G.R.D. PUBLIC SCHOOL, COIMBATORE.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – 417

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO AI: FOUNDATIONAL CONCEPTS

One (01) Mark Questions

Fill in the Blanks:
1. The basis of decision making depends upon the availability of and how we
experience and understand it. (information/data/conditions/ past experience/
knowledge/awareness.)
2. A machine can also become intelligent if it is trained with which helps them
achieve their tasks (data)

True/False:
1. A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself. (True)
2. Is a smart washing machine an example of an Artificially Intelligent devices? (False)
3. Platforms like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc. show us recommendations on the
basis of what we like. (True)

Direct Question:
1. What do you understand by linguistic Intelligence?
Linguistic intelligence means intelligence to understand and interpret human natural
language and try to extract meaning out of it.
OR
Linguistic Intelligence refers to the ability of an individual to understand both written
and spoken language and the additional ability to write and speak the language too.
OR
This is the intelligence of language and communication. It includes the ability to speak,
articulate, and express, and convey one’s thoughts and feelings to the outside world in
one or more languages. This can be at an oral and written level. It also includes the
ability to listen to and to understand other people.

2. What do you understand by Interpersonal Intelligence?

Understanding human emotions, feelings and influenced by them is known as
interpersonal intelligence.
OR
Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to communicate with others by understanding
other people's feelings, being influenced by the person.
OR

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 1

 Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability of a person to relate well with people
and manage relationships. It enables people to understand the needs and motivations
of those around them, which helps strengthen their overall influence.
OR
Interpersonal intelligence refers to the ability to understand social situations and the
behavior of other people.

3. Define Artificial Intelligence.

A machine is artificially intelligent when it can accomplish tasks by itself - collect data,
understand it, analyze it, learn from it, and improve it.
OR
When a machine possesses the ability to mimic human traits, i.e., make decisions,
predict the future, learn and improve on its own, it is said to have artificial intelligence.
OR
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a
software think intelligently, in a similar manner to how intelligent humans think.
OR
AI is a form of intelligence; a type of technology and a field of study. AI theory and
development of computer systems (both machines and software) are able to perform
tasks that normally require human intelligence.
OR
Artificial Intelligence works to implement human intelligence in machines: creating
systems that understand, think, learn, and behave like humans.
OR
Artificial Intelligence or AI for short, refers to any technique that enables computers to
mimic human intelligence. An artificially intelligent machine works on algorithms and
data fed to it and gives the desired output.

4. Mention two types of machines which have evolved with time.

Television/Mobile Phones/ Ceiling Fans/ Microwave ovens/ Headphones / Speakers/
Harvesters/ Refrigerators/Air Conditioners etc.
(1 mark for any two right answers)
5. What do you understand by mathematical and logical reasoning?
A person's ability to regulate, measure, and understand numerical symbols,
abstraction and logic.
OR
Reasoning is based on previous established facts. To establish a new fact or truth one
has to put it to the test of reasoning. If the new fact coincides with the previously
established facts, it is called logical or rational. It is the ability of a person to regulate,
measure and understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic.

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 2

 Two (02) Mark Questions

1. Mention four examples of artificially intelligent applications in our

smartphones.
Phone Smart Lock / Snapchat filter / Shopping websites / Netflix / YouTube / Face
Detection / Google Maps / Emotions recognition / Google assistant / Natural language
recognition / image detection / beauty filters etc. (2 marks for any four right
examples)

2. How does a machine become Artificially Intelligent?

A machine becomes intelligent by training with data and algorithm. AI machines keep
updating their knowledge to optimize their output.
OR
Machines also become intelligent once they are trained with some information which
helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep updating their knowledge to
optimize their output.

3. Mention four examples of machines that are not AI but confused with AI.
Or
Mention four examples of machines that are smart but not AI.
Automatic gates in shopping malls / remote control drones/ a fully automatic washing
machine/ Air Conditioner/ Refrigerator/ Robotic toy cars/ Television etc.

4. How does learning and adapting help an AI machine in improvising itself?

An artificially intelligent machine collects real time data and tries to figure out new
patterns in it. Machines learn in a similar way human being; by supervision or by
observation and respond according to past experiences in similar scenarios. A machine
learns from its mistakes. The more the machine gets trained on data, the more
accurate result it gives.
For example:
Any virtual assistant initially trained with few basic instructions, but with time, the
machine captures the data fed by the user, may be the wake-up time of the user,
sleeping time, dinner time and so on. Later in time, the machine gives reminders of
similar things on the basis of data and adapts these new commands.
OR
Just as humans learn how to walk and then improve this skill with the help of their
experiences, an AI machine too gets trained first on the training data and then
optimizes itself according to its own experiences which makes AI different from any
other technological device/machine.

5. Pick the odd one out and justify your answer:

a. Snap Chat Filter b. Face Lock in Phone
c. Chatbot d. Image search Option
Ans: Chatbot (1 marks), as it is NLP based, the other three are Computer vision based
(1marks for justification).

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 3

6. Explain how AI works in the following areas (any two):
a. Google Search Engine b. Voice Assistants c. E-commerce websites

a. Google Search Engine:

With the help of AI, Google Search Engine has been turned into Intelligent Search
which is a new network of systems that produces direct answers. It uses voice and
image searches and has incorporated deep learning to fasten the searches with more
accuracy.
b. Voice assistant:
AI is being used in voice assistants to recognize words spoken by the user. NLP has
capabilities like “Speech-to-Text” convert the natural language of the user into text for
further processing. As the digital assistant answers more and more queries, it “learns”
using ML algorithms. The more tasks it performs, its ML algorithms help it “learn”
from the tasks and the preferences of the user. As a result, the digital assistant
improves its performance over time.
c. E-commerce website:
With the use of big data, AI in E-Commerce is impacting customer choices by recording
the data of previous purchases, searched products, and online browsing habits.
Product recommendations provide multiple benefits for E-commerce retailers
including: Higher number of returning customers.

7. How has AI changed the gaming world?

AI has changed the world of gaming by making the game more intelligent by providing
them the ability to learn using machine learning algorithms. Games these days try to
understand human patterns and give responses on the basis of it and also give new
difficulty levels.
OR
AI has changed the gaming world in terms of feel and emotions. Some video games
react to player skill level. Depending on how well you do, adaptive AI ratchets the
game’s difficulty level up and down to give you a greater challenge when you need it or
to prevent you from rage-quitting in frustration. AI can also adapt to your playing style
by making the game more exciting.

8. Why training with information/Data is important in Artificial Intelligent

devices?
Similar to human beings, AI devices need experience to give better results and
improve in every next iteration. For giving better results, the machine should be
trained with some real data. The more the amount of accurate data, the better
predictions will be made by the machine. Hence, data is very important in AI devices.
OR
The AI devices need to be trained with information / Big data to produce the best
possible accurate results. All of AI’s learning happens only through this data. So, it
makes sense to have as big a dataset as is required to include variety, subtlety, and
nuance that makes the model viable for practical use. Before training, the model is just
a theorist.

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 4

 4 Mark Questions

1. What is Intelligence? Explain in brief any three types of intelligence that are
mainly perceived by human beings?
Intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it as knowledge
to be applied towards adaptive behavior within an environment or context.’
OR
Intelligence is the ability to interact with the world (speech, vision, motion,
manipulation), ability to model the world and to reason about it, ability to learn, ability
to make decisions and to adapt.
OR
Intelligence has been defined in many ways: It involves abstract reasoning, mental
representation, problem solving, and decision making, the ability to learn, emotional
knowledge, creativity, and adaptation to meet the demands of the environment
effectively.

As per major researches, there are mainly 9 types of Intelligence;

(i) Mathematical Logical Intelligence: A person's ability to regulate, measure,
and understand numerical symbols, abstraction and logic
(ii) Linguistic Intelligence: Language processing skills both in terms of
understanding or implementation in writing or speech.
(iii) Spatial Visual Intelligence: It is defined as the ability to perceive the visual
world and the relationship of one object to another.
(iv) Kinesthetic Intelligence: Ability that is related to how a person uses his limbs
in a skilled manner.
(v) Musical Intelligence: As the name suggests, this intelligence is about a
person's ability to recognize and create sounds, rhythms, and sound patterns
(vi) Intrapersonal Intelligence: Describes the level of self-awareness someone has
starting from realizing weakness, strength, to recognizing his own feelings.
(vii) Existential Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to
religious and spiritual awareness.
(viii) Naturalist Intelligence: An additional category of intelligence relating to the
ability to process information on the environment around us.
(ix) Interpersonal Intelligence: Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to
communicate with others by understanding other people's feelings and the
influence of the person.

2. Differentiate between what is AI and what is not AI with the help of an example?
AI Machine Not AI machine
1. AI machines are trained with data 1. Smart machines which are not AI, do
and algorithm. not require training data, they work on
2. AI machines learn from mistakes and algorithms only.
experience. They try to improvise on 2. Smart machines work on fixed
their next iterations. algorithms and they always work with
3. AI machines can analyses the the same level of efficiency, which is
situation and can take decisions programmed into them.

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 5

 AI Machine Not AI machine
accordingly. 3. Machines which are not AI cannot take
4. AI based drones capture the real-time decisions on their own.
data during the flight, processes it in 4. An automatic door in a shopping mall,
real-time, and makes a human- seems to be AI-enabled, but it is built
independent decision based on the with only sensor technology.
processed data.
(Any other valid examples of AI and Non-AI machine can be considered.)

While we see a lot of AI applications around us, there still exist a lot of them which are
smart but not intelligent.
An AI enabled machine should not only recognize, but should also do something with
its gathered information. Artificial intelligence” must mean a human-made interface
with the power to reason and integrate knowledge. AI must demonstrate at least some
of the following behaviors associated with human intelligence: planning, learning,
reasoning, problem solving, knowledge representation, perception, motion,
manipulation and, to a lesser extent, social intelligence, and creativity.
Most IOT items are ordinary things outfitted with sensors and connected to the
Internet. For example, sensors in your office can recognize shadows or movements,
but that doesn’t make them an example of artificial intelligence. A fully automatic
washing machine can work on its own, but it requires human intervention to select the
parameters of washing and to do the necessary preparation for it to function correctly
before each wash, which makes it an example of automation, not AI.

3. How can AI be integrated with non-AI technologies? Explain with the help of an
example.
Today’s world is changing with the adoption of IOT (Internet of Things). IOT is helping
in prominently capturing a tremendous amount of data from multiple sources. The
convergence of AI (Artificial Intelligence) and IOT can redefine the way industries,
business, and economies function. AI enabled IoT creates intelligent machines that
simulate smart behavior and supports decision making with little or no human
interference.

While IOT provides data, artificial intelligence acquires the power to unlock responses,
offering both creativity and context to drive smart actions. Here are some examples:

Ex. 1: Self-driving Cars: Tesla’s self-driving cars are the best example of IoT and AI
working together. With the power of AI, self-driving cars predict the behavior
of pedestrians and cards in various circumstances. For example, they can
determine road conditions, optimal speed, weather and getting smarter with
each trip.
Ex. 2: Robots in Manufacturing: Manufacturing is one of the industries that already
embraced new technologies like IoT, artificial intelligence, facial recognition,
deep learning, Robots and many more. Robots employed in factories are
turning smarter with the support of implanted sensors, which facilitates data
transmission. Moreover, as the robots are provisioned with artificial
intelligence algorithms, they can learn from newer data. This approach not only
saves time and cost but also makes the manufacturing process better over time.

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 6

 Ex.3: Weather forecasting System: In a weather forecasting system, where IOT
temperature sensor and humidity sensors collect data from the physical world,
AI tries to figure out patterns from previous data collected and tries to interpret
and give accurate predictions of upcoming day weather.
Ex.4: Smart Drones: Initially drones were only able to capture photographs, these
were not AI drones. As the scientist used to analyze the data captured through
drones. Now the drones are incorporated with AI, which helps them to make
decisions also on the basis of the picture they capture.

*Any one example from above or any other matching example can be given
4. Read the given scenario and answer the questions that follow:
A farmer keeps rabbits in three large hutches that stand in a row in his backyard.
Each of the hutches is painted different colors – red, yellow and green. Until
recently, the number of rabbits in the green hutch was twice as large as the
number of rabbits in the yellow hutch. Then, one day, the farmer took five rabbits
out of the left-side hutch and gave them away to the local school’s pet corner. He
also took half of the rabbits that remained in the left-side hutch and moved them
to the red hutch.
a. What was the color of the left-side hutch? Justify your answer with
explanation.
The answer is yellow.
Explanation: As we already know at the outset the number of rabbits in the
green hutch was twice as large as the number of rabbits in the yellow hutch. This
means that the number of rabbits in the green hutch was an even number. After the
farmer removed five rabbits from the left side hutch, then the number of rabbits that
remained there also became an even number. This is proven by the fact that it was
divisible by 2. Therefore, before those five were removed, the left side hutch contained
an uneven number of rabbits hence the left side hutch cannot be the green one, but
based on the given information, it cannot be the red one. Hence it is yellow.

5. A scenario is given to you below. Read it and answer the questions that follow:
Late one night, a car ran over a pedestrian in a narrow by street and drove away
without stopping. A policeman who saw the vehicle leave the scene of the accident
reported it moving at very high speed. The accident itself was witnessed by six
bystanders. They provided the following conflicting accounts of what had
happened:
- It was a blue car driven by a man;
- The car was moving at high speed and its headlights were turned off;
- The car did have license plates; it wasn’t going very fast;
- It was a Toyota and its headlights were turned off;
- The car didn’t have license plates; the driver was a woman;
- It was a grey Ford.
When the car and its driver were finally apprehended, it turned out that only one
of the six eyewitnesses gave a fully correct description. Each of the other five
provided one true and one false piece of information. Keeping that in mind, can
you determine the following?

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 7

 a. What was the car’s brand? Ans: FORD
b. What was the colour of the car? Ans: BLUE
c. Was the car going fast or slow? Ans: FAST
d. Did it have license plates? Ans: NO
e. Were its headlights turned on? Ans: NO
f. Was the driver a man or a woman? Ans: WOMAN

Explanation: Out of the statements of 6 bystanders, the third statement becomes false
as the policeman who saw the vehicle leave the scene of the accident reported it
moving at very high speed. Then eliminating all false statements of bystanders, the
above results can be extracted.

6. A firefighter has to get to a burning building as quickly as he can. There are three
paths that he can take. He can take his fire engine over a large hill (5 miles) at 8
miles per hour. He can take his fire engine through a windy road (7 miles) at 9
miles per hour. Or he can drive his fire engine along a dirt road which is 8 miles at
12 miles per hour. Which way should he choose? (speed=distance/time)
To reach the destination quickly, the fire fighter has to calculate the time required on
the basis of given data. Driving his fire engine 5 miles at 8 miles per hour takes 37.5
minutes. Driving his fire engine 7 miles at 9 miles per hour takes about 47 minutes.
Driving his fire engine 8 miles at 12 miles per hour takes 40 minutes so he should
choose to drive his fire engine over the hill.)

7. A thief has just found a pair of ancient treasure caves. One of the caves is filled
with unbelievable treasure and the other has a fire breathing monster that will
eat anyone who opens that cave. One cave has a black door decorated with
diamonds and the other cave has a brown door decorated with sapphires. Each of
the doors has an engraved description on top. The descriptions say:
a. Black Door: Monster is here.
b. Brown Door: Only One Door speaks the truth.
Which door should the thief open?
The treasure is in the Black door.
Explanation: Let us look at the description on the Brown door. It can be correct or
wrong.
Scenario 1: The description on the Brown door is true. Then the description on the
Black door has to be false. That means that the inscription on the Black door is false
and the cave with black door contains the treasure!
Scenario 2: The description on the Brown door is false. Then either both the
descriptions are false or both are true. Both cannot be true as that is impossible and
not consistent. That means that both descriptions are false.

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 8

8. How intelligent robots are helping us in accomplishing dangerous jobs?
Robots let humans avoid some hurtful work:
(i) Lifting up heavy material at the construction site.
(ii) Stirring and mixing metals or liquids at a high temperature.
(iii) Collecting and packaging of radioactive waste.
(iv) Working in contaminated and dusty environments.

9. How AI helps in giving you personalized experience online?

AI based recommendations: AI uses advanced machine learning algorithms to

analyze browser history, page clicks, social interactions (likes, shares), past purchases,
the duration for which a page was viewed, location, etc. to gauge customer interests
and preferences. AI can help deliver product recommendations based on frequently
bought items, or related products. It can even help customize web pages and elements
to suit a customer’s needs. For instance, Netflix does intense behavior analysis based
on behavior and demographic data to determine the content that will resonate with
their customers.
Chatbots and Automated Messaging: AI-powered Chatbots and messaging agents
can enhance the customer experience across channels. They can answer simple
queries, engage customers, and efficiently handle multiple interactions.
Automated Service Interactions: AI-driven programs can send automated messages
to customers regarding a pending service, a part replacement, or a regular order.
Curating Select Products: Amazon has come up with the concept of the Amazon 4-
star retail store. Products that have received a multitude of 4-star ratings will be
offered in this physical store. Amazon will use its product recommendation engine to
identify trending products and customers’ favorites and bring them to a brick and
mortar setting.

Notes – AI – Class 10 – Chapter 1 Foundational Concepts 9