DEVELOPMENT

STUDIES

PAPER ONE
REVISION QUESTIONS
MODULE 1-8

Masunga Senior Secondary

School
 Development Studies
Revision Questions
Module 1: Measuring & Investigating Development

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Development Explain the concept and practice of - Explain the concept of development;
development within the context of their
social, economic and political - Explain the following divisions: First, Second and Third
environment. world, Newly Industrialised Countries, North, South,
Least Developed Countries and Developed Countries;
- Give reasons for the differences in the development
levels in different countries;
- Identify and discuss different development indicators
including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Gross
National Product (GNP), health, life expectancy,
education and energy consumption.
- Show why political aspects of development are difficult
to measure;
- Describe the characteristics of the developed and
developing countries;
- Analyse and evaluate theories of development:
modernisation, dependency, sustainable development
and alternative strategies;

Indicator Economic Development

Developed Developing
GNP High Low

GDP high Low

GNP per capita High low
Energy consumption High low
Employment High low
Number of people in Less people in agriculture More people in agriculture
Agriculture

Social Development
Indicator Developed Developing
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Low High
Life expectancy High Low
Death rate Low High
Birth rate Low High
Doctor-patient ratio Low High
Teacher-student ratio Low High
Number of people per Low High
telephone
Number of people per tap Low: Many houses with water High: few houses with water
Dependency ratio Low High

Literacy rate High Low

Adult literacy rate High Low
Calorie intake High Low
Daily food intake High Low

Indicator
Political Development
Developed Developing
Democracy
Peace Civil wars/civil strife
Elections More Few
Women in managerial positions More Few
Human rights
Freedom
Number of wrongful imprisonment
Number of political parties in a country
Percentage of people who vote during elections

Fig.1
What is development?

- Development is a process of change that makes people happier, freer, better fed, richer and take part in
decision making

- Development is when the economy grows, standards of living rise, quality of life improves, wealth is
shared more fairly and more people take part in decision making.

- Development is when societies change for the better

Identify and define aspect of development

- Economic development is when a country produces more/enough for everyone, the society gets richer;
improvement in production , for example, GNP, GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption

- Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met; improvement o f people’s living
standards, for example, birth rate, infant mortality rate (IMR), life expectancy, access to clean water, etc.

- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people are free to participate in
decision making; respect for human rights/safety and security, for example, democracy, equality, justice,
etc.

(N.B. Give 1 mark for one example in each aspect)

Define social development

- Social development is when people’s basic needs are more fully met; improvement of people’s living
standards, for example, birth rate, infant mortality rate (IMR), life expectancy, access to clean water

State three ways by which the government of Botswana is promoting social development

Ideas such as:

 The government provides free food for the destitute ,elderly and the orphans
 The government allocates land/ plots for people to build shelter
 The government builds clinics/hospitals to provide health care
 The government builds schools to improve literacy
 Provision of piped/safe water to protect people from diseases
 Control of prices for staple food such as sorghum to ensure that people can afford to buy food
 The government cleans the environment

Define economic development

- Economic development is when a country produces more/enough for everyone, the society gets richer;
improvement in production , for example, GNP, GDP, GNP per capita, energy consumption

Describe three actions that the government takes to promote economic development in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Keep peace and security

- Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
- Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants, young farmer’s grant
- Marketing of locally made goods
- Invitation of foreign investors
- Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses
- Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is infant mortality rate?

- Infant mortality rate number of babies who die before their first birthday per thousand per year in a
country

- Infant mortality rate is the percentage of babies who die before their first birthday in a country

*The following are acceptable

‘Children / newborns…..before the age of 1 / under 1 / between the ages 0-1

Give three reasons why developing countries have a high infant mortality rate

Ideas such as:

- Developing countries have high doctor patient ratio/ inadequate access to health care because there are few
trained doctors and nurses.
- There is poor nutrition in developing countries leading to such health conditions as kwashiorkor
- In developing infant mortality rate is caused by teenage pregnancy which may lead to delivery
complications
- Infant mortality rate is caused by pandemic diseases such HIV/AIDS because some of the babies are born
with the virus.
- The high infant mortality rate (IMR) is caused by poor sanitation / unhygienic conditions
- The reason for high infant mortality rate (IMR) is poor care / parent negligence

*Sweeping statements are not allowed; no mark for a point connoting people, the point should be speci fic
e.g. infant… pregnant mothers… breastfeeding mothers…etc.

Describe three ways in which the government is trying to reduce infant mortality rate (IMR) in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Widespread immunisation against infant killer diseases in the country, for example, measles and polio
- Provision of clean/safe water to all [through primary health care]
- Provision of nutritious food/balanced diets in clinics, for example, Tsabana
- Construction of more health facilities, for example, clinics and hospitals
- Dissemination of health education/media/environmental health
- Implementation of Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT) programme
- Training/employing more health personnel, for example, doctors and nurses

What is life expectancy?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live.

What is life expectancy at birth?

- Life expectancy is the average number of years a new born baby is likely to live

Give three reasons why world life expectancy is rising [increasing]

Ideas such as;

- The life expectancy is rising in the world because cleaner water supplies to prevent waterborne diseases
such as cholera.
- The governments of the world provide better sanitation to their citizens to improve hygiene.
- World life expectancy is rising due to provision better health care whereby there is enough trained medical
personnel such as doctors and nurses.
- Life expectancy is rising in the world because countries provide primary health care to citizens who focus
on the prevention of diseases and giving assistance to the sick, for example, provision of clean water,
health education and immunisation programme.
- In the world life expectancy is rising because some of the countries provide citizens with better nutrition
for example, in Botswana children are given supplementary feeding such as Tsabana.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is calorie intake?

- Calorie intake is the energy value of the food eaten

- Calorie intake is the value of the food eaten or consumed
- Calorie intake is the amount of energy contained in the food eaten
- Calorie intake is the amount of kilojoules consumed

Why is calorie intake low in developing countries?

- In developing countries there is high unemployment so less money to buy food.

- There is lack of purchasable food in some areas
- Developing countries have low calorie intake because of drought
- The high illiteracy rate in developing countries lead to inability to determine food quality

Give three reasons for high calorie intake in developed countries

- High employment rates/high income levels

- High agricultural/food production/ many industries produce more food/hybrid seeds/improved
technology
- Availability of wide variety of food[ to choose from]
- High level of education/more knowledge on nutrition
- Better social welfare services/supplementary feeding
- Low dependency ratio

Define literacy rate

- Literacy rate is the percentage of the population / average number of people who are able to read and
write

Describe three importance of literacy to development?

- The importance of literacy rate is that when people are able to read and write they are able to learn or
acquire new skills easily
- They can better participate in decision making and national campaigns, for example, elections,
immunisation programmes
- They can read and understand environmental issues or conservation better
- Literacy rate reduces dependency on those who are literate and promotes privacy e.g. reading own
letters or mail
- Literate mothers can access information on childcare leading to better hygiene and lower infant
mortality rate ( IMR)
- Improved nutrition when the mother is literate
- They can easily find out and fill themselves application forms e.g. at the post office, credit facilities
forms and can even write application letters for jobs etc.

Define adult literacy rate

- Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people or number of people 18 years and above who can read
and write
Male literacy rate is higher in most countries than female literacy rate

Fig.2
Suggest three reasons for the difference between male and female literacy rates

- The reason for the difference between male and female literacy rate is that girls are denied the chance
to go to school and are expected to stay home and help their mothers
- The girls drop out of school because they marry and get pregnant
- Girls are neglected for cultural/traditional reasons
- It is believed a girl child has a smaller brain than their male counterpart (and this makes them less
intelligent) and so sending them to school is a waste of time and money

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons for high male deaths than females

- Macho mentality that exposes them to risks/ Lifestyle/fast life/drinking/smoking/fewer men seek
medical assistance
- Wars
- Occupation/employment that exposes them to danger
- Traditional roles that exposes them to danger
- More men are suicidal than women

The girl child school enrolment is lower in African countries.

Fig.3
Give three reasons for the low enrolment of girls in African countries

Ideas such as;

- The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is domestic responsibilities
- The belief that women will be married is another reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries.
- In African countries lower enrolment of girls is caused by religious beliefs and customs, for example,
polygamy.
- Oppression of women by men
- The belief that women have smaller brains and are therefore less intelligent
- The reason for low enrolment of girls in African countries is caused by t eenage pregnancy
- Poverty due to high unemployment making parents to be unable to pay school fees.

Give any three negative effects low school enrolment can have on a country’s development

Ideas such as;

- The negative effect of low school enrolment can have on a country’s development is that of low
literacy rate
- A country that have low school enrolment can have fewer skilled personnel
- The negative effect of low school enrolment on a country’s development is lack of alternative sources
of income and poverty
- In a country with low school enrolment fewer people will be involved in decision making
- A country with low school enrolment will have high birth rates because many people will lack
knowledge on the use of contraceptives.
- The negative effects of low school enrolment on a country’s development is high infant mortality rate
and death rates

Describe three challenges faced by developing countries in trying to improve their citizens’ education

Ideas such as;

- The challenge that developing countries will be faced with in trying to improve their citizens’
education is shortage of funds leading to inadequate educational facilities
- Developing countries will have shortage of trained personnel in trying to improve their citizens’
education.
- The challenge that developing countries is faced with in trying to improve their citizen’s education is
inaccessible educational facilities
- Poverty is another challenge faced by developing countries in trying to improve their citizens’
education whereby parents are unable to pay school fees for their children.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three causes high school dropout rates in developing countries

- The High school dropout in developing countries is caused by teenage pregnancy

- In developing countries high school dropout rate is caused by domestic responsibilities e.g. looking
after livestock
- Inability to pay school fees by some parents due to poverty causes high school dropout rates in
developing countries.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of early marriage
- The cause of high school dropout rates in developing countries is lack of parental guidance
- High school dropout in developing countries may be caused by diseases such as HIV/AIDS and
Tuberculosis (TB).
- Some developing countries have problems of civil wars which may lead to high school dropout, for
example, Somalia and Sudan.
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of alcohol and drug abuse by students.
- In Developing countries there are high school dropout rates because of poor learning environment due
to shortage of classrooms.
- High school dropout rates in developing countries is caused by long distance / proximity to
educational facilities
- Developing countries have high school dropout rates because of negative attitude and truant behaviour
by students.

Suggest three reasons for low numbers of girls in schools in developing countries.

- The reason for low number of girls in schools in developing countries is caused by belief that women
are less intelligent/societal stereotypes/oppression.
- Developing countries have low numbers of girls in schools because of early marriages/cultural
practices.
- The low number of girls in schools in developing countries is caused by poverty because parents will
be unable to pay school fees.
- Home chores/domestic responsibilities
- Teenage pregnancy
- Religious beliefs and customs

Describe three ways how families can benefits of educating the girl child.

- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they prepare balanced diet for the family
- The girl child will practise a high level of hygiene/reduced chances of infections/transmission of
diseases
- The benefit of educating a girl child is that they will have better maternal care/child care
- Advice on family planning
- Prestige for the family/social status
- Improved finances/revenue for the family/provide for the family/better family economic
status/economic empowerment
- Assist family with school work
- Informed family decision making

Suggest three measures that government of developing countries can take to encourage more girls to attend
school

- The measure that government of developing countries can take to encourage more girls to attend school
is to build girls schools
- Create girl friendly schools/curriculum
- Free education for girls/deliberate preferential sponsorship for girl child/rewards
- Legislation/make laws that force parents to take girls to school/compulsory education for girls
- Deliberate effort to reduce home chores for girls/introduction of labour saving devices
- Build teen mothers’ schools/readmission of pregnant dropouts
- Educating parents on the importance of taking their girl child to school
- Providing contraceptives in schools/ contraceptive education
- Positive affirmation/apportioning girl students quotas or numbers in schools

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define Gross National Product:

- Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services that a country produces in one year
including earnings from abroad or outside

Give three reasons why GNP per capita is not a good measure of development:

- A few people might own most of the land, farms, shops, factories, etc. leaving the majority very p oor, for
example, it ignores the difference between the rich & the poor within the country.
- GNP per capita ignores the informal sector and illicit trades; economists only count goods and services
marketed openly and recorded by government.
- Production/income statistics may be inaccurate or concealing of actual earnings to avert tax or Business
officials hiding information
- Population statistics may be inaccurate and/or out-dated
- There is official biasness of statistics to score a political mileage
- GNP per capita assumes that everyone is working and benefiting from the economy and ignores the quality
of life, social & environmental consequences of wealth/ignores happiness

Define GNP per capita

- GNP per capita is the proportion or share of a country’s wealth each individual is entitled to if the
country’s money is shared equally or evenly amongst the population

- GNP per capita is the total money value of goods and services produced within & outside the country
divided by the total population

State three disadvantages of using GNP per capita to measure development.

Ideas such as:

- The disadvantage of using GNP per capita to measure development is that it is just an average figure
that ignores how wealth is distributed
- It fails to show the actual standard of living enjoyed by the people
- It excludes income from the informal sector [so it is inaccurate] Allow 1 example
- It calculated using inaccurate government statistics/ people usually lie about the earnings (to avoid
paying tax)
- It is calculated using outdated/ old government statistics
- It emphasizes economic development but ignores social and political development.

Give three reasons why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South .

Ideas such as;

- Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South because they have mass production due
to many industries and the use of complex technology.
- The reason why Countries of the North have a higher GNP than those of the South is because they export
a lot of quality (high value / expensive) goods and services
- The Countries of the North have higher GNP than the Countries of the South because they price the goods
(commodities) themselves.
- They have favourable terms of trade
- Most multi-national companies (MNCs) originate from Countries of the North and operate in other
countries/profit repatriation is taking profit back to countries of their origin
- They earn a lot of interest from loans to the developing world

Define energy use per capita

Energy use per capita is the average amount of power/electricity/petrol/natural gas/paraffin/coal/fuel/ wood
consumed by an individual in a country each year

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons for high energy use

- Capital intensive industries/industrial production/industries/complex technology

- Household appliances/gadgets/devices/units/machines
- Many vehicles/transportation, for example, cars, trains
- Capital intensive agriculture/farming/commercial farming
- Infrastructure development/institutions, for example, schools, hospitals

What is meant by political development?

- Political development is when there is more freedom and justice, and people are free to participate in
decision making; respect for human rights or safety and security, for example, democracy, equality,
justice, etc.

- Political Development is when people’s participation in marking decisions about their lives increases/
when people take control of their lives/ when people enjoy human rights

Give three reasons why it is difficult to measure political aspects of development

Ideas such as;

- Political aspects of development are difficult to quantify because are intangible or immeasurable, for
example, they can neither be seen nor touched.

- Most countries prohibit independent human rights groups to monitor human rights violations.

- In developing countries most people are illiterate and unaware of their rights.

- Political aspects of development are affected by cultural or religious beliefs, for example, women being
marginalised or there are gender inequalities.

- The issue of sovereignty makes it difficult to measure political aspect of development because countries
belief that they are independent therefore nobody can tell them how to treat their citizens.

- Political aspects of development are affected by different political systems, for example, dictatorship
prohibits human rights because they are no voting, no freedom of speech.

Explain how any three political indicators can be used to measure development.

Ideas such as:

 Number of women in decision making positions – If the percentage of females in leadership [posts]
is high it mean high development whereas if it is low it mean low development
 Voter turnout/number of people who vote- If the percentage of adults who participate in elections is
high then development is high and if it is low the d evelopment is low
 Adherence to human rights/human rights ratings/ranking- If the respect that a country has for
people’s entitlement is high then development is high and if it is low then development is low, for
example, good governance and transparency
 Incidents of discrimination/inequality (times when people are treated unfairly for who they are) -
If there are many incidents of discrimination development is low and if there are few development is
high, for example, justice and fair trial
 Incidents of conflict- If the occurrence of serious disagreements, for example, war and social unrest is
high then development is low
 Peace –If there is calmness in the country or the absence of wars or social unrest then development is
high
 Security- If the sense of safety in a country is high, then development is high
 Happiness-If the feeling of joy/gladness among people in a country is then development is higher.

[RULE: Award 1mark for mentioning and 1mark for usage even if only one side is given]

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define the modernisation theory

- Modernisation theory is a set of ideas that argue that for third world countries to develop they must
copy the path followed by (the industrialised countries) America
- Modernisation theory argues that all countries must work through five stages of change in order to
achieve high standards of living enjoyed by most people of the North

Describe any three stages of the modernisation theory

Ideas such as:

- Stage 1/The traditional society is where people practise barter system/subsistence farming/make
simple crafts/experience low standard of living
- Stage 2/Preconditions for take-off is where new technology arises/farming is
commercialised/specialisation increases/urbanisation starts to happen
- Stage 3/Take off stage/the push is here people become rich/rapid urbanisation
- Stage 4/The Drive to maturity/maturity stage is where manufacturing dominates the economy/there
are more exports than imports/wages increase/demand for consumer goods increases
- Stage 5/The age of high consumption/high mass consumption is where service industries and
consumer goods dominate the economy/wages are high for many people/many people experience high
living standards

Describe three ways in which developing countries can use of modernisation theory in their development
programmes.

Ideas such as:

- Embraces market economy /capitalism
- Invest a lot in industry
- Invest a lot in infrastructure
- Encourage inventions/new ideas/methods from your own culture
- Emphasise formal vocational /technical education
- Encourages specialisation/division of labour
- Commercialise agriculture/mechanise agriculture
- Participate in international trade

Define dependency theory

- Dependency theory is a set of ideas that argue that the South was unable to copy and adopt the
North’s path of industrialisation because the North exploited the South’s resources to enhance their
economy and kept the South poor

- Dependency theory argues that the third world lack the ability to control major aspects of their
economic life because of the dominance of the industrialised countries in the world economy

- Dependency theory argues that less developed countries became economically reliant on the North
and thus the North became industrialised at the expense of the South who remained underdeveloped

Describe the weakness of the dependency theory

Ideas such as:

- Dependency theory ignores the fact that small countries are unable to raise enough investment/capital
on their own to break away
- Countries may lose all benefits of international trade/countries that cut links economically fell
- If small countries try to make all their own goods, there will probably be a less efficient use of
resources
- It is impossible to cut off all communication in a world linked together in so many ways/connections
difficult to break
- People often aspire for the northern ways of life/object when governments stop importing western
goods/negative attitudes towards local goods and services

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three ways by which less developed countries can use dependency theory to develop.

Ideas such as:

- By breaking off all links with the developed countries /become self-reliant
- Stop borrowing money from outside/save/invest within their countries
- By spending less on consumer goods
- By using appropriate technology
- Make their own inventions/promote local inventions
- By encouraging its people to exercise patience/work hard/shun Northern lifestyle

Define Sustainable Development:

- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs
without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs

- Sustainable development is the wise use of resources by the present generation to meet its needs so
that future generations could also meet their needs

N.B. Accept answers connoting wise use of resources provided it caters for future generations.
(Do not accept/mark ‘a theory …)

Discuss three ways of achieving sustainable development in a country:

Ideas such as;

- The way of achieving sustainable development in a country is through stock piling of minerals /
preservation is keeping the minerals until the world prices improves such as for diamonds and copper.
- Sustainable development can be achieved by coming up with legislation or laws to protect wild
animals, for example, seasonal hunting, quotas is number of wild animals a person allowed to hunt,
hunting licenses, National Parks and Game Reserves, and Anti-poaching laws
- Stabilising population growth, for example, planning for small families, birth control, practicing
population control, giving incentives to small families or penalize for large families
- Conservation measures, for example, tree planting, recycling, re-use, reduce, clean-up, limited use of
resources, good farming methods, Wildlife Management Areas
- Education on resource use
- Use of synthetic products
- Finding alternative energy sources, for example, the use of solar energy instead of coal to produce
electricity
N.B. Ideas must be developed to get a point
(A max. of 2 marks from the same idea)

Pollution has proved to be a global problem and an obstacle a gainst sustainable development.
Fig. 4
What is pollution?

- Pollution is the emission of effluents or poisonous gases into the environment (air, land & water)

State three sources of air pollution

Ideas such as;

- Mines e.g. Selibe Phikwe (sulphur dioxide & coal, carbon monoxide, dust)
- Domestic / household appliances e.g. refrigerators, air-conditioners, aerosol sprays, etc
- Dump sites (smoke)
- Industries (smoke, carbon monoxide etc)
- Construction sites (smoke, dust)
- Roads / airports / railway lines/stations (dust, smoke)
- Vehicles / trains / aeroplanes (carbon dioxide)

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three ways by which air pollution can be prevented

Ideas such as;

- The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through the charging of polluter tax / polluter pays
principle
- Environmental impact assessment
- Use of alternative sources of energy, for example, solar energy can be used to produce electricity
instead of coal which pollutes the environment.
- Elongation of chimneys or making chimneys to be long to prevent air pollution.
- The way by which air pollution can be prevented is through the u se of catalytic converters
- Use of unleaded petrol
- Encourage non-motorised transport e.g. bicycle, walking
- Develop shopping malls that discourage use of cars
- Develop a reliable & sustainable public transport system
- Encourage car-pooling / many people using one car

Land pollution is also an obstacle towards sustainable development.

Fig.5
Define land pollution

- Land pollution is the discarding of substances that contaminate the earth’s surface including all the
natural resources found on or below it

What causes land pollution?

Ideas such as;

- The cause of land pollution is concrete pieces and bricks from construction (sites)
- Beverage containers (e.g. cans, bottles) & plastic (bags) from industries
- Oils from garages
- Clinical waste / waste from health facilities
- Worn out tyres
- Used batteries
- Effluent from industries / pumping of effluent from mines into streams
- Fertilisers & chemicals contained in run-off water from farms causing eutrophication in streams

Describe three ways by which land pollution can be controlled

Ideas such as;

- The way by which land pollution can be controlled through introduction of polluter tax / Polluter Pays
Principle
- The government should introduce strict waste management legislation to control land pollution
- Land pollution can be controlled through wise use of resources; 3Rs of conservation; Recycle, Re-use
and Refuse (extra wrapping or packaging
- The alternative packaging can be used to control land pollution, for example, use of returnable bottles
at a refund as beverage containers

State three policy implications of the sustainable development theory

Ideas such as;

Countries should:
- Set up world agreements on environmental issues
- Stabilise their population growth
- Use appropriate technology
- Ensure social justice
- Global resources should be distributed evenly between north and south

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define globalisation

- Globalisation is a set of ideas that emphasis that all people of the world should become once nation in order to
bring democracy as a way of maintaining peace and stability.

- Globalisation is the integration of the world’s economic, social and political systems into one entity.

Describe three challenges faced by the countries of the South [developing countries] as a result of globalisation

Ideas such as:

- Development of international crime syndicates/terrorism

- Lack of funds to educate/train people/high illiteracy

- Loss of sovereignty/loss of independence

- Dominance of the economy by Trans National Companies (TNCs)/TNCS\s taking profit away to
their countries of origin

- Increase brain drain/ educated people prefer working in developed countries

- HIV and AIDS killing skilled man power

- Consumerism mindset [which is difficult to change to investment and production]

- Environmental damage by Trans National Companies (TNCs)

- Less developed countries (LDCs) having weak economies which fail to compete in a globalised
world/less industrialised

- Transfer of diseases

- Loss of culture

- Difficult to accept change

Suggest three ways through which globalisation encourages development of all countries.

Ideas such as:

- Improvement of technology/complex technology , for example, automated machines/transfer from
developed countries (DCs) to less developed countries (LDCs)

- Introduction of global communication networks, for example, internet and television

- Trade liberalisation

- International policing/Interpol

- Increase of Trans National Companies [TNCs]

- Formation of regional and international groupings such as European Union [EU] and African Union
[AU]

- Promotion of democracy

- Free movement of labour

- Encouragement of investment /saving

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define populism

- Populism is a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns
are disregarded by established elite groups/ the quality of appealing to or being aimed at ordinary

Give three benefits of populism

- They address people’s specific needs and wants

- Easy to finance and manage
- Can be operated by individuals since no complex skill are necessary
- They are environmentally friendly
- They make use of local skills and resources
- Creation of employment

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Module 2: Production, Consumption & Investment

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Production Explain the concept and the process - Explain the concept of production;
of production - Discuss the need for production including basic needs, needs,
wants (material and non-material), choice, scarcity and
opportunity costs;
- Discuss production in hunting and gathering societies;
- Identify and define the factors of production;
- Discuss land ownership and problems related to utilisation and
ownership;
- Explain the various forms of capital such as finance, machinery
and technology;
- Discuss ways of raising capital;
- Discuss labour and capital intensive modes of production
- Discuss the determinant factors for appropriate technology;
- Evaluate progress in the development of relevant technology in
Botswana including efforts by Rural Industries Innovation Centre
and Botswana Technology Centre;
- Discuss specialisation and division of labour;
- Describe different types of labour including specialised, skilled,
semi-skilled and unskilled;
- Discuss conditions which either or promote labour efficiency;
- Assess how far local conditions facilitate or militate against
labour efficiency;
- Explain entrepreneurship;
- Describe the role played by an entrepreneur in the process of
production;
- Discuss economic production systems;
- Suggest and justify an alternative production system for
Botswana’s economy.

Enterprise Demonstrate an understanding of - Explain enterprise;

the role of enterprise in the process - Discuss the characteristics of sole proprietors, private companies,
of production. parastatals, joint venture, partnerships and co-operatives;
- Discuss privatisation of parastatals, citizen empowerment,
localisation, women and property ownership strategies for
development;
- Evaluate the role and development of the primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary sectors of production in developing
countries with specific reference to Botswana.
Consumption and Develop an understanding and - Explain consumption;
investment appreciate consumption and - Describe the relationship between consumption and production,
investment in Botswana supply and demand, consumption, savings and investment;
- Discuss the benefits and risks of investment;
- Discuss foreign reserves as a form of investment;
- Evaluate the promotion of a culture of investment in Botswana’s
economy.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define production:

- Production is a process whereby natural resources are transformed into more useful goods/commodities
- Production is any economic activity that satisfies human needs and wants
- Production is any process whereby natural resources and human effort are used to provide goods and
services

Describe the three needs for production

Ideas such as:

- In order to develop we have to satisfy our basic needs and wants to start the process of economic
growth.
- To satisfy our needs and wants, we produce and exchange goods.
- Development emphasizes satisfaction of people’s needs and the production process ensures that goods
and services are made to satisfy basic needs first and wants later.
- Development requires money for it to take place and this money is generated by production activities
such as mining, industry and agriculture.
- Production creates wealth to fuel the development process.
- The higher the level of production the higher the level of development

Describe any three factors of production (defined)

- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural resources found on it

- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed towards the production of
goods and provision of services / OR work done by people to produce goods and services

- Capital refers to things people use to produce goods and provide services (e.g. tools, machinery, factories)
and money saved up and used to buy such things

- Enterprise is the organization (management) of land, labour and capital in the production process with the
intention of making profit.

*Simple mentioning without definition is unacceptable

Explain three ways by which one of the factors of production can affect the production process

Ideas such as;

Land:

- If land is unfertile crop production will be low / poor pasture for livestock
- If there is shortage of water there will be poor harvest / poor pasture for livestock
- There has to be land to start a production process

Capital:

- Capital / money is needed to pay workers

- Capital is needed to buy machinery & tools
- We need capital goods to start a production process

Labour:

- There is need for workers to provide labour in the production process

- The labour has to be trained & motivated to be efficient / productive
- The labour needs to be managed and/or coordinated for optimum production

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define the term land.

- Land refers to the whole of the earth’s surface together with all natural resources found on it

Describe any three types of land ownership.

Ideas such as:

- Collective land ownership is when people in the local community own and use land together, for
example, in Tanzania after independence families owned chunks of land together, shared work and
farming machinery.

- Private land ownership is the land owned by individuals and companies, for example, Molapo estate
in Francistown and Phakalane in Gaborone.

- Public land ownership is when the state or nation owns land. There are rules on who has the right to
fields. For example, Botswana and Lesotho of Land Board/Land committee.

- Renting land ownership is when people use land through paying the owner some amount of money or
annually

- Share cropping land ownership is when people use somebody’s land to grow crops, for farming and
pay the land owner with part of the harvest or crop

Describe three problems that people might face when they own land communally

Ideas such as:

- The land may be degraded/people ignore good practices

- Overgrazing/overstocking
- Soil erosion
- Banks reject it as a form of security for loan
- Deforestation, for example, cutting down trees for firewood
- Over harvesting of veld products/depletion
- Conflicts over usage
- The land can be taken anytime by the government
- Land cannot be sold
- Failure to develop the land

What is meant by hunter-gatherers societies?

- Hunter-gatherers societies refers to groups of people who depend on their environment for survival.

Describe the use of any three factors of production in a hunting and gathering

Ideas such as:

- Land : Hunter gatherers hunt wild animals and collect fruits and plants in their territories

- Labour: Labour is provided by members of tribe/labour is divided according to gender where men
hunt and women gather

- Capital :Hunter gatherers own simple tools for hunting/own simple bows, poisoned arrows, clubs etc

- Entrepreneurship : Hunter-gatherers use traditional knowledge and skill passed down to them by their
ancestors over the years

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons why hunting and gathering is practised by very few societies

Ideas such as:

- Increased population/ people are more than wild animals /shortage of land

- Establishment of game reserves and national parks

- Environmental laws that controls hunting of wild animals

- Government development plans which need people to be settled

- Cordon fences that restrict movement of wild animals

- Modernisation of hunter gatherers, for example, need to attend formal schools

- Outbreak of diseases attacking wild animals

- Provision of water by government, for example, boreholes.

- Encroachment of pastoral farming into wildlife areas.

- Overgrazing that has depleted edible plants.

- Construction of cordon fences that has disrupted migratory routes of wild animals.

- Increased population that has reduced the land available for a nomadic life.

- Government resettlement programmes like Remote Areas Dwellers (R.A.D)

- Increasing levels of education amongst the Basarwa.

- Anti-poaching laws that prevent Basarwa from hunting.

Describe three characteristics of production among hunting and gathering societies

Ideas such as

- Simple technology/tools/labour intensive

- Gender based division of labour/women gather/men hunt

- Communal use of land/hunting areas

- Dependence on natural resources

- Subsistence production

- Craftsmanship production/use of traditional skills

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What meant by capital?

- Capital is the money, machinery technology and buildings that is used to produce goods.

Describe three ways of raising capital

Ideas such as:

- Saving is abstaining from consumption and putting the money in the bank to earn interest.

- Borrowing from the banks and financial institutions.

- International loans from other countries, the World Bank and International Monetary Fund.

- Investment is putting money into a business with the hope of earning profit.

- Shares are putting money in the business to get a certain percentage of profit made.

- Taxation is done by the government. It taxes workers and companies to raise money for development.

What is meant by money capital?

- Money capital (finance) is the money that is used to increase production, that is, it is used in ways that
will help to earn more money.

Describe three importance of capital in production

Ideas such as:

- Money is used in infrastructural development

- Money buy equipment
- Money is used to buy raw materials
- Money is used to pay workers
- Money used to pay utilities such as water and electricity bills
- Equipment is used to transform or change raw materials into semi-finished and finished goods
- Buildings house the machines/products
- Cars are used for transportation

What is technology?

- Technology refers to tools, machinery and skills that a society uses to make goods and services

Describe three major types of technology, giving examples to illustrate your answer

- Low/simple technology is the use of hand tools to produce goods and services, for example, hoes, knives.
It is cheap and made form local materials

- Intermediate technology: is the use of simple manually operated machines to produce goods and services,
for example, hand sewing machine, ox-drawn mould board plough. It is also cheap but more efficient
than low/simple technology and can be used in small scale operations

- Advanced/Complex technology is the use of very big and sophisticated/advanced/modern machinery to

produce goods and services on a large scale. Most of the machinery is automatic, power driven i.e. uses
electricity and/or oil, for example, a tractor, combined harvester, computer, etc.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is appropriate technology?

- Appropriate technology is the skills, machinery/tools that are best suited to a particular locality,
which the locals would be able to afford and maintain

- Appropriate technology refers to tools, skills and machines that are best suited for particular conditions in
society.

Describe three factors determining appropriate technology

- Levels of development, developed societies tend to concentrate on complex technology while

developing societies concentrate on simple and intermediate technology.

- Education and skills/Availability of appropriate skills and knowledge, complex technology needs
highly educated and skilled people to operate and maintain while simple technology and intermediate
technology need less skills and education.

- Capital/Cost/Affordability, complex technology is expensive to buy and maintain therefore only the
rich countries can afford it. Developing countries are poor hence the technology they can only afford to
use simple and intermediate.

- Employment creation, developing countries like Botswana have high unemployment levels hence
need simple and intermediate technology that are labour intensive. Complex technology would be
inappropriate as it would lead to high rates of unemployment.

- Environmental risks/Adaptability, for example, simple technology causes less pollution while
complex technology causes pollution.
- Availability of raw materials

- Availability of opportunities

- Running cost of the technology

- Demand

- Flexibility

- Sustainability

Give three advantages of appropriate technology

Ideas such as:

- Create employment
- Makes use of local resources
- Cheap to buy and maintain
- Produces relevant goods and services
- Promotes local development

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is labour intensive production?

- Labour intensive production is a way/process of making goods and providing services which relies
heavily on the use of human manual effort

- Labour Intensive Production relies heavily on the use of simple technology and manual labour

Fig.3

Give three advantages of labour intensive production

Ideas such as:

- Creates employment to a large number of people

- Cheap to run and maintain / little capital required since simple technology used
- Provides with an opportunity to train on the job
- Causes less pollution / destruction of the environment
- Requires little skills to enter or run
- Promotes human interaction
- Encourages craftsmanship
- Uses local skills & knowledge

Advantages of labour intensive production disadvantages of labour intensive production

- In Labour intensive production, little capital is - Labour intensive may lead to poor quality work
needed because of the use of simple technology. and products because of the use of simple
technology and unskilled labour.
- It creates employment to a large number of
people
- It is the slow method of production it relies
- It is cheap to run and maintain / little capital heavily on human manual effort.
required since simple technology used

- It provides with an opportunity to train on the job

- It leads to low level of production because of the
- It causes less pollution or destruction of the use of simple technology.
environment

- It requires little skills to enter or run - It makes people tired because the work is
strenuous.
- It promotes human interaction

- It encourages craftsmanship

- It uses local skills & knowledge

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is capital-intensive production?

- Capital intensive production process of making goods and providing services which relies heavily on the
use of machinery and money/finance

- Capital-intensive production is the use of advanced or complex machines to speed up production.

Describe three advantages of capital-intensive production

- Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & efficient method of production

- Production of quality goods

- Mass production makes goods cheaper

- Acquire skills of operating machines / skills development / creates a lot of skilled manpower

- Work is made lighter and more enjoyable because of the use of machinery
Advantages of capital intensive production Disadvantages of capital intensive production

- Greater opportunity to use machinery / quick & - Causes pollution to the environment because of
efficient method of production the use of advanced technology.

- Production of quality goods - Lead to high unemployment rate because the

advanced technology requires only few people to
- Mass production makes goods cheaper operate.

- Acquire skills of operating machines / skills - Lead to loss of craftsmanship.

development / creates a lot of skilled manpower

- Work is made lighter and more enjoyable - It is expensive to buy and maintain.
because of the use of machinery

- It requires skilled manpower.

Define labour

- Labour refers to the human effort, both physical and mental, that is directed towards the production of
goods and provision of services
- Labour is the work done by people to produce goods and services
- Labour is human effort that is directed at the production of goods and services, for example, both physical
and mental.

Describe any three types of labour

Ideas such as:

- Specialised Labour refers to people who are experts or highly skilled people, for example, engineers,
doctors, teachers, nurses and lawyers.

- Skilled Labour refers to people who are highly trained in practical work related to production, for
example, artisans, surveyors, electricians, auto mechanics, fitters and turners.

- Semi-Skilled Labour refers people who are trained on-the-job for specific tasks. For example a
spanner boy who eventually become a fully-fledged mechanic.

- Unskilled Labour refers to workers who have no training at all. Mostly used as manual labourers, for
example, farm workers, cleaners and garden boys.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is division of labour?

- Division of labour is the breaking down of work into small parts so that each worker takes a part

- Division of labour is when work is shared out in different parts between different people

- Division of labour is the breaking down of the production process so that it may be based on gender or age
or training

Give three advantages of division of labour

Ideas such as;

- Work can be done faster and perfectly

- No time is wasted moving from one task to the other

- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential

- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job (this saves a lot of money and time)

- Quality goods and services are produced

- No tools lie idle / there is full utilisation of tools and/or machinery

Give three disadvantages of division of labour

Ideas such as;

- Work becomes monotonous and boring

- Loss of craftsmanship

- It increases the chances of unemployment

- There is a lot of interdependence

What is specialisation?

- Specialisation is concentration in a specific activity / profession / production of a specific commodity

- Specialisation of labour is the concentration of people on one job that they are trained in, for example,
teaching, engineering and nursing

Describe any three forms of specialisation in production

Ideas such as:

- Labour specialisation is where each worker concentrates on a specific task

- Product specialisation is where a company or business concentrates on the production of a

specific commodity or service

- Country specialisation is where a country concentrates on the production of a specific product or

service

- Regional specialisation is whereby a group of countries in the same area concentrate on the
production of a specific product or service

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three advantages of specialisation of labour

Ideas such as:

- Work can be done faster and perfectly because the worker perform only one task.

- Little time is wasted moving from one task to the other.

- There is a chance of exploring people’s potential.

- It is cheaper and time saving to train in one particular job.

- Quality goods and services are produced because of use of advanced technology.
- There is higher productivity because of the use of machinery.

- Increases worker’s proficiency because of constant repetition.

- Creates a lot of employment opportunities, for example, teaching.

Give three disadvantages of specialisation of labour

Ideas such as:

- Doing the same job repeatedly leads to boredom.

- Workers lose the initiative to exercise judgement and responsibility.

- Increased risk of unemployment because of the greater use of machinery.

- Loss of craftsmanship because of the increased use of machinery.

- Increased dependency easily leads to disruption of production, for example, if one worker is absent.

- Concentration on one task makes it difficult for one to acquire other skills.

Describe any three forms of specialisation

- Specialisation by Individual is when a person concentrates or gives great attention to one task only
e.g. a Development Studies teacher, a dentist, an optometrist, etc

- Specialisation by Product is when an individual or company concentrates on or gives great attention

to making a single commodity e.g. Nortex Company produces towels, Kgalagadi Soap Industries,
Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.

- Specialisation by Nation is when a country concentrates on producing a certain good(s) / commodity

(ies) which they have comparative advantage over e.g. Botswana produces beef & diamonds, Namibia
produces fish, etc.

- Specialisation by Region is when countries of the same geographical area concentrate on or give great
attention to a particular product e.g. The Middle East countries produce oil./where the majority of
people in a particular area are engaged in the same type of work due to specific skills or resource
availability e.g. basketry in North West Botswana, phane harvesting in the Central & North East
Botswana

- Specialisation by Process is when a company concentrates on or gives great attention to various

aspects of a product e.g. at a car assembly plant there are different areas of specialisation in the process
of assembling a car; there is a person responsible for fitting the engine, the wheels, the windscreen, the
wipers, the gearbox etc.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define labour efficiency

- Labour efficiency is the ability of workers to be highly productive.

Describe three factors that increase the efficiency of labour

Ideas such as:

- Education and training, the higher the level of training and education the higher the level of
productivity.

- Technology, if workers use simple technology then productivity will be lower. Workers who use
advanced technology will be more productive.

- Working conditions, good working conditions ensure high productivity, for example, good
ventilation, lighting, safety and working hours.

- Worker welfare, workers must have peace of mind for them to be productive at work. This can be
done by giving workers medical aid, pension schemes, funeral assistance, social and entertainment
facilities and housing.

- Motivation, workers can be encouraged to work harder by being offered incentives such as higher
wages, bonuses/13 th cheque, and participation in decision making.

Describe three factors that may reduce labour efficiency among workers in Botswana

Ideas such as

- Poor work ethics/laziness/culture of laziness/absenteeism from work

- Alcoholism/drug abuse

- Dirty unattractive working conditions

- Low wages/salaries

- Poor supervision/management

- Lack of training

- Lack of machines/equipment/tools to use

- Crippling effect of deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS and Covid-19

- Poor/congested transportation routes causing late arrivals at work, for example, Gaborone/ poor
infrastructure

- Lack of motivation

- Conflict among workers

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define entrepreneurship

- Entrepreneurship refers to the art or skill of coordinating, managing, organising and running a
business.

Describe any three roles played by an entrepreneur.

Ideas such as:

- Organisation of land, labour and capital to produce goods and services.

- Decision-making on what to produce, how to produce and where to produce.
- Management/leadership of the day to day running of business or enterprise.
- Risk bearer which is the ability to take risks and steer the business to be a success.

What is an entrepreneur?

- An entrepreneur is a person who takes the risk of putting down money to start a business with the
main aim of making a profit.

Describe three qualities of a good entrepreneur.

- Innovative/creative in the running of the business

- Initiative/self-motivated
- Good organisational skills/good planner/good manager/interpersonal skills
- Risk bearing/capability to bear risk
- Good motivator of employees
- Good decision maker
- Hard worker/productive
- Able to move with the times
- Good leader/loyal to workers/good communicator/responsible/lead by example

Describe three ways an entrepreneur can raise capital for production

- Personal savings/insurance policies

- Selling of shares
- Loans [from financial institutions/banks]
- Grants/donations
- Leasing
- Hire purchase
- Debenture [loan from the public]/family members/friends
- Sale of assets

Define market economic production/capitalism

- Market economy/capitalism is an economic system whereby the means of production are owned and
controlled by individuals and the private sector.

Describe three characteristics/features of market economic production

- Private property is when individuals have the right to own and control the means of production, for
example, labour, land and capital.
- Freedom of choice is when people are free to choose what to produce, how to produce and where to
produce.
- Freedom of enterprise is when people are free to start businesses of their choice.
- Self- interest is when people are motivated by the need to make profits for themselves.
- Competition is when businesses compete against each other.
- Price mechanism is when the laws of supply and demand determine the prices for goods and services.
- Government role is minimal which means there is little government interference with the runnin g of
the economy.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three advantages of market economic production

Ideas such as:

- The economy responds quickly to the people’s needs and wants.

- Entrepreneurs always try to use the resources as efficiently as possible in order to get the most profit
out of them.
- High quality goods and services because of fierce competition.
- Entrepreneurs are always motivated to make a success of their businesses because they want to make
profit.
- Highly productive because of the use of mass production methods.
- Capitalist countries have achieved the highest levels of development in the world, for example, japan
and U.S.A.
- Anyone has the chance to become rich provided he or she has the business skills.

Give three disadvantages of market economic production system

Ideas such as:

- It ignore production of basic needs so people might suffer/shortage of basic needs/profit motive so it
ignore production of basic needs
- The system is controlled by money o only those with money can participate/ small businesses collapse
due to competition/monopolies
- Inequality between the rich and the poor increase so there will be unbalanced development
- Profit motive results in exploitation of workers/unemployment
- Too much competition results in unethical business practices
- Profit motive leads to damage of the environment
- Lack of serious planning may result in duplication of production activities
- Free market may lead to illegal substances finding their way into the market
- Too much competition lowers prices of goods and services

Define planned economy / Socialism:

- Socialism/planned is a system of production where the means of production are owned and controlled by
the state

- Socialism/planned is a system of production that is based on the principle that government controls
production and consumption in the collective interest of the society

Describe three characteristics of planned/socialist economic production system

Ideas such as:

- Government is the only entrepreneur/ businesses are funded by the government

- Prices of goods and services are controlled by the government
- People work for the good of the society/ the aim of the production is to supply people’s needs/
collective interest
- Competition between businesses is prohibited
- The means of production are owned by the government on behalf of the people
- The government controls all parts of the economy

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three disadvantages of the socialist economic system

Ideas such as

- It satisfies all the people’s basic needs, for example, food, shelter and clothes.
- The benefits of production are distributed equally among the whole population.
- Everyone has the right to work or employment.
- The goods and services are made available at low prices

Describe three disadvantages of planned economy

Ideas such as:

- It is difficult to plan for the whole country and these results in a lot of mistakes.
- It suppresses individual freedom to think and act.
- State appointed managers are inefficient because they are appointees rather than entrepreneurs.
- There is technological inefficient because managers are prohibited coming up with new ideas or make
changes.
- Very luxury goods are produced hence the people’s lives are uncomfortable.
- A very limited choice for consumers since all goods and services are produced by the state.
- There is a low productivity level because of over-employment, inefficient management and low morale
of the workers.

NB: However most of the socialist are moving towards the Capitalist mode of production.

Define mixed economic production system

- Mixed economy is an economic system whereby there is both private and state ownership of means of
production. It is a mixture of both capitalism and socialism.

- Mixed economy is when there is a state planning, control and businesses operating alongside a private
sector.

State three features/characteristics of mixed economic production system

- There is both private and state/public ownership of resources.

- There is freedom of enterprise.
- The government also operates enterprises, for example. State corporations/ parastatals.
- The government plans for the economy, for example, National Development Plans.
- The government interferes in the running of the economy through the following ways, Taxation of
businesses, Legislation, for example, company laws and labour laws, Quality control, for example,
through the Botswana Bureau of Standards, Price monitoring, and Provision of basic infrastructure, for
example, roads, power, railways and water.
- Government provides social services for the people such as education, health, sanitation and social
welfare.

Describe three advantage of mixed economic production system.

Ideas such as:

- It redistributes the benefits of production through the taxing of businesses.
- Helps the poor through the welfare system.
- The government provides the basic needs of the people.
- The government protects the workers from exploitation.
- Consumers obtain quality goods and services.
- The environment is protected from unnecessary damage by laws.
- People are free to establish enterprise of their choice.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three disadvantages of mixed economic production system.

Ideas such as:

- The government may discourage investment through laws and heavy taxation.
- Government always ends up in debt because of public expenditure.
- The welfare system encourages people to be lazy and irresponsible.
- State enterprises are inefficient and a drain to the economy.

Describe three features that shows that Botswana follows a mixed economic production system.

Ideas such as:

- The feature that show that Botswana follows a mixed economic production system is that parastatals
operating side by side with the private businesses. For example, Botswana Power Corporation and
Choppies.
- The prices determined by market forces while the government controls prices for some goods and
services, for example, petrol and maize meal.
- The government schools and universities such as University of Botswana and Botswana International
University Of Research Science and Technology operating alongside private schools and universities
such as Botho College and Baisago University College.
- The government hospitals and clinics operating alongside private hospitals and clinics. For example,
Nyangagwe Hospital in Francistown and Riverside Hospital in Francistown. The government prepares
National Development Plans while individuals implement them.
- The government set regulations for business operations such as quality control, price monitoring while
individuals are free to make other decisions.
- The government gives free food or basic needs to destitute while other people must buy for themselves.
The government exempts the poor from paying school fees whilst other people pay.

Describe three benefits of choosing a mixed economic production system

Ideas such as:

- The government social welfare programme ensures that everybody has access to basic needs.
- The government labour laws protects workers from exploitation through coming up with labour laws.
- The benefit of choosing a mixed economic production system is having environmental laws that
prevent damage to the environment.
- The presence of government businesses or parastatals ensures availability of essential goods and
services, for example, water and electricity.
- The government price control ensures that basic needs are sold at affordable prices, for example, water,
electricity, mealie meal and petrol.
- The government laws and regulations prevent immorality, for example, banning of pornographic
materials. The element of freedom of enterprise allows high achievers to excel.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define enterprise

- Enterprise is an act of organizing factors of production in order to make profit

*The answer must have ‘profit’

What is a sole proprietor?

- Sole proprietor is an individual / person who owns and runs a business

State three characteristics of a sole proprietor

- The owner gets the profit / bears the losses

- Employees are mostly members of the family
- It is usually found within the location of the owner
- Small sphere of influence
- Unlimited liability

Give three advantages of a sole proprietor

Ideas such as:

- This type of ownership is advantageous because the owner is usually self- motivated and has every
reason to make the business become as efficient as possible.
- The individual owner is in full charge and can devote as much of his time and energy to the business as
he or she wishes.
- The owner has no need to consult or involve anyone when making a new policy for the business. This
allows the owner to put decisions into effect without having to convince others.
- Sole trader or sole proprietors are usually small and this allows the owner to have more closer and
personal contact with both the employees and customers.
- In most cases, it requires small amount of capital to start.
- Sole trader pays tax for development of the country.
- Sole trader creates jobs.

Describe three disadvantages of a sole proprietor

Ideas such as:

- Individuals usually have small amounts of capital and this might hinder the expansion of the enterprise.
- The success of the business depends on the owner’s abilities, and on his or her death or retirement, the
business might be affected by the person who inherits it. If the inheritor is not a good business person,
the company will obviously collapse.
- Since the individual owner bears all the risks, he or she is liable for all the debts and losses of the firm.
- Liability is limited; this means the owners assets are at risk.
- Sole trader is at times has difficulties to get money or loan to finance the business since banks need
security.
- There are no economies of scale. This means the sole trader cannot buy in bulk to experience discounts.
- The division of labour may be difficult to organise because of the small size of the business, resulting
in little sharing of the workload, hence the owner is overworked. This may affect productivity and
labour efficiency.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define a private company

- Private company refers to a type of enterprise owned by shareholders and run by a board of directors
and a manager.

State three advantages of a private company

Ideas such as:

- They have a lot of potential in increasing public awareness of an issue.

- The private sector is profit and efficiency driven, and as such tends to have a highly productive staff.
- The private sector is demand and client driven and therefore very responsive to the people’s needs.
- The sector is very flexible compared to others in that it has to amend its service to fit the public
whenever a need arises.

Define parastatals

- Parastatals are state corporations owned by the government of the country in which they operate.

- Parastatals are businesses owned and funded by the government and the profits they make are taken
by the state to be used for developmental purposes.

Describe three characteristics of parastatals.

- They are established by an Act of parliament/set up by the government

- They are owned by the government/assets are publicly owned
- Chief Executive Officer (CEO) handle daily operations/daily management
- They are funded by the government
- Profit goes to the government
- They focus on the provision of useful goods and services
- Large scale businesses

Give three advantages of parastatals

- They employ many people and thus create employment in countries with a few private companies such
as Botswana.
- Parastatals have an advantage of expansion because they are funded by the government.
- The state has a chance to control the provision of essential services and goods. For example, water and
electricity.
- Parastatals enjoys economies of scale hence offer cheaper price.
- Parastatals are mostly not profit oriented.
- Parastatals provide secure employment to a large number of local people.
- It reduces duplication of equipment and unnecessary wastage of resources.
- Parastatal helps to implement government policies.
- It is a source of income of the government.
- The effort is made to train and employ local workers of all levels of production.

Describe three disadvantages of parastatals

- They tend to waste state funds if they are not run properly, which is a great cost to taxpayers.
- They often lead to monopolies whereby the government owns most of the profitable enterprises and
competes with small companies and this might lead to the collapse of the small companies.
- Parastatal mostly tends to provide goods and services of poor quality due to monopolies.
- Most are too expensive to run and over stretch the taxp ayer’s money.
- Lack of initiative amongst workers leads to inefficiency in production.
- Uniform products may not satisfy everyone’s taste.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What are Multi-National Companies?

- Multi-National Companies are businesses from developed countries with subsidiaries in developing
countries/large businesses/industries from developed countries with branches in other countries
- Multi-National Companies are enterprises/businesses that operate in several countries
- Multi-National companies are businesses with branches all over the world

State three characteristics of Multi-National Companies

Ideas such as:

- MNCs is usually a public limited company.

- The decision making is controlled from the head office.
- They employ many people in different parts of the world.

State three benefit (advantages) of Multi-National Corporations to host countries or developing countries

Ideas such as:

- They pay tax to the host government. (Benefit to the government)
- They increase employment opportunities. (Benefit to the people)
- They bring new technology to the host countries. (Technical knowhow)
- They bring in foreign currency when they export from the host country. (International trade)
- They enjoy greater economies of scale.
- They give support, mostly financial to the local social clubs and associations. (Money)
- They offer goods and services of better quality and variety to customers.
- They widen the country’s income base increasing Gross National Products.

Describe three problems (disadvantages) that Multi-National Corporations cause to developing countries.

Ideas such as:

- At times they dominate economies by monopolistic practices.

- Sometimes they bring in their own expert instead of training locals for managerial positions within the
host country.
- Attracts experts/skilled locals to work for them at the expense of local industries.
- They encourage dependency and neo-colonialism through dependence on foreign technology.
- They may take all the profits back to the country of their origin.
- Sometimes they interfere with the policies of the host country.
- Some are too powerful for the host country to control.

Define joint venture

- Joint venture is a business undertaking partly owned by a national government and a foreign government /
a national government and a company / two different companies to realise profit

- Joint venture is the coming together of two or more companies to undertake a business activity

- Joint Venture is a form of partnership whereby two or more individuals or companies agree to do business
for a specific time under clear contract conditions

(In a joint venture, companies do not dissolve to become one as in partnership)

*Without ‘business or profit’ the answer is wrong

*‘combine’ not accepted

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three advantages of a joint venture

Ideas such as

- Cost sharing in buying materials or goods

- Efficient/prudent management/sharing management ideas/skills
- Increased resource base
- Economies of scale, for example, experience discount when buying in bulk or buying many goods.
- They reduce unnecessary competition between companies selling the same products which allow them to
share the profits and losses.
- Joint ventures can expand easily and make more profits because they have a lot of capital.
- Joint ventures can save money by buying products at low prices because they buy in bulk.
- They create a lot of employment by hiring many people because they have capital

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

Define partnership

- Partnership is a relationship that exists between two or more people who have come together to do a
common business with the view to make profit.

State three characteristics of partnership

Ideas such as:

- Partnership is owned by many people between 2 and 20 people.

- Partnership is controlled by partners.
- Partnership has unlimited liabilities.

Give three advantages of partnership in business:

Ideas such as;

- Share business skills / skills / division of labour

- Easy to set up / no winding procedures involved
- Share risks / consultative decision making
- Secrecy in business maintained / no publishing of accounts
- Share costs / contribute resources / share equipment
- Individuality maintained
- Greater chances of securing loans
- There is continuity
- Partnership allows for division of labour
- In partnership create continuity is assured.
- It is easy to set up.
- There is shared decision making.
- Secrecy in business is maintained.
- There is a greater chance of security for loans.

Describe three advantages of partnership

Ideas such as:

- The decision may be delayed by consultation.
- The withdrawal of one or some partners may cause the partnership to dissolve.
- Lack of capital may limit expansion.
- Unlimited liability.
- It may be difficult to find a suitable partner.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define co-operatives

- Co-operatives are enterprises formed by people with a common goal who bring together some of their
resources such as money, tools, labour and equipment in order to reduce production costs.

Describe three advantages (benefits) of being a member of a co-operative.

Ideas such as:

- Skills sharing/ members learn new skills

- Easy to raise a high amount of capital/group investment
- Opportunity for division of labour/sharing of tasks
- Members share ideas
- Collective decision making/ good decisions are made
- Improves marketing of products
- Easy access to financial assistance from financial institutions
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Sharing of a common market/reduced competition
- Collective saving gives opportunity for bigger interest rates
- Cost sharing, for example, transport is shared so the cost is shared
- Bulk buying of raw materials or inputs makes them cheaper
- Poverty alleviation
- Employment creation

Describe three ways the government can ensure that co-operatives are successful.

Ideas such as:

- Provide entrepreneurial skills or upskilling

- Provide storage facilities
- Provide funding or financial assistance
- Improve transport networks
- Provide technological assistance or invest in technological development
- Assist with quality assurance or standards, for example, Botswana Bureau of Standards (BOBS)
- Mentoring or giving expert advice or incubation strategy
- Market the products or services/ provide a market for the cooperatives
- Provide subsides

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define privatisation:

- Privatisation is the transfer of public/state assets into the ownership of individuals and companies usually
through selling

Describe three advantages of privatisation

- Improves efficiency because of competition and profit

- Increases participation in ownership of national assets / citizen empowerment
- Reduces public bureaucracy or delays in decision making
- Accelerates economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship
- Reduces prices and public sector budget deficit through enhancing the quality of goods and services
- Empowers citizens where such sales are restricted to them
- Revenue/govt. gets tax from companies/revenue from sale of shares
- Removes burden from government.
- Increases foreign direct investment
- Private companies take social responsibilities

Give three disadvantages of privatisation

- There is massive job losses due to redundancy

- Open to abuse by corrupt political bureaucrats
- Widens the gap between the rich and the poor
- Expensive due to adverts and publicity
- It is a transfer of monopoly from public to private hands/may lead to emergence of private monopolies
- Will lead to hyper-inflation to meet initial costs

Describe three role of government in privatisation.

- Sets up regulatory price mechanism

- Makes laws that govern privatisation process
- Sets up prices of assets to be privatised
- Empower citizens
- Provide loans/grants

Describe three ways by which privatization can benefit developing countries such as Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Improves infrastructural development

- Allows citizens to own businesses/citizen empowerment
- Country’s revenue is increased due to payment of tax/from government enterprises
- Efficiency is improved/quality goods/services improves
- Government burden of running enterprises is reduced
- Improves the country’s GDP/GNP/economic growth/income
- Improves the country’s foreign exchange/exports
- Reduces government monopoly
- Reduces political interference
- Reduces bureaucratic red tape
- Skills development
- Technological advancement
- Privatization attracts Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Define localisation of labour:

- Localisation of labour is the process of replacing expatriate public servants with citizen public servants

State three benefits of localisation of labour in Botswana.

- It promotes the socio-economic development of locals

- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too much respect for foreigners
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- Creates employment for citizens
- Development is in accordance to culture
- There is possibility of making long term decisions as there is no fear of end of contract
- Locals acquire necessary skills
- Workers are patriotic and have their national interest at heart
- Saves money wasted on foreigners

What is localization policy?

- Localisation policy is the process of promoting citizen labour and enterprise

- Localisation is the process of giving jobs or businesses to citizens

Suggest three challenges that the government may face when trying to follow the localisation policy.
Ideas such as:
- shortage of skilled locals
- Poor work ethics among citizens
- Shortage of funds to implement the policy
- Lengthy training programmes that may delay the process, for example, medical doctors
- Brain drain where trained locals prefer to work in developed countries rather than at home
- Lack of experience among locals slows down production, for example, when a fresh local graduate
replaces an experienced expatriate graduate
- The policy creates conflict between home government and other governments/ it strains foreign relations/
promotes xenophobia.

[RULE: Award slowing down of the economy/productivity if it is the only answer]

Define localisation of labour policy

- Localisation policy is the process of replacing expatriates public servants with citizen public servants
-
Give three advantages of localisation policy in Botswana

- Promotes socio-economic development of locals

- Creates employment for locals
- It is part of restoring national pride and asserting a country’s independence
- It helps in making Batswana believe in themselves and not always show too much respect for foreigners
- Citizens would occupy politically sensitive positions
- It saves money used on expatriates

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is citizen empowerment?

- Citizen empowerment is the creation of opportunities and a conducive environment for locals to
participate fully in social, political and economic development of their country

- Citizen empowerment is when the government equips nationals with skills and other means so that they
can participate in the economy of the country/development/ creating social, political and economic
opportunities so that nationals take part in the development/economy

Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana empowers citizens.

Ideas such as:
- Training/educating citizens
- Provision of financial assistance to locals
- Providing opportunity for locals to vote in elections
- Provision of information through radio, television, newspapers on various issues
- Provision of health services to fight/ cure/control/treat diseases
- Teaching locals their rights
- Government providing a market to citizens or tenders
- Marketing of local goods and services to outside markets
- localisation

State three problems that may hinder the implementation of citizen empowerment in Botswana.

Suggest three factors that make it difficult for the government of Botswana to empower citizens.

Ideas such as:

- Fronting is when citizens are given money by foreigners to start a business and become silent partners or
shareholders.
- Insufficient market to sell the goods produced by locals or nationals or citizens
- Poor business skills/ lack of entrepreneurial skills by locals
- Lack of commitment from the bureaucrats or those in power or the government or politicians
- Lack of commitment from bureaucrats/ lack of political will or support/information not reaching the people
enough
- Conflicting government programmes/ lack of proper coordination of programmes by the government
- Corruption/nepotism/favouritism/bribery/misuse of money
- Lack of proper monitoring
- Laziness/laxity by locals to access government programmes/lack of cooperation from the people
- Lack of money for programmes by the government
- Lack of money by the people

Identify and define the sectors (stages) of production

Ideas such as:

- Primary Sector involves the extraction of raw materials, for example, mining, fishing, farming

- Secondary Sector deals with the manufacturing of products/processing/turning raw materials into semi-
finished or finished goods e.g. Kgalagadi Soap Industries, Kgalagadi Breweries Limited, etc.

- Tertiary Sector is the services provision sector or where goods and services are distributed to the
customers, for example, transport, banking, Metsef etc.

- Quaternary Sector involves the use of information technology where there is use of computers

35 | P a g e
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define primary sector of production.

- Primary Sector involves the extraction of raw materials without changing their form.

Describe three ways by which Botswana has benefited from primary production.

- Employment creation/improved standard of living of workers

- Foreign exchange/export of raw materials such as diamonds, cooper, nickel and soda ash
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads, improved telecommunication network such as
internet
- Botswana famous for beef production and diamond mining
- Stimulation of industrial growth, for example, meat processing and diamond polishing
- Food from production
- Acquisition of skills through training
- Technological advancement
- Source of income
- Increased GDP/GNP/GNP per capita

Give three reasons why countries of the south still export mainly primary product

- Unfair trade patterns/ countries of the South are viewed as a source of raw materials
- They are seen as market for manufactured goods/Neo-colonialism
- Lack of technological capacity/machines
- Lack of capital/debts
- Lack of industrial skills/ training
- They suffer from rigidity/unwillingness to accept and effect change
- Principle of comparative advantage

Define secondary sector of production.

- Secondary Sector deals with the manufacturing of products/processing/turning raw materials into semi-
finished and finished goods.

State three benefits of the secondary sector

Ideas such as:
- Promote economic linkages (Economic linkages is when industries that produce goods and services
depend on each other )
- Value added products produced/ semi-finished and finished goods will be produced/ goods that are
ready for use
- Increased returns/ helps to maximise profit by selling finished goods
- Control of the prices
- Stability in prices & demand enjoyed

Describe three ways by which the productivity of the secondary sector could be improved in Botswana.

- Training workers/entrepreneurs , for example, Local Enterprise Authority (LEA)

- Importation of raw materials
- Provision of cheaper utilities ,for example, water and electricity
- Provision of funding/ loans at low interest rate, for example, through Citizen Entrepreneurial
Development Agency (CEDA) and National Development Bank (NDB)
- Provision of serviced land/infrastructure, for example, availability of water, tarred roads,
telecommunication network and electricity
- Reduction of bureaucratic process/delay in decision making/red tape
- Use of improved /better technology
- Inviting foreign investors/Multi-National Companies (MNCs)
- Marketing/ finding market for locally produced goods
- Use of import substitution strategy and export oriented strategy

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons why investing in livestock farming in Botswana may be risky.

Ideas such as:

- Meat/beef prices can fail easily

- Livestock can be attacked by diseases, for example, foot and mouth
- Livestock can be attacked by pests, for example, tsetse fly
- Drought can result in death of many animals
- Drought can reduce the quality of meat (grade/value)
- Other livestock producers can bring too much competition
- Demands by importers , for example, European Union (EU) market can make sales difficult with their
terms and conditions

Define tertiary sector of production.

- Tertiary Sector is the services provision sector or where goods and services are distributed to the
customers.

Describe three benefits of a growing tertiary industry

Ideas such as:

- Increased market
- Greater opportunities for new business/diversification
- Job creation
- Infrastructural development
- Tax earning
- Foreign exchange
- Skills development
- Skills development
- Technological advancement
- Improvement in production
- Reduced imports

Define consumption

- Consumption refers to buying goods or things which do not last for a long period of time. For
example, when people are paid their monthly salaries, they buy groceries

- Consumption is the action of using up resources/the process in which the substance of a thing is
completely destroyed/used up or incorporate or transformed into something else.

- Consumption is the unregistered production activities that people do on self-help basis.

- Consumption is when people buy commodities/products that do not last for a long time, for example,
food, drinks and clothes

- Consumption is the use of goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants.

Describe three ways by which supply of goods affect demand

Ideas such as:

- When the supply of goods is low the demand of goods will be high
- When the supply of goods high the demand of goods will be low
- When the supply of goods is constant the demand of goods will be constant

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define foreign reserves

- Foreign reserves is funds/ income/revenue usually in other countries’ currencies that accrue to a
country as a result of balance of payment surplus and invested abroad.
- Foreign reserve is money or profit that is realized after the country pays for its exports/money
generated at home and invested abroad
- Foreign reserves is a country’s earnings from investments abroad and re-invested/ kept in international
banks/ other countries

State three advantages of foreign reserves.

- Foreign reserves is the country’s money kept outside the country for emergencies usually in that
country’s currency, for example, drought and floods
- Foreign reserves provide capital/money for diversifying the economy/helps to finance entrepreneurs
- Foreign reserves helps in providing infrastructural development, for example, construction of dams,
schools and tarred roads
- Foreign reserves helps to train locals/ is used in human resource development

Give three benefits of foreign reserves

- The money is invested in International Financial Markets using international financial brokers to buy
shares, bonds and equities hence generating profit.
- Foreign reserves as savings accrue/earns interest that is paid to the country/loaning to other countries
- Foreign reserves helps a country to earn foreign exchange/ Foreign Exchange Earner
- Foreign reserves helps to enhance country’s credit worthiness [helps countries to be able to get loans
from other countries and international financial institutions such as the World Bank and International
Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Foreign reserves helps to secure the country’s financial future/helps during emergencies

Define investment

- Investment using money/resources/employment to buy capital goods or to loan a business in return for
interests/ a share of a profit.
- Investment is using money to make/generate more income/revenue
- Investment is saving to make money/income/profit in the future

Describe three ways of promoting investment by citizens

- Credit schemes/ facilities/ loans/grants/financial assistance, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial

Development Agency (CEDA)
- Training in business skills, for example, Local Enterprise Authority (LEA)
- Providing infrastructure/serviced plots, for example, plots with tarred roads, water, telecommunication
networks and electricity
- Protectionism/protection of infant industries/localisation/citizen empowerment
- Marketing of local products, for example, Botswana Export Development Investment Agency
(BEDIA)/buy local products campaign
- Reserving some businesses for locals/citizens only, for example, transportation industry such as taxies
and buses and saloons
- Tax holidays/rebates/tax lowering ( Tax holiday is when newly established businesses are exempted
from paying tax for a certain period of time)
- Government subsidy
- Encouraging import substitution industrialisation [ISI](it is prohibiting/not allowing people to buy
goods from other countries that are produced local/ available locally) and export oriented
industrialisation [EOI] (it is setting up of industries in a country that produces goods for the outside
market)
- Lowering inflation [reducing prices of goods and services]
- Affordable utilities, for example, water and electricity
- Political stability
- Privatization which is the transfer of public assets to individuals and companies usually through selling

38 | P a g e
Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Module 3: Rural Development

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
- Explain rural development;
Rural Develop an understanding and
Development appreciation of the nature of rural - Describe types of traditional rural societies under the following
development. headings: land use and ownership, division of labour, cultural
activities, technology and dependence on the environment;

- Explain the concept of colonialism;

- Discuss the impact of colonialism on rural development with

specific reference to Botswana;

- Discuss changes in rural areas in Botswana since independence;

- Discuss positive and negative aspects of rural development;

- Discuss strategies to solve problems of rural development;

- Assess different rural schemes, programmes and projects:

- Investigate the changing family roles in rural areas.

What is rural development?

- Rural development is improving the lifestyles of people found in villages or the countryside

- Rural development is improving the standard of living or quality of life or status of people in villages or
remote areas or the country side.

- Rural development is the improvement of the quality of life of people living in villages/country
side/remote areas

- Rural development is up-lifting the living standard of people living in the country side/ villages/ remote
areas

Describe three positive effects of rural development

Ideas such as:

- The positive effect of rural development is that employment is created

- Empowerment of rural development [allow examples]
- Reduce/alleviation of rural poverty
- Access to health care facilities/ clean drinking water/ sewage facilities/increased life expectancy
- Access to educational facilities/increased literacy rate/increased school enrolment
- Reduces rural-urban migration
- There is an increase in agricultural production/commercial production
- There is variety of goods to choose from/prices of goods may go down due to different goods to choose
from
- Reduces the gap between the rich and the poor
- Increases production of raw materials for industries
- There is development of other industries: multiplier effect/ provide alternative source of income

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three aims of rural development

Ideas such as:

- To increase productivity in agric.

- To improve standard of living
- To free women from triple work load
- To give women (and the rural populace) practical skills
- To provide credit facilities
- To create non-agriculture labour intensive manufacturing/processing industries
- To create employment
- To reduce rural-urban migration

Give three importance of rural development

Ideas such as;

- It brings services closer to the rural populace

- Majority of the population in developing countries live in rural areas
- It help reduce rural-urban migration
- It increases agricultural productivity
- It increases the country’s self -sufficiency in food

What is meant by agricultural communities?

- Agricultural communities are societies that depend on cultivating crops and rearing livestock.

- Agricultural communities are groups of people or societies that depend on arable and pastoral farming

Suggest three ways in which agricultural communities differ from hunter-gatherer societies

- Agricultural Communities get food from domestic animals and plants while hunter-gatherers get food
from wild animals, wild fruits and vegetables
- Agricultural Communities live in permanent settlements while hunter-gatherers are nomadic, build
temporary structures as shelter
- Agricultural Communities use relatively sophisticated technology (for example, iron tools) while hunter-
gatherers use simple technology

What are hunter-gatherer societies?

Ideas such as;

- Communities that lived directly from their natural environment, which provided wild plants & animals
for food.
- They lived a nomadic way of life
- They built temporary shelters
- They lived in small groups
- Domesticated the dog for hunting

Describe three division of labour in the hunter-gatherer societies

Ideas such as;

- Men generally hunted with boys

- Women and girls gathered wild food
- Children took care of the aged and sick
- Men protected their families from enemies/attacks
- Women gathered water and firewood

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define subsistence production

- Subsistence production is when land, labour, capital and entrepreneurship are employed/combined to
realise a good or service to meet family needs

Describe three ways by which subsistence production can be improved

Ideas such as:

- Provision of extension services, for example, agricultures demonstrators, social workers

- Loan and credit schemes, for example, National Development Bank (NDB) and Citizen Entrepreneurial
Development Agency (CEDA)
- Provision of Training, for example, Local Authority Enterprise (LEA)
- Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads
- Formation of syndicates
- Addition of modern inputs / tools / machinery / technology / methods
- Formation of cooperatives

Describe three characteristics of subsistence farming

Ideas such as:

- Agriculture is seasonal
- Labour intensive production
- Limited use of machinery / low/simple technology
- Division of labour is gender based
- Communal ownership and use of land
- Dependence on natural inputs e.g. reliance on natural soil fertility or rainfall for watering
- Depend on last year’s harvest for seeds
- Use of family labour or animal power
- Little or no surplus for sale / no or few cash crops
- Small scale farming / small land is used / harvest is small
- Mixed cropping
- Production for family consumption
- Use of traditional methods, for example, broadcasting

State three problems faced by subsistence farmers.

Ideas such as:

- Unfavourable climatic conditions

- Lack of machinery and tools
- Poor soils
- Lack of fertilizer
- Limited variety of crops
- Shortage of land
- Hand tools make work tiresome
- Poor farming method
- Pests & diseases / lack of pesticides / herbicides
- Shortage of capital / loans or credit facilities

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is commercial farming?

- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and rearing of animals for sale/to make money

- Commercial farming is the growing of crops and domestication of livestock for sale/for selling/for profit

*The following are also acceptable…livestock for market; for profit)

Describe three characteristics of commercial farming

Ideas such as;

- Large scale production

- Produce is for sale/for profit/for market
- Advanced technology is used
- Paid/hired labour is used
- Use of fertilisers/pesticides/scientific methods/hybrid seeds/treated seeds
- Large plots of land
- Land is privately owned
- Capital intensive
- Monoculture
- All year round production/perennial
- Division and specialisation of labour
- Irrigation

(N.B. ……Do not credit advantages as characteristics)

Describe three benefits of commercial farming

Ideas such:

- Mass production
- Employment creation
- Economic linkages
- Research & development / infrastructure
- More income generation
- Food self-sufficiency
- Forex acquisition
- Quality / improved yield/products

State three problems faced by commercial farmers

Ideas such as;

- Unserviced land
- Poor soils
- Pests
- Diseases
- Poor infrastructure (storage, roads, etc.)
- Natural disasters e.g. drought/unreliable rainfall
- Lack of funds/expensive farm inputs
- Lack of skilled labour/lack of skills and knowledge
- Shortage of market/lack of processing industries
- Foreign competition for market

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three ways in which government schemes help solve problems faced by commercial farmers in
Botswana

Ideas such as;

- Provide Funding , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency(CEDA) and National
Development Bank(NDB)
- Provide Trading / information / research , for example, Sebele, Impala
- Introduction on new technology / irrigation schemes e.g. Rural Innovation Industries Centre (RIIC) ,
Botswana Technology Centre (BOTEC)
- Storage facilities / improvement of infrastructure
- Marketing of products, for example, Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB) , Botswana Meat
Commission (BMC)
- Control of diseases, for example, foot and mouth, cattle lung disease
- Extension service through Agriculture Demonstrators and Veterinary Officers
- Protection of smaller producers; exclusive licenses on Arable products
- Provision of Inputs, for example, ALDEP
- Control of pests , for example, quelea birds

Describe three positive aspects of rural life

Ideas such as;

- Cheap lifestyle
- Cultural bondage / familiarity with other people from the same village / kinship ties
- Homogeneity of society
- Dependence on the environment
- Environmental friendliness / non-polluted environs
- Extended family structure which brings social security

Describe three negative aspects of rural life

Ideas such as;

- Cultural instability leads to moral decay

- Rural neglect; development of towns/cities at the expense of the countryside
- Poor agric. Production due to overworked soils and poor methods of farming
- Rural poverty is common
- Urbanism

What is colonialism?

- Colonialism is when a country is ruled / controlled / dominated by another / a foreign country

- Colonialism is a policy/system of rule or control in which a more power ful country takes complete/full
control over a less powerful one

*The following are not acceptable: ‘time’, ‘period’, ‘era’

Describe three ways by which a country may benefit economically from being colonised

- Organised markets
- Large scale farming/plantation agric./ranching
- Commerce/trade/cash economy/use of money/cash cropping
- Paid employment
- Technological advancement/skills development
- Infrastructure development, for example, tarred roads and improved telecommunication networks
- Resource development, for example, mining

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What problems has colonialism caused for people who live in the rural areas in countries in Southern
Africa?

State three negative impacts / effects of colonialism

Ideas such as;

- Low agricultural production / land dispossession / Europeans took good quality land from Africans
- Delay in decision-making
- Oppression of women / tripartite oppression
- Acculturation / cultural extinction / erosion / loss of culture
- Exploitation through cheap labour / servitude / Africans forced to work for low wages on
farms/plantations/mines
- Sex imbalance [more women than men in rural areas]
- Concentration in raw material production / African raw materials were exported cheaply to the developed
countries
- Coming of cash economies / over utilisation of land
- A change in the direction of trade
- Loss of craftsmanship
- Tax enforcement
- Family breakdown / infidelity
- Detribalisation
- Increased workload for women / women as heads of families
- Resistance e.g. liberation struggles
- Usurpation of chiefs’ powers / dikgosi lost their powers
- Indiscipline (especially of the boy child) because of absence of men
- Shunning of traditional beliefs

Rule: The problem has to show the link of HOW the problem came about as a result of colonialism

- There must be a locus i.e. the rural area should be clearly stated

Describe three negative effects of colonialism on women.

Ideas such as:

- Women’s work increased/tripled due to migration of men

- Women suffered tripartite oppression [allow examples]

- Women were employed in less paying jobs, for example, cashiers and maids

- Women earned less than men though doing the same job

- Female headed households increased due to labour migration

- Sex imbalances in rural areas [more women than men found in rural areas due to labour migration]

- Agricultural production declined

- Migrant labour brought diseases [STDs]

- Social problems like breakdown of marriages occurred

- Decision making was delayed waiting for men to come back from where they are working

- Disciplinary problem increased [especially from boy child]

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define migrant labour.

- Migrant labour is system which involved the movement of young able-bodied men from rural areas to
the white settler areas in search of employment.

Give three disadvantages of the migrant labour to the rural areas.

- Shortage of labour for agriculture

- Reduced agricultural production leading to food shortages
- Rural depopulation/reduction of population
- Spread of diseases by migrant, for example, TB and S.T.Ds
- Increased juvenile delinquency because of absence fatherly care
- Family broke up because husbands spent longer periods away from home
- Sex imbalance with women being more than men

What is meant by land dispossession?

- Land dispossession is the taking over/away of the natural resources found on the earth surface from
people

*The following are acceptable:

- area/space on earth/ground/territory
- specific examples such as from blacks by whites/colonisers

Give three reasons for land dispossession in Africa during the colonial period

Ideas such as

- For infrastructure development, for example, construction of railway line and tarred roads

- To carryout mining activities

- For agricultural production , for example, plantation, ranching

- For permanent settlement of European population

- For strategic reasons, for example, the road to the North in Bechuanaland Protectorate and Suez Canal in
Egypt which provided the shortest route to Asia

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

Give three reasons why European nations colonised Africa

Ideas such as:

- The reason European nations colonised Africa was to get minerals and other natural resources, for
example, copper, gold and diamonds.
- The European nations colonised Africa to exploit cheap labour.
- The European nations colonised Africa to set up plantations for industries in Europe.
- The European nations colonised Africa to give land to European settlers.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand their markets.
- The European nations colonised Africa to expand political influence.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three negative effects of colonialism on people in rural areas in African countries

Ideas such as:

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is that of introduction
of hut tax resulting in migration of labour.

- Colonialism lead to decline in food production in rural areas in developing countries due to introduction
of cash crops, for example, cotton

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing countries is that of land
dispossession or Africans lost their land.

- The negative effect of colonialism on people in rural areas in developing c ountries is that of family
breakdown due to labour migration or migrant labour.

- Introduction of unhealthy diets, for example, alcoholic beverages.

- Abolition of initiation schools

- Dikgosi lost their authority or their powers

- Loss of culture

- Increased workload for women due labour migration as women were not allowed to join their husbands
who worked in South African mines

- Loss of property such as cattle.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Study Fig. 1 which is a map of Africa showing how it was divided by European powers in 1914

Fig.1

(a) Name One country that in 1914 was:

(i) Colonised by Portugal

- Mozambique
- Angola

(ii) Not colonised

- Empire of Ethiopia
- Liberia

(b) Identify the two most dominant European powers in Africa in 1914

- Britain /British
- France/French

(c) State three positive effects of colonialism on the traditional African societies.

- Improved technology
- Modern clothing
- Infrastructural development, for example built roads and railway lines
- Introduction of western or modern education
- Commercial farming/large scale farming/introduction of cash crops/improved technology/new methods
of farming/hybrid seeds
- Political and economic unity/unity brought many tribes together
- Market linkages/linked some African countries to the ports for export
- Christianity/abolition of barbaric practices/oppressive and uncivilized practices
- Introduction of modern health systems
- Introduction of cash economy/change from barter system to money system

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 (d) Suggest three reasons for land dispossession in Africa by colonialists

- For infrastructural development, for example, construction of tarred roads and railway lines
- To carryout mining activities
- For agricultural production, for example, plantations and ranching
- For permanent settlement of Europeans population
- For extraction of raw materials
- Expansion of colonial influence/ political power
- To establish markets
- For strategic reasons, for example, road to the north/ protection of trade routes

Define poverty

- Poverty is the inability to fend for oneself

- Poverty is having insufficient basic needs for survival

Describe fully the vicious cycle of poverty

Fig.2

- Since people are poor, they do not have money to invest in improving their farming methods or buy
better seeds and better breeds of animals.

As a result their land produces very little which leads to food insufficiency, malnutrition and ill health,
hence more poverty.

(Do not credit a simple diagram of the cycle. Allow a live example.)

Define rural poverty

- Rural poverty is inability of people in the countryside to fend for themselves

- Rural poverty is a state of lack of/insufficient basic needs for survival by people in the country
side/villages/cattle posts/lands/remote areas

Describe three causes of rural poverty

Ideas such as:

- Population pressure
- Lack of alternative income
- Lack of skills & technology
- Unequal access to land
- No investible capital
- Land dispossession

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three social causes of rural poverty

Ideas such as:

- Illiteracy
- Large families/population pressure
- Traditional beliefs/witchcraft/rigidity
- Migration to towns and cities [by the able bodied/breadwinners]
- Government policies that encourage laziness
- Diseases/ill-health/death of breadwinners

State three problems associated with rural poverty

Ideas such as:

- Soil degradation & erosion

- Deforestation

- Water pollution & scarcity

- Wastage & rubbish disposal

- Rural-urban migration

- Increase in women fertility leading to high population growth

- Loss of animal species

- Poor pastures / poor food production

Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can assist people in rural areas to solve their
problems

Describe three ways by the government of Botswana attempts to solve problems of rural poverty

Ideas such as;

- Provision of health facilities/clinics

- Old-age pension
- Rural industrialisation
- Provision of extension services e.g. training/advice to farmers by agriculture Demonstrators
- Provision of farming inputs, for example, free seeds, subsidised fertilizers/tools/ machinery
- Financial assistance through grants and loans / credit schemes, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial
Development Agency.
- Redistribution of land
- Provision of reliable, safe, piped water / clean drinking water
- Encourage family planning
- Improvement of transport facilities
- Drought relief programme(Namola Leuba) / job creation
- Food ration for the disadvantaged/orphans/destitute/HIV/AIDS patients
- World War II veterans (or their spouses) allowance

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define Rural Integrated Development

- Integrated Rural Development is a strategy that aims to improve all aspects of the lives of people living in villages.

Describe three changes brought by Rural Integrated Development

- Improvement in roads and transport infrastructure

- Introduction of cash crops
- Provision of social services
- Farm modernisation
- Establishment of cooperatives
- Training of locals to continue development
- Setting up of industries
- Introduction of credit schemes

Give three problems which are caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs.

Ideas such as:

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of loss of culture
due to modernisation.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of increa se in
crime.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that people may be
forced to relocate to give way to industries and other infrastructure, for example, construction of tarred
roads, schools and dams.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of high cost of
food.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of
commercialisation of life.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that mobility of people
increases and this could encourage spread of diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of pollution.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of deforestation
and soil erosion.

- The problem which is caused in rural areas of Botswana as development occurs is that of low production
in agriculture.

State three challenges that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe water in rural areas.

- The challenge that the government of Botswana faces when trying to provide safe water in rural areas is
that it is expensive or of lack of funds, for example, dam construction or piping is expensive.

- There are few big rivers

- Unreliable rainfall

- Scattered settlements making it difficult to take advantages of economies of scale.

- Vandalism by the rural people/ people vandalising pipe work or livestock

- Relocation of the people to pave way for dams may be unwelcomed by people.

- Culture/ traditional beliefs may block government efforts.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What are rural credit scheme?

- Rural credit scheme are ways through which the government in developing countries try to develop
remote areas/villages/country side.

Give three reasons why rural development scheme often fail in Botswana

- Severe and persistent drought.

- Dependency syndrome among farmers who now expected the government to provide them with
everything.

- Most of the grants were used for non-agricultural activities.

- They mostly benefited the rich and literate farmers.

- Most farmers did not co-operate.

- Some farmers were resistant to change.

Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations can help people in rural areas to improve
their standard of living.

- Fund income generating activities or provide capital for people to start businesses.

- Employing rural people in projects.

- Train people in practical skills

- Buy rural products or crafts

- Provide basic needs to the needy, for example, food and shelter

- Teach people to utilize local natural resources or veld products

- Promote environmental awareness

- Advocate for human rights

- Improve infrastructure, for example, roads.

What is meant by a farmers’ cooperative?

- Famer’s cooperative is a group of individuals that grow crops and rear livestock, who own resources
together and who make decisions together about what to produce, how to market it, buying materials
and capital goods.

Describe three advantages [benefits] of joining a farmers’ cooperative

- They may buy inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizer, fuel, in bulk and cheaper / collective purchase of
farm inputs
- They may join together to buy modern equipment such as a tractor or truck and share its use
- They may hire tractors or teams of oxen rather than each having to pay for their own
- They may market their produce together and save on transport and other costs
- They may get and be able to share expert advice on farming methods/They may be able to invite
government extension workers to talk to them and share ideas
- They may get government grants and credit through joining a cooperative / They may obtain loans/credit
through the cooperative
- They may share in communal tasks thus spreading the labour / collective work on irrigation, dam building
etc.
- Sharing of profit and loan repayment

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three services provided by cooperatives

- Sales of agricultural equipment

- Government extension services
- Credit schemes/provision of loans
- Marketing and selling of produce
- Storage of produce
- Purchase and supply of fuel & inputs
- Maintenance of vehicles
- Buying of produce from farmers

Identify three changes that have taken place in rural areas in Botswana since independence

- Rural electrification
- Provision of piped water
- Tarred roads
- Telecommunications
- Allocation of land by land boards
- Designated land use
- Commercialisation of agriculture
-
Study Fig. 3, below and answer the questions that follow

A Farmers’ Cooperative System

Sale of inputs to Purchase of products

farmers from farmers

Cooperative Bank

Tractor & other Farmers’ Coop

implements Veterinary Service

Supply of Storage Depot

fuel

Advice & training for Transport

farmers

Fig.3

State one input that farmers may get from a cooperative for their crops

- Seeds; machinery; advice and training

Give two advantages to farmers of selling their produce through a cooperative

Ideas such as;

- Farmers save on marketing costs

- Their produce is preserved in storage depots

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State two ways how a cooperative bank can help farmers

Ideas such as;

- They deposit / save their money in the bank (and accrue/earn interest)
- They can get loans from the bank at low interest

Give three ways in which investment can be encouraged in rural areas.

Ideas such as:

- Financial assistance, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency (CEDA)

- Provide training/entrepreneurial skills
- Tax holidays for those investing in rural areas/incentives for those investing in rural areas
- Open up market for rural goods
- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred road networks
- Commercializing agriculture/agricultural development schemes

Define infrastructure

- Infrastructure is system of network that is provided by government to support production

Explain the importance of any three types of infrastructure to industry

Ideas such as;

- Transport is needed to carry/ferry/transport goods from one point to the other

- Power is needed to operate machines / for lighting / welding, etc.
- Telecommunications is needed to communicate with suppliers etc.
- Buildings are needed to store goods and operate business from / offer services from

Describe three infrastructural changes that have taken place in many rural areas in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of rural
electrification.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of piped water.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of tarred roads and bridges.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of telecommunications networks.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of construction of
schools.
- The in change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of construction of market
centres such as Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board (BAMB), Cooperatives and cattle ranches.
- The change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of construction of dams such as
Ntimbale dam, Lotsane dam, Dikgatlong dam and drilling of boreholes.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of recreational or
entertainment facilities, for example, stadia such as Masunga Sports Complex and Molepolole Sports
Complex.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of rural industries.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of clinics and
hospitals.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that modern houses.
- The infrastructural change that has taken place in many rural areas in Botswana is that of airports and
airstrips.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three ways how rural areas in Botswana have improved since independence.

Ideas such as:

- Wide tarred roads have been constructed

- More schools have been built

- More health services have been provided/clinics/health centres/hospitals built

- Increased agricultural extension service

- Increased livestock and crop production/ improved agricultural infrastructure

- Provision of agricultural marketing centres, for example Botswana Agricultural Marketing Board,
Botswana Meat Commission

- Establishment of rural industries/shops in rural areas

- Rural electrification, improved/modern housing

- Improved telecommunications

- Provision of piped water

- Agricultural disease control

- Sewage system connection and landfills

- Establishment of service centres, for example, Omang, Registration of birth and deaths, water utilities,
power and community hall.

Describe the importance of any three rural development projects in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Road construction to improve transport

- Borehole drilling to supply clean water

- Connection of water pipes/ construction of water treatment plants to supply clean water

- Markets stalls to provide shelter for small scale businesses operations

- Dam construction to supply clean water

- Bus shelter erection to protect travellers from harsh weather conditions

- Construction of Kgotla buildings to protect people/attendants from harsh weather

- Construction of community halls to provide venues for activities

- Construction of educational facilities to increase literacy rate and to assist learners to qualify for upper
levels of education

- Construction of health facilities to treat the ill or injured people / to improve people’s health

- Construction of houses by Village Development Committees to provide accommodation

- Rural electrification to provide power.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three challenges which result from development in rural areas.

- Loss of culture, for example, changes in diet

- Increased population/ migration

- Overharvesting of natural resources

- Increased crime

- Commercialisation of life/ increased cost of living

- People living in heterogeneous groups instead of homogeneous groups thereby decreasing unity/
understanding

- Deforestation due to infrastructural development/ industrialisation process

- Complexity of life as opposed to the simple traditional life

- Pollution [allow example]

- Poor sanitation/hygiene

How can the foot & mouth (or cattle lung) disease affect the rural economy in Botswana?

- Shortage of meat and milk to supplement diet leading to poor health & low productivity
- Retrenchment at cattle posts, meat processing industries
- Low standards of living; some families will have nothing or less cattle and by products to sell and earn a
living
- Lack of / shortage of draught power
- Rural urban migration

Suggest three ways by which duties of family members in rural areas have changed as a result of the
development process.

- Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters look after large livestock

- Grandmothers/mothers/wives/daughters do paid work/jobs

- Husbands/sons/grandfathers/fathers babysit/look after children

- Grandmothers/mothers/wives make decisions

- Children attend school

- Grandfathers/fathers/husbands grow food crops

- Husbands do household chores

- Mothers/grandmothers head families/ female headed households

- Child headed families

Rural development schemes in Botswana;

- SLOCA, LG 17, ALDEP, ARAP, AE 10, Drought Relief (Namola Leuba), NAMPAAD, CEDA

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Module 4: Industrialisation & Urbanisation

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:

Industrialisation Describe the process of - Explain the industrialisation;

industrialisation and its
impact on development. - Evaluate different strategies for industrialisation
including import substitution, export oriented
industries, small and large scale enterprise, multi-
national companies, local investment and joint
venture;

- Describe the characteristics of modern industries

including mechanisation, advanced technology, a
wide range of raw materials, synthetic products,
division of labour, automation, robotics,
feminisation of the labour force, sub-contraction,
cottage and co-ordination of specialised tasks;

- Discuss the effects of industrialisation;

- Discuss the successes and challenges of newly

industrialised countries;

- Investigate the impact of industrialisation on their

locality.
Urbanisation Explain the dynamics of - Explain urbanisation, urban growth, rural-urban,
urbanisation and its impact urban-urban migration and primates cities;
on development in
Botswana and the SADC - Discuss the effects of urbanisation;
region.

- Suggest possible solutions to problems of

urbanisation;

- Explain the formal and informal sectors of the

economy;

- Account for the growth of the formal and informal

sectors;

- Discuss the problems of the informal sector of the

economy and suggest possible solutions;

- Compare and contrast the process and impact of

urbanisation in Botswana to that of other
developing countries in the SADC region.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define industrialisation

- Industrialisation is the use of mechanical energy and technology to produce goods and services
- Industrialisation is the setting up of companies/factories for the production of goods and services

Describe three benefits (advantages) of industrialisation to developing countries

Ideas such as:

- Income generation/improves GDP / industries pay tax
- Employment creation
- Economic linkage / up & down stream industries [it is when industries depend on each other ]
- Infrastructure development, for example, construction of tarred roads
- Import reduction
- Improved balance of trade [ it is when imports are equal to exports]
- Widened skill base/technology use / acquisition of skill
- Participation in international trade / gain global recognition
- Encourage foreign investment, for example, Multi-National Companies
- Mass production
- Foreign exchange / increased returns
- High quality goods

Define industrial production

- Industrial production is the making of goods and provision of services on large scale using mechanical
energy
- Industrial production is the making of goods and services in factories on a large scale using mechanical
energy

State three characteristics of modern industries

Ideas such as:

- Raw materials may determine the location of modern industries, for example, fruit and vegetable
canning.
- Modern industries use complex technology/advanced technology.
- Mechanisation of modern industries require factory buildings, machinery and various types of
equipment.
- Division of labour and specialisation for the factory to be more efficient and to make products within
a short time it needs to divide its workers into different tasks.
- Automation and robotics is when modern industries use machine controlled by computers. In such
industries goods are not handled by people at all during the whole production process.
- Feminisation of labour force is when women in modern industries are increasingly doing the jobs
regarded as men’s work, and consequently their numbers are constantly increasing. This is because
increased mechanisation has done away with much heavy labour.
- Synthetic products produced using new technology has made it possible to replace natural products
with artificial ones, for example, synthetic fibre and synthetic rubber made from hydro carbons derived
from petroleum.
- Sub-contraction because of high specialisation in industries some companies find it increasingly hard
to complete some tasks alone. They hire some companies to do part of the job.
- Cottage industries is when the manufacturing is wholly or partly carried out at the home of the
worker. Here a big industry could supply raw materials to the cottage industry operator, to turn them
into finished goods for a fee and then return it to the big industry for selling. This is done to minimise
costs.
- Coordination of specialised tasks is when large scale industries are made up of large numbers of
independent specialists, for example, in a mining industry, there are people specialising in engineering,
research, sales, accounting, advertising, etc.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Define feminisation of the labour force

- Feminisation of the labour force is increasing/employing more women/ females in the industrial sector
- Feminisation of the labour force is using more females to do the jobs which were previously reserved
for men
- Feminisation of the labour force is increasing the number of women in the work force.

Describe three factors that a country should consider in order to set up industries.

- The factor that a country should consider in order to set up industries is the availability of raw materials
or natural resources used to produce goods.

- Availability of capital for investment/money/ start -up capital

- Availability of labour, for example, specialised labour, skilled labour, semi-skilled labour and unskilled
labour.

- Availability of a large market to sell goods and provide services.

- Availability of power/electricity to drive machines used in the production process

- Availability of transport and telecommunication networks

- Availability of water for cooling machines, cleaning and as an ingredient

- A stable political environment

- Availability of land

- Availability of technical knowhow/skills/machinery

State three benefits of feminisation of labour to a country

- Reduces poverty of women

- Improves the living standard of women
- Reduces women unemployment
- Helps women to be self-reliant

Define import substitution industrialisation

- Import substitution industrialisation is when a country produces goods and services for itself instead of
buying them from other countries
- Import substitution industrialisation is a strategy whereby a country produce goods and services for itself
to replace those that it buys from other countries

Give three disadvantages (problems) of import substitution industrialisation

Ideas such as;

- Small market / home market is too small / expansion is limited

- Cut trade links with other countries / does not earn foreign exchange
- Countries have to import more in order to be self- sufficient / may lead to increased costs of imports of
machinery and oil
- Tax-induced / use of incentives to attract investment
- Lack of competition, therefore goods and services may be expensive
- Poor quality goods and services due to lack of competition
- Environmental damage
- Displacement of people
- Result in unemployment due to use of machine

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is export oriented industrialisation?

- Export oriented industrialisation is a strategy whereby countries produce goods & services mainly to sell
to the outside market
- Export oriented industrialisation is the production of goods & services with the aim of selling to other
countries/outside

Give three advantages of export-oriented industrialization

- Creates employment for locals

- Improves infrastructure
- Encourages local inventions / innovations
- Locally produced goods are cheaper and therefore affordable to the local poor
- Source of foreign exchange
- Improves technology / focus on science and technology
- Encourages specialization of labour that in turn increases efficiency and output / productivity

Describe three disadvantages of export-oriented industrialization.

- It is foreign sponsored/relies on outside financing

- Goods may be of poor quality
- Face stiff foreign competition
- Environmental problems/pollution

State three importance of land in the industrialization process.

- Space/ area is needed for building factories/factory site

- Part of the land surface is used for construction of infrastructure, for example, road, railway lines
- Natural resources are used as raw materials in the factories
- Farmers grow crops on the land and these are used as raw materials in the factories
- Water is used for cooling machines/ cleaning in the industries

Suggest three benefits of having many industries in a developing country such as Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- The benefit of having many industries in a developing country such as Botswana is job creation.

- Availability of a variety of goods and services locally/ reduced imports

- Infrastructural development, for example, tarred roads

- Increase of GNP/GDP/GNP per capita/ GDP per capita

- Locals learn skills

- Technological advancement

- National pride

- Taxation by the government

- Foreign exchange from exports

- Utilisation of local resources

- Self -reliance

- Diversification of the economy.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three negative effects of industries on the environment.

Ideas such as:

- The negative effect of industries on the environment is that of air pollution, land pollution, water
pollution and noise pollution.

- Deforestation or cutting down of trees/ soil erosion

- Depletion of natural resources or natural resources getting finished

- Poor sanitation due to growth of overcrowded cities

- Acid rain

- Disturbance of the ecosystem/ loss of habitat

- Creation of heat island/ raised temperatures in towns

- Climate change

Describe three negative effects of having many industries in a country.

Ideas such as:

- People have to relocate to give way to industrial activity

- People may forget the importance of agriculture/craft production
- Culture may be lost/changed
- Large cities grow up around industries [often with various problems of poor housing/overcrowding/bad
sanitation/diseases] Allow examples
- Industries cause environmental pollution
- Industries deplete natural resources
- Land degradation
- Loss of agricultural land
- Machines dehumanise the people

Suggest three factors that promote the industrialisation process

Ideas such as:

- Availability of funds/capital for investment
- Availability of labour, for example, both skilled and unskilled
- Technological capacity
- Availability of a market/large population for market
- Developed infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Good transport system
- Availability of raw materials

Describe three success of Newly Industrialising Countries

Ideas such as:

- There is creation of employment.
- Introduction of new technologies.
- More exports.
- More foreign exchange.
- Variety of goods are available locally

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three challenges which are faced by the Newly Industrialising Countries.

Ideas such as:

- The challenge faced by Newly Industrialising Countries is that of high inflation rates[high inflation is
when prices of goods are high]/weak currencies/high fuel price
- The Newly Industrialisng Countries are faced with a challenge of foreign debts/debt crisis
- They is huge disparities of wealth/wide gp between the rich and the poor
- Dominance of the industrial process by Multi-National companies (MNCs) who move their investment
out of the country/ capital flight/neo-colonialism
- Depletion of the natural resources/damage to the environment
- Fast growth of the private sector which is becoming difficult to be controlled by the government
- Exploitation of workers by the employers
- Urban drift/urban poverty
- Corruption
- Declining exports/tough competition from Multi-National Companies
- Declining real income

What is urbanization?

- Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion/number of people living in towns and cities as opposed
to those found in rural areas / countryside

What are the causes of urbanisation?

They are only two:

- Rural – urban migration [is movement of people from villages to towns and cities
- Natural increase [ is when birth rate is higher than death rate]

State three advantages of urbanisation on urban dwellers

Ideas such as;

- More labour force

- Increase in markets
- Urban biased developments

What is a primate city?

- Primate city is the largest urban centre / area whose population is at least twice or double that of the
second largest in a country

State three characteristics of a primate city

- Primate city is an area where government would normally set up its administration , for example,
parliament / cabinet
- Primate city is an area where a national university & technical training schools are located
- Primate city has the best infrastructure and communications networks and most of the financial
investment
- Primate is an area where many government department and private companies’ headquarters are found

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is urban growth?

- Urban growth is the absolute increase in the physical size (area) of a city and town

Describe three causes of urban growth

- Affluence / rich people can commute

- Cheap land in the periphery
- Development of infrastructure
- In-availability of paid rent houses in the Central Business District ( CBD)
- Expensive rented accommodation in the city centre
- Corresponding cheap rent in the periphery
- Less pollution in the periphery/surrounding areas
- Urban decay
- Shortage of space/land (for expansion) in the CBD
- Cheap service levies in the periphery, for example, water, electricity, rates

Identify three problems caused by urban growth on urban areas

- Deforestation
- Ruralisation of urban areas
- Pollution
- Traffic congestion / jam
- Town / urban decay
- Spiralling crime/increasing crime rates
- Overstretched social infrastructure
- Longer travel time to and from work / longer commuter times

State three problems caused by urban growth on rural areas

- land becomes expensive / rent hikes

- Urbanism / exposure to fast town life
- Cultural erosion
- Detribalize / acculturation
- Loss of land for agriculture / encroachment by the town/city / lower agricultural production
- Increased crime / haven for criminal activities / illicit or illegal land dealings
- Pollution from the city / dumping sites usually located in nearby villages

Define rural-urban migration

- Rural-urban migration is the movement of people from the countryside/villages to towns and cities

Describe three positive effects of rural-urban migration on rural areas

Ideas such as:

- Reduction of rural unemployment/less unemployment

- Fewer mouths to feed
- Bring home remittances/money
- Technological development/bring new technology to their villages
- Rural investments by migrants/job creation by the investors, for example, shops/supermarkets
- New life style/modernisation
- Acceptance of change by rural dwellers
- Develop appropriate technology

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three disadvantages (problems) of rural-urban migration for rural areas

Ideas such as

- Sex ratio imbalance leading to infidelity

- Rural depopulation/low productivity in agriculture/shortage of workforce
- Family break-ups/family neglect/child indiscipline
- Increased workload for women (triple workload)/young/old/sick/weak/those who remain
- Loss of craftsmanship
- Loss of culture
- Spread of diseases / introduction of STDs
- Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g. prostitution

*To earn marks ideas need to be developed

Define urban-urban migration

- Urban-urban migration is the movement of people from town and city to another

Describe three positive effects of urbanisation on towns

Ideas such as
- Pool of cheap labour/reservoir of cheap labour
- Large market/increase in market
- Development of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads and piped water
- Strengthen of the informal sector
- Cultural exchange
- Emergence of vocal groups, for example, Emang Basadi

Describe three factors which force people to move from rural to urban areas in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

- Lack of employment
- Lack of entertainment
- Shortage of social service, for example schools and clinics
- Drought
- Fear of witchcraft
- Traditional life
- Rural poverty
- Poor markets
- Expensive goods and services

Describe three negative effects of rural-urban migration in towns and cities in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

- Unemployment
- Overcrowding
- Increase in crime
- Shortage of accommodation/shanty areas
- Over load of social amenities, for example, clinics and school
- Land/water pollution/air pollution/pollution
- Cultural distortion
- Poor sanitation/hygiene

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Solutions to problems of rural-urban migration on rural areas

Problems Solutions
- Shortage of labour in agric. / low production in - Improve technology
agric. - Improve prices for agricultural products
- Rural industries / job creation in rural areas so that men work nearby
- Marriage under customary law should be strengthened by modern
- Break-up of families law

- Reproductive health education e.g. use of condoms

- Introduction of STDs

- Sex ratio imbalance - Job creation in rural areas

- Economic empowerment or job creation for people in rural areas

- Increased rural poverty - Financial assistance

- Introduction of socially undesirable behaviour e.g.

prostitution - Legislation

Give three effects of urbanisation on towns and cities

Ideas such as
Positive effects
- Reservoir of cheap labour/provides cheap labour
- Increase in market
- Emergence of a vocal group in towns
- Urban bias/development of urban areas at the expense of rural areas (allow one example connoting urban
bias)
Negative effects of urbanisation on towns and cities
- Shortage of resources, for example, land, housing, water
- Increase in unemployment leading to crime , for example, prostitution, selling dagga
- Traffic jam/congestion/overcrowding
- Pressure on social amenities, for example, schools, clinics, sewage systems
- Pollution (air, water and land)
- Squatting [occupying land illegally]
- Acculturation/loss of culture
- Loss of ethnicity/detribalisation
- Street kids / juvenile delinquency

*To earn marks, ideas need to be developed

*Observe the 2/1 1/2 marks allocation

What are the solutions to problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities?

- Provide serviced land / land reform

- Dual roads/flyovers/traffic lights/traffic circles
- Decentralisation of govt. services
- Creation of jobs (especially in rural areas)
- Extension services
- Destruction of squatter settlements
- Crime prevention committee/neighbourhood watch
- Encourage use of public transport
- Allow informal sector to accommodate jobless people
- Polluter tax (PPP) / proper disposal of litter / elongation of chimneys / Catalytic converters on car
exhausts / use of unleaded petrol or alternative sources of energy
- Tax holidays for industries which establish in rural areas
- Rural areas allowance for those who work there (e.g. RASA)
- Encouraging trade between rural areas & urban centres

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three factors that attract people to urban areas.

Ideas such as:

- The factor that attracts people to urban areas is employment opportunities because there are many
industries that provide goods and services.

- Better health facilities, for example, clinics and hospital both private and public owned.

- Better educational facilities, for example, public schools and private schools.

- Chances of better relationships

- Better transport facilities

- Low prices of goods

- Better entertainment and recreational facilities

- Security offered in towns

- Modern lifestyle

- Better housing

- Less beliefs in witchcraft

Describe three problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities.

- The problems caused by urbanisation in towns and cities is pressure on social amenities, for example,
schools and clinics

- Shortage of housing

- Poor sanitation

- Easy spread of diseases, for example, some people may decide to practise prostitution due to high
unemployment rate.

- Pollution for industries that produces goods

- Traffic congestion due to poor planning of roads.

- Shortage of jobs

- Crime rate increases

- Overcrowding due to shortage of land

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is the formal sector?

- Formal sector is any economic activity that is registered and legally recognized by the government and
operates in a permanent building

Describe three characteristics of formal sector of the economy

- Work takes place in building/permanent work-place

- Workers have written contracts with their employers
- Jobs require education/training/technical skills
- Regular wages are guaranteed
- There are fixed hours of work
- Work run according to labour laws/controlled by government
- Workers can belong to trade unions
- Mostly operates on a large scale
- Pays tax
- Use of advanced technology/better technology/capital intensive
- Businesses are registered/licensed

State three reasons for the growth of the formal sector in Botswana.

- Presence of Multi-National Companies (MNCs)/foreign investors

- Financial assistance , for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency
- Government takes initiative to register businesses
- In some cases registration is a requirement for operation
- Tendering process demands registration so businesses are compelled/forced to register
- Business/entrepreneurship taught in schools motivating students to start formal businesses
- The need to export goods/services/demands registration o f business
- Tax holiday
- Government setting up parastatal

Describe three ways by which formal businesses contribute to the development of a country such as Botswana.

- They pay tax to government

- They improve infrastructure by building permanent structures
- They train workers/skills development/scholarships/sponsor students
- They increase GNP/GDP since they are registered
- They sponsor social activities, for example, sports/social responsibility
- They increase international trade/earn foreign exchange
- Workers are paid regular wages/their living standards are improved/employment creation
- Technological advancement
- Availability of variety goods / services

Give three reasons for the low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy.

- The reason for low numbers of women in the formal sector of the economy is due to lack of education
and training or high illiteracy rate.

- Women are less credit worthy

- Societal expectation on women, for example, taking care of children

- Women’s low self- esteem or fear

- Women’s high workload at home especially in agriculture

- Myths or stereotypes about low intelligence of women

- Early marriages

- Lack of capital

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define the informal sector

- Informal sector refers to businesses/economic activities that are non -taxable/ unregistered/ carried out
everywhere.

Describe three characteristics of the informal sector of production.

Ideas such as:

- The do not belong to a trade union

- They operate in small scale
- The work is done in temporary shelter/everywhere/anywhere
- Payment of taxes is unnecessary
- People are often self employed
- The hours of work are flexible
- People use traditional skills/talents to do work, for example, weaving and sewing
- They are unregistered businesses
- Irregular wages/no fixed wages

Give three problems of the informal sector

Ideas such as:

- Market shortage/they face tough competition from the formal sector/face competition amongst
themselves/competition to the formal sector
- Their goods are not insured/uninsured
- They are usually affected by harsh weather conditions
- They lack management and marketing skills
- They lack capital to expand their business
- They are usually in trouble with law enforcement officers because of non -compliance
- Pollute the environment
- They disturb traffic
- Competition to the formal sector
- Engage in illegal activities, for example, crime increase
- Health hazard/open space/food poisoning
- Lack of places of operation
- Low wages/ irregular wages
- Non-unionised

Suggest three ways in which governments can help the informal sector

Describe three solutions to problems of the informal sector

Ideas such as

- License them / Government recognition

- Training entrepreneurs / short term technical courses e.g. through Local Enterprise Authority [LEA] (in
Botswana)
- Give gazetted market places / designated places of operation
- Provide grants/loans and credit schemes, for example, Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Scheme
(CEDA)
- Regulation
- Promote grouping
- Encourage them to supply what the big companies do not supply
- Grants/loans from the government

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons why many women are involved in the informal sector

Ideas such as:

- Women lack education/qualifications/to enter the formal sector
- Women lack capital to establish formal business/women can afford the little capital in informal
activities
- Women are burdened with household chores so they engage in informal activities right at home, for
example, selling fruits on the front of their home
- Women can cope with flexible working hours
- Women lack the documents required for registration of formal businesses, for example, bank account
and tax registration
- Most women have responsibility to care for children as single parents so they are forced into formal
production
- To supplement low income

What are the disadvantages of having few women in decision making positions?

Ideas such as:

- The disadvantage of having few women in decision making positions is that women issues are ignored

- Birth rate will be high

- Unequal participation in decision making

- Poor status on human rights

- Domestic violence/ conflict between men and women

- Lack of role models for the girl child

Give three reasons for the growth of the informal sector in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Shortage of job opportunities/job losses [in the formal sector]

- Lack of skills to enter the formal sector
- Easier entry requirements [allow one example]
- High opportunities for self-employment/can be profitable
- A chance to use one’s natural skills/craftsmanship
- Cheap to set up/run it/limited overhead costs
- Easy access to supporting structures, for example, stalls
- Access to government initiatives to support informal sectors , for example, licensing
- Lack of money to start formal businesses
- Small/low salaries in the formal sector
- Flexible working hours

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three differences between the informal and formal sectors of the economy.

- Informal sector is unregistered whilst the formal sector is registered or documented or the owners hold
licence to do it.
- Informal sector is unprotected by the law whilst the formal sector is protected by the la w.
- Informal sector has flexible working hours whilst the formal sector has fixed working hours.
- Informal sector uses simple technology whilst formal sector uses complex technology
- Informal sector is done on small scale whilst the formal sector is done on a large scale
- Informal sector is done in temporary shelters or in the open whilst formal sector has permanent
buildings
- In informal sector, workers use natural talents while in the formal sector people are trained for the
work
- In the informal sector, taxes to the government are unpaid or ignored but in the formal sector tax is paid
- In the informal sector, there is lack of trade unions but in the formal sector trade union exist
- Wages in the informal sector are unguaranteed or irregular but in the formal sector wages are regular/
guaranteed.

State three problems that are faced by people in the informal sector.

- Lack of capital/small gain/profit

- Lack of entrepreneurship skills
- Lack of proper shelter for operation so production is disturbed by harsh weather
- Little market/competition for the formal sector/ competition among themselves
- Lack of security so cases of theft are common
- Goods of poor quality due to poor technology
- Harassment by law officers
- Lack of credit worthiness
- Lack of recognition by the government.

Describe three ways by which women in the informal sector contribute to the economic development of
Botswana.
- Dominate specific important enterprises like catering, dressmaking, child care/ provide services
- They utilise their natural skills like cleaning, cooking, weaving/ traditional skills/ use less business
skills
- They create jobs for other people/self -employment
- They provide a market for producers of specific materials like cotton, wool, reeds for weaving/
increases market
- They can develop into cottage industry, for example, making cakes at home for supermarkets
- They train themselves/ others/impart knowledge and skills to others
- They form self- help group
Give three reasons why the informal sector of the economy is growing rapidly in developing

- The informal sector requires little capital to start

- They utilises natural skills/traditional skills/uses less business skills
- There is less requirements for registration and licensing/ less paper work
- There is high unemployment/ little expansion in the formal sector/creation of employment for the
unskilled
- The goods are attractive for their traditional value, for example, arts and crafts.
- Their operations can be done anywhere.
- The goods are mostly affordable.
- They Use simple and intermediate technology

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Module 5: Women in Development

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Women in Development Develop an understanding and -discuss the role of women in traditional
appreciation of the role of women societies with reference to labour, food
in development. production, arable farming, animal
husbandry and family welfare;

-discuss the impact of traditional values,

customs and practices, taboos and myth on
women’s position in society;

-assess the impact of colonialism on the

position of women in society in relation to
education, land entitlement, wages, labour,
migratory labour and commercial farming;

-discuss issues relating to emerging roles

of women such as equal access to jobs,
new policies, women oriented schemes
and female headed households;

-assess the role played by women in the

politics of Southern Africa with specific
reference to pre-independence and post-
independence eras;

-account for the emergence and

development of the lobbyist, educational,
legal and welfarist women’s organisations;

-examine the role of women’s

organisations in the prevention of
HIV/AIDS and other communicable
diseases;

-select one of the women’s organisations

in Botswana and evaluate its role and
effectiveness;

-explain the role of women in the formal

and informal sectors of the economy;

-account for the disparity in the wealth

distribution between women and men in
Botswana;

-discuss women’s problems in Botswana

and suggest possible solutions.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three roles of women in a traditional society.

Ideas such as:

- Domestic chores
- Gathering wild fruits
- Bearing/raising children
- Labour at community activities, for example, funerals and weddings
- Caring for the old/sick/family welfare
- Food production/arable agriculture/crop farming
- Taking care of small livestoc
- Construct walls of mud hut/house
- Custodians of culture

What is a myth?

- Myth is a story based on popular belief

- Myth is a tale with supernatural characters, usually of how the world and mankind began

Describe three negative effects of traditional values, customs and practices, taboos and myths on women’s
position in society today

Ideas such as;

- The disassociation of women from leadership resulted in women’s pre-determined destiny that they should
be passive in politics and assume lower position in the workplace

- Their subordination to men brought fear, respect and obedience that man is indeed the breadwinner in the
family

- Today there are few women involved in decision making because they had been made to believe they have
smaller brains than men

- Their full involvement in domestic work or household chores has indirectly convinced them that they
specialise in domestic work, which is unpaid for. This has also pre-determined the type of work women do
hence their involvement in the lowly paid jobs

- Their pre-occupation with children and domestic work has also denied women the chance to advance in
public life

- Since land was the property of the husband, women have been denied the chance to enrich themselves by
using this natural resource for commercial purposes

- Women were denied the chance to go to school as they were thought incapable of learning (smaller brain
and therefore less intelligent than men) and this has resulted in the low literacy rate among women today.

- Women were forbidden to pass through a herd of cattle when on monthly period. This was a way of
discouraging women from owning any cattle and this has resulted in lower standards of living
today/poverty among women

- A woman is oppressed/looked down upon as she is believed to be a product of man (Eve was made from
Adam’s rib)

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three positive effects of colonialism on women in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

- Modern health care/family planning

- Paid employment
- Women became literate
- Improved technology
- Commercial farming/cash crops
- Reduction of abusive traditional practices (due to Christianity)
- Property ownership, for example, land in urban areas.

Describe three negative effect of colonialism on women in developing countries

Ideas such as

- Education, Europeans believed that women’s place was in the kitchen, and that they had weak brains,
therefore educating them was not a priority.
Consequently, they remained ignorant about family planning and reproductive health. Girls were only
given specific training for domestic work, especially in the homes of the colonizers.

- Land Entitlement, land was a communal property in pre-colonial societies. The introduction of the
right to individual ownership of land by the colonizers was not extended to women.
This impoverished many as they could not carry out any activity on the land without permission from
their male counterparts.

- Migratory labour, when men went to work outside in the mines and farms in South Africa, their wives
were not allowed to join them.
Women thus remained at home and assumed the roles previously done by men. In most cases,
decisions and thus had to wait for their husbands. Marriages also broke up.

- Commercial farming, generally there was low agricultural productivity since the able bodied men
were absent.

What are women oriented schemes?

- Women oriented schemes are development[strategies, measures, initiatives]/policies that are directed
especially towards female to give them opportunities to participate and benefit in the process

- Women oriented schemes are official plans that are intended to help females participate and /or
benefit from the development process.

Give three reasons why men are wealthier than women in Botswana.

Ideas such as
- Men have technical skills for a long time/ when colonialists introduced education, more boys than girls
were taken to school

- With education and training , men learnt about ways of accumulating money [wealth] which they later
invested in other areas

- Men have always owned property, for example, land, cattle/inheritance benefitted men

- Many years of leadership have made men to be better decision-makers/has helped them to use their
money wisely

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is a female-headed household?

- Female-headed household is a family whose breadwinner or decision maker is a woman

- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is the only parent present and is the breadwinner
and decision maker

- Female-headed household is a family where the mother is taking care of the family alone

Describe three causes of female-headed households

Ideas such as;

- Marital problems leading to / resulting in divorce / husband or father leaving family for another woman or
family
- Death of the husband / father / male partner
- It might be a result of incest / adultery / illegitimate children
- The ease with which one can have a child out of wedlock or before marriage
- The choice to have a child and remain single
- Economic independence by women / most of them can now work and support their children
- Loss of interest in marriage by women
- Disappearance of male partners
- Education / emancipation of women from sexual bondage

Describe three problems faced by female-headed families

Ideas such as:

- There is little time to spend with the children at home
- Indiscipline of the children especially the boy child leading to a high incidence of juvenile delinquency
- Vulnerability to attack by criminals / abuse
- Low standard of living due to lower levels of education by women. This results in poverty that may lead to
engaging in illegal activities by women, for example, prostitution, selling dagga
- Women’s low self esteem
- Unequal distribution of wealth/property
- Disrespect by society / tradition or culture militates against emancipation / discrimination / stigma

[RULE: Award even when men/women terms are used]

Define gender equality

- Gender equality is giving females the same/alike opportunities/treatment as males in the society
- Gender equality is giving both males and females same opportunities/treatment in the society

Describe three roles played by women in the pre-independence politics of Southern Africa

Ideas such as:

- Women occasionally ruled as queens even though most rulers were men, for example, Queen Mantatisi
of Batlokwa
- In some countries women took part in the struggle for independence and often fought side by side with
men, for example, Kenya, Mozambique, Angola and Namibia
- Some women leaders even fought against colonial conquest, for example, Queen Ndzinge of Angola
against Portuguese
- During wars for independence women provided hide-out/protection for guerrillas or freedom
fighters/take care of refugees
- In South Africa, women like Mrs. Winnie Mandela and Mrs. Rose Sebukwe led other women against
discriminatory apartheid laws/ they instigated other women to stage demonstrations/marches and in the
long run formed Women’s Movements
- They also nursed the wounded soldiers
- Women fomed over 25% of the cadres of the Zimbabwean African National Union (ZANU)
- Provided food and water for soliders

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What are lobbyist women’s organisation?

- Lobbyist women’s organisations is a group that speaks/advocate for/influence the government to

change laws and policies that disadvantages females in society/d iscriminate/oppress women

Describe three ways in which the role of women has changed in Botswana

Ideas such as:

- Heads of families/female headed families have increased

- Dikgosi /traditional leaders/managers/parliament/leadership positions

- Soldiers/doctors/drivers/politicians/same jobs as men

- Women now make decisions on family planning/contraception

- Land/property ownership

- Women are in business/have access to credit facilities

- Participate in kgotla meetings/voting

State three challenges that women’s organisations face in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Shortage of funds
- Ignorance of women about their rights
- Shortage of skilled people/ dependence on volunteers/ lack of volunteers, for example, bookkeepers
- Lack of support from the public
- lack of buildings for operations
- lack of public awareness about the NGO/confusion about their objectives/stereotyping
- Selective locations (make them inaccessible)
- Division among leaders/members/pull her down syndrome due political affiliation
- Lack of continuity (when the leader dies all programmes stop)

Describe three problems that women in modern Botswana face.

Ideas such as:

- Rape /sexual harassment

- Domestic violence, for example, emotional abuse and financial abuse
- Lowly paid jobs
- Lack of capital for investment
- HIV and AIDS infection
- Low level of education/illiteracy
- Cultural stereotypes
- Single parenting/female headed households
- Pull her down syndrome
- Teenage pregnancy

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is a Women’s Organization?

- Women’s Organization is a group of people whose aim is to improve the status of females and to
empower them to fully participate in development
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that advocates or lobby for the eradication of all forms of
discrimination against females / the girl child
- Women’s Organization is a group of people that aims to empower females to fully compete with their
male counterparts without prejudice

State three roles played by women’s organizations in the fight against [prevention of] HIV/AIDS in Botswana

- The Botswana Council of Women trains female trainers through workshops to become peer educators
on HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention
- The Young Vulnerable Women seeks to mitigate the spread of HIV/AIDS and prevent teenage
pregnancies. It engages on basic training on skill development and on the publication of youth
magazines that contain information on HIV/AIDS
- The Kagisano Society Women’s Shelter Project pioneers community responses to gender crisis,
sexual violence and HIV/AIDS
- The Botshabelo Rehabilitation Centre embarks on community mobilization, education and
information on HIV/AIDS and sexual violence. It also empowers men to be fully involved in the fight
against HIV/AIDS

Allow general points such as:

- Encourage parent-child discussions

- Counselling the sick
- Building orphanage centres
- Representing women in National Organizations such as National Aids Coordinating Agency (NACA)
- Raising awareness against abuse and rape
- Mobilising funds for the sick, the needy and the susceptible
(Any 3 at 1 mark each)

Describe three problems / challenges that women’s organizations face in Botswana

- Lack of funds
- Male stereotypes
- Domestic violence
- Shortage of representation in the government e.g. councils, parliament
- Pull-her-down syndrome i.e. jealousy from fellow women
- Susceptibility to diseases due to the female anatomy
Name one women’s organization in Botswana

- Emang Basadi; Metlhaetsile; Women Against Rape, Young Women’s Christian Association; Botswana
Council of Women; Areyeng Basadi (Tonota), Kgetsi ya Tsie (Tonota)

*local women organizations are acceptable

Describe three activities that it performs to empower women

- Fund raising
- Lobbying e.g. Emang Basadi (advocate for 30% women representation in parliament; petition the govt.
on laws that discriminate against women; conduct workshops / seminars about universal suffrage &
empowering women, etc)
- Education
- Legal services e.g. Women Against Rape (organises lawyers to represent victims, taking govt. to court
etc)
- Networking: address common meetings & share expertise
- Training (in some specific skill/field e.g. bread making, hair dressing)
- Counselling e.g. rape victims

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is gender equality?
What is meant by equal rights for women?

- Gender equality is giving females the same / alike opportunities / treatment as males in the society

*Answer should always start with the female

Ideas must be developed to get a point

Suggest three ways by which gender equality can be achieved

Suggest three ways by which equal rights for women can be achieved

Ideas such as;

- Education (equal access to all)

- Training (women to venture into careers traditionally dominated by men) / reversal of stereotypes

- Land rights / access to property (women should be allowed to own land)

- Legal rights
- Equal treatment at work place

- Political rights

- Through affirmative action

- Involvement of women in decision making

- Sexual freedom / right to say NO to sexual activities

*Each point must be fully described, and must always start with the female and link or move to male.
Max of 2 for the same idea

What is development for women?

- Development for women is a positive change or improvement which gives opportunities for females
to participate and benefit in the process

Why are some development programmes directed especially towards women?

Ideas such as;

- Educating women will result in healthier children and a drop in infant mortality rate (IMR)

- Educating women will result in a large number of skilled people

- Women often do most of the farming and development programmes need to be directed towards them
so as to improve food production

- Women should be given equal opportunities

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 Module 6: Population, Health & Education

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Population Develop an understanding and appreciation of the - explain the concept of population;
effects of population on development.
- explain the stages of the Demographic Transition Model;

- account for the different population structures presented by different

population pyramids;

- describe and interpret population pyramids for developing and

developed countries;

- discuss the main factors which influence population distribution and

population density in the world;

- discuss prospects and challenges presented by rapid population

growth in Botswana and suggest possible solutions;

- explain the impact of the population growth on Botswana’s

development;

- demonstrate the ability to collect, analyse and present population

statistics;

- discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure of

Botswana;

- Explain the effects of overpopulation on the environment.

Health Explain the role of health in development. - explain the concept of health;

- discuss factors that influence good health such as the provision of

clean water, sanitation, nutrition, entertainment, education,
availability of personnel, stress and poverty;

- discuss preventative and curative primary and secondary health care,

traditional and modern health systems;

- discuss the impact of the health on Botswana’s development;

- discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic

development;

- discuss how the health system is addressing the HIV/AIDS scourge

in Botswana;

- Demonstrate the ability to analyse and interpret health statistics.

Education Appreciate the role of education in development - explain the concept of education;
in Botswana
- discuss modern and traditional formal, non-formal and informal
education;

- describe the structure of the formal and non-formal education in

Botswana;

- discuss alternative approaches to the provision of education in

Botswana including vocational education and job shadowing;

- discuss the impact of information technology education on the

development of Botswana;

- discuss the role of environmental education on development of

Botswana;

- explain the role of education in addressing the problems of

HIV/AIDS.

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Define population

- Population refers to a group of people in an area at a given time.

Give three benefits/advantages of rapid population growth

Ideas such as:

- Increased market base.

- Increased provision of labour.
- Advanced technology.
- Increased military or security superiority
- Increased understanding of man’s behaviour and a positive development of humanism as human
ideology

Define rapid population growth rate

- Rapid Population Growth is the fast increase of the size of a group of people.

Describe three challenges/problems of rapid population growth

Ideas such as:

- Depletion of natural resources.

- Food shortage and malnutrition or starvation.
- Shortage of houses and high rentals, high prices for land and building materials.
- Shortage of water.
- Increased in illiteracy rate due to shortage of schools and lowered educational standards.
- Shortage of medical facilities.
- Pollution, for example, due to dysfunctional sewage systems.
- Rapid spread of communicable diseases.
- Increased unemployment rate or poverty or underemployment.
- Shrinking energy reserves.
- Increased crime rate.
- Scarcity-induced inflation.

Suggest three possible solutions to the problems of rapid population growth rate

Ideas such as:

- Improving agricultural production.

- Creating new settlements, for example, towns, villages, cities.

- Establishing agencies and schemes to help decrease the cost of building houses, for example, Botswana
Housing Corporation (BHC) and Self Help Housing Agency (SHHA).

- Providing serviced land, for example, in urban areas through such programs as Accelerated Land
Servicing Program.

- Establishing rainwater and runoff harvesting measures such as building more dams.
- Improving schemes aimed at reducing poverty, especially in rural areas, such as the Drought Relief
Programme.

- Train more doctors and nurses who might improve medical technology.

- Train more teachers and lecturers to improve local educational technology.

- Establishing more industries to create more job opportunities.

- Implementing population policies to control population growth

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What is population distribution?

- Population distribution is the spread of people over an area or where people are found and why they
are found there

*disperse, scatter, settle are acceptable

Identify three factors that influence population distribution

Describe three factors which influence population distribution
Describe three factors that lead to uneven distribution of the world’s population

Ideas such as;

- Climate - weather conditions

- Economic activities such as presence of minerals / employment / industries

- Resources – availability of water, food etc.

- Relief of the land

- Accessibility

- Fertility of the land [especially people involved crop production]

- Colonialism / political factors / the drawing of international boundaries

- Historical factors – wars e.g. Mfecane

- Slave trade

- Jihads/religion/government policy

- Government policy, for example, Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR)

*Ideas need to be developed to earn marks
*statements connoting migration are unacceptable

Define population density

- Population density is the number/average number of people per unit area

- Population density is number of people per given area [e.g square kilometre]

*‘per given area…, per sq. km…, per sq. mile…, per sq. metre are acceptable

State three problems for the natural environment that may result from overpopulation
Ideas such as

- Soil erosion

- Desertification

- Deforestation/loss of vegetation

- Pollution (air, water and land)

- Extinction of species/destruction of the bio-diversity/ecosystem

- Overuse/over-harvest of resources e.g. water, land, minerals

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Give three reasons why population density may differ from one place to another
Ideas such as:
- Economic activities such as presence of minerals/employment/industries
- Resources –availability of water, food [allow examples]
- Relief of the land
- Fertility of the land
- Rainfall
- Temperature
- Wars/conflicts
- Infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Social amenities, for example, schools and hospitals
- Recreational facilities, parks, gymn rooms and cinemas
- Security
- Schools
- Educational services

Define overpopulation

- Overpopulation is the state of available resources being inadequate to support the number with a
reasonable standard of living.

Describe the environmental factors that influence population distribution in Botswana

Ideas such as:

- People avoid windy areas
- East has more rainfall/west is dry
- People avoid areas with high temperatures
- People are attracted to areas with open grasslands for livestock grazing
- Availability of water from big rivers attract people
- Flat land for agriculture attracts more people
- Poor/infertile soils in the west lead to sparse population/fertile soils in the east lead to dense population
- Northwest sparsely populated due to animal diseases and pests

Describe three negative effects of overpopulation on the environment of Botswana

Ideas such as:

- Pressure on vegetation leading to deforestation
- Overworked soils/loss of nutrients/fertility
- Depletion of natural resources/extinction of certain species
- Overgrazing/overstocking resulting in soil erosion/soil erosion
- High demand/high extraction of minerals leading to ugly landscape
- Pollution
- Disturbance of the ecosystem
- Desertification/land left bare

Describe any three effects of rapid population growth

Ideas such as
- Increased demand or market for goods and services
- Attraction of investors (Foreign Direct Investment)
- Enjoyment of the benefits of economies of scale or promotion of large scale production which is more
efficient
- Full utilisation of transport or communication networks
- Power, water and other services can be operated at a low cost so the government will establish them
- Availability of cheap labour

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Define population pyramid

- Population Pyramid is the structure which shows the age-sex composition of a group of people

State three negative impact of HIV/AIDS on the population structure of Botswana

Ideas such as:
- Fewer children or reduced birth rates or narrow base.
- Reduced working-age group.
- Reduced life expectancy.
- High infant mortality rate.
- Increased orphan-hood.
- High dependency ratio.
- Increased death rates.
- Reduced population growth rate or population decrease

Study Fig. 1 which shows a demographic transition model and use it to answer the questions that follow.

Fig.1

What is a demographic transition model?

- Demographic Transition Model is a diagram which shows how population changes over time.

Which stage has the lowest birth rate?

- Stage 4

Suggest reasons for the falling death rate at stage 2.

- The provision of clean water to reduce water borne diseases such as cholera.
- The provision of good nutrition, for example, supplementary feeding for babies in clinics such as
Tsabana, cooking oil and beans.
- The provision of improved hygiene and sanitation prevent the spread of diseases.
- The provision of better health care, for example, training of more doctors and nurses.
- The improved literacy levels, for example, building of more schools and training of teachers.

Describe three benefits for a country of having a large population.

Ideas such as:

- Increased market base.
- Increased provision of labour.
- Advanced technology.
- Increased military or security superiority
- Increased understanding of man’s behaviour and a positive development of humanism as human
ideology.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Suggest three ways by which governments can achieve low population growth rates.

Ideas such as:

- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example, China’s One Child policy

- Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple have two children are
exempted from paying school fees

- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision free condoms in clinics and
hospitals

- Promotion of general education

- Public education on population issues or sex education

- Provision of old age pension

- Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages

- Women empowerment

Describe three ways how HIV and AIDS might affect the population structure of Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Reduced Birth Rate as people fear unprotected sex/ fewer babies/reduced youth
- Increased Death Rate/reduced population
- Few old people/ low life expectancy
- Reduced workforce/bread winners/death of active members as they are at the highest risk
- Few women in the workforce group
- More orphans

State three challenges faced by hospital and clinics in the fight against HIV and AIDS.

Ideas such as:

- Lack of funds/high expenses of purchasing Anti -Retroviral (ARVs)

- Stigmatisation of HIV/AIDS

- Traditional practices that promotes HIV and AIDS such as a brother inheriting a dead brot her’s wife
regardless of HIV status and polygamy

- Overcrowding in health facilities, for example, shortage of beds

- Shortage of the health personnel or overworked health personnel

- Ignorance/illiteracy, for example, people ignore the PMTCT programme or refuse to use condoms

- Culture/Religion which counter HIV/AIDS fight, for example, which discourages open talk about sex
especially children

- Poor disposal of clinical waste/health personnel at risk.

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Fig. 2 Shows the Demographic Transition Model.

Fig.2

Name Stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model.

- Late expanding

At what stage does the total population start to rise?

- Stage 2

Give two reasons for the high death rate in Stage 1.

- Infant mortality rate is high so there is need to have more babies

- Provision of labour/children used as source of labour in agriculture
- Religious beliefs, for example, Children are a gift from God
- Low levels of literacy
- Traditional beliefs and customs/ children as a form of prestige
- Old age security
- Early marriages
- Chasing for a boy/girl
- Poverty so children expected to work for their families/parents expecting bride price

Give three reasons for the high birth rates in developing countries.

- Lack of knowledge and improper use of contraceptives and poor family planning methods.

- A lot of children were needed for old age security, to provide labour, as a sign of prestige, to replace
those who are dying, to continue the family name, for religious purpose, etc.

- Early marriages also led to high birth rates.

- Low levels of literacy also led to high birth rates.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Suggest three measures that developing countries can use to reduce their birth rates.

- Introducing laws restricting number of children per couple, for example, China’s One Child policy

- Offer of incentives for families with few children, for example, if couple have two children are
exempted from paying school fees

- Family planning programme or contraceptives, for example, provision free condoms in clinics and
hospitals

- Promotion of general education

- Public education on population issues or sex education

- Provision of old age pension

- Increasing marriageable age to reduced early marriages

- Women empowerment

Describe three actions that hospitals and clinics take to fight HIV and AIDS.

- Health talks on HIV and AIDS at hospitals and clinics/ public education

- Display of HIV and AIDS posters in hospitals and clinics/ surrounding areas.
- Counselling of HIV and AIDS victims and the affected family members.

- Testing people for HIV and AIDS

- Proper disposal of used hospital equipment , for example needles

- Provision of Anti Retro Viral Drugs (ARVs) to HIV and AIDS patients

- Running the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT)

Programme to protect unborn children

- Distribution of free condoms

- Encourage/ conduct male circumcision

Give three negative effects of HIV and AIDS on economic development in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Death of skilled manpower.

- Loss of production time as people spend time in funerals and caring for the sick.

- High government expenditure on health which means that funds are diverted from development
projects to support health care

- Less tourists visit the country for fear of HIV and AIDS.

- Low productivity at work because people are sick or stressed by HIV and AIDS

- High expenditure by families on funerals

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What is good health?

- Good health is the sound physical, mental and social wellbeing of people

- Good health is the absence of / freedom from diseases, poverty and stress

*The definition must have the three aspects of a person’s wellbeing i.e. physical (Disease), mental (stress)
& social (poverty)

Give three reasons how good health contribute to the development of Botswana

Ideas such as

- Saves time for production / when people are healthy they will focus attention on work thereby
increasing production time, for example, not waste time on sick leaves and visit to clinics

- High productivity / students and workers concentrate much better when they are healthy

- Less spending by families and government on buying medicines, paying for medical bills etc.

- Labour availability / pool of healthy workers

What is meant by ‘poor health’?

What is poor health?

- Poor health is the presence of disease, poverty and stress

Identify three factors that influence poor health

- Lack of clean water / using / drinking contaminated water / unclean water

- Poor diets
- Lack of health education
- Frustration
- Irregular exercises
- Low income / lack of alternative sources of income
- Lack of / shortage of clinics & hospitals
- Unhygienic conditions
- Poor shelter
- Medical costs / expenses
-
*Answers to show influence on poor health

State three ways by which people in Botswana could be encouraged to eat balanced diets.

- Supplementary feeding is provided in schools and clinics

- Posters to teach people the importance of eating balanced diet

- Media nutrition programmes, for example, television, radio and print media

- Agriculture extension workers help people to grow various types of food

- Community Based Organisations could teach or encourage people to grow vegetables or raise chickens

- Destitute/orphans given food baskets

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Describe how any three development indicators are used to measure health.

- Morbidity – The higher the morbidity the lower the health

- Doctor-patient ration- The higher the ratio the lower the health

- Population per hospital bed- The higher the population per hospital the lower the health

- Infant Mortality Rate- The higher the IMR the lower the health

- Calorie intake- The higher the calorie intake the higher the health

- Life expectancy-The higher the life expectancy the higher the health

- Maternal death- The higher the maternal death the lower the health

Describe three challenges encountered in setting up and running hospitals and clinics in developing countries.

- Shortage of trained personnel, for example, doctors and nurses

- Very high population so facilities are overloaded

- Health personnel are overworked

- Dealing with high number of incurable diseases

- Very expensive to build hospitals and clinics

- The training of personnel is lengthy and expensive

- Communicable diseases, for example, TB/put health personnel/ other patient at risk

- Traditions/some religions stop people from receiving medical treatment

- Very expensive to run

Define modern health care

- Modern health care is scientific approach to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases

- Modern health care is a systematic way of diagnosing and treating diseases/ preventing diseases using
scientific means/methods

- Modern health care is a way of diagnosing and treating diseases using scientific methods

State three reasons why investing in modern health care is difficult for Botswana

Ideas such as:

- Hospitals are expensive to build/shortage of health facilities/poor health facilities
- It takes long to train doctors/health personnel expensive to train/shortage of training facilities
- Health personnel expensive to train, for example, nurses and doctors
- Drugs are costly to make/to buy
- It is complicated /needs expensive complex technology/poor technology
- Health personnel leave the country for greener pastures/shortage of skilled labour/brain drain

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What is meant by traditional health care?
What is traditional health care?

- Traditional health care is an unscientific or craft way of establishing causes, providing treatment and
preventing of ailments

- Traditional medicine is a cultural approach to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

Give three advantages of traditional health care

What is primary health care?

Define the term primary health care system

- Primary health care is when one concentrates on preventing diseases

- Primary health care is a preventive system where aim is to avoid people getting sick

Describe any three features of Botswana’s primary health care system

Ideas such as:

- Traditional health mostly operates at the healer’s home.

- In traditional health treatment is based on belief, hence unscientific, and conservative.

- Simple technology is used.

- The healing materials is acquired from the environment, and mostly used in their raw form.

- It is usually hereditary, and within family or relatives, hence it is surrounded by mystery.

- The information is memorised.

Give three ways by which Botswana government promotes better nutrition

How does the government ensure everyone has access to adequate food?

- Supplementary feeding at clinics, hospitals [e.g. tsabana] & schools

- Food basket for the orphans
- Old age pension
- Destitute funding
- Drought relief
- Education

What are proteins?

- Proteins are chemical substances found in food

- High biological value food made up of amino acids

Explain with examples why proteins are important for human health
- E.g. eggs, milk, meat, fish
- Body building
- Repair worn out tissue
- Source of energy

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons why educating women is important for family health

- Educated women understand good nutrition better / they cook & feed the family properly

- Educated women take their children to health clinics / know the importance of immunisation

- Educated women will keep better standards of hygiene thereby reducing IMR( Infant Mortality Rate)

- Educated women plan their families better / have smaller families

Describe three other advantages (not connected with health) of educating women

- Half of the skills of the population is utilised (does not go to waste in uneducated/untrained women) /
more skilled people

- Women can get good jobs & earn money to improve the family standard of living

- Educated women will be in a better position to help their children with school work (homework) and this
will encourage the children to be educated

- Women can participate in the decision-making process and make some meaningful contributions towards
the country’s development

Describe three different elements of a primary health care system

- Water and sanitation is the provision of safe water eliminates or reduces waterborne diseases whilst
hygiene removes breeding places for pests.
- Health education is informing people about diseases and their prevention maintains good health.

- Nutrition promotion is encouraging people to eat balanced diets improves their health.

- Basic education is provision of literacy- because literate people learns simple ways of avoiding
diseases.

- Food security is ensuring that people have enough food to eat helps them to be healthy.

- Immunisation is provision of vaccines prevents diseases such as polio.

Describe three differences between a traditional and a modern health system.

- In traditional medicine, healing/diagnosis is based on the beliefs of the patient/people whilst in

modern medicine it is based on scientific causes of the diseases.
- In traditional medicine, healers are people who have acquired skills handed down by their
forefathers whilst in modern medicine healers are nurses and doctors trained in colleges and
universities.
- In traditional medicine, herbs/roots/ other natural products are used for treatment whilst in modern
medicine drugs/ other medicines are used.
- Traditional medicine is conducted in the homes/forestry/ any suitable place whilst modern
medicine is conducted in clinics and hospitals.
- Traditional medicine healing/consultation is oral whilst in modern medicine there is
documentation/ records kept.
- Traditional medicine uses simple skills/ technology to heal whilst modern uses advanced
skill/technology to heal.

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Describe three ways how HIV and AIDS negatively affect development in Botswana.

- Loss of foreign direct investment (FDI)

- Reduce productivity
- Over expenditure on health, for example, money used on for Anti Retro Viral drugs (ARVs)/
orphanage/ food baskets/ research
- Reduced workforce
- Diversion of development funds into the health sector stall other vital developments
- Traumatised society due to AIDS deaths affecting money aspects of development
- Reduced domestic market due to loss of active people with purchasing power
- Underutilisation of resources/ facilities due to decrease in population size.
- High dependency ratio/increased poverty rate due to loss of breadwinners.
- Reduced earnings from tourism.

Describe three ways in which health care services and women’s organisations are helping in the prevention of
HIV and AIDS in Botswana.

- Dissemination or passing of information/teaching people about HIV and AIDS.

- Preventing transmission from mother to child/ provision of milk formula.
- Home based care activities promoting safe handling of patients.
- Counselling for prevention
- Care for orphans to free them from abuse and infection.
- Researches, for example, TDF 2 programme, Botswana and Harvard collaboration.
- Provide routine testing
- Distribution of free condoms
- Promotion of female condoms
- Workshops on changing male perceptions/ attitudes towards women.
- Women empowerment on resisting decisions imposed on them.
- Lobbying for harsh punishment on rapists.
- Commemoration of World Aids Day
- Safe male circumcision

Rule: Emphasis should be on prevention.

Suggest ways by which provision of water promotes development.

Ideas such as:

- Water use for irrigation in agriculture

- Control waterborne diseases, for example, diarrhoea and cholera
- Water used as raw material in industries/cleaning (for beverages)
- Water used for cooling purposes in thermal power production/ air conditioning
- Water used for steaming the thermal power production
- Water used for domestic purposes/promotes good health
- Water used for swimming pools/ in tourists industry/hotels/holiday resorts/water sports

Describe how good health promotes the development of Botswana.

Ideas such as:
- Healthy/fit workers are more productive
- Healthy students do well at school
- A healthy nation cuts expenditure on health services(so more money for development projects)
- Good health attracts tourists who bring foreign exchange
- Healthy people are happy people so they cooperate with the government ( they spend less time
complaining/relate well with others)
- Healthy environment attracts investors

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State three challenges that developing countries might meet as they work to provide primary health care.

- Shortage of volunteers to work on primary health care programmes/health personnel

- Lack of funds to run primary health care programmes/people lack of funds to support primary health
care programmes
- Illiteracy/ignorance of the people causing lack of support for primary care programmes, for example,
some parents refusing to take children for vaccinations/ people refusing to use condoms
- Strong beliefs in secondary health care/hospitals/injections and pills
- Traditional medicine sometime works against primary health care, for example, traditional doctors may
advise people to stop bathing as a procedure
- Large population making programmes difficult to manage
- Political instability

Describe three benefits of healthy people to the development of a country

 Healthy people are productive/mass production

 Healthy people are innovative/quality labour/availability of labour force
 Healthy people cause less conflicts with the government
 Healthy people work well with others [on the community projects]
 Healthy students succeed in school [as they concentrate]
 Healthy people save /reduce government expenditure on health
 Attracts investors
 Attracts tourists

Describe three importance of water supply to the health of people in Botswana

 Need for sufficient water to prevent dehydration/proper running of body systems [allow one example]
 Clean water to ensure non-transmission of diseases [ allow one example such as cholera/Covid-19]
 Clean water needed for hygiene [ allow one example such as bathing/washing/cleaning/cooking]
 To use for watering crops/irrigation for higher yields/for more food
 Clean water to mix with powdered baby milk
 Good sanitation
 To use watering livestock/more milk/meat
 Provides minerals/nourishes the body

Explain how any three development indicators are used to measure health

 High life expectancy indicates good health/low life expectancy indicates poor health

 High infant mortality rate shows poor health/low infant mortality rate shows good health

 High calorie intake shows good health/low calorie intake shows poor health

 High death rate shows poor health/low death rate shows good health

 High maternal death rate shows poor health/low maternal death rate shows good health

 High morbidity rate shows poor health/low morbidity rate shows good health

 High population per hospital bed shows poor health/low population per hospital bed shows good health

 High doctor-patient ratio shows poor health/low doctor-patient ratio shows good health

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Suggest three ways by which the community can participate in primary health care delivery

 Attend pre/post-natal clinics

 Forming [village] health committees
 Digging [protected] wells/bore holes
 Giving families balanced diets
 Use of contraceptives
 Taking their children for immunization, for example, polio and measles/people taking themselves for
immunization/ taking part in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission [PMTCT]
 Taking part in clean-up campaigns/submission of waste for collection/pay for waste collection
 Health education by the community, for example, community members teaching on TB control and
malarial prevention
 Backyard gardening/people taking part in food production
 Digging pit latrines/rubbish pits/kraals
 Exercising
 Complying with health protocols, for example, Covid-19
 Attending health related meetings/workshops/seminars
 Breastfeeding
 Testing for diseases, for example, HIV/AIDS

Define education

- Education means imparting and acquiring knowledge.

Give three purpose of education

- It keeps people informed.

- It encourages technical advancement.
- It provides economic training.
- It transmits culture.
- It improves people’s self- esteem.
- It helps people to be more adaptable to change.
- It improve literacy rate.
- It produces productive workers.
- It helps in the comprehension of the importance of conserving nature.
- It increases people’s awareness of health issues.

Define traditional education

- Traditional education is teaching and learning that is done mainly through speech and demonstrating.

Give three advantages of traditional education

Ideas such as:

- Traditional education helps preserve cultural heritage of the society.

- It is cheap to run.
- Traditional education helps the learner to have a sense of belonging in the community.
- It helps the learners to associate with the local environment, and hence conserve it.
- Traditional education enables learners to acquire survival skills since it is more practical.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define formal traditional education

- Formal traditional education is the organised instruction which takes place through initiation
schooling for boys and girls.

Describe three characteristics of traditional informal education.

Ideas such as:

- Teachers are parents or elderly people

- It takes place at any suitable place/sometimes done at initiation schools
- Children learn by copying or observing their parents or elders
- Teaching is done orally or through word of mouth or stories, poetry and riddles
- It focuses on teaching culture or values or beliefs
- Children are taught survival skills
- It is gender based/ girls are taught by female relatives whilst boys are taught by male relatives

What is meant by informal traditional education?

- Informal traditional education is generally family, and gender-based.

State three disadvantages of traditional education

Ideas such as:

- Traditional education is conservative; it fails to accommodate innovative ideas.
- Instruction in initiation schools sometimes involves harsh treatment which leads to injury or even
death.
- Knowledge can be distorted or even lost since it is imparted orally.

State three ways by which a country can promote traditional education.

Ideas such as:

- Inviting elders such as Dikgosi to address students on cultural issues/ traditional values
- Hold kgotla meetings to motivate parents to send their children to initiation schools
- Conduct drama or plays on traditional or cultural issues or dikhwaere
- The government or ministry of sports and culture to fund initiation schools
- Celebrating cultural days in schools or communities for people to learn or appreciate culture
- Construction of traditional structures or houses in government institutions

Describe three main features (characteristics) of traditional education.

Ideas such as:

- The main feature of traditional education is that it takes place in initiation schools, for example,
bogwera and bojale.
- The main feature of traditional education is that it is oral, for example it uses stories, dance and songs.
- In traditional education teachers are all elderly people who are experienced.
- The main feature of traditional education is that it prepares boys and girls for adulthood.
- The traditional education is based on culture.
- The main feature of traditional society is that learning is by hands on or practical.
- The main feature of traditional society is that learning is continuous.

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Describe three disadvantages of traditional education

- The disadvantage of traditional education is that it focus on the past or lacks dynamism or promote
rigidity.
- The traditional education is restrictive due to its being gender based or discriminating.
- The disadvantage of traditional education is that information gets distorted due to its being oral or lack
of record keeping.
- The traditional education discourages industrial initiative or creativity and innovation.
- The disadvantages of traditional education are that emphasises on skills out of touch with the modern
world or low literacy rate.
- The traditional educational uses unethical teaching methods.

What is formal education?

- Formal education is the type of learning which takes place in special built institutes with special rules
and regulations
- Formal education is the type of learning which focuses on reading and writing, thus has great emphasis
on literacy and numeracy skills

Give three characteristics of formal education

- Has specialised personnel / trained teachers

- Has fixed time of learning
- It is syllabus based
- Examinations determine progression to the next level / certification
- There is use of official language

What is informal education?

- Informal education is the everyday learning we get through observing or interacting with others be it
our peers or the elderly

Give three characteristics of informal education

- Learning is everywhere and at any time

- It is continuous and often by word of mouth
- Informal education is based on trial and error
- Informal education is non-examinable and non-certificated
- Emphasis on conformity to one’s social group

What is modern formal education?

- Modern formal education is the teaching and learning that takes place in schools and colleges offered
by qualified personnel
- Modern formal education is the type of learning which takes place in schools/colleges
- Modern formal education is the acquisition of knowledge and skills based on reading and writing /
literacy

Describe three characteristics of modern formal education

- Modern formal education takes place in schools

- Modern formal education has specialised personnel/trained/qualified teachers
- It has fixed time of learning
- It is syllabus based/curriculum/different subjects
- Examination determine progression to the next level/certification
- There is use of an official language
- There is age restriction
- It teaches literacy and numeracy skills

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Define academic education

- Academic Education prepares learners mostly for clerical/ white collar jobs

Give three advantages of modern education

Ideas such as:

- It is innovative.
- It widens the scope of thinking of an individual.
- It enhances productivity at work.
- It equips learners with skills for their careers.

Define modern informal education

- Informal Education is gained through life experience. Learning takes place within the surrounding.

State three disadvantages of modern education

Ideas such as:

- It leads to inequalities since it creates a lot of competition.

- Most of its curricula are Eurocentric, hence upholds that culture at the expense of others.
- It is expensive to run.
- It emphasizes acquisition of certificates at the expense of acquisition of practical skills.
- Lack of basic resources may lower educational achievements in the country.

Explain the importance of modern formal education to a country.

Ideas such as:

- National building
- Career training
- Gives people self-confidence
- Improves literacy rate
- Develops peoples potential
- Increases skilled labour force
- Encourages participation in politics
- Improves health awareness or understanding of local or global issues
- Offers peaceful resolution of conflicts

What is meant by job shadowing?

- Job shadowing is a work based learning where learners visit the workplace to observe and copy
workers as they perform their tasks

Give three importance of job shadowing

Ideas such as:

- It prepares learners for employment

- It provides a link between school learning and the world of work.
- It stimulates career selection process.
- It generates skilled workforce

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 What is meant by vocational education?

- Vocational Education is the type of education that equips learners with skills that will help them
perform specialised tasks.
- Vocational Education equips learners with skills that will help them perform specialised tasks.

Describe three ways by which a country can benefit from vocational education

Ideas such as:

- The way by which a country can benefit from vocational education is that the country will have skilled
manpower/skilled people/generate skilled workforce
- It improve literacy rate in a country
- It prepares learners for employment
- Stimulates learners career selection

What is meant by non-formal education?

- Non-formal Education takes place outside the school set up.

State three characteristics of non-formal education

Ideas such as:

- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learner’s progress at their own pace.
- In non-formal education there is self-learning.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners of all ages are accepted.
- The non-formal education takes place at any convenient place or anywhere.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that certification is optional or examinations are optional.
- The non-formal education can take place through distance learning or there is distance learning in non -
formal education.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that sometimes there is emphasis on teaching practical
skills for improving people’s standard of living.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners are taught or tutored by experienced workers
with some educational training.

Compare formal education with non-formal education

Formal education Non-formal education

- Carried out in learning institutions - Carried out anywhere

- There are specialised buildings e.g. classrooms, Art & HE - Learning takes place anywhere, even under a tree
labs, etc.

- Enhances knowledge, skills and values - Meets specific needs e.g. literacy, numeracy

- There are examinations and certification at end of - Certification is there and determines one’s progression
programme to the next stage

- School fees paid - School fees paid

- There is a syllabus - There is a syllabus

NB: Do not use a table when asked to compare in an examination

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe any three kinds of formal education provided in the Botswana system of education.

Ideas such as:

- The kind of formal education provided in the Botswana system of education is that of education with
production where learners carry out productive work as part of their lessons.
- The formal education provided in the Botswana system of education is that of vocational training
where learners are taught practical skills so they can get jobs, for example, plumbing and brick laying.
- The technical training is where learners are given technical knowledge to work as technicians, for
example, in agriculture, industry and telecommunications.
- The kind of formal education provided by Botswana education system is that of job shadowing or
apprenticeship where learners works with experienced workers in order to learn from them hands on.

State three characteristics of non-formal education

Ideas such as:

- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learner’s progress at their own pace.
- In non-formal education there is self-learning.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners of all ages are accepted.
- The non-formal education takes place at any convenient place or anywhere.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that certification is optional or examinations are optional.
- The non-formal education can take place through distance learning or there is distance learning in non -
formal education.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that sometimes there is emphasis on teaching pract ical
skills for improving people’s standard of living.
- The characteristic of non-formal education is that learners are taught or tutored by experienced workers
with some educational training.

Describe three challenges that governments of developing countries face in their efforts to provide formal
education?

Ideas such as:

- The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to provide formal education is
that of lack of funds/ it is expensive.
- The governments of developing countries face the problem of increased numbers of enrolment in their
efforts to provide formal education.
- In developing countries the governments are faced with the challenge of resistance from some religious
and tribal groups in their efforts to provide formal education.
- The challenge government of developing countries face in their efforts to provide formal education is
that of high drop-out rate, for example, teenage pregnancy.
- The governments of developing countries are faced with the challenge of lack of qualified teachers in
their efforts to provide formal education.
- The challenge faced by developing countries in their effort to provide formal education is that of lack
of educational resources, for example, teaching equipment.
- Developing countries governments face the challenge of lack of infrastructure such as buildings in their
effort to provide formal education.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define information technology

- Information technology is the computerized production, storage and dissemination of data

Give three advantages of using information technology

- Stores a lot of data

- Easy analysis of complex information
- Easy/fast transfer of information from one source to another
- Promotes international trade by linking countries/electronic payments made possible
- Increased productivity
- Development of infrastructure to suit information technology (IT)
- Improvement of technology/skills development

Describe three factors that might slow down the introduction of Information Technology (IT) in Botswana
school
- Shortage of information technology (IT) teachers to teach information technology (IT)
- Information technology equipment are also to expensive, for example, computers
- Large populations of students in schools/lack of IT equipment
- Some schools are located in remote areas or places without proper supporting infrastructure, for
example, electricity and telephone connections
- Information technology [IT] equipment is easily stolen/theft
- Some students/teachers have a phobia for electronic machines

Describe three importance of Information Technology (IT) in the development of Botswana.

- Stores a lot of data
- Easy analysis of complex information
- Easy/fast transfer of information from one source to another
- Promotes international trade by linking countries/electronic payments made possible
- Increased productivity
- Development of infrastructure to suit information technology (IT)
- Improvement of technology/skills development
What is environmental education?

- Environmental education refers to raising awareness on issues related to the natural surroundings.

State three ways in which environmental education is important to the development of Botswana

- The importance of environmental education to the development of Botswana is that it encourages use
of appropriate technology.
- In Botswana environmental education improves health through prevention of diseases or primary
health care.
- The importance of environmental education to the development of Botswana is that it will promote the
conservation of natural resources.
- The environmental education in Botswana will encourage tourism which generates income for the
government.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Suggest thee ways in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana.

- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana is by in cluding it in school
curriculum
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through billboards and posters.
- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana is by publishing books on
environment.
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through television and radio programmes,
newspapers and magazines.
- The way in which environmental education can be promoted in Botswana is through clean up
campaigns.
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted through workshops, for example, kgotla
meetings.
- The way in which environmental education can be promoted is by having school environmental clubs
and through community based organisations (CBO’s).
- In Botswana environmental education can be promoted by celebration of environmental da ys, for
example, tree planting day.

Explain ways by which environmental educational education promotes development.

- Job creation
- Capacity building- people develop leadership skills
- Promotion of health- waste management promotes good health
- Environmental activities- beautiful environment relieves stress thereby improving the health workers

What is the meaning of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome?

- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus (HIV) that reduces the body’s
ability to defend itself against infections
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a disease caused by a virus that attacks the body’s defence
mechanism
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a state in which the body’s defence mechanism has been
defeated leaving the body vulnerable to infections
- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is a health condition marked by a severe loss of resistance to
infection

Describe three negative effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic development

- Loss of skilled manpower

- Leads to a decline in production / low productivity
- Loss of breadwinner(s)
- Increased expenditure on health and community projects / re-direction of government funds to care for the
sick and orphans / welfare department overburdened
- Possible decreased level of international investment
- Decline in the population, thereby reducing the pool of labour
- Time wasting on caring/worrying about the sick
- High funeral costs incurred by families
- Discourages tourism / scares away potential investors
- High pension, medical aid, insurance claims
- Reduce market base/reduce the population

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Describe three positive effects of HIV/AIDS on Botswana’s economic development

- Establishment of training centres

- Networking
- A change of attitude
- Trained personnel, for example, nurses, doctors and laboratory technicians
- Research and development
- Infrastructure development, for example, construction of clinics and hospital
- Fewer mouths to feed
- Creation of employment, for example, lay counsellors
- Inflow of capital / earning of aid (forex)
- Improvement of technology
- Encourages use of contraception and thus helps reduce population growth among others
- Mushrooming of businesses

Explain how schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS.

Ideas such as:

- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through infusion in the syllabus.
- In school HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by clubs such as PACT.
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through provision of counselling.
- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by having essay competition on HIV/AIDS th emes.-
Schools can raise HIV/AIDS awareness by encouraging voluntary testing.
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through posters, billboards and pamphlet development.
- The schools can raise awareness of HIV/AIDS through drama, songs, and dance and beauty contests.
- In schools HIV/AIDS awareness can be raised by commemorating World Aids Day, Month of Youth
Against AIDS, and prayers for HIV and AIDS.

Explain the role of education in addressing the problem of HIV/AIDS

Ideas such as:

- School curriculum
- Educational programmes, for example, television programme such as Talk Back and Re Mmogo
- Allows students’ participation in extra-curricular programmes such as PACT
- Media [ for example, newspapers, radio, television, magazines, ]
- Billboards
- Meeting with other stakeholders
- Research and development
- Creating awareness
- Training personnel, for example, nurse, doctors and laboratory technicians
- Change of attitude / stigma
- Inflow of information
- Protecting the innocent
- Convince people to go for HIV/AIDS testing
- Essay competition with HIV/AIDS themes

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
 Module 7: Politics &` Development

TOPIC GENERAL OBJECTIVES SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Learners should be able to: Learners should be able to:
Government and Explain different forms of - explain the concept of politics, state and government;
Development governments and their influence on - discuss and evaluate types of governments;
development. - discuss ways in which social, economic and political
aspects interact to change society;
- identify and explain decision making processes with
specific reference to Botswana;
- discuss the role of government in the economy with
specific reference to Botswana’s role in the provision
of social services and the mobilisation of resources;
- discuss the social structures such as class, ethnicity,
status, and profession/trade;
- discuss challenges of nation building on the basis of
tension, conflict resolution and consensus;
- Evaluate any one of the following Acts:
Chieftainship Act, Citizenship Act, Marriage and
Property Act and Tribal Land Act.

Non- Understand the dynamics of Non- - explain Non-Governmental Organisations;

Governmental Governmental Organisations and - account for the existence of Non-Governmental
Organisations in their impact on development in Organisations in Botswana;
Development Botswana and in Southern Africa. - discuss the work of lobbyist, welfarists,
conservationists and developmental Non-Governmental
Organisations;
- Examine and evaluate government and Non-
Governmental Organisation strategies for development
in Botswana.

Community Understand the nature of - identify and describe types of Community Based
Based Community Based Organisations Organisations;
Organisations and their impact on development in - account for the existence of Community Based
Botswana and in Southern Africa. Organisations;
- select and describe the work of one Community
Based Organisation;
- discuss the impact of Community Based
Organisations in the development of Botswana.

The Private Understand the nature and impact of - identify types of private sector;
Sector the private sector on development in - account for the existence of the private sector in
Botswana and the Southern African Botswana;
Development Community (SADC) - discuss and assess the role and impact of the private
sector on the development of Botswana and other
countries in the SADC region;
- Compare government and private sector strategies
for development in Botswana.

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Define government

- Government is group of people who control a country/make decisions and distribute country’s
resources
- Government is all the departments/machinery which operate/execute the decisions made by the people
who control the country
- Government is the system of controlling a country/city/group of people
- Government is the activities involved in controlling a country/city/group of people
- Government is administrative group of people with authority to rule a political state/country/political
authority within a clearly defined territory
- Government is a system of controlling a country.

Give three reasons why it is important to involve all the people in governing a country

- To get different ideas

- Ownership of projects since they had input/to ensure acceptance of what is happening
- Accountability/ checks and balances
- For transparency/encourages peace and harmony
- To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified and addressed
- To empower people/capacity building

Define the term politics

- Politics involves decision making and distributing resources, it is about dealing with conflict and
disagreements.

Define state

- State is an organised political community controlled by one government

Political systems – characteristics

Monarchy

Ideas such as;

- A system in which the country ruled by a King / Queen / Emperor
- King/Queen/Emperor traditionally has divine power/divine right of kings
- S/he personally made laws & administered justice
- Gains position through inheritance
- Constitutional monarchs represent country as Head of State, but role is mainly ceremonial

Parliamentary Democracy

Ideas such as;

- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the people by the people
- There is voting for parliamentary reps. in free elections / universal adult suffrage
- Political party with largest number of votes forms government.
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the judiciary

Republic

Ideas such as;

- This is where Head of State is a president elected directly by the people or their elected representatives
- President can only hold office for a limited number of years

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Dictatorship

Ideas such as;

- When one person or a group of people control the government

- No elections held, so people have no power over the government.
- There is use of force/army/secret police
- Opposition is highly suppressed
- Human rights not respected

Describe three characteristics of multi-party democracy / representative democracy

- Regular elections at regular intervals, for example, every 4 / 5 years

- Secret ballot
- People elect representatives
- Consultation / people involved in decision making
- There is a number of political parties / opposition parties exist / opposition is legal / pressure groups are
allowed
- Universal adult suffrage (right to vote in all elections) / 18+ allowed to vote
- Freedoms are guaranteed e.g. freedom of speech, opinion, association, etc.
- Equality before the law / there is rule of the law; everyone follows an agreed procedure
- Party with majority forms government / executive
- The leader of the party with majority becomes the president / head of govt. is the president
- There is limited use of force

Describe three disadvantages of multi-party democracy / representative democracy

- Waste through campaigns/elections/expensive to conduct regular elections

- Decision making is slow due to consultations / consultation of people at grassroots is time consuming /
little consultation at grassroots
- It can lead to ethnic conflicts/parties can be formed along tribal, ethnic, religious, racial, political
ideologies and other divisive tendencies
- Majority could be wrong
- Possibility of disruption of continuity e.g. development plans change with new government.
- Possibility of dominance of one party / development projects used by ruling party as election bait / use of
national resources to canvass for support
- Rigging of elections / cheating
- Abuse of freedom of speech into character assassinations
- Clientalism: gives unfair advantage to the rul ing party

Why is it important to involve people in decision making?

- To get different ideas

- Ownership of projects since they had input
- Accountability / checks & balances
- For transparency
- To address needs of the community/accurate/relevant needs identified (& addressed)
- To empower people/capacity building
- To ensure acceptance of what is happening

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What is a monarchy?

- Monarch is a system in which the country is ruled by a King, Queen and Emperor.

Describe three characteristics of a monarchy

- The king/Queen is the ruler/ The leader is a king or queen

- The position of King/Queen is hereditary/ The positions of monarch are hereditary as it passes from King to
the eldest son or eldest daughter/ Leadership is hereditary or leaders inherit the position from their
parents/ The new leader takes over upon the death of the King or Queen
- The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
- The rulers are for life
- The monarch is a ceremonial figure.
- In a constitutional monarchy, there is a Prime Minister who is the head of the government.
- The King or Queen makes laws
- The ruler has absolute power

State three advantages of a monarchy

- It maintains tradition-that is, in a monarchy culture is maintained, kept and followed.

- It creates an unchanging and stabilising influence.
- It is not as easily corrupted as political Heads of States .

Describe three disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.

- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen

- Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made
- King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes

What is ‘representative democracy’?

Define democracy

- Democracy is a system of government where people elect representatives or councillors to represent them
in parliament

Give three characteristics of a democracy.

- A system where political authority lies with the people/govt. of the people by the people
- There is voting for parliamentary representatives in free elections / universal adult suffrage/ All citizens
who are 18 years or older have a right to vote ( This is called universal adult suffrage)
- Political party with largest number of votes forms government.
- Regular elections are held, for example, in Botswana every 5 years
- Ministers are chosen from political party with largest number of votes
- Parliament makes laws for the country which are administered by the judiciary

Describe three advantages of multi-party democracy

- There is joint decision making as everyone has a say in making decisions.

- People elect representatives to represent them in parliament.
- There is transparency regarding decision making because everyone is involved or consulted.
- Generally there is peace and stability which can lead to economic prosperity.
- People can elect a different government into power if they are not satisfied with the current one.
- People are free to form different political parties.

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State three disadvantages of multi-party democracy

- There might be a problem of bureaucracy/ delay in decision making

- It is very expensive to implement, that is, they are time consuming and financially waste.
- There can be tribal or religious conflicts as political parties may be formed along tribal or religious
lines.
- Some government officials are corrupt, they accept bribes to make decisions that favours certain people
- Sometimes government officials run unfair elections, and pretend they have won many votes when they
actually lost the elections and this may lead to political turmoil or crisis.
- Some people may abuse freedom of speech into character assassination and mud slugging.
- Consultation of people at grassroots level is a delay and a financial waste.
- Development projects become election baits than genuine people wants.

What is meant by a dictatorship?

- A dictatorship comes about when one person or small group of people control the government
- A dictatorship is a form of government which is even less democratic

What is a coup d’état?

Coup d’états means to overthrow /take over power by force and rule by an “iron fist”.

Give three characteristics of a dictatorship.

- Dictatorships are normally set up by military leaders through a coup d’états.

- Power is in the hands of a few individuals.
- Political parties are not allowed.
- Dictators make their own laws called decrees and have them carried out as they wish.
- Dictators control courts of laws.
- Murders, asylums, exiles and mysterious disappearances are common in such countries especially to
people who pose as threats or who are seen an ‘enemies of the state’.
- Opposition is ruthlessly or brutally suppressed or forbidden.
- Elections are never held.

Describe three advantages of dictatorship

- People have no power over the government.

- The government simply dictates to people, telling them what to do and when to do it.
- There is no freedom of neither speech nor press.

Describe three disadvantages of a dictatorship form of government.

- Power is in the hands of one person/few people/people are powerless

- Government rules without the mandate/ consent of the people
- Abuse of power is rife/rampant/ it is oppressive in nature/ there is no regard for the rule of law
- Leaders claim monopoly of wisdom
- Irrelevant development to the people/wrong decision making since there is lack of collective
/consultative decision making.
- Corruption is widespread due to lack of accountability and transparency/ leaders are self- seeking and
generally greedy/ nepotism
- The word of the leader is supreme/ opposition is silenced.
- Rulers can stay in office indefinitely- no room for change of government
- Dictatorship are usually sustained at the expense of human life

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Describe three ways of changing a dictatorship into democracy

- Increase political parties or offer money for new political parties to be formed or promote formation of
political parties.
- Consult people or get people’s opinions before decisions are made.
- Hold regular free and fair elections
- Persuade people or negotiate with people to comply on issues rather than apply force.
- Respect the rule of law
- Uphold human rights or give people their freedoms, for example, freedom of speech

Describe the main features of the following forms of government:

Dictatorship

- Decisions are made by one person/the ruler/a small group of people

- Elections are ignored/ elections are irregular
- The leader is above the law
- Force is used to silence opposition
Democracy

- Elections are regular

- Many political parties exist
- There is the rule of law/ the law applies to everyone
- People are consulted before decisions are made/ there is consultation
Monarchy

- The king/Queen is the ruler

- The position of King/Queen is hereditary
- The King/Queen is above the law/ rulers thought have divine powers
- The rulers are for life.
-
Describe three disadvantages of a monarchy form of government.

- It is undemocratic/the King/Queen takes the throne without being chosen

- Possibility of getting an incompetent successor since it is hereditary
- There is very little consultation/ poor decisions are made
- King’s/Queen’s household becomes a financial burden to the nation
- The King/Queen may become corrupt/ abuses of power
- Fights for succession within the royal family/ succession disputes

Define top down approach decision making (Centralised)

- Top down approach decision making is when the national government/ central government makes all
the decisions, here decisions are made at the top and passed down to the people who are expected to
carry them out.

State three advantages of top-down decision making process

- Decisions can be made in the best interest of the whole country.

- Governments have access to large sums of money and to Multi-national companies, hence can finance
the decisions.
- Developments are directed along the lines of the nationally agreed policies.

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Give three disadvantages of a top-down decision making process

- The majority of citizens may not play a part.

- It may be controlled in the interests of politicians and large companies.
- It may be contrary to local interests as the people in most cases are not involved in decision making
processes that directly affect them.

What is meant by bottom-up (Decentralisation) decision making process?

- Bottom-up decision making process means planning which involves sharing and transfer of decision
making power from the top to the middle and lowest level s.

Give three advantages of bottom-up decision making process

- Most people participate in the decision making process.

- It encourages self-reliance and commitment as everybody is involved.
- The development of the country is usually supported by the communities.
- It targets all people including the poor and disadvantaged.

State three disadvantages of bottom-up decision making process

- The local people’s plans are not always welcomed by government officials.
- The representation of people’s views at the parliament may be ineffective.
- Projects may encounter shortage of money.

Describe three role of the government in the economy

- The government role is to stimulate economic growth through developing infrastructure such as
roads, railways and telecommunications.
- The government role in the economy is to provide social welfare services, for example, Government
can give people access to health and education, building health centres such as hospitals, clinics,
building schools, paying doctors, nurses, and teachers
- The role of the government is to keep peace in the country, for example, the government must avoid
the use of force.
- The government role is to plan for development, for example, Government must try to draw up
national development plans, usually for a period of 5 years.
- The government is responsible for Nation Building, for example, Government must try to create a
feeling of national unity and belonging among all citizens
- The role of government is to represent people abroad, for example, ambassadors, joining United
Nations and SADC.
- The role of government is caring for the environment through conservation.
- The government role is to provide social justice, for example, magistrate courts and high court

Describe three role of government in the economy

- Manpower development
- Economic planning
- Raising revenue
- Provision of infrastructure
- Setting quality standards
- Licensing of businesses

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Describe three ways by which the national government of Botswana generates revenue.

- Taxation, for example, income tax paid by workers and value added tax paid by consumers
- Licensing, for example, business and drivers licenses.
- Fine, for example, traffic offenders such as over speeding and driving without licence.
- Production and sale of goods and services/ parastatals/ export of goods and services/ joint venture
- Tourism/fees, for example, when entering a game reserve and parks.
- Auctions, for example, selling of government property and goods no longer in use.
- Advertising charges in state media, for example, Daily News and Botswana Television
- Privatisation of parastatals/ sale of shares in parastatal organisations
- Foreign investment

Describe three functions of the National government.

- Plan/ implement development of the country/budgeting for the country

- Formulate government policies
- Make decisions in the national interest/make priorities to benefit the country/nation building
- Makes laws
- Promote social justice/ reduces inequalities between people
- Provide social welfare services
- Develop the infrastructure

State three functions of the provincial/Regional government

- Implement government policies
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national government, for example, run schools and hospitals
- Makes regional development plans
- Pass suggestions from local government to national government
- Develop and maintain infrastructure in the region/ public works

Describe three functions of the Local government

- Implement go vernment policies

- Planning of local services
- Provision of local/social services
- Collect local taxes/rates
- Carry out tasks allocated to them by the national/regional government
- Support community-based organisations/projects
- Consult the people/Needs assessment
- Pass suggestions of the community to regional/national government
- Develop and maintain infrastructure

Describe three resources that the government of Botswana distributes among the people in the country.

- Land for settlement or production

- Provision of health services/medication/Anti Retro Viral drugs(ARVs)/Clinics
- Education service/schools books/schools
- Service workers, for example, teachers, nurses, doctors, engineers
- Animal control disease control medication
- Provision of Old age pensions
- Transport infrastructure, for example, tarred roads
- Communication, for example, television, radio and internet
- Water
- Electricity
- Scholarships/bursaries among students

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three actions that the government takes to promote economic development in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Keep peace and security

- Provision of infrastructure, for example, electricity and serviced land
- Skills development or imparting of entrepreneurial skills
- Provision of financial assistance, for example, CEDA loans, youth grants, young farmer’s grant
- Marketing of locally made goods
- Invitation of foreign investors
- Policies to relax registration/licensing of businesses
- Relaxed foreign exchanged regulations for easy import of raw materials

State three ways by which income generating projects can help people to achieve social development

Ideas such as:

- People use income gained to buy food or increased calorie intake

- People can use income gained to pay for health services/ increase life expectancy through better health
- Money used for better baby care/reduced infant mortality rate
- Increased self- reliance/ reduced dependency ratio
- Income can be used to get safer water supply and improve health/reduced Death Rate
- Money gained can be used to pay for school/lessons to increase literacy rate/education

Describe three ways in which developing countries governments encourage self-reliance

Ideas such as;

- Financial assistance to local producers / subsidies

- Protect infant industries (from local giants)
- Impose quotas on imported goods & services
- Encourage people to buy locally produced goods & services
- Offer good prices to local manufacturers
- Tax holidays for local entrepreneurs
- Education with production / improve education
- Infrastructure development
- Establishing industries which utilise locally available raw materials
- Not to borrow from outside

Describe any three social division among people in Botswana.

Ideas such as:

- Ethnicity is the situation where people of the same tribe or customs or traditions are grouped together.

- Profession /Trade is the situation where people of the qualification or training separate themselves, for
example, lawyers, teachers, accountants and engineers.

- Social status is the respect that people demand or are given based on their possessions /wealth, for
example, people are divided into high status and low status.

- Social class is the grouping that society allocates people based on their income or wealth.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three ways by which the government helps to promote nation building in Botswana.

- The adoption of Setswana as an official or national language.

- Introduction of the topic of Nation Building in the school’s curriculum
- The promotion of the national flag, national colours and symbols.
- The celebration of various cultures for understanding or cultural festivals such as Domboshaba.
- The Nationa Anthem is sung at important occasions
- The use of one currency

Describe three ways by which the government of Botswana can promote ethnic tolerance

- Allocation of land anywhere in the country

- Encouraging/allowing inter-marriages amongst Batswana
- Using indigenous languages in schools/mother tongue/national anthem/community radio stations
- Promoting/ celebrating indigenous cultures, for example, Domboshaba,
Dithubaruba/attires/food/festivals
- Use of literature in schools written in indigenous languages
- Cultural competitions [during president’s day celebrations]
- Government officers posted anywhere in the country/ policies that all organizations post officer
anywhere
- Students admitted for studies across the country
- Teaching tolerance through the media, for example, television/radio/newspapers/billboards
- Infusion of cultural studies in the school curriculum
- Removal of ethnic/tribal names, for example, tribal barricades such as Bangwato and Bamalete
- All tribes to be represented in parliament and house of chiefs

State three problems faced by developing countries in promoting nation building

- Lack of tolerance/many different ethnic groups or tribes involved/multiplicity of languages/cultural

diversity
- Influx of migrants from other countries
- Past conflicts between tribes
- Religious differences/internal conflicts/civil wars or strife
- Corruption/nepotism/misappropriation of funds for nation building activities
- Unbalanced development between regions in the country/people may be uncooperative
- Increasing number of political parties/discrimination along party lines
- Failure to relinquish power by leaders
- Lack of funds for initiatives
- Superior against inferior ethnic groups/ colonial legacy
- Increasing population/high population involved- not easy to manage large numbers

Describe three problems that the government of Botswana might faces as it tries to unite people in the country
and build the nation.

- High population/ increasing population

- Many different tribes involved/ diversity/ multiplicity of languages
- Past conflicts between tribes
- Exploitation of ethnic differences, for example, formation of cultural groups
- Unbalanced development between regions in the country/ people in the areas that are neglected feel
betrayed by the government/ may be uncooperative
- The HIV and AIDS scourge depleting funds which are required to carry out nation building activities,
for example, national celebrations

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What is a Non-Governmental Organization?

- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of people/institution helping in development

without the aim of making profit
- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent institution
- Non-governmental organisation is an autonomous /privately set up non-profit making institution that
supports/ manages and facilitates development actions
- Non-Governmental Organisation is an independent body of people/ institution helping in development
without the aim of making profit
- Non-Governmental Organisation is a non-profit making independent institution

State three importance of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in the development of Botswana.

- Deal with social problems such as drought relief, HIV and AIDS /poverty
- Promote environmental conservation, for example, Kalahari Conservation Society
- Promote proper disposal of obsolete pesticides/ used oils, for example, Somarelang Tikologo
- Help market local products, for example, Thusano Lefatsheng market devil’s claw
- Fund development projects, for example, construction of dams/ infrastructural development
- Promote good governance
- Encourage the use of appropriate technology
- Improve the status of women by economically empowering them
- Protecting women’s rights and discouraging violence against them/ equality in power sharing and
decision making, for example, Emang Basadi
- Engaging women in education and training , for example, Botswana Council of Women
- Help improve living standards of marginalised people, for example, The First People of Kalahari and
disabled people
- Capacity building in communities/ leadership development
- Provide employment

Give three reasons (Account) for the existence of Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in Botswana

- Complement government./private sector

- Help the poor
- Target micro level/small projects
- Awareness campaigns
- Popularise themselves
- To access foreign funding
- Negative attitude from the government, for example, Survival International

Describe three functions of Non-Governmental Organisations

- Help in the management and utilisation of a country’s resources/encourage environmental conservation

- Finance development/supplement/compliment government/private sector [Allow specific examples
such as project development]
- Help shape national policies
- Advocate for just development/popular participation
- Provide for the marginalized/ serving the poor/they identify themselves with the disadvantaged /local
communities/poverty alleviation/ to help poor
- For the transfer of skills/development of skills/ train farmers/introduce/ offer extension
services/technology transfer/empowerment
- Humanitarian assistance
- Create employment especially for the marginalized/ disadvantaged/ empowerment
- Target micro level/small projects
- Awareness campaigns

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three advantages (benefits) of NGOs to Botswana

Describe three ways by which Non-Governmental Organisations assist people in rural areas to solve their
problems

- They create employment

- Help in the management & utilisation of a country’s resources / encourage environmental conservation
- Finance development/supplement/complement govt. (Allow specific examples such as projects
development)
- They identify themselves with the disadvantaged/local communities
- Emphasise efficiency & proficiency/development of skills
- Offer training to farmers
- Introduce/offer extension services
- Buy veld products from rural people / promote commercialisation of veld products
- Humanitarian
- Emphasis efficiency and proficiency/ development of skills

Describe three disadvantages/weaknesses of NGOs

- Rigidity /conservatism – does not want to change how they do things

- Duplication of roles/repetition of some services offered by the government
- Leaders enrich themselves/ leaders use the funds for their own benefit instead of helping those in need
- Create dependency syndrome/they do not teach people to be independent but to depend on them
- Interference in internal affairs
- Lack of originality (bring ideas from outside)
- No impact assessment done

Describe three problems faced by NGOs in Botswana.

- Leadership problems whereby NGO staff usually resent strong leadership

- Irreplaceability of charismatic guru-like leaders which leads to NGO collapse/ personalized
- NGOs often criticize each other which foster isolationism/ lack of coordination
- Sometimes there is inter staff rivalry between local and foreigners
- Sometimes projects benefit the easiest to reach rather than the most deserving people
- Usually the local elite dominate decision making
- Limited innovativeness/ resistant to change or new ideas
- Limited funds to cover activities
- Duplication of activities
- High staff turnover leading to poor continuity/ retaining workers very difficult

What is meant by a Community Based Organisation?

- Community Based Organisation is a group of people that help to improve the living standards of
people in their area.

Describe three types of community based organisations.

- Developmental community based organisations are those that focus on improving the infrastructure
of the community/ promote the use of appropriate technology.
- Conservationist/Environmental are those that focus on caring for the environment, for example,
clean up campaigns or protecting nature resources.
- Welfarist /charities are those that focus on improving living conditions of people such as giving food,
shelter to the destitute/ orphans/ disaster victims
- Economic are those that focus on income generating activities for profit making.
- Educational are those that focus on disseminating information on various societal issues.

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Describe three functions of Community Based Organisations.

- Vehicles through which community participation takes place/promotes community

involvement/participation through cultural preservation, environmental education, waste management
- Technical skill provision, for example, bee keeping and brick laying
- Administrative skill dispensation, for example, keeping proper records, conducting meetings and time
management
- Teaching and learning to resolve conflicts and solve problems together
- Provision of primary action in community
- Improvement of standard of living

Describe three activities carried out by Community Based Organisations (CBOs) within the community.

- Encourage local communities to come up with their needs and wants (Bottom-up)/ identification of
community needs
- Locals given chance to plan and monitor their development projects/capacity building
- Engage in income generating activities to alleviate poverty, for example, Growing of vegetables,
keeping poultry, oil processing to ensure food security
- Carry out activities to enhance awareness in HIV/Aids/health issues
- Information dissemination/ announcements
- Open up market centers for local produce
- Crime prevention/ neighbourhood watch
- Infrastructure development
- Utilization of local resources
- Skills development
- Creation of employment

Describe three common weaknesses/disadvantages of community based organisations in Botswana.

- The common weakness of community based organisations in Botswana is shortage of funds

- Lack of support from people
- Lack of skills
- Sometimes CBOs are politicised
- CBOs are usually personalised by leaders or founders
- Misuse of funds by leadership
- Lack of shelter for operation
- Labour provided by volunteers who may quit anytime
- Poor technology/lack of tool/ equipment

Describe the activities of any one Community Based Organisation which you have studies

Village Development Committee

- Fund raising activities to carry out projects

- Conducts needs assessment
- Give feedback to government on development matters
- Makes important announcements
- Represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the people
- Provides employment
- Trains people in various skills/capacity building
- Provide accommodation

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Neighbourhood watch

- Controls crime
- Conducts needs assessment
- Give feedback to government on development matters
- Makes important announcements
- Represents people in official meetings/ speak on behalf of the people
- Provides employment
- Trains people in various skills/capacity building
- Fund raising activities

Home Based Care

- Provide medicines for terminally ill

- Cleans up the terminally ill patients
- Counsels patients/family members
- Provides health education
- Provides food baskets for patients/prepare meals/grow vegetables
- Provides protective materials to care givers, for example, gloves
- Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM)

Conservation of natural resources

- Harvesting of natural resources

- Environmental education
- Domestication of veld products
- Setting up crafts projects
- Sourcing funds for community projects on natural resources
- Provision of scholarship for people in the community
- Create employment

Burial Society

- Provides transportation during funerals

- Provides food during funerals
- Provides airtime during funerals
- Provides labour during funerals, for example, cooking
- Provides equipment during funerals, for example, plates and pots
- Provides coffins during funerals
- Provide counselling/prayers

Describe three challenges facing Community Based Organisations (CBOs) as they work to improve people’s
lives in the community

- Lack of buildings for operations

- Shortage of funds for activities
- Shortage of skills (for smooth/effective running)/management skills
- CBOs are easily politicised
- They may be dominated by some groups, for example, old/elite people
- Misuse of funds by leadership
- They are looked down upon by people/lack of support
- Dependence on volunteers (unreliable labour)

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three ways by which the challenges faced by CBOs can be addressed.

- Limited funds to cover all projects/needs/ financial support from government and other others/ private
sector
- People lack of interest on community mobilization- community to be mobilized through training,
workshops and kgotla meetings
- Lack of training- skills development should be carried out on COBs staff by stakeholders
- Lack of co-ordination of CBOs- CBOs should have a mother body and work together etc
- Dominance by the elderly should be discouraged by quota systems which creates room for youth
- Alignment to political parties should be discouraged by the government or stakeholders. For example,
through workshops.

What is meant by the term ‘private sector’?

- Private sector refers to businesses that are owned by individuals and by a group of individuals.

Describe three importance of the private sector in the development of Botswana.

- Employment creation
- Skills development
- Technological advancement
- Infrastructural development
- Ensuring quality production
- Sponsorship of community activities, for example, sports and social responsibility
- Relieves government of burdens of running the economy
- Fast decision making
- Empowerment of the local entrepreneur
- Boosts foreign exchange/ foreign direct investment
- Pay tax/ improve government revenue
- Quick response to the demands of the market
- Availability of goods and services
- Diversification of the economy

State three differences between a sole trader and a private limited company.

- Sole trader is owned by one person whilst a private limited company is owned by many individuals/
shareholders
- In a sole trader funding is provided by one person (owner) whilst in a private limited company funding
is provided by shareholders
- A sole trader operates on a small scale whilst a private limited company operates on large scale
- In a sole trader the owner manages the business whereas in a private limited company shareholders
choose a board of governors to manage the business
- In a sole trader, all profit belongs to the owner whereas in a private limited business, profit is shared by
shareholders.
- The sole trader has limited liability whist private limited company has unlimited liability

What are the benefits of the private sector in Botswana?

- Employment creation
- Acquisition of skills
- Technological and infrastructure development
- Empowerment of local entrepreneurs
- Foreign exchange generation
- Government. revenue from taxes

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Give three reasons why would government take over some businesses

- For strategic reasons

- To sustain non-profit making businesses thereby avoiding mass layoffs or retrenchments
- Provision of affordable goods & services
- For political reasons
- To generate income
- Compete against each other than rather than working together.

State three benefits of private sector in the development of Botswana

- Technological development
- Employment creation
- Acquisition of skills
- Development of infrastructure
- Empowerment of local entrepreneurs who own businesses
- Growth of GDP/GNP/economic growth/GNP per capita
- Foreign exchange generation/exportation of goods
- Availability of Quality of goods and services/variety of goods/ services are provided by locals
- Government get revenue from taxes
- Social responsibility [ allow one example such as football, donates to orphans ]
- Attract Foreign Direct Investment [FDI]/ Multi-National Companies
- Helps with economic diversification

How does the private sector lead to development in the SADC region?

- Create employment
- Investing in regional economy
- Efficiency / increase in production / quality goods
- Drive towards self- reliance, a relief on govt. reliance
- Training (human resource development)
- Increase participation in international trade
- Pay tax to the govt.
- Sponsorship of social activities
- Infrastructure development

Describe three problems caused by the private sector in the SADC region

- Retrenchments
- Irrelevant services
- Exploitation of human labour / pay low wages
- Depletion of natural resources because of fashion/competition
- Profit driven than socially inclined
- They may bring foreign expertise than hiring locals
- Pollution / harm to the environment
- Greed by big investors
- MNC’s profit repatriation
- Brain drain from govt. to private
- Closing down of private companies / liquidation of companies

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Module 8: Regional Co-operation, International Trade & Foreign Aid

TOPIC GENERAL SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVES
Learners should be able Learners should be able to:
to:
Regional Co- Develop an - explain regional co-operation/integration;
operation understanding of the
nature of regional co- - identify and classify regional co-operation as political,
operation and its impact social and economic;
on the development of
Botswana and other - discuss and assess the role played by regional co-operation
Southern Africa. or communities in the development of the Southern African
region;

- evaluate the successes and challenges faced by such

regional communities as Southern African Customs Union
(SACU), Southern African Development Community
(SADC).
- Suggest ways of strengthening regional co-operation in the
Southern African region.

International Trade Develop an -explain international trade;

understanding and
appreciation of the -account for international trade;
dynamics of
international trade. - describe global trade patterns (a) developed countries, (b)
developing countries and (c) between developed and
developing countries ;

-discuss free trade and protectionism

.
-discuss the challenges of international trade.
Foreign Aid Understand the concept -explain the concept of foreign aid;
of foreign aid and its
impact on development. -describe the types and forms of foreign aid;

-account for foreign aid;

-evaluate the implications of foreign aid on developing

countries.

-discuss the roles of the specialised agencies of the United

Nations

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What is regional cooperation?

- Regional cooperation is when countries of the same area come together to address common needs

Describe three type of regional co-operation and give an example for each.

- Economic regional co-operations focus on improving trade between members, for example,
Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and European Union (EU) focus on wealth creation.
- Social regional co-operation focus on promotion of culture in the region, for example, Sothern
African Development Community (SADC)
- Political regional co-operation focus on getting independence for members or maintenance of peace
and security, for example, Economic Community Of West African State (ECOWAS)

Describe the economic, social and political activities of Southern African Development Community (SADC)

Economic activities helps with the creation of a free trade area/expansion of markets for members

- Establishment of new large scale manufacturing industries

- Joint planning for industries/joint funding of projects
- Collection of customs duty on goods entering the region from non-members
- Infrastructural development, for example, , construction of Kazungula bridge between Zambia and
Botswana to facilitate easy movement of goods
- Free movement of labour

Political activities is when countries speaking with one voice on international issues

- Peace keeping (when a member suffers political turmoil) for example, Lesotho
- Provision of guidelines on the conduct of elections/SADC observer mission during election of a
member state
- Increase of women participation in politics

Social activities helps with promotion of culture

- Creation of oneness among people in the region/emphasis on one goals/fight against common
challenges
- Improvement of education and training/exchange of students/sharing institutions
- Improvement of people standard of living/emphasis on food security
- Fight against HIV and AIDS/other diseases/sharing of health facilities

State three aims of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

- To achieving regional cooperation

- To reduce poverty / improve quality of life

- To promote common political value systems/institutions

- To promote and defend peace and security

- To promote self -sustaining development

- To harmonise national & regional development strategies/programmes

- To achieve economic growth

- To achieve regional trade

- To be able to attract foreign aid

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State three ways by which membership of a regional community may help a country to develop economically.

- Expanded markets/ access to the sea by landlocked countries

- Revenue from import duty/ from outside the region
- Infrastructural development such as tarred roads link capital cities of member states and improved
telecommunication networks
- Large scale economic ventures, for example, trans-frontier national park between Botswana and the
Republic of South Africa/ large industries
- Increased production due to specialisation
- Technology transfer between member states
- Labour movement helping countries with less skilled labour
- Employment creation
- Availability of goods and services
- Aid from other members, for example, loans/ financial assistance.

Describe three ways by which regional co-operation could operate in bringing development to its region.

- Treat all countries equally/ sharing income equally

- Members could share production responsibilities based on comparative advantage
- Conduct regional heads of state and ministers meetings
- Establish regional projects at large scale, for example, construction of the Kazungula bridge between
the government of Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe to ease trade between member states
- Give preferential treatment to citizens from within the region/ school fees for citizens of member
countries to be lower than the fees for citizens of non-member countries
- Establish a regional army for security or peace keeping
- Establish specialised committees or inter-parliamentary committees
- Establish crime fighting agencies
- Allow free trade
- Improve regional infrastructure, for example, telecommunication networks and construction of tarred
roads that link major cities
- Allow free movement of people from member countries

Describe three success/advantages of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)

- Assisted Lesotho to avoid overthrow of the government

- All capital cities linked by air routes and road networks
- SADC has been able to attract financial aid as a region
- Interpol is reducing crime across borders
- Sharing of water from the Zambezi River
- Establishment of Trans-frontier National Park between Republic of South Africa and Botswana
- Quick response to crisis or emergencies, for example, Mozambique floods
- Relaxed regulations on labour
- Ability to speak with one voice
- Monitoring of elections in member countries
- Sharing of energy resources
- Control of animal and crop diseases

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Give three challenges faced by Southern African Development Community (SADC) in achieving its objectives

Ideas such as:

- There is no common currency/lack of a common currency

- Difficulty to reconcile different political systems / ideologies
- Language barrier
- Overlapping objectives with other organizations
- Economic disparities amongst member states
- Political instability in some member countries
- Financial constraints / outstanding debts by member countries
- Ineffective political wing

Explain how any three actions can improve regional co-operation in Southern Africa.

- Establish SADC army for keeping peace and stability

- Establishment of one common currency- This can facilitate payments between members or trade
- Establishment of one common language- This can unite the region or give the region a strong identity
- Discipline of uncooperative leaders- This can promote achievement of SADC objectives
- Removal of trade barriers- This can increase trade between members
- Disease control- This can save financial and human resources

RULE: Allow 1 mark for mentioning 1 mark for explanation

Describe three achievements of SADC

State three successes of SADC.

- Defence and security e.g. intervention in Lesotho and Democratic Republic of Congo
- Establishment of the political wing
- Inflow of aid into the region
- Helped each other in times of catastrophes / emergencies , for example, fuel to Zimbabwe from
Botswana
- Cities and major towns linked by tarred roads, for example, Trans-Kalahari Highway – from Cape town
to Walvis Bay via Botswana
- Energy protocol signed
- Signing protocol in shared water course systems
- Establishment of training centres e.g. SACCAR in Sebele & Meat Inspection Colle ge in Lobatse
- Sending observer missions to member states’ elections
- Establishment of Trans-Frontier National Park between Botswana and South Africa
- Recognition in international community because they speak with one voice

Give three advantages of regional cooperation

- It promotes trade / trade fairs

- Exchange programmes / share expertise
- Assistance in times of need, for example, war, drought etc.
- Competitions in sports / cultural exchange and development
- Widens market
- Improvement of infrastructure, for example, tarred roads linking cities in the region
- Better representation internationally / better bargaining power
- Cost sharing of the project, for example, the Kazungula Bridge which cost are shared between Botswana
and Zambia governments/countries
- Improved security
- Free movement of labour [people allowed to work anywhere among member states]
- Improved international relations

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three challenges that countries such as Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland may face as members of the
Southern African Customs Union (SACU).

- South African goods pose stiff competition to local goods in Botswana

- They benefit less because of less exports whilst Republic of South Africa is more industries/ one
benefit more by exporting more goods and services/ unfavourable bala nce of trade
- They have immediate needs but to wait for 2years before sharing custom duty revenue
- They are excluded from sharing interest accrued on the customs revenue (in South African banks over
2 year period)/ custom duty collected is only kept in South African banks and yet interest on the money
remains in South Africa at the time of sharing
- Decision are dominated by Republic of South Africa since she is the richest members state
- Use of different currencies
- Language barrier

Describe three ways in which regional trade associations such as SADC help in the develop ment of their
member countries.

- They attract foreign investment to the region

- Expanded market
- Funding development projects
- Election monitoring
- Sharing of information, for example, low cost technologies
- Infrastructural development, for example, road network to link capital cities
- Research and development, for example, in health and agriculture
- Quick response to member county’s emergencies
- Sharing natural benefits, for example Trans-frontier National Park
- Relaxed regulation on labour
- Efforts to increase trade between member countries
- Improved defence/security/ resolve inter- state conflicts

Describe three factors that make it difficult for the Southern African Community to achieve its aims.

- Lack of funds to carry out some projects

- Protectionism that slowed down SADC regional trade
- Persistent drought
- Rapidly growing populations than resources
- Heavy external debts/foreign debts
- Civil wars, for example, Democratic Republic of Congo
- HIV and AIDS depleting both human and financial resources
- Failure to discipline some members by SADC
- Dominance by rich members , for example, Republic of South Africa
- Difficulty in choosing location of SADC projects
- Poverty
- Sovereignty of countries, for example, SADC policy vs members countries policy/ different
development strategies
- Diverse cultures/ language barrier
- High unemployment rate
- Corruption/ crime

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three ways by which regional communities such as Southern Africa Development Community
(SADC) and Southern African Customs Union (SACU) can be strengthened.

- Fair or equal sharing of customs duty, for example, Southern African Custom Union members
- Poverty alleviation/reduce poverty
- Improved infrastructures such as roads and telecommunications networks
- Establishment of a common currency
- Adoption of one common official language
- Maintenance of peace and security
- Speedy sharing of custom duties for Southern African Customs Union (SACU)
- Control of HIV and AIDS scourge, for example, providing citizen in member states with free condoms
and Anti Retro-Viral drugs (ARVs)
- Imposing sanctions on uncooperative member countries/ stop trading with uncooperative member
states
- Establishment of a common passport
- Removing all trade barriers/promote free trade for goods produced by member states

Describe three ways by which regional cooperation can be strengthened in Southern Africa

- Members adopting a policy to give priority to member states in trade and other activities/ members
only allowed to get goods / services form outside the region only when such goods are not available in
the region
- Each member should have a voting right (on every important issues affecting the region)
- Intensify road, air, rail construction/ telecommunication (to connect all major centres and sea ports)
- Establish industries in less industrialised countries of the region
- Serious monitoring of the implementation of policies/agreements
- Establishment of a disease control prevention unit for the region (to monitor the fight against the
disease), for example, HIV/AIDS
- Generate savings from the region (to avoid too much borrowing)/ establishing regional banks
- Common currency
- Common language
- Establish mechanisms to disciple uncooperative members
- Election observer missions
- Common official documents, for example, passports, driver’s licences/ educational qualification
classification
- Mobility of labour/ free movement of labour/ people
- Sharing natural resources, for example, Trans Frontier Park
- Encourage sporting activities among member states/culture

Describe three ways in which the formation of Southern African Development Community (SADC) has
contributed to the development of the Southern African region.

- It has promoted trade/ trade fairs

- Exchange programmes/share expertise
- Assistance in times of need, for example, wars and drought
- Cultural exchange
- Widens market
- Development of infrastructure, for example, construction of Kazungula Bridge by Botswana and
Zambia governments
- Better representation internationally/better bargaining power/speak with one voice
- Cost sharing/sharing of resources
- Improved security/peace keeping/policing, for example, Lesotho and Mozambique
- Signing of the energy protocol/signing of water protocol
- Free movement of labour
- Improved international relations
- Monitoring of elections
- Securing financial assistance
- Employment creation

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define international trade

- International trade is the importation and exportation of goods and services

- International trade is buying and selling of goods between countries
- International trade is the exchange of goods between countries

Describe three reasons for international trade

Ideas such as

- A country can get goods/services it is unable to produce/balance of trade

- It creates a good international relationship between countries
- It helps countries to gain access to international markets for their primary products
- It generates income for countries involved in trade/a source of foreign exchange/generate money
- It increases industrialisation/promote infrastructural development
- It allows for continuous availability of seasonal goods
- It is cheaper to buy from outside than produce locally
- It helps to correct negative balance of trade/promote balance of trade
- International trade make it possible to utilise immobile resources, for example, land/ sha re of resources
- International trade helps with exchange of technology

Study Fig. 1 which shows an example of international trade

Fig.1

Describe each aspect of international trade shown in Fig. 1.

- Imports are goods or services a country buys from other countries

- Exports are goods or services a country sells to other countries
- Inflows are sums of money or money that comes into the country, for example, payments of exports
and foreign aid.
- Outflows are sums of money or money that leaves the country, for example, payments of imports and
tourists expenditure out of the country.
- Invisible trade is the buying or selling of services which are intangible and unseen, for example,
tourism and education
- Visible is the buying or selling of tangible goods or goods that can be seen/touched.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Study Fig. 2 which shows trade patterns between countries

Fig. 2

Describe the trade patterns shown in Fig. 2.

Ideas such as:

- Developed countries mostly export manufactured goods

- Developed countries mostly import raw materials
- Developed countries export value to developing countries is high/developing countries export value to
developed countries is low
- Developing countries mostly export raw materials
- Developing countries mostly import manufactured goods
- Developed countries trade more with each other
- Developing countries trade less with each other

Give three reasons why Botswana buys goods from other countries

Ideas such as

- They could be cheaper to buy than to produce

- The goods are out of season at home
- The goods are unavailable at home/other countries have comparative advantage
- Tied aid forces a country to buy goods from donor country
- The need to prolong colonial ties/friendship
- Imported goods are of better quality than locally produced goods

Describe three difficulties experienced by developing countries when they try to take part in international trade

Ideas such as

- Low prices for raw materials/low income/low profit

- Brain drain
- Huge debts as they import expensive manufactured goods/negative balance of trade/weak
currencies/debts
- Dependency on rich countries/tied aid
- They fail to industrialise as they always buy manufactured goods from developed countries
- They are too attached to colonial powers/neo-colonialism
- Prices controlled by developed countries
- Developing countries produce poor quality goods/poor technology used to produce goods/competition
- Fluctuation of prices for raw materials

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three ways by which developing countries can increase trade amongst themselves

Ideas such as

- Remove tariffs/import duty

- Remove quotas/ number of goods entering a country/promote free trade
- Abolish quarantines/use of embargoes
- Make trade agreements with each other
- Form regional/trade blocks/common market
- Adopt common currency
- Diversify their economies/produce variety of materials
- Improve research/technology/quality
- Establish supporting infrastructure between cites, for example, railway line, tarred road links/network

State three features of the trade pattern of developing countries

Ideas such as:

- export primary products/raw materials
- import secondary products/manufactured goods/finished goods
- fetch little foreign exchange/sell cheap raw materials
- spend more on import, for example, machinery/import more than they export/negative balance of
trade/expensive imports

Describe three challenges faced by developing countries that rely on a single export commodity

- fluctuating world prices/demand/competition

- import duty/tariffs [it is a form of tax paid for goods before entering a country]
- Quotas [means allowing certain number of goods into a country]
- Prices of raw materials generally low compared to finished products/low prices of exports
- Prices set by consumers/developed countries controls prices/exploitation
- Natural disasters, for example, weather adversity
- Bulky transportation/handling costs/access to sea ports
- Quarantine system
- High prices of imports
- Seasonal products
- Substitute products/synthetic products
- Countries of the South are equally affected when countries of the North go through recessions
- Dumping of used goods/machinery

Suggest three ways by which developing countries can solve their problems associated with trade

- Economic diversification [stop producing and exporting one product to boost economic growth]
- Import substitution industrialisation/reduce imports
- Export oriented industrialisation/increase export trade
- Use local alternatives/encourage local inventions
- Regional cooperation/re-negotiate terms of trade
- Save and invest locally
- Cut/break links with the North
- Restricting trade with developed countries
- Devaluation of currencies
- Improvement of infrastructure

Describe three typical trade pattern of a developed country

- Export finished goods/products

- Import raw materials/primary products
- Spend less of imports/positive balance of trade
- The generally these countries trade products that both of them manufacture but which one of the
countries produces at a lower price or higher quality.

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Describe three way used to control trade
Describe three ways by which a country can protect its trade

- The way by which a country can protect its trade is through import duty/tariffs (which are form of taxes
put on imports to increase their prices so that imports are more expensive to buy)
- Quotas is a measure that limits the quantity/number of imports that can be brought into a country by
importers’ every year.
- The government can decide to use health and safety regulations to limit the type and quantity of
imports. For example, the government refuse to allow cattle from Zimbabwe into Botswana because of
the Foot and Mouth disease that is prevalent there.
- The political boundaries generally regulate the easy flow of goods and services into a country. Traders
cross at certain points in order to declare their goods at the border

Describe three challenges faced by developing countries in international trade.

- Poor infrastructure
- Developed countries put trade barriers/ protectionism
- Declining terms of trade
- Less control in international trade/ only 20% access to international trade
- Weak currencies/ low purchasing power/ lack of capita
- MDCs produce synthetic products/ changes in fashion/tastes
- Stiff competition from the MDCs/ small markets
- Produce substandard goods/ poor quality goods/ less preferred by MDCs/ poor technology/skills
- Prices for raw materials are low/ fluctuating
- Gives room for dumping of goods from MDCs to developing countries

Describe three ways by which a country could correct its negative balance of trade.

- Protectionism
- Import substitution industrialisation
- Export oriented industrialisation/ foreign investment
- Invitation of Multi-National Companies
- Beneficiation/ value addition to raw material, for example, cutting and polishing of diamonds
- Foreign aid
- Devalue the currency

Define protectionism

- Protectionism is a system whereby trade policies are imposed to safeguard local industries from
foreign competition by raising import duties or tariffs.
- Protectionism refers to restricted trade

Describe three advantages [benefits] of international trade.

- Income generation/ earns foreign exchange

- Encourages production/ production efficiency/ increases GDP/GNP/GNP per Capita
- Countries acquire goods and services they are unable to produce
- Globalisation/ friendship between countries
- Increased variety of goods and services
- Employment creation
- Transfer of skills and technology
- Stimulates production of quality goods and services
- Increases access to bigger markets
- Ensures continuous supply of seasonal goods

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
What are imports?

- Imports are goods and services bought into the country / outside the country

Describe three ways in which a country can correct a negative balance of payment

- Fixed quota systems / fixed amount /number of goods imported / exported

- Setting up Import Substitution Industrialisation (ISI) / government subsidies
- Devaluing the currency/devaluation of the currency(is the most common solution especially in
developing countries as this helps a country to sell more exports and buy fewer imports)
- Exporting more / Export Oriented Industrialisation (which is setting up of factories that produce goods
that a country outside the country/for international market)
- Custom duties / tariffs/import duty ( is a form of tax paid for goods entering a country)
- Coming up with local substitutes
- Quarantine system (to control the influx of goods into another country or region)
- Exchange control (how much money one is allowed to use in a foreign country)

Describe three ways through which rich countries protect their industry from cheap imports.

- They limit quantity of goods from poor countries through quota system
- They charge high tariffs on goods from poor countries to discourage entrance
- They subsidise their own goods to make them cheaper than imported goods to discourage imported
goods
- They demand high technological requirements so that poor countries fail to attain the high standard
- They put exchange control measures to limit foreign exchange (forex) for import
- They impose high health standards on foreign goods and services
- They form cartels which restrict imports from outside the cartel
- They demand import licences/ permits/ legal agreements

State three actions which poor countries could take, so they benefit more from international trade.

- Less Developed Countries(LDCs) should turn raw materials into finished products/ add value to raw
materials
- LDCs should form regional co-operations to create a market for themselves
- LDCs should improve their technology to ensure high quality goods/ invite Multi- National Companies
to improve technology/ quality goods and services
- LDCs should form producer cartels to control prices and avoid low fluctuating prices
- LDCs should appeal to World Trade Organisation to make developed countries to relax trade barriers
- LDCs should promote research on their products
- LDCs should devalue their currencies to attract customers
- LDCs should diversify their economies/ should avoid dependence on few commodities

What is meant by a positive balance of trade/favourable balance of trade?

- Positive or Favourable balance of trade is when a country exports more goods than importing them
in money terms

Give three different ways by which money can come into a country

- Exports/foreign exchange/raw materials

- Loans/borrowing for other countries and international financial institutions, for example, World Bank
and International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Grants/gift
- Foreign aid (which is the assistance given to a country)/Donor agencies
- Tourism

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Describe three barriers in international trade

- Quotas (number of goods allowed into a country)

- Customs duties / tariffs (tax paid for goods entering a country)
- Exchange control
- Health restrictions (quarantine)
- Political differences/understanding
- Labour laws
- Devaluing of local currencies (to allow a country export more goods and import less goods)

Why do countries come up with trade barriers?

- To earn some revenue/raise govt. revenue

- To prevent dumping
- To protect/promote local employment
- To encourage local inventions
- To prevent spread of diseases
- To control effects of general depression
- To protect infant industries/Import substitution Industrialisation (ISI)
- To reduce imported goods
- To eliminate balance of payments deficits
- To cut on indebtedness

How have Southern African countries improved their trading position by forming SADC?
- Encouraging free trade amongst themselves
- By removing tariffs between them and opening up their markets to each other
- Protecting their members from outside competition by imposing collective tariffs
- Mobility of resources
- Inflow of foreign currency / foreign investment
- Integrated transport network
- Technology transfer

Give three benefits that people of Botswana may enjoy for international trade
- They get goods/services made in other countries, for example, cell phones/electronic goods
- They earn income/foreign exchange/ from selling their products outside the country, for example, beef
and diamonds
- Local producer have expanded market
- Local producers are likely to be trained to improve their quality of their goods/ skills transfer/ to meet
global standards
- People enjoy increased variety of goods and services (so that people have more freedom of choice)
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example, fruits
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better roads network, telecommunication in areas of
production
- Improves infrastructure, for example, Trans Kalahari highway/ road for Republic of South Africa to
Maputo/ Proposed railway from Namibia to Botswana

Describe three benefits that people in Botswana may enjoy from international trade.
- The get goods and services made in other countries, for example, cell phones or electronic goods
- They earn income or foreign exchange from selling their products outside the country, for example,
beef
- The local producers will have expanded market
- Local producer are likely to be trained to improve the quality of their goods to meet global standards
- People will enjoy increased variety of goods and services(so that people have more freedom of choice)
- People have access to seasonal goods throughout the year, for example, fruits
- People enjoy improved infrastructure, for example, better road networks and telecommunication in
areas of production
- Technology transfer
- Job creation

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Define foreign aid

- Foreign aid is the help / assistance obtained from outside the recipient country / region
- Foreign aid is any help from outside given to a country

Describe three forms of foreign aid

- Monetary aid (allow loans and grants separately)

- Technical aid
- Humanitarian (food, medicine, clothing, tents, etc)
- Military aid
- Aid for specific projects e.g. Ebola, AIDS, Research
- Emergency aid e.g. floods, drought/famine, earthquakes, volcanoes, etc.

Give three advantages of foreign aid

State three benefits of foreign aid

- Provides much needed technology for Less Developed Countries(LDCs) / high level of knowledge
- Provides capital for investment
- Creates employment
- Improves relations between countries
- Relieves hardships in times of disaster
- Improves recipient country’s GDP / GNP
- Bring foreign exchange

Give three disadvantages of foreign aid

- Encourages waste of resources / extravagance / often misused by corrupt politicians and dictators
- Irrelevant projects
- Indebtedness / neo-colonialism
- Tied aid
- Environmental unfriendly
- Urban bias
- Interference in domestic politics
- Encourages dependency & encourages laziness / reduces desire to work hard
- Sometimes reduces a country’s sovereignty or independence

Define the term tied aid.

- Tied aid is the help or assistance that comes with “strings attached”. This means that the aid is given
with certain instructions about how it may be used.

State three reasons for giving foreign aid.

Why do countries give Aid?

- Humanitarian reasons
- For development
- Trade links
- Economic gains
- Creation of political satellites
- Creation of employment (Donor countries)

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three different types of foreign aid donors

- Rich individuals, for example, Bill Gates who help developing countries to fight diseases such as
HIV/AIDS through his foundation called Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
- Charities , for example, the Red Cross/ Red Crescent which sometimes help people affected by
natural disasters such as flood by providing them with shelter and food.
- Developed countries or rich countries, for example, giving out assistance in the form of funds to
developing countries to carry out development projects
- International Non –Governmental Organisations (NGOs) working in specific areas or helping
people and countries in those areas, for example, Survival International advocating for minority ethnic
groups.
- Less Developed Countries (LDCs) which are well off offering to help other countries, for example,
Botswana giving fuel to Zimbabwe
- Agencies of the United Nations

State three ways by which developing countries can use foreign aid to achieve higher levels of development.

- Use donated funds to invest in industries or production activities

- Use foreign experts to train locals / to work in the country.
- Send students to overseas institutions where doors have been opened.
- Use donated funds to construct or improve social services, for example, schools, hospitals and libraries.
- Use foreign loans to construct transportation routes or use them on deve lopment projects, for example,
building of highways.
- Use funds to import machinery for production.

Define bilateral aid

- Bilateral aid is help/assistance from one country to another/government to another

- Bilateral aid is any help from one country to another/ government to another

Describe any three different forms of foreign aid

- Gift of consumer goods, for example, food

- Financial or monetary, for example, loans and grants
- Direct investment which involves establishment of production activities, for example, factories, farms
and mines in poor countries.
- Technical assistance where developed countries provide expertise to advise poor countries.
- Education where rich countries sponsor students from poor countries to study overseas and send
teachers to teach students in poor countries.
- Specialised services where specialised agencies of the United Nations Organisation, for example,
World Bank or other agencies carry out research for the benefit of the poor country.
- Trade where rich nations give poor countries opportunities to sell their products on the world market
or them.
- Military where rich countries give weapons or solider services to poor ones.

Describe the forms of foreign aid received by Less Developed Countries.

- Technical assistance, for example, experts sent to work in a developing country

- Financial help, for example, interest free loans and grants/ monetary
- Gift of consumer goods, for example, food aid/ humanitarian
- Military aid, for example, soldiers sent to keep law and order in a country
- Emergency aid, for example, help given during floods and drought

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
State three ways by which the act of giving may benefit the donor country.

Ideas such as:

- Protection of donor investments or interests in the recipient country.

- Creation of employment for the donor country’s citizens.
- Recipient country becomes a secure market for donor country’s goods and services.
- Donor country gains prestige or publicity.
- Donor country gains support of recipient country in international debates.
- Donor country satisfies international requirements, for example, rich countries are required by the
United Nations Organisations to give out percentage of their GNP to help poor countries.

Describe three possible problems that foreign aid can cause to countries receiving it.

- Encourages resource wastage

- Recipients fall into debt crisis
- Encourages corruption among government officials
- Encourages inappropriate technology/ irrelevant projects
- Recipients become dependent/ expect handouts/ laziness
- Increases inequality within the country when it benefits only selected groups.
- Donors may interfere in recipients politics
- Tied aid
- Promotes dumping of discarded resources from donor countries

Describe three problems that a Less Developed Country, which receives foreign aid, can experience.

- Corruption, for example, money misused by leaders

- Reinforcement of master-servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority ideology
- Aid is often tied/ conditional/ benefiting the developed countries/ neo-colonialism
- Creates dependency syndrome/ loss of self-reliance
- Some aid encourages inappropriate technology
- Less Developed Countries end up in debt crisis
- Encourages wastefulness
- Less Developed Countries become dumping grounds for developed countries
- Less Developed Countries turned into marketing area for donor products/ creates competition with
local products

Describe three problems faced by poor countries as a result of receiving aid from rich countries.

- Aid encourages corruption among government officials

- Aid encourages laziness among locals/ dependency syndrome
- Aid encourages wastage of resources
- Aid cause debt crisis
- Aid increases inequality within the country when it benefits selected groups
- Aid promotes dumping of discarded resources form donors/ inappropriate technology/ environmental
unfriendly
- Donors may interfere in recipients’ politics
- Aid may be tied/ strings attached
- Reinforces master-servant relationship.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three ways in which rich countries may help poor countries to speed up development.

- Developed countries (DCs) should send exports to help development in Less Developed Countries
(LDCs)
- DCs can sponsor LDCs’ students to gain skills/ scholarships/ skills development
- Technology transfer to LDCs
- Send Multi-National Companies to LDCs/ Foreign Direct Investment
- Provide financial assistance for development projects, for example, schools and roads construction/
monetary aid
- Provide emergency/ reconstruction aid when crises occur, for example, the Haiti example and Doctors
without borders
- Developed countries should relax trade barriers so that poor countries can participate in international
trade/ provide reliable market
- Developed countries should facilitate research for development in Less Developed countries
- Developed countries can send peace keepers to war torn countries to stabilise political environment
- The rich countries can reduce interest rates/ debt cancellation of poor countrie s

Describe the function of any three United Nations specialised agencies.

- FAO collects and disseminates information on food and nutrition -to improve nutrition/ Advises
member states on food production- to fight hunger/ improve nutrition/ Provides food for victims of
droughts/ civil wars- to fight hunger/ Encourages soil conservation- to improve food production
- WHO helps fights diseases/ Encourages research in medicine/ Sends medical supplies to victims of
malnutrition/ civil wars-(all these to promote good health)
- UNICEF: Supports children welfare/ cares for children during national disasters- to improve living
conditions of children/ improve children’s education
- ILO investigates working conditions and security of workers- to improve workers welfare.
- World Bank gives financial assistance/ technical advice to countries/ compile population and
development records- for reconstruction and development purposes.
- UNCHR looks after refugees/ comes up with the criteria to identify refugees- to improve refugees’
welfare.

Why do countries of the North give aid to the countries of the South?

Ideas such as:

- Humanitarian reasons, for example, during emergencies such as floods and drought/ sympathy
- To encourage more trade between donor and recipient countries
- Protect donor investments in countries of the South/ interests
- Gain support of recipient countries against other countries/ political reasons
- Prestige/publicity/friendship
- Donors may wish to exercise control over recipient countries
- Donors creating employment for their own people
- To satisfy international requirements/redistribution of world’s wealth
- To support their own industries/ open up markets for their own industries.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe three effects of foreign aid on developing countries.

Arguments against:

- Corruption/money misused by leaders/ politicians

- Reinforces master servant relations/ foster superiority-inferiority ideology
- Aid is often conditioned/ tied and benefiting MDCs mostly/ Neo colonialism
- A developing country may get used to handouts instead of self-reliance/ dependency syndrome
- Some aid brings in inappropriate technology
- Developing countries are usually turned into marketing area for donors products
- Encourage wastefulness
- Developing countries used as dumping grounds
- Debt crisis for developing countries

Arguments for:

- Aid relieves in terms of hardship/help in emergencies such as floods and drought.

- Infrastructural development for developing countries such as roads and schools
- International relations, for example, friendship
- Developing countries gets technology/ skilled labour for development/ technological transfer
- Brings in foreign currency/ creates balance of payments

NB: effects of foreign aid on LDC should be both positive and negative. Should be balanced, the candidate
only scores half the marks, for example, 3 to 2 for giving one side only.

Describe ways by which any three of the United Nations specialised agencies helps countries to develop.

Ideas such as:

- World Health Organisation (WHO) helps to controls diseases /Promotes people’s health
- World Food Programme (WFP) distributes food to starving people or those suffering fro m disasters/
Advice on nutrition
- United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) restores dignity to refugees/ helps to
provide basic needs/safety for refugees/ Provides shelter
- World Bank provides loans to countries for development or reconstruction/ Provide economic advice
to countries
- United Nations Education Scientific Organisation (UNESCO) helps to fund research in education

State three challenges that the World Food Programme faces in developing countries.

Ideas such as:

- misuse of donated food/ people sell donated food for personal gain

- Cultural barriers where people reject food from other cultures

- Large population to feed

- Wars/conflicts disturbing food distribution

- Uncooperative leaders/ dictators wanting to control the duties of WFP

- Leaders wanting to use WFP food aid for political gains

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions
Describe the roles played by any three of the specialised agencies of the United Nations.

- UNICEF advocate for the protection of children’s rights/ to meet the children’s basic needs/ to expand
children’s opportunities to reach their full potential/promote children’s education/ funding children’s
programmes/organisations

- FAO ensure that there is enough food for all/ to eliminate hunger/malnutrition/ to collect, evaluate and
disseminate information relating to nutrition/ agriculture/ nutrition research

- UNESCO contribute to the building of peace/ eradication of poverty/ sustainable development/

intercultural dialogue through education, the science and culture/ develop/ distribute educational
materials
- UNHCR (lead and coordinate international action) to protect refugees/ resolve refugees’ problems
(worldwide)/ to safeguarding the rights/ wellbeing of refugees

- WHO help in the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health/ diseases control/
approve vaccines/ conduct research on diseases/ medicines/ vaccines

- World Bank helps to eliminate poverty/to provide financial assistance to poor governments/ to offer
loans/ policy advice/ technical assistance to poor governments/ keeps (financial) data

- IMF helps to ensure the stability of the international monetary system/ the system of exchange rates/
international payments that enables countries (and their citizens) to transact with each other/ control
exchange rate / provide technical assistance/ provide policy advice to governments/ provide financial
assistance/lend money to developing countries

State three challenges that the UNICEF is facing in carrying out its role in less developed countries.

- Ignorance of children’s rights/ cultural/ religious practices against children

- Food shortages (leading to malnutrition in children)

- High population of children/ too many children

- Shortage of safe water

- Inadequate health care

- Shortage of trained health personnel such as nurses and doctors/ unskilled labour

- Shortage of trained education personnel, for example, teachers

- Limited budgets/ lack of funds

- Shortage of educational facilities

- Shortage of volunteers

- Poor sanitation/hygiene

- Political unrest/wars/political instability/ civil wars

- Uneducated adults

- Lack of political will/countries failing to support UNICEF/Cooperation/misuse of funds by

governments.

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Masunga Senior Secondary School Development Studies Paper One Revision Questions