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Community Mobilization and Health Education Assignment

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Nuru Jemal
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28 views

Community Mobilization and Health Education Assignment

Uploaded by

Nuru Jemal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name of Students ID Number

1. Hasen Adem Hasen - 0078

2. Hafizo Haseno Ahmed - 0077

3. Habtamu Zarihun Silashi - 0076

4. Hayat Abdela Mohammed - 0079

5. Hindi Dita Kabira - 0080

6. Hindiya Kedir Feto - 0081

7. Ibsa Yusuf Ushe - 0082

8. Ikram Negash Ifa - 0083

9. Ikram Nursefa Kedir - 0084

10. Ileni Girma Mengistu - 0085

11. Jamal Mohammed Hussen - 0086

12. Jirenya Shukare Ibro - 0087

13. Lencho Mohammed Yuya - 0088

14. Mohammed Abdulla Haji - 0089

15. Mohammed Adem Mohammed - 0090

16. Mohammed Adem Ibrahim. 0091

17. Mubarak Hussen Mohammed. 0092

18. Mufti Teha Sali. 0093

19. Murad Gute Mohammed. 0094

20. Nasriya Mume Ahmed - 0095

21. Nuru Jemal Mohammed - 0096


Models of disease causation and spread.

There are three models of disease causation. These are:


chain of infection model, communicable disease model
and multi- causation disease model for non-
communicable diseases. But, no matter which model is
applied to explain disease causation and spread, health
education has a very important role in reducing the
spread and transmission of diseases through helping
people reducing their health risks.

A) Chain of Infection Model. This model explains the


spread of a communicable disease from one host (or
person) to another. The basic idea represented in the
chain of infection is that individuals can break the chain
(reduce the risk) at any point, thus the spread of the
disease can be stopped

1. Disease--malfunctioning or abnormality of body parts


caused by the infectious agents
2. Human reservoir--a person who is harboring the
infectious agent

3. Portal of exit--The body part through which the


infectious agent is exiting from the reservoir, for example
the mouth or the anus

4. Transmission--The spread of the infectious agent from


the reservoir to the new host

5. Portal of entry--The body part through which the


infectious agent will enter the new host, for example the
skin after a mosquito bite, the mouth

6. Disease in the new host-- The development of the


signs and symptoms of the communicable disease in the
new host
The portal of entry and exit both involve preventive measures
such as hand washing, condoms, hair nets and insect
repellents, while the human reservoir and transmission
measures both involve isolation. With the application of
such information, health education can help to create
programs that are aimed at breaking the chain and
reducing the risks of infection in other people. As a
health extension worker, you will be able to educate
individuals and your community about these
interventions and help to implement many of them.

B) Communicable Disease Model. This model includes


the three minimal requirements for the presence and
spread of a communicable disease in a population

HOST

AGENT ENVIRONMENT
Let Us Look at Them One by One:

1. The infectious agent. The element that must be


present for the disease to occur and spread. For
example, bacteria, viruses and parasites

2. The host. Any susceptible organism. For example,


plants, animals or humans can be invaded by the
infectious agent and become the host.

3. The environment. It Includes all other factors that


either promote or prohibit disease transmission.
Communicable disease transmission occurs when a
susceptible host and an infectious agent exist in an
environment that allows disease transmission.
The Health Extension practitioner need to design and
give health education to avoid or reduce the
susceptibility of the host, and to reduce some favorable
environmental conditions which may be good for the
development and spread of the agents. For example,
health education should be given on good dietary
practices to develop the host immunity and to reduce
susceptibility.

C. Multi-causation disease model. This model explains


the onset of disease caused by more than one factor.
Both the chain of infection and communicable disease
models are helpful in trying to prevent disease caused by
an infectious agent.
However, these models are not applicable to non-
communicable diseases, which include many of the
chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancers.
Therefore, the possible causes for such and other chronic
non- communicable diseases include a combination of
factors such as infectious agents, environment, genetic
factors, personal behaviors, economics...etc
Models of disease spread help us understand and predict
how diseases spread within a population. These models
are crucial for epidemiology, public health planning, and
intervention strategies. There are several types of
models commonly used:

1. SIR Model (Susceptible, Infected, Recovered):

Susceptible (S): Individuals who are at risk of contracting


the disease.

Infected (I): Individuals who have contracted the disease


and can spread it.

Recovered (R): Individuals who have recovered and


gained immunity (or are removed from the pool of
susceptible people).
The model uses differential equations to describe the
rates at which people move from susceptible to infected
and then to recovered.

2. SIRS Model:

An extension of the SIR model where immunity is not


permanent, and recovered individuals can become
susceptible again after a period.

3. SEIR Model (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected,


Recovered):

Adds an Exposed (E) stage for individuals who have been


infected but are not yet infectious (incubation period).
This model is more realistic for diseases with a latent
period, like COVID-19.

4. Compartmental Models:

These divide the population into different compartments


(e.g., age, location, or behavior) to make the model more
specific.

The models can also include births, deaths, or other


factors affecting population dynamics.

5. Stochastic Models:
These incorporate randomness and account for the
variability in disease spread due to chance events,
particularly useful for smaller populations.

6. Agent-Based Models:

Simulate individual agents (people) and their


interactions.

Can incorporate complex behaviors and social networks


to predict how changes in behavior or policy impact
disease spread.

7. Network Models:
Represent the population as a network where nodes
(people) are connected based on relationships or contact
patterns.

These models are especially useful for sexually


transmitted infections or diseases spread through close
contacts.

These models can be used in tandem with real-world


data to predict outbreaks, evaluate control measures like
vaccination or quarantine, and guide public health
decisions.

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