1.

Will some genetically engineered organisms be harmful either to

other organisms or to the environment ?
I believe GMOs can have both positive and negative environmental
impacts. GMOs can contribute to sustainable agriculture and solving
food concerns, on the other hand, genes from GMOs can potentially
transfer to wild or non-GMO relatives through pollen, leading to
unintended effect in ecosystems.
2. Will the development and use of genetically engineered organisms
reduce natural genetic diversity ?
I don’t think so because important think to note is before GMO cultivars
plant to service for commercial purposes, developing cultivar company
must prove new cultivars which doesn’t have harmful for insects without
purposes such as bees and butterflies in general.
3. Should human be genetically engineered ?
Maybe. To my way of thinking, if using genetically engineered for
medicine purpose like genome editing of human to limit incurable
diseases then will be very nice, however, if using genome editing change
human gene to service for wars which is a serious problem.
4. Will diagnostic procedures undermine individual privacy ?
Maybe. While, I agree genetic testing can leading to they by leaked
individual information because gene show personal traits but I believe it
will help for many people who has demand need to diagnostic
genetically diseases or high-age females have demand pregnant then
screening before pregnant makes increase safety for mother and baby.
5.What would you expect from molecular biotechnology?
I expect molecular biotechnology can creates more methods heal
incurable diseases like cancer by steam cells which replaces traditional
method by chemical because healing patients by chemical always bring
a lot of side effects for patients.
6. What are your concerns about the application of molecular
biotechnology?
Molecular biotechnology can bring a lot of advantages for human such
as using stem cell heal diseases or vaccine creation, however, if using
genome editing change gene of human to service for wars then it is a
very serious problem.
7. What is the biotechnology?
Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living
organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products. Ex:
vaccines, antibiotics, biogasoline, plant mutants, dolly ship….
8. What is the molecular biotechnology?
Molecular biotechnology is a branch of biotechnology that focuses on
understanding and manipulating biological molecules at the molecular
level to develop new technologies, products, and processes. Ex:
recombinant vaccines, industrial enzymes, PCR kits, gene chips,
insulin...
9. What problems can be solved with biotechnology?
Biotechnology allows the creation of bioplastics, which are
biodegradable materials derived from renewable sources, thereby
reducing the problem of plastic waste.
RECOMBINAT DNA TECHNOLOGY
I. Construction of a recombinant DNA molecule (cloning vector-
insert DNA construct or DNA construct)
- Isolating DNA from the donor and host organisms
- Cutting or digesting the DNA using restriction enzymes
- Joining the fragments with DNA ligase
- Introducing the recombinant DNA into the host organism, such as
bacteria, yeast, plants, or animal cells, to allow the host to express the
introduced DNA (Transformation)
- Selecting and screening transformed cells
II. Key players
1. Scissors: restriction enzymes (DNA cleavage)
- Recognize specific DNA sequences, known as recognition sites or
restriction sites within a DNA molecule  Cleaving the DNA at or near
these sites, generating specific cuts in the DNA backbone
Note: Using restriction enzymes with different specificities  Cutting
ADN into fragments of varying sizes.
2. Glue: DNA ligase
- DNA ligase is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of
phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides, sealing nicks in the
DNA backbone. DNA ligase is used to join DNA fragments together.
3. Vehicle: Plasmid vector (DNA interation)
- Plasmid vectors are small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate
independently within host cells. They are commonly used as carriers
(vectors) to introduce foreign DNA into host organisms.
4. Certificate: Selection markers (like antibiotic resistance genes) are
often included on the vector to aid in identifying transformed cells.
5. Factories: bacterial host cell
- Bacteria, such as E. coli, are relatively easy to culture and manipulate
in the laboratory. They have a rapid growth rate and well-characterized
genetics, making the ideal for recombinant DNA technology.
DNA AMPLIFICATION AND SEQUENCING
DNA amplification is a molecular biology technique used to generate
multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence, making it easier to analyze
or study.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- A small amount of DNA is repeatedly copied to produce millions of
particular DNA fragment without restriction enzymes, DNA ligase,
vectors, selection markers, and host cells.
- This process involves cycles of denaturation (separating the DNA
strands), annealing (binding of primers to the DNA), and extension
(synthesis of new DNA strands by the DNA polymerase).
- Key players:
1. DNA template: The DNA template contains the region of interest that
you want to amplify.
2. Primers: Primers are essential for initiating DNA synthesis by DNA
polymerase during PCR
3. Taq polymerase: A heat-stable DNA polymerase, is used to catalyze
the synthesis of new DNA strands
4. A, C, T, G (dNTPs): These are the individual nucleotides that DNA
polymerase uses to extend the primers and synthesize new DNA strands
5. Buffer solution: A PCR-specific buffer that provides optimal
conditions for the DNA polymerase activity, stability, and primer
annealing
6. MgCl2: MgCl2 is often included in the PCR reaction mix because
DNA polymerase requires Mg2+ as a cofactor for its activity
7. PCR clean water: use of high-quality, nuclease-free water is crucial to
prevent contamination and ensure the success
- Major step of a PCR cycle
1. Denaturation: DNA is heated at 94-980C to break the hydrogen bonds
between the two polynucleotide strands. Two single – strand DNA
molecules serve as templates.
2. Annealing: The reaction temperature is lowered at 50-650C to allow
the primers to anneal to the complementary sequences on each of the
single – stranded DNA templates.
3. Extension: The temperature is raised again to optimal temperature for
DNA synthesis by the DNA polymerase usually around 720C. The DNA
polymerase extends each primer by adding complementary nucleotides
to the 3’ end of the primer, synthesizing a new DNA strand that is
complementary to the template strand.
 This process is typically repeated 25-35 times (or more) in the
thermal cycler, with each cycle resulting in a doubling of the target DNA
region.
Electrophresis
- This technique used to separate and analyze macromoclecules, such as
DNA, RNA, and protein, based on their size, charge, or other physical
properties when subjected to an electric field within a gel matrix
- Major step of electrophoresis:
1. Gel preparation: Electrophresis is commonly performed using agarose
or polyacrylamide gels. Agarose gels are used for separating DNA
fragments, while polyacrylamide gels are suitable for separating smaller
DNA fragments, RNA, and protein.
2. Sample loading: The samples to be analyzed are mixed with a loading
buffer that contains tracking eyes. It are loaded into wells or slots at one
end of the gel
3. Electrophoresis: An electric current is applied to the gel. The
negative charged molecules move through the gel towards the positively
charged electrode
4. Visualization: After electrophoresis is complete (usually for 30
minutes), the gel is stained to visualize the separated molecules
5. Analysis:
- The separated molecules appear as bands on the gel, with smaller
molecules migrating further from the wells than longer ones.
- The size of DNA or RNA fragments can be estimated by comparing
their migration distances to a DNA or RNA ladder of known sizes.
GMOs
I. Definition
GMO (short for “Genetically modified organism”) is a plant, animal or
microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome,
typically using gene editing, crossing, gene transfer, mutation handling,
in an attempt to alter the characteristics of an organism.
II. Application
- Agriculture: GMO crops are widely used in agriculture to improve crop
yield, enhance nutritional content, and confer resistance to pests,
diseases, or herbicides.
- Medicine: GMOs are used in the production of pharmaceuticals, such
as insulin and vaccines.
III. Advantages and disadvantages
1. Strength
- GMOs crops can be engineered to resist pets, diseases, and
environmental stresses, leading to high crop yields and improved
agricultural productivity.
- GMOs can be developed to enhance the nutritional quality of crops,
such as increasing levels of essential vitamins, minerals.
- Some GMOs crops are engineered to tolerate specific herbicides,
allowing for more effective weed control.
2. Weakness
- GMOs may pose environmental risks such as unintended gene flow to
wild relatives or disruption of ecological interactions.
- There are ongoing debates about the potential health effects to
consuming GMOs, including allergenicity, and unknown impacts on
human health.
IV. Solution
- Promote transparency in GMO development and testing processes,
ensuring that data and findings are openly shared with the scientific
community and the public
- Educate consumers about GMOs, addressing misconceptions and
promoting evidence-based understanding of the benefits and risks
associated with genetic engineering.
TISSUE CULTURE
I. Definition
- Tissue culture is a technique in which fragments of plants are cultured
and grown in a laboratory. Many times the organs are used for tissue
culture. The media used for the growth of the culture is broth and agar.
II. Types
- Seed culture: sample are taken from plants in vitro origin and brought
into the laboratory where they proliferate
- Embryo culture: This involves the in vitro development of the embryo.
Both mature or immature can be used in this process.
- Callus culture: a callus is an unorganized, dividing mass of cells.
- Organ culture: any organ of the plant such as shoot, leaf, can be used as
an explant
- Protoplast culture: a protoplast can be cultured using the hanging-drop
method, or micro-culture chambers.
III. Steps of tissue culture
- Initiation phase: The tissue of interest is obtained, introduced and
sterilized
- Multiplication phase: The explant is introduced into the medium
composed of growth regulators and appropriate nutrients
- Roof formation: Plant growth hormone is added to initiate roof
formation
- Shoot formation: Plant growth hormones for bug formation are added
- Acclimatization: Once the plant begins to grow, it is moved into a
greenhouse  transferred to the nursery t grow
VI. Advantages and disadvantages
1. Strength
- The plantlets are obtained in a very short time with a small amount of
plant tissue
- The new plants produced are disease – free.
- The plants can be grown throughout the year, irrespective of the
season.
2. Weakness
- Tissue culture can require more labor and cost more money in building
the facility and equipping the lab with all the instruments and chemicals.
V. Solution
- Provides comprehensive training programs and educational resources
for scientists.
- Invest in research and development to advance tissue culture
technologies, such as 3D cell culture systems.
ANTIBIOTICS
I. Definition
- Antibiotics are medicines that fight infections caused by bacteria in
humans and animals by either killing the bacteria or making it difficult
for the bacteria to grow and multiply
II. Mechanism
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis: penicillins, vancomycin
2. Inhibition of protein synthesis: tetracyclines, macrolides
3. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis: rifampin
4. Disruption of cell membrane function: polymyxins
5. Antimetabolite action: sulfonamides, trimethoprim
6. Interference with bacterial metabolism: daptomycin
III. Advantages and disadvantages
1. Advantages
- Successfully clear bacterial infections from your body
- Ease your symptoms and help you feel better
- Speed up your recovery
- Protect you from serious illness or complications
2. Disadvantages
- Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic –
resistant bacteria
- Common side effect include nausea, allergic reactions ,…
- Can disrupt beneficial bacterial in the body’s microbiota
VI. Solution
- Encouraging healthcare providers to prescribe antibiotics only when
necessary and appropriate
- Investigating non – antibiotic approaches to prevent and treat
infections
BIOPLASTIC
I. Definition
- Bioplastic are biodegradable materials that come from renewable
sources and can be used to reduce the problem of plastic waste
II. Classification
1. Biobased plastic
- Made from starch – rich crops like corn, wheat or potatoes
- Derived from cellulose fibers sourced from plants like wood pulp or
cotton
- Produced from sugars extracted from plants like sugarcane or sugar
beets
2. Biodegradable plastics: can be made from synthesized by bacteria
from renewable feedstocks or petrochemical sources
III. Advantages of bioplastic
- Reducing reliance of finite fossil resources like oil and gas
- Having a lower carbon footprint compared to traditional plastics and
often require less energy to produce
- Bioplastic do not change the flavor or scent of the food contained
VI. Disadvantages
- Can be more expensive to produce
- Requiring specific conditions to properly break down
- Having limitations in terms of mechanical strength or heat resistance
BIOREMEDIATION
I. Definition
- Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, like microbes and
bacteria, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from
soil, water, and other environments.
II. Principle
- Bioremediation operates on the principle of using biological organisms
or processes to degrade, transform, absorb, adsorb, digest, precipitate, or
remove contaminants from the environment. The key idea is to harness
the natural metabolic activities of microorganisms or plants to break
down or neutralize pollutants, turning them into harmless by products.
BIOFERTILIZERS
I. Definition
- Biofertilizer is a type of fertilizer containing living microorganisms,
that enrich the nutrient quality of the soil. The main sources of
biofertilizers are bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria. They form a
symbiotics relationship with plants, in which the partners derive benefits
from each other
II. Advantages and disadvantages
1. Advantages
- Reducing reliance of synthetic chemical
- They enhance soil structure nutrient cycling, and microbial diversity
- Minimize nutrient runoff and leaching, which can contribute to water
pollution and eutrophication
2. Disadvantages
- Biofertilizers minimize nutrient runoff and leaching, which can
contribute to water pollution and eutrophication
- Nutrient release from biofertilizers may be slower compared to
chemical fertilizers, requiring careful timing and management.