DUHS ENDOCRINE

MODULE GUIDE

“Hormones: the tiny but mighty messengers of

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 ABOUT AUTHOR
AMNA ZAHEER
DMC'27

Hello! I'm Amna Zaheer, a third-year medical

student. Allow this guidebook and my
personal journey to illuminate your path
through the forthcoming challenges.
Together, we'll equip you with the necessary
tools to navigate medical school. Remember,
you're not alone. Your peers and support
network will make the experience smoother
and more enjoyable. Stay resilient, and best
wishes for your journey ahead!🚀📚

FROM THE TEAM THAT BROUGHT

TO YOU PREMED.PK

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 ENDOCRINE GUIDE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module Overview 01
01

Major Subjects 03
02

Minor Subjects 8
03

Common Student Errors 18

04

CBL Overview 19
05

USMLE 20
06

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 Last Minute Tips 22
07

Practice Resources 23
08

Credit Hours 24
09

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01 Endocrine Guide
Module Overview

MODULE OVERVIEW
The Endocrine Module is an interesting branch of study that dives
into the interactions of various glands and their secretions that
regulate vital bodily functions. Endocrine system comprises
glands that secrete hormones, vital for regulating metabolism,
growth, tissue function, sexual function & more. Endocrinology
delves into the study of these hormones and their effects on the
body. Normal and abnormal structures and functions of endocrine
glands are examined, providing insights into diseased states and
associated medications. 🔍📚
Duration
This module consists of 5 weeks.

Major Subjects
Physiology
Biochemistry
Pathology

Minor Subjects
Anatomy (Gross Anatomy, Histology, Embryology)
Pharmacology
Community Medicine
Behavioral Sciences
Medicine

No. of Questions & Weightage

Modular Exam
Modular Exam consists of 75-100 BCQs including CBL & OSPEs.
Weightage
Theory= 20%
Practical evaluation= 20%

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02 Endocrine Guide
Module Overview

Annual Exams
The Annual Exam consists of 100 BCQs including CBL and
OSPEs.
Weightage
Theory= 80%
Practical evaluation= 80%

INTERESTING FACTS

Dance Your Hormones Out

Exercise, especially dancing, can have a positive impact on your
endocrine system. Physical activity stimulates the release of
endorphins, often referred to as "feel-good hormones."

Adrenaline Rush
The adrenal glands release adrenaline (epinephrine) in
response to stress. This hormone prepares the body for the
"fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and providing a
burst of energy.

Butterfly Gland
The thyroid gland, located in the neck, is often referred to as a
"butterfly-shaped" gland due to its two lobes connected by a
narrow band, resembling butterfly wings.

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03 Endocrine Guide
Major Subjects

MAJOR SUBJECTS
1. PHYSIOLOGY
Endocrine Physiology is an intriguing exploration of the
mechanisms that influence the endocrine system, a vital
regulatory network in the human body. It is an important major
subject. Physiology in this module is entangled with Biochemistry
and Pathology, therefore having a strong grasp of concepts in
Physiology makes the other two subjects much easier.

Chapter 75: Introduction to Endocrinology

Chapter 76: Pituitary Hormones and Their
Control by the Hypothalamus
Chapter 77: Thyroid Metabolic Hormones
Chapter 78: Adrenocortical Hormones
Guyton and Hall Chapter 79: Insulin, Glucagon, and Diabetes
Textbook of Medical Mellitus
Physiology Chapter 80: Parathyroid Hormones,
(Gold Standard) Calcitonin, Calcium and Phosphate
Metabolism, Vitamin D, Bone, and Teeth
Chapter 81: Reproductive and Hormonal
Functions of the Male (and Function of the
Pineal Gland)
Pineal gland

Physiology by
Chapter 9: Endocrine Physiology
Costanzo

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04 Endocrine Guide
Major Subjects

The short book used is BRS Physiology.

BRS Physiology Chapter 7: Endocrine Physiology

Video Resources
Osmosis
Ninja Nerd
Dr Najeeb
Physeo
Boards & Beyonds

Important Topics
-Mechanism of Hormonal action
-Hypothalamic-glands axis and feedback mechanisms
-Hormones synthesis, duration of action, mode of action,
functions, and degradation
-Hormone excess and deficiency disorders
-Differences between T1DM and T2DM
-Diabetes and Hypoglycemic complications
-Thyroid hormone’s metabolism and functions
-Functions of Adrenal hormones
-Calcium and Glucose homeostasis
-Hormone Receptors

Tips and Tricks

-Book reading takes time so focus more on concept building.
Make notes while watching videos. 📕
-Watch videos to grasp the concepts. It is recommended to
use Boards and Beyond or Ninja Nerd, both cover the topics
with some pharmacological clues. 📺
-BRS Physiology and Firdaus are both good resources for
quick revision and VIVA exams.

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05 Endocrine Guide
Major Subjects

-A lot of clinical cases are also asked in Physiology theory

and VIVA exams but this topic overlaps with Biochemistry and
Pathology. So, to save time, cover these topics from
Pathology. 🩺
-Remember questions from this section are a bit tricky so
practice a lot of questions to prepare yourself. ⚠
-For VIVA exams, memorize the main functions of each
hormone and its mode of action. Glucose homeostasis is also
frequently tested along with Diabetes. 🥼
Common Mistakes
Physiology's complexity often leads to confusion among
students, who tend to mix its content with other subjects. To
tackle this, studying gland-wise –beginning with Anatomy,
followed by Biochemistry, Physiology, and concluding with
Pathology and Pharmacology – is recommended. This
approach enhances comprehension and maintains students'
interest in the subject.

2. BIOCHEMISTRY
Biochemistry is a lot easier and a lot of its content coincide with
Physiology. It is a captivating subject that delves into the molecular
foundations of the endocrine system, unravelling the biochemical
aspects that govern hormone production, regulation, and signaling.

Textbook of Medical
Biochemistry by MN Chapter 33: Hormones- Chemistry,
Chatterjea Mechanism of Action, and Metabolic Role
(Gold standard)

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06 Endocrine Guide
Major Subjects

Chapter 18: Cholesterol, Lipoprotein, and

Steroid Metabolism
Lippincott’s Illustrated
Steroid hormones
Reviews: Biochemistry
Chapter 23: Metabolic Effects of Insulin
(Gold standard)
and Glucagon
Chapter 25: Diabetes Mellitus

Video Resources
Medicosis Perfectionalis
Osmosis
Ninja Nerd
Brainless Medicose

Important Topics
-Classification of Hormones with their mechanism of action
-Biochemistry of each Hormone (Chemical structure, function,
synthesis, degradation, related disorder)
-Blood Glucose regulation
-Biochemical interpretation and diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Tips and Tricks

-Try to save time with this subject in this module. 🕰️
-Make flowcharts of each hormone synthesis pathway along
with its receptors. 🔄
-Watching videos and revising from lecture slides also helps
in saving time and having strong concepts. 📺
-Solve Anki Flashcards to solidify learning. 📄
Common Mistakes
Students commonly mix up different metabolic pathways and
hormone functions, causing confusion during exams.To avoid
confusion during exams, consolidate essential information in
a notebook or video, and avoid extensive textbooks.

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07 Endocrine Guide
Major Subjects

3. PATHOLOGY
Pathology of the endocrine system involves studying diseases
affecting hormone-producing glands. It's a critical aspect of
healthcare that contributes to early diagnosis, effective treatment,
and ongoing research for improving the management of
endocrine disorders.

Robbins & Cotran

Chapter 24: Endocrine Disorders
Pathological Basis of
(Neoplasms excluded)
Disease
(Gold standard)

The review book used is Fundamentals of Pathology -

Pathoma by Dr. Hussain A. Sattar.

Fundamentals of Pathology
- Pathoma by Dr. Hussain A. Chapter 15: Endocrine Disorders
Sattar

Video Resources
Medicosis Perfectionalis
Osmosis
Ninja Nerd
Dr Najeeb
Dr. Sattar Lectures (Pathoma Videos)
Dr Jibran Ahmed

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08 Endocrine Guide
Major Subjects

Important Topics
-Pituitary disorders
-Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
-Hyperthyroidism and Graves disease
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Diabetes pathogenesis and complications
-Disorders of the Adrenal gland (Cushing, Addison’s disease,
Conn syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Waterhouse
Friderichsen syndrome)

Tips and Tricks

-Try to relate the disorder with its function. Example: What would
happen if this hormone were increased or decreased? How are
its functions affected?🔄
-No matter how difficult it seems you have to cover the
morphological boxes from Basis. They frequently come up in
your theory exams and VIVA. 📖
- Irfan Masood Pathology is useful during VIVA along with
Pathoma. 📚
-Osmosis coupled with Pathoma also greatly covers the
Pathology syllabus. But if you love to stick with Pathoma videos
🎥
and its slides, go with it then.
-Practice a lot of questions so that you can recognize the case
📄
easily.
-Don’t forget the mnemonic diagrams.

Common Mistakes
Students often find the extensive text of Basis challenging, but
leveraging video resources such as Osmosis can alleviate this
difficulty. Prioritize high-yield key points and pay attention to
morphology boxes. Prioritizing essential information can
enhance performance in module exams' VIVA, despite the
difficulty.

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09 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

MINOR SUBJECTS
1. ANATOMY
GROSS ANATOMY

This module covers Gross Anatomy, a minor subject, but crucial for
Physiology and Pathology concepts. It provides an overview of
endocrine glands.

Chapter 2: Abdomen
Pancreas
Adrenal
Clinically Oriented Chapter 7: Head
Anatomy by KLM Hypothalamus
(Gold standard) Pituitary
Chapter 8: Neck
Thyroid
Parathyroid

Chapter 4: Abdomen
Pancreas
Adrenal
Gray’s Anatomy For
Chapter 8: Head And Neck
Students
Pituitary
(Gold standard)
Hypothalamus
Thyroid
Parathyroid

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10 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

The short book used is BRS Anatomy.

BRS Anatomy Chapter 4: Abdomen

Video Resources
Kenhub
Osmosis
Ninja Nerd
Noted Anatomist
Dr.Najeeb

Important Topics
-Hypothalamus nuclei with their functions (Such as hunger-
lateral hypothalamic nucleus)
-Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans’ cells with position, their
secretion, vertebral level, relations)
-Adrenal gland (Parts with secretions, location, relations, and
blood supply)
-Thyroid gland (remnant, nerve, and artery relation, tracheal +
vertebral level)

Tips and Tricks

-Anatomy in this module is quite easy and interesting. Make a
flowchart or table (including the location of the gland, parts,
📋
key features, secretions, etc).
-Visualizing helps you retain information for longer times. Have
a gland-wise model discussion with your friends. 👁️
-For a strong grasp of anatomy concepts, incorporate
TeachMeAnatomy articles with your go-to books and videos
throughout the module, and use them for quick revisions and
during prep leave. 📚
-Make mnemonics, use Anki flashcards, and practice
questions to grasp your concepts firmly. 📊
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11 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

Common Mistakes
Students often study Gross Anatomy separately without
interconnecting it with other subjects. This module should be
studied in an integrated manner so covering the Anatomy
(with videos and a review book) of one gland at a time
followed by its Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pathology would
be the best possible approach.

HISTOLOGY

Histology, although a minor subject, is frequently tested in OSPEs

and VIVA exams. It covers the microscopic aspects of different
glands. It requires extensive memorization but can be made easier
with effective strategies.

Laiq Hussain’s Medical

Chapter 16: Endocrine Glands
Histology - Text and Atlas

Junqueira’s Basic
Histology Chapter 20: Endocrine Glands
(Gold Standard)

The short book used is Firdaus Review of Histology.

Firdaus Review of
Chapter 18: Endocrine Glands
Histology

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12 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

Video Resources
Osmosis
Medicosis Perfectionalis
Brainless Medicose
Medical Anatomy

Important Topics
-Types of cells in the Pituitary gland (acidophils and
basophils), percentage of cells, and parts
-Cellular layers of the adrenal gland with secretions and
microscopic features of the adrenal medulla
-Microscopic features of the pancreas (epithelium of the
ductal system, differential points between the pancreas and
parotid gland, islets of Langerhans, and identification points)
-Identification points of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland’s
state of follicles (active state and inactive state)
-The main secretory cell of the parathyroid gland

Tips and Tricks

-Using Junqueira’s Basic Histology for this module is
advisable, as it covers some endocrine physiology concepts,
making it easier to understand.
-Module exam consists of a separate Histology portion so not
only is it important for theory but questions are also frequently
asked from Histology in practical evaluation. 📝
-Make brief notes of Histology comprising of all the high-yield
points. and have a look at all the histological slides’ pictures or
diagrams as they are given in OSPEs. 🔬
-Don’t fret even Histology can be made easier by watching
videos and making tables and charts. 📊
-Do not waste time on memorizing all the small details. 🕰️
-Parallel all your learning with histological slides and solving
practice questions. 🌟
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13 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

EMBRYOLOGY

Embryology involves the development of different glands. Try to

cover it along with Gross Anatomy.

Chapter 12: Limbs

Development of Adrenal Gland
Chapter 15: Digestive System
Langman’s
Pancreas
Medical Embryology
Chapter 17: Head and Neck
(Gold standard)
Thyroid Gland

Chapter 9: Pharyngeal Apparatus, Face and

Neck
The Developing Development of Thyroid and Parathyroid
Human: Clinically Gland
Oriented Chapter 11: Alimentary System
Embryology Development of Pancreas
(Gold Standard) Chapter 17: Nervous System
Development of Pituitary Gland

The short book used is Sharjeel’s Human Embryology.

Sharjeel’s Human
Chapter 21: Endocrine Glands
Embryology

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14 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

Video Resources
Osmosis
Ninja Nerd
Medicosis Perfectionalis
Life in womb

Important Topics
-Remnants of different endocrine structures
-Endocrine glands’ developmental anomalies
-Endocrine glands’ embryological origin
-Weeks in which respective glands are formed

Tips and Tricks

-Watch videos before going through your books.
-Look at diagrams for OSPEs.
-Solve Anki flashcards and practice questions to solidify your
learning.📃
2. PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacology is a minor subject that is essential as it involves the
examination of various medications influencing the endocrine
system and their utilization in treating its disorders.

Lippincott’s
Illustrated Review:
Unit V: Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System
Pharmacology by
Karen Whalen

Katzung
Unit VII: Endocrine Drugs
Pharmacology

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15 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

Video Resources
Brainless Medicose
Osmosis
Boards and Beyond
Dirty Medicine
Sketchy Pharma

Importanat Topics
-Pharmacology of pituitary gland secretions
-Drugs used in Thyroid gland disorders
-Calcimimetics in Parathyroid disorders
-Insulin preparations and Antihyperglycemics
-Pharmacology of Adrenal Gland

Tips and Tricks

-Save time on this subject by reviewing slides and memorizing
the main points. 📑
-Make mnemonics, solve flashcards, and make flowcharts
and tables for quick revision. 🌟
-Watching videos before going through slides helps in better
learning, especially if you opt for Sketchy Pharma, as it is a
top-notch video resource for this module. 📺
3. COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Community medicine even though a minor is essential as it explores
the impact of diseases on the general population.

Recommended Resources
-Lecture Slides
-Articles’ links are given in lecture slides
-Past papers

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16 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

Important Topics
-Non-communicable diseases; global & national action plan
-Risk factors and prevention of obesity
-Epidemiology of Diabetes
-Iodine Control Program
-Cancer Epidemiology
-Iodine deficiency disorders
-Metabolic syndrome in South Asia

4. BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES
Behavioral Sciences explores the connection between Psychology
and Medicine, focusing on how human behavior impacts health
and disease.

Recommended Resources
-Lecture Slides
-Articles’ links are given in lecture slides
-Past papers

Important Topics
-Memory and its related disorders
-Perception and its related disorders
-Metacognition
-Empowerment

5. MEDICINE
Medicine is a minor subject that comprises of the clinical
conditions associated with the endocrine system and their
interpretation.

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17 Endocrine Guide
Minor Subjects

Recommended Resources
-Lecture Slides
-Articles’ links are given in lecture slides
-Past papers

Important Topics
-Clinical disorders of the Pituitary gland
-Metabolic Syndrome
-Interpretation & Diagnosis of Hyper and Hypo-secretion of
Adrenal Hormones

PRO TIP FOR ALL MINORS

-Attend lectures and go through slides to save time for minor
subjects. ⭐
-Solve past paper questions and watch short review videos to
retain all information.📃
MISTAKES TO AVOID FOR ALL THE MINORS
-Students tend to overlook minor subjects but remember that even
a few marks can help you gain higher exam scores. Going through
slides and solving past papers a day before the exam is more than
enough. 📚
-In Histology, focus on understanding rather than memorization.
Attend lectures for key points, utilize textbooks and lab slides for
revision, and concentrate on general concepts. Note characteristic
features of each gland for improved retention. 🧠
-Clinical aspects in Embryology are often overlooked but essential.
Review clinical cases before exams, prioritize diagrams for OSPEs,
and briefly memorize developmental processes and congenital
anomalies of endocrine system for BCQs. 📊

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18 Endocrine Guide
Common Student Errors

COMMON STUDENT
ERRORS
Neglecting Biochemistry
Biochemistry is often neglected because it seems dry, and
students mistakenly believe it's covered in physiology and
pathology. However, understanding the biochemistry of endocrine
glands is crucial. Students who overlook these basics may struggle
to comprehend hormone production, regulation, and effects.

Focusing Only on Pathology

While learning about endocrine disorders is important, some
students may concentrate solely on Pathology without fully
grasping normal endocrine function. A solid understanding of
normal Physiology is essential for recognizing and comprehending
abnormalities.

Overlooking Hormone Testing and Interpretation

Understanding hormone test results is crucial in endocrinology to
avoid diagnostic errors. Students need to know normal hormone
ranges, like thyroid profiles, to solve cases. Integrating Physiology
and Pathology enhances comprehension, but other
interconnected subjects shouldn't be overlooked. For STEP 1, use
Biochemistry and pharmacology videos and flashcards for
practice, as they are relevant to endocrinology and overall medical
knowledge.

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19 Endocrine Guide
CBL Overview

CASE BASE LEARNING

Case-based learning is an educational approach that centres
around real or realistic scenarios, allowing learners to apply
theoretical knowledge to practical situations. It has numerous
benefits:

Real-world Context
Case-based learning presents learners with authentic, real-world
situations relevant to the subject matter.

Active Engagement
Instead of passively absorbing information, learners actively
engage with the material by analyzing, discussing, and solving
problems presented in the case. This fosters critical thinking and
problem-solving skills.

Application of Knowledge
Learners are challenged to apply theoretical knowledge gained in
lectures or readings to solve problems presented in the case. This
bridges the gap between theory and practice.

In this module, two CBL sessions are held on topics such as:
Acromegaly
Hyperthyroidism

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20 Endocrine Guide
USMLE

USMLE
The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a
standardized examination system for physicians seeking licensure
to practice medicine in the United States. To excel in the USMLE,
utilizing a range of high-quality study resources is essential. Here
are some recommended resources and strategies to enhance your
preparation:

Boards and Beyond (BnB) Videos

First Aid, SECTION III, “Endocrine”
Anki Flashcards
Sketchy Pharma and Sketchy Biochem
Pathoma Videos and Slides
Pixorize
Osmosis

Integrate Boards and Beyond Videos with First Aid

and Anki
Watch BnB videos and simultaneously reference the corresponding
sections in the First Aid book, as it covers the endocrine module
course comprehensively. After watching each BnB lecture,
unsuspend the related Anki flashcards and create a filtered deck by
using the Add-on: Filtered Deck From Tag and solve at least 100
cards per day. This method aids in content retention and deepens
your understanding of the material. Here‘s an example:

Open Anki Click Browse Refer to Tags (BnB) Click

Endocrinology section Unsuspend Anki Flashcards Right
click Endocrinology section and create filtered deck

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21 Endocrine Guide
USMLE

Utilize SketchyPharma and SketchyMicro

These resources use visual mnemonics to help remember drug
mechanisms. Although Microbiology is not taught alongside in the
endocrine module, it is beneficial to review it once for USMLE.

Practice Pathology using Osmosis and Pathoma

Osmosis provides excellent illustrations of the manifestations of
various endocrine disorders, highlighting their pathological
features. For in-depth understanding, it is crucial to complement
these visual aids with Pathoma's videos & accompanying textual
materials.

Anatomy Review using TeachMeAnatomy

To solidify your comprehension of endocrine anatomy, use
TeachMeAnatomy articles for a concise yet thorough review of
anatomical structures.

Sketchy and Pixorize for Biochemistry

For a comprehensive grasp of biochemical concepts, Sketchy
biochemistry pathways are incredible! They are more in-depth
and they cover every single biochemical pathway, whereas Pixorize
utilizes visual mnemonic techniques, facilitating the effective
retention of key principles.

Revisiting Physiology
Referring to Costanzo's materials alongside osmosis videos is
recommended. Its explanations and insights provide a thorough
understanding of physiological processes.

By integrating these resources and strategies into your study

routine, you can build a solid foundation of knowledge & enhance
your readiness for the USMLE. Consistent practice, active learning,
and high-quality study materials are key to success on the exam.

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22 Endocrine Guide
Last Minute Tips

LAST MINUTE TIPS

Teaching and Visualization
Teach the material to someone else, whether it's a friend or even
an imaginary audience. This helps organize your thoughts and
reinforces understanding. Create or review diagrams, charts, and
mind maps. Visual aids condense information and facilitate recall
during exams.

Active Recall and Mnemonics

Test yourself actively on the material instead of passively reading.
This can involve flashcards, quizzing with a study partner, or
teaching concepts to someone else. Create mnemonic devices to
remember lists, sequences, or complex information. Mnemonics
are powerful memory aids, especially for large volumes of
information.

Organization and Review

Develop a clear study plan, breaking down your remaining time
into manageable chunks. This prevents feeling overwhelmed and
ensures coverage of all necessary topics. Revisit class notes and
highlighted sections in textbooks. Instructors likely emphasized
important information in these areas.

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23 Endocrine Guide
Practice Resources

PRACTICE RESOURCES
Utilize assessment questions provided
at the end of various textbooks or
websites you may ask the seniors
about.
01

Refer to BRS Books that have Review

Test at the end of chapters.
02

Review past module exams questions

to reinforce better learning and to
identify the need for improvement.
03

For improved memorization and concept

consolidation, use pre-made decks from
resources such as Anki or customizable
flashcards; for USMLE or PLAB-related decks,
ask seniors.
04

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24 Endocrine Guide
Credit Hours

CREDIT HOURS
Anatomy 19.5 hrs

Biochemistry 19.5 hrs

Physiology 36.5 hrs

Pathology 15.5 hrs

Pharmacology 16.5 hrs

Community Medicine 7 hrs

Medicine 3 hrs

Behavioral Sciences 4 hrs

Total Hours for Endocrine Module are 123 hrs

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25 Endocrine Guide
Words of Advice

WORDS OF ADVICE

In concluding this study guide, I extend my heartfelt best wishes to

you on your academic journey. Remember that knowledge is a
powerful tool, and your commitment to learning is commendable.
As you embark on your studies, may you find inspiration in every
concept you encounter, strength in challenging moments, and the
joy of continuous discovery.
Best of luck, and may your academic pursuits be both rewarding
and fulfilling. You can achieve great things, and I believe in your
ability to excel.
Happy studying Future Doctors!

"Success is not final, failure is not fatal: It is the

courage to continue that count."
[Winston Churchill]

GOOD LUCK !

TEAM MED
MEDSCHOOL.PK
SCHOOL.PK IS
ROOTING FOR YOU

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