SHIP DESIGN

Mata Kuliah:
Pengantar Teknologi Kelautan
Teori Bangunan Kapal

Adi Wirawan Husodo, ST, MT

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 1
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Reference
• Papanikolaou, A. (2014). Ship Design; Methodologies of Preliminary
Design. Springer.

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 2
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Main Approach to Ship Design
Ship design in the past:
• More art than science
• Highly depend on experienced naval
architects
• Trial and error →
the last decade was replaced by
semiempirical method using data of
existing ships.
Currently Ship design :
• Well defined ship functions
1) Payload Function
2) Inherent Ship Function
• Resulted from optimization process
• Optimization Process from constrains and criteria
(objectives): from ship owners/operators, ship
builders, classification society/coast guard,
regulators, insurers, cargo owners/ forwarders, Ship design procedure according to K. Levander (2009) and Papanikolaou
port operators, etc. et al. (2009d; coordinator)
Piping Engineering Study Program
Department of Marine Engineering 3
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Main Phases of Ship Design
Ship Design
Phase

Concept
Design – Preliminary Contract Detailed
Feasibility Design Design Design
Study

Basic Design

• Preliminary ship design is the early stage of

design.
• Based on the shipowner’s or mission
requirements and specifications.
• Main technical and economic ship characteristics
Ship design procedure according to K. Levander
are determined by optimization → affect to the (2009) and Papanikolaou et al. (2009d; coordinator)
cost of shipbuilding and the economy of
operation.
Piping Engineering Study Program
Department of Marine Engineering 4
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Objectives of Preliminary Design
1. Selection of main ship dimensions Have to comply with specifications of
2. Development of the ship’s hull form (wetted and above- various national and international
water parts) maritime rules and regulations :
3. Specification of main machinery and propulsion system type • flag and port states
and size (powering) • IMO = International Maritime
4. Estimation of auxiliary machinery type and powering organization
5. Design of general arrangement of main and auxiliary spaces • classification society
(cargo spaces, machinery spaces and accommodation)
6. Specification of cargo-handling equipment Preliminary ship design is a
7. Design of main structural elements for longitudinal and technoeconomic feasibility study,
transverse strength which:
8. Control of floatability, stability, trim and freeboard (stability • Very complex (a lot of requirements)
and load line regulations) • Need to be optimized
9. Tonnage measurement (gross register tons)

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 5
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Design Procedure: Design Spiral
Concept Design Feasibility Study: First Iteration Loop
• Mission or owner’s requirements are translated in a first
approach into technical ship characteristics.
• Preliminary estimations of the basic ship dimensions (L,
B, D, T, Cb, powering PB, etc.) are made.
• Alternative design solutions fulfilling the owner’s
requirements are explored with respect to the most
economical solution; however, the latter is not
necessarily achieved at this stage.
• According to R. K. Kiss (see Taggart 1980), the effort for
this stage for a newly developed large merchant ship
was, in the 50s, about 20 man-days.
• It has been reduced today to about 1/20th. (About 1 day
(or even less) with a well-organized design office,
software and ship database.
Design spiral, J.H. Evans 1959. (see Taggart 1980)
Piping Engineering Study Program
Department of Marine Engineering 6
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Design Procedure: Design Spiral
Preliminary Design : Second to Fourth Iteration Loop
• More comprehensive elaboration of first phase.
• Accurate determination of the basic ship dimensions (L,
B, D, T, Cb, powering PB, etc.).
• Try to satisfy the owner’s requirements correspond to
the most optimal solution with a respect to a set
economical criterion.
• The outcome is shipbuilding contract (between owner
and shipbuilder).
• Need about 1 times larger than 1st phase.

Design spiral, J.H. Evans 1959. (see Taggart 1980)

Piping Engineering Study Program
Department of Marine Engineering 7
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Design Procedure: Design Spiral
Contract Design : Fifth Iteration Loop
• Completion stage; necessary calculation and drawings,
refer to ship technical specification.
• Detail description of ship’s hull form (faired lines plan),
exact estimation of ship powering (model test).
• Seakeeping and maneuvering study (not always
performed for merchant ship), detailed ship structural
design, design of ship auxiliary/supply networks
(electric, hydraulic, piping system, etc.).
• More precise weight estimation of individual
components, ships total weight and centroid (G).
• Roughly 17 times more than 2nd phase (5000 man-days)
for a large merchant ship (era of 50s). Today is 1/20th

Design spiral, J.H. Evans 1959. (see Taggart 1980)

Piping Engineering Study Program
Department of Marine Engineering 8
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Plans/Drawings/Studies in Contract Design
Outboard profile, general arrangement Power and lighting system—one line diagram
Inboard profile, general arrangement Fire control diagram by decks and profile
General arrangement of all decks and holds Ventilation and air conditioning diagram
Arrangement of crew quarters Diagrammatic arrangements of all piping systems
Arrangement of commissary spaces Heat balance and steam flow diagram—normal power at normal operating
conditions
Lines Electric load analysis
Midship section Capacity plan
Steel scantling plan Curves of form
Arrangement of machinery—plan views Floodable length curves
Arrangement of machinery—elevations Preliminary trim and stability booklet
Arrangement of machinery—sections Preliminary damage and stability calculations
Arrangement of main shafting

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 9
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Lines plan

https://www.marineinsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/hull5.png Midship Section

https://thenavalarch.com/how-to-calculate-the-strength-of-midship-section-of-a-ship/

One-line
General Diagram
Arrangement

https://www.marine.sener/papers/the-ultimate-approach-for-general-arrangement-definition

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 10
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Main technical specifications to be developed
during the contract design (merchant ships)
General Forced draft system
Structural hull Steam and exhaust systems
Houses and interior bulkheads Machinery space ventilation
Sideports, doors, hatches, manholes Air conditioning refrigeration equipment
Hull fittings Ship’s service refrigeration
Deck coverings Cargo refrigeration—direct expansion system
Insulation, lining and battens Liquid cargo system
Kingposts, booms, masts, davits, rigging and lines Cargo hold dehumidification system
Ground tackle Pollution abatement systems and equipment
Piping–hull systems Tank level indicators
Air conditioning, heating and ventilation Compressed air systems
Fire detection and extinguishing Pumps
Painting and cementing General requirements for machinery pressure piping systems
Navigating equipment Insulation—lagging for piping and machinery
Life saving equipment Emergency generator engine
Commissary spaces Auxiliary turbines

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 11
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Main technical specifications to be developed
during the contract design (merchant ships)
Utility spaces and workshops Tanks—miscellaneous
Furniture and furnishings Ladders, gratings, floor plates, platforms and walkways in machinery spaces
Plumbing fixtures and accessories Engineers’ and electricians’ workshop, stores and repair equipment
Hardware Hull machinery
Protection covers Instruments and miscellaneous cage boards—mechanical
Miscellaneous equipment and storage Spares—engineering
Name plates, notices and markings Electrical systems, general
Joiner work and interior decoration Generators
Stabilization systems Switchboards
Container stowage and handling Electrical distribution.
Main and auxiliary machinery Auxiliary motors and controls
Main turbines Lighting
Reduction gears—main propulsion Radio equipment
Main shafting, bearings and propeller Navigation equipment
Vacuum equipment Interior communications
Distilling plant Storage batteries

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 12
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Main technical specifications to be developed
during the contract design (merchant ships)
Fuel oil system Test equipment, electrical
Lubricating oil system Centralized engine room and bridge control
Sea water system Planning and scheduling, plans, instructions, books etc.
Fresh water system Tests and trials
Feed and condensate systems Deck, engine, and stewards’ equipment and tools, portable
Steam generating plant

Example of Final Design document can be seen at link below:

http://www.perseus-net.eu/assets/media/PDF/deliverables/6790.4_Final.pdf

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 13
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Design Procedure: Design Spiral
Detailed Design : The last Phase
• Detailed design of all structural elements (setup and
fitting of equipment).
• The recipient of this phase is production unit.
• The main characteristic of this phase is how to
implement the design into practice.
• Roughly 60,000 man-days or a large merchant ship (era
of 50s). Today is 1/20th

Design spiral, J.H. Evans 1959. (see Taggart 1980)

Piping Engineering Study Program
Department of Marine Engineering 14
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 Owner’s Requirements: Statement of Work
a) Transport capacity, expressed by a ship’s deadweight,capacity of
cargo spaces (in terms of holds’ volume), the number of transported
containers, number and type of transported vehicles or/and
passengers (in excess of crew), as applicable.
b) Speed in trial condition at 100% maximum continuous rating
(MCR) of engine power.
c) Range or endurance (expressed in sea miles or days of operation
without refueling) for a specified routing scenario at service speed
and with indication of ports for refueling and replenishment.
d) Class: by an internationally recognized classification society.

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 15
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya
 www.ppns.ac.id

Piping Engineering Study Program

Department of Marine Engineering 16
Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya