.1 40.9 29.1 30.9 0.0344 0.0324 14.99

CALCULATION
Calculation of focal length from graph
i) u-v graph: A graph is plotted between u and v ( u
along x’-axis and v along y’-axis and same scale is
selected for both axis). The graph comes out to be a
rectangular hyperbola.
Now, a line is drawn from origin making an angle of
45° with either of the axis meeting the cure at a point
A. Draw perpendicular AM and AN on x’-axis and y’-
axis.

70
The values of u and v will be same for the point A. As
for a concave mirror, u and v are equal only when the
object is placed at the center of curvature i.e., the
coordinates of A must be (2f, 2f).

OM ON
Hence, f= or =
2 2

1 1
ii) and graph :
u v
1 1 1
A graph is plotted between and ( along x’-
1 u v u
axis and along y’-axis and same scale is selected
v
for both axis). The graph comes out to be a straight
line.

The straight line cuts both the axis at an angle of 45°

at points P and Q respectively and makes equal
intercepts of the axis.
1 1
Focal length, f =   =
OP OQ

71
RESULT
The focal length of the given concave mirror
u.v
i. focal length calculated from f  = 15.052
uv
cm.

ii. from u-v graph f = 15.14 cm.

1 1
iii. from - graph f = 15.12 cm.
u v

72
EXPERIMENT 9
AIM
To find the focal length of a convex mirror, using a
convex lens.

OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the convex lens = 15.5 cm.
Actual length of the knitting needle, x = 25 cm.
Observed distance distance between image needle I
and back of the convex mirror, y = 25 cm.
Index correction = x – y = 0 cm.
S. Position of Radius of curvature Focal
No. (R) length
Convex Image Observed Corrected f = R/2
mirror needle PI PI
P I (cm) (cm)
1. 26 56.2 30.2 30.2 15.1
2. 20 49.8 29.8 29.8 14.9
3. 15 45.1 45.1 30.1 15.1

73
Mean value of f = 15 cm.

RESULT
The focal length of the given convex mirror = 15 cm.

74
EXPERIMENT 10
AIM
To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting
graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.

OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the given concave mirror = 15.3 cm.
Actual length of the knitting needle, x = 25 cm.
The observed distance between the lens and object needle when
the knitting needle is placed between them, y = 25 cm.
The observed distance between the lens and image needle when
the knitting needle is placed between them, z = 25 cm.

Index correction for object distance u, x – y = 0 cm

Index correction for image distance v, x – z = 0 cm.

75
 1 1
Table: u, v, v
and u
Position of (cm) Corrected Focal Length
S. Distance
1 1 u.v
No. Concave Object Image u v f 
Mirror needle needle uv
P O I
u v
1. 26.5 50 91.5 23.5 41.5 0.0426 0.0241 15
2. 28.5 50 99.6 21.5 49.6 0.0465 0.0202 15
3. 25.5 50 86.7 24.5 36.7 0.0408 0.0272 14.7
4. 23.5 50 84.6 26.5 34.6 0.0377 0.0289 15
5. 21.5 50 81.7 28.5 31.7 0.0351 0.0315 15

CALCULATION
Calculation of focal length from graph
i) u-v graph: A graph is plotted between u and v ( u
along x’-axis and v along y’-axis and same scale is
selected for both axis). The graph comes out to be a
rectangular hyperbola.
Now, a line is drawn from origin making an angle of
45° with either of the axis meeting the curve at a point
A. Draw perpendicular AM and AN on x’-axis and y’-
axis.

76
The values of u and v will be same for the point A. As
for a concave mirror, u and v are equal only when the
object is placed at the center of curvature i.e., the
coordinates of A must be (2f, 2f).

OM ON
Hence, f= or =
2 2

1 1
ii) and graph :
u v
1 1 1
A graph is plotted between and ( along x-
1 u v u
axis and along y-axis and same scale is selected
v
for both axis). The graph comes out to be a straight
line.

The straight line cuts both the axis at an angle of 45°

at points P and Q respectively and makes equal
intercepts of the axis.
1 1
Focal length, f =  =
OP OQ

77
RESULT
The focal length of the given convex lens
u.v
iv. focal length calculated from f  14.94 cm.
u v

v. from u-v graph f = 15.05 cm.

vi. from 1 1 f =15.10 cm.

- graph
u v

78
EXPERIMENT 11
AIM
To find the focal length of a concave lens using a
convex lens.

OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the convex lens = 15.2 cm.
Actual length of the knitting needle, x = 25 cm.
Observed distance distance between image needle I
and the concave lens when knitting needle is placed
between them, y = 25 cm.
Index correction = x – y = 0 cm.

79
 Table: u, v and f
Position of (cm) Corrected Focal
S. Distance 1 1 Length
No. Object Convex Image Concave New
u.v
needle lens needle lens Image
u v u v f 
needle
uv
O O1 I O2 I’
1. 26.8 40 74 50 90 24 40 0.0417 0.0250 15
2. 25.7 40 76 50 85.4 26 35.4 0.0385 0.0283 14.9
3. 24.8 40 78 50 82.4 28 32.4 0.0357 0.0309 15.1

Mean value of f = 15 cm.

RESULT
The focal length of the given concave lens = 15 cm.

80
EXPERIMENT 12
AIM
To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given
prism by plotting a graph between angle of incidence
and the angle of deviation.

FORMULAE USED

 A  Dm 
sin  
n  2 
 A
sin  
2

Where,
n = refractive index of the material of the prism.
Dm = angle of minimum deviation.
A = angle of prism.

81
OBSERVATIONS
Angle of prism ‘A’ = 30°

S.
No. Angle of incidence ∠i Angle of deviation ∠D
1. 35° 43.2°
2. 40° 39.5°
3. 45° 38.2°
4. 50° 38.3°
5. 55° 39.4°
6. 60° 42°

CALCULATION
A graph is plotted between the angle of incident ∠i
and angle of deviation ∠D (∠i along x-axis and ∠D
along y-axis).
The lowest point of the curve gives the angle of
minimum deviation.
RESULT
Angle of minimum deviation, Dm ≈ 38°
Refractive index of the material of the prism, n = 1.85
82
EXPERIMENT 13
AIM
To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using
travelling microscope.

FORMULAE USED

real thickness of slab

n
apparent thickness of slab

Where, n = refractive index of the material of the slab

83
OBSERVATIONS

Reading on vertical scale of the

travelling microscope
S. Real Apparent Refractive
No. Cross- Cross Lycopodium Thickness Thickness Index
mark mark Powder (R3 – R1) (R3 – R2)
without with slab R  R1
n 3
slab R3  R2
R1 R2 R3
1. 4.397 4.991 6.455 2.058 1.484 1.405
2. 4.397 4.851 5.898 1.501 1.047 1.434
3. 4.397 4.899 5.512 1.115 0.813 1.371

Mean value of n = 1.403

RESULT
The refractive index of the glass slab = 1.403

84
EXPERIMENT 14
AIM
To find the refractive index of a liquid by using
convex lens and a plane mirror.

FORMULAE USED
1 1 1
 
f 2 F f1
f1 = focal length of the convex lens.
f2 = focal length of the liquid lens.
F = focal length of their combination.

R
n  1
f2
Where,
n = refractive index of the liquid.
R= radius of curvature of the convex lens.

85
f = focal length of the convex lens.
OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the convex lens = 15.1 cm.

Distance of the needle tip

Focal
Length
From lens From plane
x1  x2 x
surface mirror Mean x  (cm)
x1 (cm) x2 (cm) 2

Without 14.8 15.2 15 f1 = 15

liquid

with liquid 11.9 12.3 12.2 F = 12.2

CALCULATION

1 1 1
 
f 2 F f1

f2 = 65.357 cm

R
& n  1 = 1.45
f2

86
EXPERIMENT 15
AIM
To draw the I-V characteristic curve of a p-n junction
in forward bias and reverse bias.

OBSERVATIONS
For forward-bias
Range of voltmeter =5V
Least count of voltmeter = 0.1 V
Zero error of voltmeter =0V
Range of milli-ammeter = 30 mA
Least count of milli-amtmeter = 0.5 mA
Zero error of milli-ammeter = 0 mA

87
Table: Forward bias voltage and forward current
Serial No. Forward-bias voltage Forward current
VF (V) IF
(mA)
1. 0 0
2. 0.1 0
3. 0.2 0
4. 0.3 0
5. 0.4 0.5
6. 0.6 1
7. 0.8 2
8. 1.0 3
9. 1.2 5
10. 1.4 7.5
11. 1.6 10
12. 1.8 15
13. 2.0 20
14. 2.2 25
15. 2.4 30

For reverse-bias
Range of voltmeter = 30 V
Least count of voltmeter = 0.5 V
Zero error of voltmeter =0V
Range of micro-ammeter = 50 μA
Least count of micro -ammeter = 1 μA
Zero error of micro -ammeter = 0 μA

88
Table: Forward bias voltage and forward current
Serial No. Reverse-bias voltage Reverse current
VR (V) IR
(μA)
1. 0 0
2. 5.0 1
3. 7.0 2
4. 9.0 3
5. 11.0 4
6. 13.0 5
7. 15.0 7
8. 17.0 9
9. 19.0 11
10. 21.0 13
11. 23.0 15
12. 25.0 25

CALCULATION
For forward-bias, a graph is plotted between
forward-bias voltage VF(along x-axis) and forward
current IF(along y-axis).

From graph, for change from point P to Q

89
∆VF = 2.4 – 2.0 = 0.4 V
∆IF = 30 – 20 = 10 mA.
ΔVF .4 V
∴ junction resistance, r = = = 40 ohms
ΔI F 10 mA

For reverse-bias, a graph is plotted between reverse-

bias voltage VR(along x-axis) and reverse current
IR(along y-axis).

From graph, for the change from point P to Q

∆VR = 7 – 5 = 2 V
∆IR = 2 – 1 = 10 μA.
ΔVR 2.0 V 6
∴ junction resistance, r = ΔI = 1 μA = 2×10 ohms
R

RESULT
Junction resistance for forward-bias = 40 ohms.
Junction resistance for reverse-bias = 2 × 106 ohms.

90
EXPERIMENT 16
AIM
To draw the characteristic curve of a Zener diode and
to determine its reverse breakdown voltage.

FORMULAE USED
V0 = VI - RI.II
Where,
V0 = output voltage (its constant value gives the
reverse breakdown voltage)
VI = input voltage
RI = input resistance
II = input current

91
OBSERVATIONS
Least count of voltmeter (V1) = 0.5 V
Zero error of voltmeter (V1) =0V
Least count of voltmeter (V2) = 0.2 V
Zero error of voltmeter (V2) =0V
Least count of micro-ammeter = 0.5 μA
Zero error of micro -ammeter = 0 μA

Table: VI, II and V0

Serial No. Input Voltage Input Current Output Voltage
VI (V) II (mA) V0 (V)
1. 1 1 0.8
2. 2 1.5 1.2
3. 3 2.0 1.8
4. 4 3.0 2.4
5. 5 3.5 3.0
6. 6 4.0 3.4
7. 7 5.0 4.0
8. 8 5.5 4.8
9. 9 6.0 5.4
10. 10 6.5 6.0
11. 10.5 7.0 6.2
12. 11.0 7.5 6.4
13. 11.5 8.0 6.4
14. 12.0 8.5 6.4
15. 12.5 9 6.4
16. 13.0 9.5 6.4

92
CALCULATION
A graph is plotted between output voltage (along x’-
axis) and input current (along y’-axis)

RESULT
The reverse breakdown voltage of given Zener diode
is 6.4 V.

93
EXPERIMENT 17
AIM
To study the characteristics of a common emitter npn
transistor and to find out the values of current and
voltage gains.

OBSERVATIONS
Range of voltmeter, V1 = 0-1000 mV
Least count of voltmeter (V1), = 20 mV
Range of voltmeter, V2 = 0-10 V
Least count of voltmeter (V2) = 0.2 V
Range of the milli-ammeter, = 0-25 mA
Least count of the milli-ammeter, = 0.5 mA
Range of micro-ammeter, = 0-250 μA
Least count of micro-ammeter, = 5 μA

94
 Table 1: base voltage and base current
S. Base voltage Base current (Ib) for collector voltages
No. Vb
(V) Vc = 0 V Vc = 10 V Vc = 20 V Vc = 30 V
1. 0 0 0 0 0
2. 100 0 0 0 0
3. 200 0 0 0 0
4. 300 0 0 0 0
5. 400 0 0 0 0
6. 500 15 0 0 0
7. 520 20 0 0 0
8. 540 30 0 0 10
9. 580 75 5 5 15
10. 600 95 10 10 20
11. 640 175 30 35 55
12. 700 out of range 100 125 out of range

Table 2: collector voltage and collector current

S. Collector Collector current (Ic) for base current
No. voltage
Vc Ib = 25 μA Ib = 50 μA Ib = 75 μA Ib = 100 μA
(V)
1. 0 0 0 0 0
2. 1 4 9 14.5 20.5
3. 2 4 9 14.5 21
4. 3 4 9 15 22
5. 4 4 9 15 21
6. 5 4 9.5 15 21
7. 6 4 9.5 15 21.5
8. 7 4 9.5 15 21.5
9. 8 4 9.5 15.5 21.5
10. 9 4 9.5 15.5 21.5

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CALCULATION
1. Calculation for input resistance (RI)
a graph is plotted between base voltage Vb (along
x-axis) and base current Ib (along y-axis).

The reciprocal of slope gives us the input

resistance.

Vb
∴ RI  = 5.6 ohm.
I b

2. Calculation for output resistance (Ro)

a graph is plotted between collector voltage Vc
(along x-axis) and base current Ib (along y-axis)

The reciprocal of the slope gives the value of

output resistance.

Vc
∴ Ro  = 0.25 ohm.
I c

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 3. Calculation for current gain (𝛃)
a graph is plotted between base current Ib (along
x-axis) and corresponding collector current Ic
(along y-axis).
The resulting graph is a straight line.

The slope the graph gives the value of current

gain, β

I c
∴  = 0.2446
I b

4. Calculation for voltage gain Av:

Ro
∴ Av    = 0.1092
RI

RESULT
For the given common emitter transistor,

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Current gain, β = 0.2446
Voltage gain, Av = 0.1092

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