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Topic 5answers

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Samiyazin Yazin
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10 views11 pages

Topic 5answers

Uploaded by

Samiyazin Yazin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TOPIC 5ANSWERS.

QUESTION ONE
HIV MODES OF
TRANSMISSION
 Blood and blood products
- Blood and blood products should
be tested for any HIV factors
before transfusion.
 Mother to child transmission
- This occurs commonly during the
birth process where the infected
mother’s fluid interacts with the
foetus fluids leading to infection.
 Sexual activity
- Sexual practices like unprotected
sex can lead to HIV transmission
as HIV can be absorbed into the
woman’s stream during
intercourse via the vaginal wall
- Anal intercourse is very risky as
the rectal lining fragile and tars
easily thus easy entry of infected
blood into an individual.
QUESTION TWO
LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
PARTICLE
- It consists of 10 stages
o Binding
 The HIV encounters a T
cell and attaches itself to
specific cellular proteins that
act as receptors.
o Fusion
 This occurs between the
host cell and viral cell when
gp41 binds to CCR5 or
CXCR4
o Infection stage
 This is where the viral and
cell membrane melt and the
viral core is internalized; the
nucleocaspid breaks and
releases the RNA genome
and associated proteins.
o Reverse transcription
 This occurs when a single
stranded RNA genome is
converted into a double
stranded DNA genome with
the help of the enzyme
reverse transcriptase.
o Integration
 The double stranded HIV
genome integrates in the
host’s DNA with the help of
the enzyme integrase, cuts of
the hosts DNA and pastes the
viral information. The viral
information becomes part of
the cell’s DNA.
o Latent infection stage.
 The cell is fully infected
with the HIV genome and is
now called a provirus.
o Transcription and
translation
 The provirus produces
RNA copies of its genes some
of which produce viral
proteins that build new virus.
o Assembly stage
 Viral proteins are
connected and for them to
function they are cut apart
with the help of enzyme
protease. The structural
subunits the merge with the
cells and begin to deform
some sections of the
membrane.
o Budding
 The nucleocaspid merges
with the deformed
membrane to form a viral
envelope.
o Release and maturation
 The viral particle is
released from the cell taking
a piece of the membrane.
The virus then finishes
protease processing of
structural proteins and it is
ready to infect another cell.
QUESTION THREE
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
AND STAGES OF HIV
INFECTION.

Pathophysiology
 The HIV particle attaches itself
to CD4+ molecule and CCR5 on the
surface of T helper cells
 The virus enters into the cell
 It then integrates in the host
genome to produce provirus at the
latent infection stage.
 Then transcription of the virus
occurs that is production of RNA
copies of the virus.
 The CD4 cells which are the T
helper cells are now deformed.
 The Cd4 cells are now depleted
leading to vulnerability to
opportunistic diseases.

Stages of infection
I. Primary stage
- This is the initial stage of
infection.
- It is asymptomatic and lasts
about 2-4 weeks
- Occurs after transmission of body
fluids from an infected person to
an uninfected person.
II. Acute infection
- The virus is easily detected in
monocellular cells and plasma.
- Symptoms begin to develop such
as fever, swollen lymph nodes,
malaise and mouth sores.
- The virus then spreads from the
initial site to the rest of the body.

III. Latency stage.


- This is a low replication of the
virus and the immune system
tries to counter by using the
CD8+ cells to produce antibodies.
- The HIV is active in the lymphnoid
organs where the HIV is trapped
in the follicular Dendritic Cells
network. Here the surrounding
tissues that contain the CD4 cells
might be infected.
- During this stage, the immune
system is intact to prevent more
infection.
IV. AIDS stage
- This is when a significant number
of CD4 cells are destroyed and
when production of new ones
cannot match the destruction.
- At this stage the symptoms are
weight loss, respiratory infection.
QUESTION FOUR
HOW HIV AFFECTS
INDIVIDUALS HEALTH
 HIV produces cellular
immune deficiency
characterized by depletion of
CD4 +cells, which are helper,
T lymphocytes resulting in the
development of opportunistic
diseases.
 HIV infects monocytic cells
and cells of the brain, heart,
kidneys causing diseases that
correspond to the organ
system.
 HIV causes abnormal
elevation of immune
activation.
 It can lead to AIDS associated
dementia and HIV wasting
syndrome
QUESTION FIVE
Mechanisms used to
destroy hosts
immunity.
a) Attacking and killing CD4
cells which are helper T
cells.
b) Production of cellular
immune deficiency
characterized by depletion
of CD4 cells
c) Infection of monocytic
cells of the brain, kidneys
and heart.
d) Mutation and adaptation
of the virus in human
systems.
How the HIV
virus evades the
immune system.
a. Rapid mutations which
make it difficult for the
immune system to
attack the virus.
b. It does not alert the
innate immune system
of an individual; it
suppresses the innate
sensing mechanism.
c. The proteins on the
virus mutate rapidly and
continuously making it
difficult for antibodies to
attach themselves.
d. HIV hides in CD4
lymphocytes therefore it
is difficult to cure. They
endure in CD4 cells due
to developed resistance.

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