CHAPTER NAME

Matter’s / elements

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Matter
States of Matter
 Properties of Matter

Properties of Matter
1. Matter is made up of small particles.
2. There is space between the particles of matter.
3. Particles of matter are in constant motion and their movement becomes
more rapid as the temperature increases.
4. An attraction force works between the particles of matter, which keeps
them bound with each other.
5. Different types of matter are called substances, such as iron, clay, wax
etc.
6. A material made of a mixture of substances with special properties is
called an object, such as a vehicle, clothes, house, etc.
 Plasma State

Plasma State: Plasma is the ionized state of gases, in which the number of
positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons are equal. Gases in
the plasma state are greatly affected by electric and magnetic fields.
 BEC
Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC)In the year 1920 Indian physicist Satyendranath Bose
made some calculations for the Fifth State of Matter, based on which Albert Einstein
predicted the fifth state of matter as Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC). BEC is the state in
which the free energy of the atoms is almost destroyed when a gas is cooled to near
absolute zero temperature (Absolute Zero, OK or – 273.15°C) and they appear to be
mutually conjugated as one atom. .

In 2001, Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Karl E. Weimann were awarded the
Nobel Prize in Physics for obtaining the Bose-Einstein condensate state in concentrated
gases of alkali molecules.
Change in Physical state of
matter
 Change in Physical state of
matter
Change in Physical State of Matter
● Changes in all states of matter are possible due to the
effect of external forces like temperature, pressure and
energy. There are 6 processes of change of state of
matter, which are as follows-

1. Melting: Change of a substance from solid state to

liquid state. The temperature at which a solid substance
changes into liquid state is called its melting point.
 Change in Physical state of
matter
2. Vaporization: Change of an element or substance from liquid state to gaseous state. The
temperature at which a liquid starts boiling i.e. starts changing into gaseous state, that
temperature is called Boiling Point of that liquid.
3. Condensation : Change from gaseous state to liquid state. It is the reverse process of
evaporation. The conversion of water vapor present in the air into water droplets is a prime
example of condensation.
4. Freezing or Solidification : Change from liquid state to solid state. It is the reverse process of
melting. The transformation of water into ice or the cooling of liquid lava from a volcano into
solid rock is an example of freezing or solidification.
5. Sublimation: Direct conversion of a substance or substance from solid state to gas state
without changing into liq state. Conversion of solid carbon dioxide or dry ice into gas and
burning of camphor are prime examples of sublimation.
6. Deposition: Direct conversion of a substance or substance from gaseous state to solid state
without changing into liquid state. The direct conversion of water vapor into ice in winter is a
prime example of deposition.
Chemical Classification of
Matter
 Substance

The pure form of matter is called substance. substance generally has a definite
chemical composition and presence of distinct properties. substance is
classified as a chemical element or chemical compound.
 Element

1.) Elements are the simplest form of matter, meaning they cannot be
broken down into simpler components by physical or chemical processes.
Elements are made of only one type of atoms. That is, every atom of an
element has the same nuclear charge. Example: Oxygen, Hydrogen, Iron,
Carbon, Mercury etc.

2.) Elements are generally classified into metals, non-metals and

metalloids. So far 118 elements have been discovered, out of which 94
elements are naturally occurring, while the remaining 24 elements have
been synthesized by scientists in the laboratory. All these elements have
been arranged according to the atomic number in the modern periodic
table based on the Periodic Table created by the Russian chemist Vimitri
Mendeleev (1834-1907 AD).
Element
 Compound

● Compounds are formed as a result of chemical combination of two or more elements in a

certain proportion and are converted into a unit. Compounds are pure substances like
elements, but unlike elements, compounds can be broken down into simpler components.

Example:Water (H2O) - Combination between hydrogen and oxygen molecules in the ratio of
2:1.

Salt (NaCl) - a combination of sodium and chlorine molecules in a 1:1 ratio.

Compounds are generally classified as organic compounds and inorganic compounds.

 Mixture

A physical combination of two or more substances in an indefinite proportion,

in which no chemical reaction takes place and the basic characteristics of the
substances involved do not change, is called a mixture. The constituents of a
mixture can be separated again by various physical processes, such as
filtration, distillation, sublimation, etc.
 Homogeneous Mixture

Such a mixture of two or more substances, in which the composition of

the substances included in each part of the mixture is uniform throughout,
is called homogeneous mixture. That's why homogeneous mixture is also
called as true solution. Example: Mixture of water and sugar, mixture of
water and salt
 Solution
Solution: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances is called a solution.
The size of the particles of the mixed substances in the solution is less than 1
nanometer. That's why these substances get organized in such a way that it is
not possible to see them with normal eyes without the help of any instrument.
Any mechanical method of separation of the components of a solution Cannot be
separated by any method (such as filtration).
 Solvent

(i) Solvent: The substance which has the ability to dissolve other substances
is called solvent. In a solution, the maximum amount of solvent is there and
other substances of the solution are dissolved in it. Water (H2O), acetic acid
(CH3COOH), acetone (CH3COCH3), benzene (C6H6), chloroform (CHCI3),
ethanol (CH3CH2OH), etc. are the main examples of solvents.
 Solute

(ii) Solute: Those substances which remain dissolved in the solvent

are called solutes. In a solution, the amount of solute is less than that
of the solvent. In a solution of water and salt, water is the solvent and
salt is the solute, similarly water vapor is the solute in humid air.
 Types of Solution

Solid Solution Liquid Solution Gaseous Solution

If the solvent used in a solution is a If the solvent used in a solution is a gas,

If the solvent used in a solution is a liquid, then it is called a liquid solution. then that solution is called a gaseous
solid substance, then it is called a In liquid solution, almost all gases can solution.
solid solution. be said to be liquid and solid dissolved. In a gaseous solution, it can only be poled
● Solid, liquid and gaseous solutes
under certain conditions.
can be dissolved in a solid solution.

Solid solvent Solute Solid solvent Solute Air is the most important of the
gaseous solution, in which nitrogen is
in the role of gas (78%) and oxygen,
Copper Tin, Water Sugar( solid) carbon dioxide, water vapor is in the
Aluminium(solid) form of solute.

Gold Mercury( Liq) Water Ethanol( liq)

Palladium Hydrogen( gas) Water O2,CO2(gas)

 Heterogeneous Mixture

Such a mixture of two or more substances, in which the composition of the

constituent substances is not uniform everywhere and they appear different
from each other, is called a heterogeneous mixture. Example- Mixture of
water and oil and water and sand etc. Heterogeneous mixtures are mainly
divided into two classes – slurry or colloid and suspension.
 Colloid

(i) Kalil or Colloid: That mixture of different substances, in which the

particles of the mixed substance are scattered everywhere in each
other but are not completely mixed, Kalil or are called colloids.
Various forms of colloids are given below- Foam, Emulsion, Sol,
Aerosol, Gel etc.
 Suspension

ii) Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture in which solid particles of large size

are present and they do not dissolve in the liquid (solvent), but the mixture
collects at the bottom of the vessel. Due to their large size, these particles can
be seen without the help of a microscope and can also be separated with
normal filter paper. Example: Mixture of sand and water, dust particles in the air
etc.
 Vocabulary related to solutions

Solubility: The ability of a compound to dissolve in another compound is called

the solubility of that compound.
When a liquid has the property of dissolving completely in another liquid, it is
called miscible. On the contrary, when two substances cannot mix together to
form a solution, they are said to be immiscible.
 Concentration of Solution

Concentration of Solution: The ratio of the total amount of solute in a

solution to the total amount of solution mixed in it is called the
concentration of that solution. In other words, the amount of solute
present per unit volume of a solution is called concentration of the
solution.
 Concentration of Solution

Mass of sugar (solute) = 30 g

Mass of water (solvent) = 300 g
So, the mass of solution = mass of solute +
mass of solvent
= (30 + 300) g
= 330 g

Now, Mass by the mass percentage of a

solution =mass of solutemass of
solution×100
=30 g330 g×100
= 9.09 %
 Saturated & Unsaturated
Solution
Saturated Solution: When no more solute can be added to a solution at a
certain temperature, it is called a saturated solution. In a saturated solution,
the maximum possible amount of solute is present.
Unsaturated Solution As long as it is possible to dissolve more solute in it, it
is called a solution. This is the right position.
Classification of Colloidal
Solution
 Tyndal Effect

When light passes through a colloidal solution or a suspension containing

small particles, scattering of light takes place by the particles present in the
mixture and a light beam appears. It is also called Wills-Tyndall Scattering.
The amount of scattering of light depends on the frequency of the light and the
density and size of the particles in the mixture. Blue light is scattered the most
because of its higher frequency, while red light, which has the lowest
frequency, is scattered the least.
 Example

Examples of tyndall effect

(i) Dust particles present in the path of the beam of light appear to glow when
light falls in a dark room or a dense forest.
(ii) When a beam of light is projected on the screen by a projector in a cinema
hall, the dust particles present in its path are seen shining.

Brownian Motion

The particles suspended in a fluid continuously collide with other moving

particles and move randomly, which is called Brownian motion or ZigZag motion.
Brownian Movement
Separation of Components of a Mixture

Crystallization

Distillation

Chromatography

Evaporation

Sublimation

Sedimentation and Decantation

Filtration

Centrifugation
 Crystallization

Crystallization : It is the formation of a solid from a mixture.It is a method of

separating solutes. On heating the mixture, the solutes present in it separate
out in the form of crystals and the impurities remain in the solution. Example-
Manufacture of salt from sea water.
 Distillation

Distillation: By this method, a mixture of two or more substances having

different boiling points is boiled to separate the liquids of different densities
present in them. A liquid with low boiling point evaporates quickly and a liquid
with high boiling point evaporates slowly. condensing the vapors of both the
liquids and collecting them in pure form is taken. Example- Separation of
various forms of fuel from crude oil, manufacture of alcohol, purification of
glycerol from spent lye in soap manufacturing industry, etc. There are different
processes of distillation – Fractional Distillation, Steam Distillation, Simple
Distillation etc.
Chromatography
 Chromatography

Chromatography: The method of chromatography was invented

by Mikhail Tsvet. This method is used to separate solutes having
different absorption capacity and soluble in the same solvent.
Example- Separation of pigments from natural colors and dyes.
 Evaporation

Evaporation: By this method, the solid solute dissolved in a liquid

solution is separated. On heating a liquid solution, the liquid
solvent present in it evaporates. And the solid matter settles
down.
 Sublimation

Sublimation: By this method, those substances are separated from a

mixture, which on heating directly convert into gaseous state without
changing into liquid state. The vapor obtained from this process is cooled
and the pure substance is obtained in solid form. Example- Separation of
camphor, dry ice, iodine, naphthalene etc.
 Sedimentation and
Decantation
Sedimentation and Decantation: Sedimentation and decantation methods are
used to separate substances of different densities. When a liquid mixture is
left standing for some time, the insoluble substances of the mixture collect at
the bottom of the vessel, this process is called sedimentation and the
separation of the upper liquid called disposal. Example: Separation of both
from a mixture of oil and water, obtaining pure molten iron through metal
refining, etc.
 Filtration

Filtration: Filtration is a method used to separate insoluble solids from a liquid

mixture. In this process, the mixture is passed through a filter, due to which the
liquid flows out to the other side, but the suspended solids with large particles
are separated due to not being able to flow through the filter. Example-
Purification of dirty water.
Centrifugation