Scribd
Upload
17 views2 pages

Exp No 12

ggg

Uploaded by

fnamegame
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views2 pages

Exp No 12

ggg

Uploaded by

fnamegame
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

'> +-

NEW EXPERIMENT 10 ,-:


~ : T.!dy ~ few associations among organisms through models/specimens. (e.g. symbiotic association in root
~dules gummous plants, cuscuta on host, and lichens).
R~QUIR ENTS : Specimens/models of nodulated roots of a leguminous plant, Dodder plant (cuscuta) lichen- types,
shde of C.S. of a lichen, T.S of a dodder plant. ·
INTRODUCTION : To survive organisms in a particular habitat have to adapt and associate with other organisms
occurring in that environment. In some organisms such associations become almost compulsory for their survival and
the organisms thus associated with one another always occur together. Associations may be intraspecific (between
individuals of the same species) or interspecific (between individuals of the different species). Interspecific associations I
are also called as symbiosis. Symbiotic associations fall into four categories:
1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism 4. Predator relationship
PROCEDURE:
(A) Study of Mutualism between bacteria and roots
of legumes.
To study mutualism between bacteria and roots of
legumes, take a specimen of root of a pea / groundnut
/ gram/ arhar/ mung / urd plant etc and observe root
......ai.. nodules.
~ In roots of legumes symbiotic nitrogen fixing Rhizobia
occur forming root nodules. Rhizobium is a non-spore
forming, non motile and saprophytic bacillus bacterium
which is capable of growing in soil on decaying organic
matter as well as in root nodules of legumes. It enters
into root through root hairs, colonizes in cortex,
synthesises leg-haemoglobine pigments to fix
atmospheric nitrogen for itself and for its host plant. ·
ROOTHAl1,
INFECTED BY
Host plant provide shelter and nutrition to Rhizobium BACTERIA
and the Rhizobium in turns provides usable form of . B
nitrogen (fixed nitrogen) to legumes for their growth
and development. Nodule
(B) Study of Parasitism between cuscuta (dodder
Bacteria
plant) and a host plant : Cuscuta, a parasitic plant
that is commonly found growing on hedge plants. It is Root
pale is colour and is without leaves (lost its chlorophyll
and leaves in the course of evolution). It derives its
nutrition from its host plant. In cuscuta adventitious Fig. Nodulated root of pea
, . roots arise from the parasite and enter the host plant
· , developing contact with xylem and phloem of the host
stem such roots are called haustoria (sucking roots) Dodder plant
(cuscuta sp)

.,.,,...,,.~t.,11'----- stem parasite

cluster of flowers
host stem parasite
\
--~---host
vascular bundle
of host

b ~ H - - vascular tissue
ofhaustorium

Fig. A transverse section of the dodder plant and its host in very close contact.

JBD Lab Manual Biology 12th


------------ ------------ ----
Fig. Dodder plant

L.:.■ 3 .r-
1111111

Step 1 : Examine the specimen of dodder pla nt provided to you and observe its colour, presence or absence of
leaves.
Step 2: Examine under the microscope the transver se section (T.S) of a dodder plant in close association with its
host plant in the slide provided. Note down haus torium, vascula r tissue of haustorium, vascular bundles of host
plant etc.
(C) Study of Mutualism between an algae and a fungus : Lichen i s an association between a fungus and an
algae. Algae component present is usually a member of blue-green algae or green algae. The fungal component
present is usually a member of class ascomycetes (sac fungi) major part of lichen body in made up of fungal
partner. Lichens have different shapes : crustose, foliose or fructose.
Step 1 : Note the colour and morphological appearance of the lichen specimen provided to you.
Step _2 =. Examine the transverse section of a prepared slide of lichen under the microscope and note the close
association of the hyphae and algae cells with in the thallus of lichen.

·}protective
fungal cells at surface
~~~ ~~- Green algae cells

~-~-~ densely packed


--.r'-...,....'"'T'½......._.'-r--_-.,__-~--'1.....,.i._ fungal threads (hyphae)

Crustose Foliose Fruitcose u---


hypbae filaments
for anchorage
Fig. : Three types of lichens - lichens are formed by Fig. : Cross section of a lichen showing the algae cells, among the
mutualistic union between an algae and fungus fungal hyphae. The fungus that gives lichen its form.

You might also like