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Introduction To Anatomy 081203

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24 views

Introduction To Anatomy 081203

Uploaded by

leileygasis27
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

TO ANATOMY
Anatomy
Anatomy
is the study of body structures
is the oldest medical science
derived from Greek roots that mean “a
cutting open.”
study of internal and external body
structures and their physical
relationships among other body parts.
Anatomy
Egyptian drawings
from 1600 BCE
illustrated
basic knowledge of
blood vessels
Anatomy
These drawings show that people have
always been fascinated with the human
body. Since that time, imagining
techniques for studying the human
body have evolved, enabling us to
describe the locations and functions of
body parts.
A. The Organ
Systems
The Organ Systems
The human body consists of 11 organ
systems. The organs of each system
contribute to a particular function.
Some organs belong to more than one
system.
The pharynx is part of both the
respiratory and the digestive systems, and
the male urethra belongs to both the
reproductive and urinary systems.
Pharynx
The pharynx is part of
both the respiratory and
the digestive systems,
and the male urethra
belongs to both the
reproductive and
urinary systems.
Integumentary
is the largest organ of the
body that forms a physical
barrier between the external
environment and the internal
environment that it serves to
protect and maintain.
Integumentary
Major Organs:
Skin, hair, sweat glands, nails
Functions:
- protects against environmental
hazards
- helps regulate body temperature
- provides energy information
Integumentary

The integumentary system


includes the epidermis,
dermis, hypodermis,
associated glands, hair, and
nails.
Integumentary
Epidermis
➢ is the top layer of skin in your body.
Dermis
➢ a connective tissue layer sandwiched
between the epidermis and
subcutaneous tissue.
Hypodermis
➢ the bottom layer of skin in your
body
Skeletal
The skeletal system is your body's
central framework.
It consists of bones and connective
tissue, including cartilage, tendons,
and ligaments.
It's also called the musculoskeletal
system.
Skeletal
Major Organs:
Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments,
bone marrow
Functions:
- provides support and protection for other
tissues
- stores calcium and other minerals
- form blood cells
Skeletal
Bones
➢ living tissue that makes up the
body's skeleton
Cartilages
➢ a strong, flexible connective
tissue that protects your joints
and bones.
Muscular

The system in the body


composed of muscle cells and
tissues that brings about
movement of an organ or body
part.
Muscular
Major Organs
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
Functions:
- provides movement
- provides protection and support for
other tissues
- generates heat that maintains body
temperature
Nervous

This system sends messages back


and forth between the brain and
the body.
The brain is what controls all the
body's functions.
Nervous
Major Organs

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Functions:

- directs immediate responses to stimuli

- coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

- provides and interprets sensory information about external

conditions
Nervous
Brain
➢ complex organ that controls thought, memory, emotion, touch,
motor skills, vision, breathing, temperature, hunger and every
process that regulates our body.
Spinal cord
➢ is a long, tube-like band of tissue.

Peripheral Nerves
➢ reside outside your brain and spinal cord. They relay
information between your brain and the rest of your body.
Endocrine

made up of glands that


make hormones.
Endocrine
Functions:
-directs long-term changes in the
activities of other organ systems
-adjust metabolic activity and energy
use by the body
-controls many structural and
functional changes development
Endocrine
Major Organs
Pituitary ,thyroid and adrenal
gland pancreas, gonads,
endocrine tissues in other
systems
Endocrine
Pituitary
➢ a small, pea-sized gland. It is found at
the base of your brain
➢ tells other glands in your body what to
do.
thyroid and adrenal gland pancreas,
gonads, endocrine tissues in other systems
Cardiovascular
provides blood supply throughout the
body.

By responding to various stimuli, it


can control the velocity and amount of
blood carried through the vessels.
Cardiovascular
Major Organs
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Functions
-distributes blood cells, water and
dissolved materials, including nutrients,
waste products, oxygen and carbon dioxide
-distributes heat and assist in control of
body temperature
Lymphatic

a group of organs, vessels and


tissues that protect you from
infection and keep a healthy
balance of fluids throughout your
body.
Lymphatic
Major Organs
Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels,
lymph nodes, tonsils
Functions:
-defends against infection and disease
- return tissue fluids to the
bloodstream
Respiratory
includes the nose, mouth, throat,
voice box, windpipe, and lungs.
Air enters the respiratory system
through the nose or the mouth.
If it goes in the nostrils (also called
nares), the air is warmed and
humidified.
Respiratory
Major Organs
Nasal Cavities, sinuses,
larynx, trachea, bronchi,
lungs, alveoli
Respiratory
Functions:
- delivers air to alveoli (sites in
lungs where gas exchange
occurs)
- provides oxygen to
bloodstream
-produces sounds for
communication
Digestive
breaks down food into nutrients such as
carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
They can then be absorbed into the
bloodstream so the body can use them for
energy, growth and repair.
Unused materials are discarded as feces
(poo).
Digestive
Major Organs
Teeth, tongue, pharynx,
esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestine, liver,
gallbladder, pancreas
Digestive
Functions
- process and digest food
-absorbs and conserve
water
- absorbs nutrients
-stores energy reserves
Urinary

urinary system's function is


to filter blood and create
urine as a waste by-product.
Urinary

Major Organs
Kidneys, ureters,
urinary bladder,
urethra
Urinary
Functions
-excretes waste products from the blood
- controls water balance by regulating
volume of urine produced
-stores urine prior to voluntary
elimination
-regulates blood ion concentrations and pH
Male Reproductive

The male reproductive


system consists of a number
of sex organs that play a role
in the process of human
reproduction.
Male Reproductive

Major Organs
Testes, epipidymides,
ductus deferentia,
seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, penis,
scrotum
Male Reproductive
Functions
- produces male sex cells
(sperm), seminal fluids,
and hormones.
-sexual intercourse
Female Reproductive

is made up of the internal


and external sex organs that
function in the
reproduction of new
offspring.
Female Reproductive

Major Organs
Ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, labia,
clitoris, mammary
glands
Female Reproductive
Functions
- produces female sex cell (oocytes)
and hormones
- supports developing embryo from
conception to delivery
- provides milk to nourish newborn
infant
-sexual intercourse
B. Anatomical Terms, Body Regions,

Anatomical Positions and Directions


1. Anatomical Landmarks
The standard anatomical reference for the human form
is the anatomical position.
When the body is in this position, the hands are at the
sides with the palms facing forward, and the feet are
together.
A person lying down in the anatomical position is said to
be supine when face up, and prone when face down.
ANTERIOR VIEW
POSTERIOR VIEW
2. Directional Terms
grouped in pairs of opposites.
All terms are based on the body being in the anatomical
position
standing erect
arms at the sides
With face, palms, and feet facing forward.
3. Body Regions
grouped in pairs of opposites.
All terms are based on the body being in the anatomical
position:
standing erect
arms at the sides
With face, palms, and feet facing forward.

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