MUSCULAR SYSTEM REVIEWER (Skeletal Muscle - CONNECTIVE TISSUE COMPONENTS)

1. Muscles are specialized for contraction. 15. Wraps an individual muscle. Epimysium
2. Muscles - account for 40 to 50 percent of body mass. 16. Seperates muscles from skin. Subcutaneous tissue
3. When muscles are contracted, they shorten, pull their ends & produce 17. Surrounds bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles. Perimysium
movement. 18. Wraps each individual muscle fiber. Endomysium
4. Myology is the study of muscle structure & function. 19. Fibrous connective tissue sheet w/c holds together individual muscles or group
5. List down the types of muscle tissue. SKELETAL, SMOOTH AND CARDIAC of muscles. Deep fascia
MUSCLE
(Skeletal Muscle - ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES)
(Functions of the Muscular System) 20. Plural: aponeuroses; a flat tendon. aponeurosis
6. Results from sustained contraction of ringlike bands of smooth muscle called 21. Somatic motor neuron the type of neuron that excites skeletal muscles to
sphincters. Storing substances w/n the body contract; carry electrical signals to the muscles from the brain.
7. Results from sustained contraction of some skeletal muscles to stabilize body 22. Abundant in each muscle; remove heat/waste products of muscle metabolism.
positions. Maintaining posture Blood vessels
8. Results from contraction & relaxation of smooth muscles in the walls of organs; 23. Frontal lobe area of brain where control center for skeletal muscle movement
also result from contraction of cardiac muscle to pump blood. Moving substances is located.
w/n body 24. Continuous with epimysium, perimysium, & endomysium. Tendon
9. Results from alternating contraction & relaxation of skeletal muscles. Body
movement (Microscopic Structure: Parts of a Muscle Fiber)
10. Maintains body temperature; can also result from involuntary contraction of 25. Synoymous with muscle cells. Muscle fibers
skeletal muscles called shivering. Producing heat 26. _________ of them make up a single muscle. Thousands/thousands of muscle
fibers
(Special Properties of Muscles) 27. Electrical signals; Tiny inward fold of the sarcolemma w/c tunnel in from the
11. List the special properties of muscles. Electrical Excitability, Elasticity, surface toward the interior of each muscle fiber. T-tubules or Transverse tubules
Extensibility, Contractility 28. The reddish pigment of muscle cells. myoglobin
12. Ability to return to its original length & shape after contraction or extension. 29. The basic unit of contraction in skeletal muscle. sarcomere
Elasticity 30. The cells cytoplasm; consist of myofibrils, numerous mitochondria, glycogen
13. Ability to respond to electrical signals or nerve impulses that stimulate muscle granules, & other cellular organelles. sarcoplasm
cells to contact. Electrical Excitability 31. Give the muscle fiber its striated appearance. myofilaments
14. Ability to stretch, within limits, without being damaged. Extensibility 32. The cell’s plasma membrane; contains receptor sites for certain substances.
13. Ability of muscle cells to shorten and generate a strong pulling force as they sarcolemma
contract. Contractility 33. Long, rod-shaped structures that extend from one end of the muscle to the
other. myofibrils
34. The smooth ER of muscle cells; stores & releases calcium ions, needed for 50. ___ As energy released, myosin heads attach to the actin filaments & form
muscle contraction. Sarcoplasmic reticulum cross-bridges.
51. Produced by the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber
(Microscopic Structure: Parts of Sarcomere) 52. A neurotransmitter or “chemical message” sent by the somatic motor neuron
35. Zigzagging lines w/c are the end boundaries of a sarcomere; separate one to the muscle fiber to initiate an action potential in the muscle
sarcomere from the other z lines 53. An electrical signal w/c stimulates a skeletal muscle fiber to contract
36. Actin: contractile protein w/c is the main component of thin filaments. 54. The neuron w/c delivers the muscle action potential to a designated skeletal
37. Myosin: shaped like two golf clubs twisted together. muscle fiber
38. Titin: a spring like protein molecule that resists overstretching. 55. Enlarge tips or branches of the motor neuron
39. Troponin: hold the tropomyosin strands in place & are together called, 56. Sacs contained within the axon terminal
troponin-tropomyosin complex. 57. ___ CA++ ions are lost in the thin filaments of the myofibrils. Tropomyosin
40. protein strands w/c cover the myosin-binding sites on actin in a covers the myosin-binding sites. Cross-bridges detach. The muscle fiber lengthens
relaxed muscle tropomysosin & relax.
58. ___ ACh binds w/ ACh receptors in the sarcolemma
(Muscle Contraction & Relaxation - Sliding Filament Mechanism w/ the Events of 59. ___ K+ ions leaves the cell restoring a (+) charge outside & a (-) charge inside.
the Sliding Filament Mechanism & The Neuromascular Junction {NMJ} w/ The sarcolemma repolarizes.
Related Terms, parts of the NMJ & The Events in Muscle Contraction & 60. ___ CA++ ions to the troponin-tropomyosin complexon the actin filaments of
Relaxation & The Basic Principles of Skeletal Contraction) myofibrils. Myosin-binding sites are exposed.
41. The filament do not _______ but slide during muscle contraction. Shorten;slide 61. ___ Ion channels in the sarcolemma open & allow Na+ ions to rush inside the
42. The contract of the muscle, myosin heads attach to actin in the thin filaments; muscle fiber, making the charge inside (+) & the charge outside (-).
this attachment is referred to as ____________. cross-bridge 62. ___ Action potential stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release CA++ ions in
43. When the cross-bridges are formed, the myosin heads rotate to pull the thin to the sarcoplasm and brought to the myofibrils.
filaments inward toward the center of the sarcomere. Sliding filament echanism 63. ___ To begin muscle relaxation, nerve impulse ceases & the release of ACh
44. This sliding of thin filaments causes the muscle fiber to _______ & ________. stops.
shorten; contract 64. ___ The events in the sliding filament mechanism commence. The muscle fiber
45. ___ Myosin splits ATP to release its energy shortens & contracts.
46. ___ Myosin cross-bridges rotate & pull actin filaments towards center of 65. ___ The sarcolemma depolarizes. An action potential is triggered & transmitted
sarcomere along T tubules & brought to the interior of the muscle cell.
47. ___ After contraction, myosin heads pickup fresh ATP, detaches from actin & 66. ___ Synaptic vesicles release ACh synaptic cleft.
resets to again form cross-bridges. 67. ___ To begin muscle contraction, a nerve impulse arrives at the axon terminal.
48. ___ Sarcomere become shorter & the muscle fiber contracts. 68. ___ CA++ ions in the sarcoplasm are reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum
49. ___ CA++ ions bind to the troponin-tropomyosin complex. Tropomyosin is 69. ___ Cholinesterase inactivates ACh.
shifted away from actin & the myosin-binding sites are exposed. 70. Neuromuscular Junction 6is also called as _______________.
71. Muscle contracts only when __________ (nerve impulses are natural stimuli for 93. Muscles w/c help the prime mover function more efficiently by reducing
skeletal muscle) unnecessary movement
72. A type of contraction that is important for maintaing posture 94. Refers to the muscle that causes a desired action
73. A type of contraction whivh muscle shortens producing movement & do work [Muscle Attachments]
74. A type of contraction; a state of limpness in w/c muscle tone is lost 95. Refers to the attachment of a muscle (by means of a tendon) to the stationary
75. A type of contraction; tightens muscle but can’t produce movements and work bone
76. A type of contraction; sustained contraction produced by a series of stimuli 96. Refers to the other end of the muscle attached (by means of a tendon) to the
bombarding the muscle in rapid succession w/ little to no relaxation movable bone
77. A type of contraction; a quick, jerky contraction in response to a single stimulus 97. LLEYB = the fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons of the origin &
78. A type of contraction; with more muscle tone than normal insertion
79. If a muscle is stretched at its optimum length (moderately stretched) at the
time the contraction starts, the force of its contraction _________.
80. Adequate amount of ___ results to greater force of contraction.

[Energy Sources]
81. Primary energy source of resting muscles
82. Does not require energy; glucose is broken to yield ATP & pyruvic acid
83. When ATP levels drop, this molecule reacts w/ ADP to produce creatine & yield
ATP
84. Muscle fatigue _________ the force of contraction
85. ______________ is the inability of a muscle to contract efficiently
86. List the causes of muscle fatigue.
87. The greater the number of muscle fibers contracting simultaneously, the
________ the contraction of a muscle
88. The _______ the diameter of a muscle fibers contracting, the stronger the
contraction of a muscle
89. List down the factors that influence muscle fiber size
90. An increase in muscle fiber diameter due to production of more myofilaments
& myofibrils; “muscle gain”
91. Individual nuscle fiber decrease in size because of progressive loss of
myofibrils; “muscle wasting”
[Types of Muscle Groups]
92. Relaxes while the prime mover contract; has an effect opposite to that of the
prime mover