CG-Resource Pack

AKU-EB-2024-25
1. Introduction to Commercial Geography:

1.1 Geography and its Types:

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Geography, at its core, is the study of the Earth and its various phenomena. It
encompasses both the physical aspects of the Earth's surface and the human activities

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that occur within it. The discipline of geography can be broadly categorized into two
main branches: human geography and physical geography.

1.1.1 Describe Geography and its Branches

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● Human Geography: This branch of geography focuses on the study of human
activities, including population distribution, cultural landscapes, economic
activities, urbanization, and political organization. It examines how human
societies interact with the environment and with each other.
● Physical Geography: Physical geography deals with the study of natural features
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and processes of the Earth, such as landforms, climate, vegetation, soils, and
natural hazards. It seeks to understand the physical patterns and processes that
shape the Earth's surface.
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1.1.2 Define Economic Geography

Economic geography is a sub-discipline of geography that investigates the spatial

distribution of economic activities, resources, and their impacts on different regions. It
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analyzes how economic processes, such as production, distribution, and consumption,

are influenced by geographical factors such as location, distance, transportation
networks, and natural resources.

1.1.3 Define Commercial Geography

Commercial geography focuses specifically on the spatial distribution and organization

of commercial activities, including trade, markets, transportation, and the location of
businesses. It examines how commercial activities are influenced by factors such as
market demand, competition, accessibility, infrastructure, and government policies.

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1.1.4 Differentiate between Economic and Commercial Geography

While economic geography studies a broader range of economic activities and their
spatial patterns, commercial geography zooms in on the specific aspects related to
commerce and trade. Economic geography might explore issues like industrial location,
resource extraction, or regional development, whereas commercial geography delves
into the dynamics of markets, distribution networks, retailing, and international trade.

1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Mapping and Physical Geography

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Mapping and understanding physical geography are essential skills for any student of
commercial geography. These concepts provide the foundational knowledge necessary

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for analyzing spatial patterns and making informed decisions in commercial activities.

1.2.1 Demonstrate the Understanding of Earth’s Physical Features

Students should be able to identify and comprehend the Earth's major physical features,
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such as continents, oceans, and countries, using tools like globes or world physical
maps. This understanding forms the basis for recognizing spatial relationships and
patterns in commercial activities.

1.2.2 List Continents, Oceans, and Countries on the World Map

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Students should be capable of listing and labeling the continents, oceans, and countries
on a world map. This exercise helps reinforce their knowledge of global geography and
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enhances their spatial awareness.

1.2.3 Identify Continents, Oceans, Major Seas, and Countries

Building upon the previous skill, students should be able to identify and locate
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continents, oceans, major seas, and countries on a world map or globe. This proficiency
enables them to understand the distribution of resources, markets, and transportation
routes on a global scale.

1.2.4 Describe Geographical Location and its Types

Geographical location refers to the position of a place on the Earth's surface. Students
should understand the distinction between relative location (describing a place in
relation to other places) and absolute location (determined by coordinates such as
latitude and longitude), as this knowledge is crucial for navigation and spatial analysis.

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1.2.5 Describe Key Concepts Regarding Graticule

Students should be familiar with key concepts related to the graticule, including latitude,
longitude, the equator, tropics, the dateline, poles, and temperate zones. These concepts
provide a framework for understanding how locations are specified on maps and
globes.

1.2.6 Identify Locations on the Map Based on Scales

Finally, students should be able to identify locations on a map using scales mentioned

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in previous concepts. Understanding scales allows students to interpret distances,
proportions, and spatial relationships accurately, which is essential for analyzing

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commercial activities across different regions and scales.
1.2.7 Describe Significant Features of the Physical and Human Landscape on Maps

Understanding the significant features of both the physical and human landscape on

geography.
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maps is crucial for analyzing patterns, trends, and interactions within commercial

● Population Distribution: This refers to the spatial arrangement of people across a

geographical area. Population density maps depict areas with high or low
concentrations of people, which can inform decisions related to market targeting,
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resource allocation, and urban planning.
● Population Movements: Maps tracking population movements illustrate the
patterns of migration, commuting, and urbanization. Understanding these
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movements helps identify areas of population growth or decline, as well as

potential labor markets and transportation needs.
● Transport Networks: Maps of transport networks display the infrastructure for
moving goods and people, including roads, railways, waterways, and air routes.
Analyzing these networks assists in logistics planning, trade route optimization,
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and assessing connectivity between regions.

● Settlement Layout: Maps of settlement layouts depict the arrangement and
organization of human settlements, such as cities, towns, and villages. They
reveal spatial patterns of land use, housing density, and urban development,
which are vital for understanding consumer markets, land use planning, and
infrastructure investment.
● Relief and Drainage: Relief maps show the physical features of the Earth's
surface, such as mountains, valleys, and plains. Drainage maps depict river

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 systems, lakes, and watersheds. These features influence land productivity,
accessibility, and environmental factors affecting commercial activities.

1.2.8 Analyze the Inter-relationships Between Physical and Human Factors on Maps
and Establish Associations Between Observed Patterns on Thematic Maps

Examining the interplay between physical and human factors on maps allows for a
deeper understanding of the dynamics shaping commercial geography.

● Associations Between Population Distribution and Transport Networks: Areas

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with high population density often coincide with major transport hubs and
infrastructure corridors. Analyzing this relationship helps identify key

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transportation corridors for trade and economic development.
● Impact of Relief on Settlement Layout: Settlements tend to cluster in areas with
favorable topography, such as flat plains or valleys. Understanding how relief
influences settlement patterns informs decisions on land use zoning, urban
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planning, and infrastructure development.
● Human Modification of the Landscape: Maps can reveal human alterations to the
physical landscape, such as urban sprawl, deforestation, or irrigation systems.
Analyzing these changes provides insights into environmental sustainability,
resource management, and land-use conflicts.
● Transport Networks and Economic Activity: The layout of transport networks
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often reflects economic activities such as trade routes, industrial corridors, and
distribution centers. Studying these patterns helps assess regional economic
development, market accessibility, and trade flows.
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● Environmental Constraints on Human Settlements: Physical factors like relief and

drainage can pose challenges to human settlements, such as susceptibility to
natural hazards or limitations on agricultural productivity. Understanding these
constraints informs risk assessment, disaster preparedness, and land use
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planning.

1.3 Scope of Commercial Geography

● Discussion of Scope and Significance: Commercial geography encompasses the

study of economic activities, trade patterns, market dynamics, and their spatial
distribution. It examines the interactions between businesses, consumers, and
the physical environment, providing insights into the drivers of economic
development, globalization, and regional disparities.

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1.4 Important Expeditions and Explorers

● Contributions to Trade Routes and Economic Significance: Several explorers and

travelers throughout history played pivotal roles in opening up new trade routes,
facilitating cultural exchanges, and expanding economic networks.
● Xuanzang or Hsuan-Tsang: Known for his journey along the Silk Road,
Xuanzang's travels facilitated trade and cultural exchange between China
and Central Asia.
● Muhammad al-Idrisi: His work in cartography and geography, including the
creation of accurate maps, contributed to improved navigation and

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exploration, enhancing trade routes between Europe, Africa, and Asia.
● Marco Polo: Polo's travels to Asia introduced Europeans to the wealth and

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resources of the East, stimulating trade and exploration during the Middle
Ages.
● Ibn-e-Batuta: His extensive travels across the Islamic world and beyond
documented trade routes, economic activities, and cultural exchanges,
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providing valuable insights into medieval commerce.
● Christopher Columbus: Columbus's voyages to the Americas opened up
new trade routes and initiated the Columbian Exchange, which profoundly
impacted global trade, commerce, and cultural diffusion.
● Amerigo Vespucci: His exploration of the Americas led to the realization
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of the continent's distinctiveness, contributing to the development of
global trade networks and the expansion of European colonialism.
● Vasco da Gama: Da Gama's maritime expeditions to India established
direct sea routes to Asia, bypassing traditional overland trade routes and
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revolutionizing global commerce.

● Captain James Cook: Cook's voyages to the Pacific Ocean expanded
European knowledge of the region, facilitating trade and exploration and
paving the way for future economic activities in the area.
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Video link:

Video Title: "Introduction to Geography - Types of Geography"

● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=28XkF0dd1tk
● Description: This video provides an overview of geography and its different types,
including human geography and physical geography, which are foundational
concepts for understanding commercial geography.

Video Title: "Understanding Maps and Globes"

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 ● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSPmsj9zxzM
● Description: This video explains fundamental concepts of mapping and physical
geography, such as latitude, longitude, continents, oceans, and geographical
location, essential for students studying commercial geography.

Video Title: "Scope and Importance of Commercial Geography"

● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUDeY9r-HgQ
● Description: This video discusses the scope and significance of commercial
geography, highlighting its role in understanding economic activities, trade

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patterns, market dynamics, and regional development.

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Video Title: "Explorers and Their Contributions"

● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnZa9P0YjSY
● Description: This video explores the contributions of important explorers and
travelers throughout history, such as Marco Polo, Vasco da Gama, and

development.
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Christopher Columbus, emphasizing their impact on trade routes and economic

Video Title: "Pakistan's Foreign Policy: Historical Overview"

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● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UowRJvumVEc
● Description: This video provides a historical overview of Pakistan's foreign policy
in different time periods, discussing its alignments, alliances, and diplomatic
strategies with various global powers.
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Video Title: "The Significance of Commercial Geography"

● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtEX_Wfr73k
● Description: This video elaborates on the significance of commercial geography
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in understanding economic systems, global trade, market trends, and the spatial
distribution of businesses and industries.

Video Title: "Explorers and Their Impact on Trade Routes"

● Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mV8Pj9rcCc
● Description: This video focuses on the contributions of explorers and travelers,
such as Ibn-e-Batuta and Vasco da Gama, to the development of trade routes and
economic exchanges, shaping commercial geography.

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2. Geographical Significance of Pakistan

2.1 Geo-strategic Location of Pakistan and its Importance

2.1.1 Discuss the Location of Pakistan

● Pakistan is located in South Asia, bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan and
Iran to the west, China to the north, and the Arabian Sea to the south.
● Latitude: Pakistan extends from approximately 24° to 37° North latitude.
● Longitude: It stretches from approximately 61° to 77° East longitude.

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● Neighboring Countries: Pakistan shares its borders with India, Afghanistan, Iran,
and China.

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2.1.2 Explain the Importance of Pakistan's Location

● Geopolitical Importance: Pakistan's strategic location at the crossroads of South

Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East gives it geopolitical significance. It serves

and diplomacy.
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as a bridge between different regions and influences regional politics, security,

● Geo-economical Importance: Pakistan's location facilitates trade and economic

connectivity between South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Its proximity
to major maritime routes and energy corridors enhances its economic
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importance as a transit hub and trading partner.

2.1.3 Identify the Major Cities of Pakistan

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● Major cities of Pakistan include Karachi (economic hub and port city), Lahore
(cultural and commercial center), Islamabad (capital city), Rawalpindi (twin city
of Islamabad), Peshawar (gateway to the Khyber Pass and Afghanistan), Quetta
(strategic city in Balochistan), and Faisalabad (industrial and manufacturing
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center).

2.2 Physical Geography of Pakistan

2.2.1 Discuss the Major Physical Regions of Pakistan

● Northern and Western Mountainous Regions: Include the Himalayas, Karakoram,

and Hindu Kush mountain ranges, with peaks like K2. These regions are
characterized by rugged terrain, glaciers, and high-altitude valleys.

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 ● Plateaus: The Balochistan Plateau and Potwar Plateau are significant landforms,
with semi-arid to arid climates and sparse vegetation.
● Indus Plains: Fertile alluvial plains along the Indus River, supporting agriculture
and urban centers.
● Deserts: The Thar Desert in Sindh and the Cholistan Desert in Punjab are arid
regions with sand dunes and sparse vegetation.
● Coastal Belt: Along the Arabian Sea, featuring coastal plains, mangroves, and
important ports like Karachi and Gwadar.

2.2.2 Discuss Various Elements of Weather and Climate

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● Elements of weather include temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed,

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and atmospheric pressure.
● Climate factors influence weather patterns over the long term, affecting regional
climates and weather variability.

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2.2.3 Differentiate Between Weather and Climate

● Weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions, such as temperature,

precipitation, and wind, observed over a specific period (hours to days).
● Climate refers to long-term patterns of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and
wind observed over an extended period (years to decades) in a particular region.
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2.2.4 Explain the Climatic Regions of Pakistan and its Salient Features
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● Climatic regions of Pakistan include the arid desert climate of the Thar Desert,
the semi-arid climate of Balochistan, the subtropical climate of Punjab and Sindh,
and the temperate climate of the northern mountainous regions.
● Salient features include high temperatures and low rainfall in the arid regions,
seasonal monsoon rains in the subtropical regions, and cold temperatures and
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heavy snowfall in the mountainous regions.

2.2.5 Analyze the Effect of Climate on Commercial and Economic Activities of

Pakistan

● Climate influences agricultural productivity, water resources, energy demand,

tourism, and transportation infrastructure.
● Extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and heatwaves can disrupt
economic activities and infrastructure, impacting livelihoods and economic
growth.

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2.3 Soil

2.3.1 Define Soil

● Soil is the upper layer of the Earth's surface composed of mineral particles,
organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. It provides nutrients and support
for plant growth and sustains various ecosystems.

2.3.2 Explain the Process of Soil Formation and its Various Factors

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● Soil formation is influenced by several factors:
● Climate: Temperature and precipitation affect weathering and soil

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development.
● Organisms: Plants, animals, and microorganisms contribute to soil
formation through organic matter decomposition and soil structure
improvement.
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● Relief (Landscape): Topography, slope, and erosion influence soil erosion,
deposition, and landscape features.
● Parent Material: The underlying rock or sediment from which soil forms
determines soil composition and properties.
● Time: Soil formation is a gradual process that occurs over thousands to
millions of years through weathering, erosion, and sedimentation.
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2.3 Soil
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2.3.3 Explain Different Types of Soil Based on Their Physical Regions in Pakistan

● North East Mountains Soils: These soils are found in the mountainous regions of
northern and northeastern Pakistan, characterized by high altitude and cold
climates. They consist of mountain brown soils, podzolic soils, and mountain
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gray-brown soils, which are typically acidic and low in fertility.

● North West Mountain Soils: Located in the mountainous areas of northwestern
Pakistan, these soils include mountain gray-brown soils and lithosols. They are
shallow, stony, and prone to erosion due to steep slopes and heavy rainfall.
● Upper Indus Plain Soils: Found in the northern plains along the Indus River, these
soils are predominantly alluvial and fertile, suitable for agriculture. They include
sandy loam, silty clay, and clayey soils, ideal for growing crops like wheat, rice,
and cotton.
● Lower Indus Plain Soils: Located in the southern plains along the lower Indus
River, these soils are primarily alluvial and saline. They include sandy soils, loamy

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 soils, and saline soils, posing challenges for agriculture due to salinity and
waterlogging.
● Indus Delta Soils: Found in the coastal areas of Sindh province, these soils are
formed by the deposition of sediment carried by the Indus River. They consist of
clayey soils and sandy soils, suitable for rice cultivation and mangrove forests.
● Soils of Plateaus: Plateau soils are found in the Balochistan Plateau and Potwar
Plateau, characterized by arid to semi-arid climates. They include sandy soils,
loamy soils, and gravelly soils, often low in fertility and prone to erosion.
● Desert Soils: Desert soils are found in the arid regions of Thar Desert and
Cholistan Desert, consisting of sandy soils and sandy loam. They are low in

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organic matter and nutrients, making agriculture challenging without proper
irrigation and soil management.

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2.3.4 Discuss the Importance of Soil for Different Commercial Activities

● Agriculture: Soil provides essential nutrients, water retention, and support for
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plant growth, vital for agricultural productivity and food security.
● Construction: Soil serves as a foundation for buildings and infrastructure,
providing stability and support for structures.
● Pottery: Certain types of clay soils are used in pottery making due to their
plasticity and ability to hold shape when fired.
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2.3.5 Explain Soil Erosion and its Causes

● Soil erosion is the process of detachment and movement of soil particles by

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wind, water, or human activities.

● Causes of soil erosion include deforestation, overgrazing, improper land use
practices, agricultural activities, and natural factors like rainfall and wind.

2.3.6 Discuss the Adverse Effects of Soil Erosion with Reference to Economy
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● Soil erosion leads to loss of topsoil, reduced soil fertility, decreased agricultural
productivity, sedimentation of water bodies, and increased risk of landslides and
flooding.
● These adverse effects can result in economic losses for farmers, increased costs
for soil conservation measures, and damage to infrastructure, affecting overall
economic development.

2.3.7 Analyze Different Ways Through Which Soil Erosion Can Be Reduced

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 ● Implementing soil conservation practices such as contour plowing, terracing, and
strip cropping.
● Afforestation and reforestation to prevent soil erosion by stabilizing slopes and
increasing vegetation cover.
● Implementing erosion control structures such as check dams, gabions, and
retaining walls.
● Adopting sustainable land management practices to minimize soil disturbance
and promote soil health.

3. Environment, Economic, and Commercial Activities

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3.1 Environment and Economic/Commercial Activities

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3.1.1 Define Environment

● The environment refers to the surroundings or conditions in which living

organisms, including humans, interact and exist. It encompasses physical,
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biological, and socio-cultural components that influence life and activities on
Earth.

3.1.2 Describe Various Types of Environment

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● Natural or Physical Environment: This includes elements such as landforms,
climate, water bodies, air quality, flora, and fauna. It constitutes the natural
resources and ecosystems that support life and economic activities.
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● Non-physical or Cultural Environment: This comprises human-made or cultural

aspects of the environment, such as social norms, customs, traditions, beliefs,
institutions, and infrastructure. It influences human behavior, lifestyles, and
economic decisions.
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3.1.3 Explain Various Environmental Factors that Influence Commercial Activities

● Environmental factors influencing commercial activities include:

● Physical geography: Terrain, climate, and natural resources impact
industries such as agriculture, mining, and tourism.
● Environmental regulations: Government policies and regulations
regarding pollution control, waste management, and conservation affect
business operations and compliance costs.
● Consumer preferences: Increasing awareness of environmental issues
influences consumer demand for eco-friendly products and services.

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 ● Sustainability concerns: Businesses are increasingly adopting sustainable
practices to reduce environmental impact and improve long-term viability.

3.2 Classification of Economic Activities

3.2.1 Define Economic Activities

● Economic activities refer to the production, distribution, and consumption of

goods and services to satisfy human needs and wants. They encompass all
activities related to the allocation of resources to generate income and wealth.

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3.2.2 Exemplify Different Types of Economic Activities

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● Primary Activities (Raw Materials): These involve the extraction and utilization of
natural resources, such as agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, and quarrying.
● Secondary Activities (Manufacturing and Industries): These activities involve
processing raw materials into finished products through manufacturing,
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construction, and industrial processes.
● Tertiary Activities (Service Sector): These include services provided to
businesses and consumers, such as retail, transportation, banking, healthcare,
education, tourism, and hospitality.
● Quaternary Activities (Knowledge Sector): These involve intellectual and
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knowledge-based activities, including research and development, information
technology, consulting, and professional services.
● Quinary Sector (Decision Making Sector): This sector encompasses high-level
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decision-making activities in government, management, finance, and policy

formulation, influencing economic strategies and resource allocation.

3.3 Economic Development and Economic Growth

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3.3.1 Explain the Features of Economic Development and Economic Growth

● Economic Development: Economic development refers to the qualitative

improvement in the standard of living, welfare, and quality of life of a population.
It involves factors such as education, healthcare, infrastructure, technology, and
social equity.
● Economic Growth: Economic growth refers to the quantitative increase in the
production and consumption of goods and services within an economy over
time. It is measured by changes in gross domestic product (GDP) or gross
national product (GNP).

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3.3.2 Differentiate Between Economic Development and Economic Growth

● Economic development focuses on broader socio-economic progress and human

well-being, including poverty reduction, employment generation, and social
welfare.
● Economic growth primarily refers to the increase in the output of goods and
services in terms of GDP or GNP, without necessarily indicating improvements in
living standards or distribution of wealth.

3.3.3 Analyze the Contribution of Different Economic Sectors on Economic Growth and

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Economic Development of a Country

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● Different economic sectors contribute to economic growth and development in
various ways:
● Primary sector provides raw materials and generates income for rural
populations.

creation.
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● Secondary sector promotes industrialization, value addition, and job

● Tertiary sector enhances service delivery, infrastructure development, and

human capital formation.
● Quaternary and quinary sectors drive innovation, knowledge economy, and
global competitiveness.
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● Balanced development across sectors fosters sustainable growth, poverty
alleviation, and inclusive prosperity.
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4. Natural Vegetation (Forest)

4.1 Natural Vegetation and its Types and Importance

4.1.1 Define Natural Vegetation

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● Natural vegetation refers to the plant cover that grows without human
intervention in a particular region or ecosystem. It includes various types of
plants, trees, shrubs, and grasses adapted to the local climate, soil, and
topography.

4.1.2 Describe Various Types of Natural Vegetation

● Forests: Dense and extensive areas dominated by trees with varying degrees of
canopy cover.

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 ● Grasslands: Open landscapes dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants,
often found in regions with moderate rainfall and seasonal climates.
● Desert Vegetation: Sparse and drought-resistant vegetation adapted to arid and
semi-arid conditions, including succulents, xerophytic shrubs, and
drought-tolerant grasses.

4.1.3 Discuss the Commercial and Economic Significance of Natural Vegetation

● Commercial and economic significance of natural vegetation includes:

● Timber and wood products: Forests provide timber for construction,

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furniture, paper, and other wood-based industries.
● Non-timber forest products: Forests yield various products such as fruits,

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nuts, medicinal plants, resins, and honey, contributing to local livelihoods
and economies.
● Ecotourism: Natural vegetation attracts tourists for activities like wildlife
viewing, trekking, and camping, generating revenue and employment
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● Carbon sequestration: Forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate
change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, thereby
regulating the global climate system.

4.1.4 Identify the Different Forest Regions on the Map of the World
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● Forest regions worldwide include the Amazon Rainforest in South America, the
boreal forests of Canada and Russia, the tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia,
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the temperate forests of North America and Europe, and the mangrove forests
along coastal areas.

4.2 Forests in Pakistan

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4.2.1 Explain the Different Kinds of Forests in Pakistan

● Forests in Pakistan include:

● Coniferous forests in the northern mountainous regions, dominated by
pine, fir, and cedar trees.
● Deciduous forests in the foothills and plains, characterized by oak, maple,
and poplar trees.
● Mangrove forests along the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan,
comprising species like Avicennia and Rhizophora.

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4.2.2 Identify the Different Types of Forest Regions on the Map of Pakistan

● Forest regions in Pakistan are primarily located in the northern mountainous

areas (Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges), foothills, and along river
valleys.

4.2.3 Analyze the Role of Forests in the Economic Development of Pakistan

● Forests contribute to Pakistan's economy by providing timber, fuelwood,

non-timber forest products, employment opportunities, and ecosystem services

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such as carbon sequestration, watershed protection, and biodiversity
conservation.

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4.2.4 Describe the Regions Where Forest Growth Rate is Low in Pakistan

● Forest growth rates are low in arid and semi-arid regions, degraded areas due to
deforestation, and urbanized zones where land conversion and infrastructure
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development have reduced forest cover.

4.2.5 Suggest Ways to Raise the Forest Growth Rate

● Reforestation and afforestation programs to restore degraded forest areas and

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increase forest cover.
● Sustainable forest management practices to promote biodiversity conservation,
reduce deforestation, and enhance forest resilience to climate change.
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● Community-based forest management initiatives involving local communities in

forest conservation and management activities.

4.2.6 Explain the Impact of Forests on Different Economic Sectors of Pakistan

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● Forests support various economic sectors in Pakistan, including:

● Agriculture: Forests regulate water flow, prevent soil erosion, and maintain
soil fertility, benefiting agricultural productivity.
● Industry: Timber and wood-based industries rely on forests for raw
materials, supporting manufacturing and construction sectors.
● Tourism: Forests attract tourists for recreational activities, nature tourism,
and ecotourism, contributing to the hospitality and tourism industry.

4.3 Lumbering

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4.3.1 Define Lumbering

● Lumbering refers to the commercial harvesting, processing, and sale of timber

and wood products from forests.

4.3.2 Explain the Importance of Lumbering as an Economic Activity

● Lumbering is important for providing raw materials for construction, furniture

manufacturing, paper production, and other wood-based industries.
● It generates employment opportunities, income, and revenue for

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forest-dependent communities and contributes to national economic
development.

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4.3.3 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Significance of Lumbering

● Lumbering contributes to the economy by generating revenue through the sale of

timber products, creating jobs in logging, sawmilling, and wood processing
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industries, and supporting related sectors such as transportation, trade, and
construction.

5. Agriculture (Livestock)
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5.1 Fishing

5.1.1 Define Fishing

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● Fishing is the activity of catching fish and other aquatic organisms from rivers,
lakes, seas, and oceans for food, recreation, or commercial purposes.

5.1.2 Explain the Different Methods and Modes of Fishing

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● Fishing methods include:

● Net Fishing: Using nets to trap fish either by casting nets from boats or
setting stationary nets in water bodies.
● Trawling: Dragging large nets called trawls through the water to catch fish
in deep sea or oceanic waters.
● Line Fishing: Using lines, hooks, and baits to catch fish individually, either
by hand or with fishing rods.
● Spearfishing: Hunting fish underwater using spears or harpoons.

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 ● Aquaculture: Cultivating fish in controlled environments such as ponds,
tanks, or cages.

5.1.3 Discuss the Economic and Commercial Scope of Fishing

● Fishing has significant economic and commercial importance worldwide,

providing livelihoods, income, and food security for millions of people.
● Commercial fishing contributes to the global economy through the sale of fish
and seafood products, supporting industries such as processing, packaging,
transportation, and marketing.

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5.1.4 Describe the Physical and Economic Factors Affecting Fishing Activities

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● Physical factors affecting fishing activities include:
● Water temperature, salinity, and oxygen levels.
● Coastal geography, underwater topography, and marine habitats.
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● Climate patterns, seasonal variations, and weather conditions.
● Economic factors influencing fishing activities include:
● Market demand and prices for fish and seafood products.
● Fishing regulations, quotas, and licensing requirements.
● Technological advancements in fishing equipment and vessels.
● Competition with other industries, environmental concerns, and
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sustainability issues.

5.1.5 Discuss the Main Fishing Grounds of the World

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● Main fishing grounds of the world include:

● North Atlantic Ocean: Rich in cod, haddock, and tuna fisheries.
● South China Sea: Abundant in tuna, shrimp, and sardine fisheries.
● Indian Ocean: Known for tuna, shrimp, and mackerel fisheries.
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● North Pacific Ocean: Productive in salmon, halibut, and crab fisheries.

● Antarctic Ocean: Home to krill, squid, and toothfish fisheries.

5.2 Fishing in Pakistan

5.2.1 Identify the Main Fishing Areas and Fisheries of Pakistan

● Main fishing areas and fisheries of Pakistan include:

● Indus River Delta: Supports marine fisheries along the coastal areas of
Sindh and Balochistan.

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 ● Arabian Sea: Abundant in pelagic and demersal fish species such as
mackerel, tuna, and shrimp.
● Inland water bodies: Lakes, rivers, and reservoirs support freshwater
fisheries for carp, catfish, and trout.

5.2.2 Explain the Importance of Fishing in the Economy of Pakistan

● Fishing contributes to the economy of Pakistan by providing livelihoods, income,

and nutrition for coastal communities and inland fishermen.
● Commercial fishing supports the seafood industry, exports, and domestic food

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supply, contributing to economic growth and employment generation.

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5.2.3 Analyze the Reasons for the Backwardness of Fishing in Pakistan

● Reasons for the backwardness of fishing in Pakistan include:

● Overexploitation and depletion of fish stocks due to unsustainable fishing
practices.
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● Lack of modern fishing technologies, infrastructure, and facilities.
● Pollution, habitat degradation, and environmental degradation affecting
fish habitats and breeding grounds.
● Inadequate government policies, regulations, and enforcement
mechanisms for fisheries management and conservation.
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5.2.4 Suggest Ways to Improve Fishing in Pakistan
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● Improve fisheries management through scientific research, monitoring, and

enforcement of regulations.
● Promote sustainable fishing practices, including gear restrictions, size limits, and
seasonal closures.
● Invest in modern fishing technologies, equipment, and vessel upgrades to
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enhance fishing efficiency and productivity.

● Develop aquaculture and fish farming initiatives to supplement wild fish stocks
and increase fish production sustainably.

5.2.5 Identify the Main Fish Farming (Aquaculture) Areas in Pakistan

● Main fish farming areas in Pakistan include:

● Punjab: Carp farming in freshwater ponds and reservoirs.
● Sindh: Shrimp farming in coastal brackish water ponds and mangrove
areas.

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 ● Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Trout farming in cold-water streams and
mountainous regions.

5.2.6 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Fishing (with Reference to GDP,
Economic Development, and Contribution to Other Economic Sectors)

● Fishing contributes to Pakistan's GDP and economic development by providing

employment, income, and foreign exchange earnings.
● The seafood industry supports processing, packaging, transportation, and
marketing sectors, contributing to the overall economy and trade balance.

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● Fishing activities have multiplier effects on related industries such as tourism,
hospitality, and retail, stimulating economic growth and development in coastal

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regions.

5.4 Cattle Farming in Pakistan

5.4.3 Explain the Reasons for the Backwardness of Cattle Farming in Pakistan

●
●
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Limited access to modern farming techniques and technologies.
Inadequate veterinary services and healthcare facilities for livestock.
● Lack of organized marketing channels and value-added processing facilities.
● Land fragmentation and scarcity of grazing lands due to urbanization and
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land-use changes.
● Inefficient breeding practices and low genetic quality of livestock breeds.
● Climate variability, water scarcity, and natural disasters affecting fodder
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availability and animal productivity.

5.4.4 Suggest Ways to Improve Cattle Farming in Pakistan

● Promote adoption of modern farming practices, including improved breeds, feed

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management, and disease control measures.

● Enhance access to veterinary services, vaccination programs, and animal
healthcare facilities.
● Establish cooperative marketing networks and value chains for better market
linkages and price realization.
● Encourage investment in fodder production, silage making, and pasture
development to improve feed availability and quality.
● Provide training, extension services, and financial support to smallholder farmers
for skill development and capacity building.

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 ● Implement sustainable land management practices to conserve natural
resources and mitigate environmental degradation.

5.4.5 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Cattle Farming (with Reference to
GDP, Economic Development, and Contribution to Other Economic Sectors)

● Cattle farming contributes to Pakistan's GDP and economic development by

providing income, employment, and food security for rural populations.
● The livestock sector supports value-added industries such as meat processing,
dairy products, leather goods, and pharmaceuticals, contributing to the national

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economy and export earnings.
● Cattle farming plays a vital role in the agricultural sector by providing draught

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power, organic manure, and by-products for crop production, enhancing overall
farm productivity and sustainability.

5.5 Hunting

5.5.1 Define Hunting

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● Hunting is the practice of pursuing, capturing, or killing wild animals for food,
recreation, sport, or conservation purposes.
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5.5.2 Identify the Main Regions of Hunting on the World Map

● Main regions of hunting worldwide include:

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● Africa: Known for big game hunting safaris targeting species such as
elephants, lions, and buffaloes.
● North America: Popular for hunting deer, elk, bears, and waterfowl in
various wilderness areas and national parks.
● Europe: Traditional hunting grounds for game birds, wild boars, and deer in
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forests, mountains, and rural landscapes.

● Asia: Hunting destinations for species like tigers, leopards, bears, and wild
goats in remote and protected habitats.

5.5.3 Identify the Main Regions of Hunting on the Map of Pakistan

● Main regions of hunting in Pakistan include:

● Northern Areas: Home to Himalayan ibex, markhor, and urial sheep in
mountainous terrain and national parks.

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 ● Balochistan: Rich in wildlife such as Suleiman markhor, Afghan urial, and
chinkara gazelle in desert and hilly landscapes.
● Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Hunting grounds for Himalayan ibex, blue sheep,
and wild boar in rugged valleys and high-altitude plateaus.

5.5.4 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Hunting (with Reference to GDP,
Economic Development, and Contribution to Other Economic Sectors)

● Hunting contributes to the economy and tourism sector by generating revenue

from hunting permits, trophy fees, and wildlife tourism.

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● The hunting industry supports local communities, guides, outfitters, and
hospitality services, creating employment and income opportunities.

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● Controlled hunting programs can contribute to wildlife conservation efforts by
providing incentives for habitat protection, anti-poaching measures, and
community-based conservation initiatives.

6. Agriculture (Agricultural Farming)

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6.1 Agriculture, Scope, Importance and Types of Agricultural Farming

6.1.1 Define Agricultural Activities and Its Origin

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● Agricultural activities refer to the cultivation of crops, raising of livestock, and
management of natural resources for food, fiber, fuel, and other agricultural
products. Agriculture originated around 10,000 years ago with the domestication
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of plants and animals, marking the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to

settled agricultural communities.

6.1.2 Define Agricultural Farming

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● Agricultural farming is the practice of cultivating crops and raising livestock for
human consumption or commercial purposes. It involves various farming
techniques, methods, and technologies to produce food, fiber, and other
agricultural commodities.

6.1.3 Explain Various Kinds of Farming

● Mechanized Farming: Utilizes machinery, equipment, and modern technology for

large-scale crop production, increasing efficiency and productivity.

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 ● Truck Farming: Specializes in growing high-value crops such as fruits,
vegetables, and flowers for local or distant markets, often using intensive
cultivation methods.
● Plantation Farming: Focuses on monoculture cultivation of cash crops such as
tea, coffee, rubber, and palm oil on large estates or plantations, typically in
tropical regions.
● Shift Farming: Involves rotating crops and fallowing land to maintain soil fertility
and prevent soil degradation, common in subsistence agriculture.
● Mixed Farming: Combines crop cultivation with livestock raising to optimize
resource utilization, diversify income sources, and improve farm sustainability.

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● Intensive Subsistence Cultivation: Practices high-input farming with intensive
labor and small landholdings to maximize crop yields and meet the needs of

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densely populated regions.
● Commercial Farming: Focuses on profit-driven agriculture for market-oriented
production of crops or livestock, often using modern technologies and
management practices.
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6.1.4 Explain the Economic and Commercial Importance of Agricultural Farming

● Agricultural farming plays a crucial role in national economies by providing food

security, employment, income, and raw materials for various industries.
● It contributes to economic growth, poverty reduction, and rural development,
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particularly in agrarian societies and developing countries.
● Agricultural products and commodities contribute to international trade, export
earnings, and foreign exchange reserves, supporting global food supply chains
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and economic globalization.

6.1.5 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Agriculture

● Agriculture contributes to GDP by providing raw materials, employment, and

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income for rural populations.

● It supports economic development by generating agricultural surpluses, fostering
agribusinesses, and stimulating rural markets and infrastructure development.
● Agriculture has multiplier effects on other economic sectors such as
manufacturing, transportation, retail, and services, driving overall economic
growth and prosperity.

6.2 Types of Crops

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6.2.1 Classify the Different Kinds of Crops

● Crops are classified into categories based on various criteria such as their use,
growing seasons, and cultivation practices. Common classifications include cash
crops, food crops, rabi crops, and kharif crops.

6.2.2 Differentiate Between Food Crops and Cash Crops

● Food crops are grown primarily for human consumption to fulfill dietary needs
and nutritional requirements.

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● Cash crops are cultivated for sale in markets to generate income and profit,
rather than for direct consumption by farmers or households.

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6.2.3 List the Names of Crops

● Cash crops include cotton, sugarcane, tea, coffee, rubber, and tobacco.
● Food crops encompass wheat, rice, maize, barley, pulses, fruits, and vegetables.

and mustard.
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● Rabi crops are sown in winter and harvested in spring, including wheat, barley,

● Kharif crops are planted in the rainy season and harvested in autumn, such as
rice, maize, and cotton.
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6.2.4 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Crop Types

● Cash crops contribute to export earnings, foreign exchange reserves, and

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industrial development, supporting economic growth and trade balance.

● Food crops ensure food security, nutrition, and public health, reducing
dependency on imports and stabilizing domestic markets.
● Rabi and kharif crops provide seasonal employment, income opportunities, and
agricultural diversification, enhancing farm resilience and sustainability.
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6.3 Factors for the Production and Distribution of Crops

6.3.1 Explain the Factors of Cultivating Crops

● Feasible conditions for cultivating crops include climatic factors (temperature,

rainfall, humidity), edaphic factors (soil fertility, texture, drainage), topographic
factors (altitude, slope, aspect), biological factors (crop varieties, pests,
diseases), and socio-economic factors (land tenure, labor availability, market
access).

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6.3.2 Discuss the Commercial and Economic Importance of Crops

● Crops contribute to the economy and trade by generating agricultural surpluses,

employment, income, and foreign exchange earnings.
● They play a vital role in regional development, food security, poverty reduction,
and rural livelihoods, supporting livelihoods and socio-economic well-being.
● Major crops such as wheat, rice, maize, sugarcane, cotton, tea, coffee, rubber,
and tobacco have significant commercial value and market demand, driving
agricultural production and trade activities.

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6.3.3 Identify the Major Growing Regions of Cultivating Crops

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● Major growing regions of crops vary depending on agro-climatic conditions, soil
suitability, and farming practices. For example, wheat is grown in the
Indo-Gangetic plains, rice in the deltas of major rivers, cotton in semi-arid regions,
sugarcane in tropical areas, tea in hilly terrains, and coffee in highland areas. In
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Pakistan, wheat is cultivated in Punjab and Sindh, rice in Punjab and Sindh, maize
in Punjab, sugarcane in Punjab and Sindh, cotton in Punjab and Sindh, tea in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and tobacco in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.

6.4 Agricultural Problems of Pakistan and its Solutions

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6.4.1 Explain Major Agricultural Problems of Pakistan

● Water Scarcity: Pakistan faces water scarcity due to inefficient water

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management practices, over-extraction of groundwater, and limited storage

capacity of reservoirs, leading to water stress for irrigation and agricultural
production.
● Land Degradation: Soil erosion, salinity, waterlogging, and deforestation
contribute to land degradation in agricultural areas, reducing soil fertility,
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productivity, and arable land availability.

● Low Productivity: The agricultural sector suffers from low productivity levels due
to outdated farming techniques, inadequate use of fertilizers and pesticides, poor
seed quality, and limited access to modern agricultural machinery and
technologies.
● Crop Diseases and Pests: Crop diseases, pests, and weeds pose significant
threats to agricultural production, causing yield losses, crop failures, and
economic losses for farmers.

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 ● Market Constraints: Farmers face challenges in accessing markets, obtaining
fair prices for their produce, and accessing credit and financial services, limiting
their income opportunities and economic viability.

6.4.2 Analyze the Reasons for Backwardness in the Agricultural Sector of Pakistan

● Policy Constraints: Inconsistent agricultural policies, lack of incentives, and

inadequate support from government agencies hinder agricultural development
and investment in Pakistan.
● Infrastructural Weaknesses: Inadequate infrastructure, including transportation,

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storage, and market facilities, limits the efficiency of agricultural supply chains
and value-added processing.

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● Technological Gaps: Limited adoption of modern farming technologies, research,
and extension services restricts agricultural innovation, productivity gains, and
competitiveness in global markets.
● Socio-economic Factors: Poverty, illiteracy, land fragmentation, and unequal
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access to resources exacerbate agricultural challenges, particularly for
smallholder farmers and rural communities.

6.4.3 Suggest Solutions for Major Agricultural Problems in Pakistan

● Water Management: Implement efficient water management practices, including

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drip irrigation, canal lining, water conservation measures, and construction of
small-scale water storage facilities, to address water scarcity and enhance
irrigation efficiency.
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● Soil Conservation: Promote sustainable land management practices such as

crop rotation, contour plowing, terracing, afforestation, and soil conservation
measures to combat land degradation and improve soil health and fertility.
● Agricultural Extension: Strengthen agricultural extension services, farmer
training programs, and technology transfer initiatives to disseminate best
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practices, modern farming techniques, and crop management strategies to

farmers.
● Research and Development: Invest in agricultural research, breeding programs,
and biotechnology to develop high-yielding crop varieties, disease-resistant
strains, and climate-resilient agricultural technologies tailored to local
agro-ecological conditions.
● Market Access: Improve market infrastructure, develop agro-processing
industries, establish farmer cooperatives, and promote contract farming

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 arrangements to ensure fair prices, market access, and value addition for
agricultural products.
● Policy Reforms: Reform agricultural policies to provide incentives for investment,
innovation, and sustainable farming practices, including subsidies for inputs,
crop insurance schemes, and price support mechanisms to support farmers'
income and livelihoods.
● Capacity Building: Enhance the capacity of agricultural institutions, farmer
organizations, and government agencies to address agricultural challenges
through effective planning, coordination, and implementation of agricultural
development programs and policies.

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7. Irrigation

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7.1 Water Resources and its Importance

7.1.1 Define 'Water Resources'

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● Water resources refer to the natural sources of water that are available for
various uses, including drinking, irrigation, industrial processes, and hydroelectric
power generation.

7.1.2 Explain Different Types of Water Resources

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● Lakes: Large bodies of water surrounded by land, such as the Great Lakes in
North America and Lake Victoria in Africa.
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● Rivers: Natural flowing streams of water that originate from springs, rainwater, or
melting snow and flow into larger bodies of water, such as the Nile River in Africa
and the Amazon River in South America.
● Dams: Man-made structures built across rivers or streams to store water for
irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control, such as the Hoover
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Dam in the United States and the Three Gorges Dam in China.
● Barrages: Low dams or weirs constructed across rivers to regulate water flow,
divert water for irrigation, and control floods, such as the Sukkur Barrage and the
Kotri Barrage in Pakistan.
● Seas: Large bodies of saltwater connected to oceans and partially enclosed by
land, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Sea.
● Springs: Natural sources of groundwater that flow to the surface, providing fresh
water for drinking and irrigation, such as hot springs and artesian wells.

7.1.3 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Water Resources

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 ● Water resources play a crucial role in supporting economic activities, including
agriculture, industry, transportation, and energy production.
● Rivers and dams contribute to GDP and economic development by providing
water for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and industrial processes.
● Lakes and seas support commercial fisheries, shipping, tourism, and recreational
activities, generating income, employment, and revenue for coastal communities
and economies.

7.2 Irrigation System and its Types

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7.2.1 Define Irrigation System

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● An irrigation system is a network of structures, channels, and devices designed
to deliver water to crops for agricultural purposes, supplementing natural
precipitation and ensuring adequate soil moisture for plant growth.

Sh
7.2.2 Discuss Different Methods of Irrigation System

● Surface Water Irrigation: Involves diverting water from rivers, lakes, or reservoirs
through canals, ditches, and furrows to irrigate fields and crops, such as flood
irrigation and furrow irrigation.
● Groundwater Irrigation: Utilizes wells, tube wells, and pumps to extract
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groundwater from aquifers and deliver it to fields through sprinklers, drip
irrigation, or basin irrigation systems.
● Lift Irrigation: Involves lifting water from lower to higher elevations using pumps,
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turbines, or mechanical devices, enabling irrigation of elevated or distant fields,

such as tube wells and lift pumps.

7.2.3 Explain the Role of Efficient Irrigation System in the Economy

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● Efficient irrigation systems enhance agricultural productivity, crop yields, and

water use efficiency, reducing water wastage, minimizing input costs, and
maximizing farm profitability.
● They contribute to food security, rural livelihoods, and economic development by
increasing agricultural output, generating income for farmers, and stimulating
agribusinesses and rural economies.

7.3 Irrigation System in Pakistan

7.3.1 Explain the Importance of Various Irrigation Methods Applied in Pakistan

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 ● Irrigation plays a vital role in Pakistan's agriculture, supporting crop cultivation,
food production, and rural livelihoods, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions
with limited rainfall.

7.3.2 Explain Different Methods of Surface and Groundwater Irrigation Systems Used
in Pakistan

● Surface Water Irrigation: Pakistan's canal irrigation system, including the Indus
Basin Irrigation System, utilizes gravity flow canals and barrages to divert water
from rivers such as the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab to irrigate agricultural lands.

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7.3.3 Explain Different Types of Lift Irrigation System Used in Pakistan

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● Lift irrigation systems in Pakistan include tube wells, lift pumps, and diesel
pumps that extract groundwater from aquifers and deliver it to fields, especially
in areas with limited access to surface water sources.
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7.3.4 Discuss the Role of Barrages and Dams in the Canal Irrigation System of
Pakistan

● Barrages and dams in Pakistan, such as the Tarbela Dam and the Mangla Dam,
regulate river flows, store water for irrigation, and provide hydroelectric power
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generation, supporting agricultural production and rural electrification.

7.3.5 Identify the Major Irrigation Systems on the Map of Pakistan

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● Major irrigation systems in Pakistan include the Indus Basin Irrigation System,
comprising canals, barrages, and dams, which irrigate agricultural lands across
Punjab, Sindh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces.
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7.3.6 Analyze the Problems in the Irrigation System of Pakistan

● Pakistan's irrigation system faces challenges such as water shortages, inefficient

water use, waterlogging, salinity, infrastructure decay, governance issues, and
inadequate maintenance, limiting its effectiveness and sustainability.

7.3.7 Suggest Ways to Improve the Irrigation System of Pakistan

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 ● Improve water management practices, modernize irrigation infrastructure,
rehabilitate canals and barrages, promote efficient irrigation techniques, and
strengthen institutional capacity for sustainable water resource management.

8. Mineral Resources, Energy Resources and their Reserves

8.1 Mineral Resources

8.1.1 Define Mineral Resources

● Mineral resources refer to naturally occurring substances found in the earth's

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crust that have economic value and potential for extraction and utilization. These

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resources include metals, non-metals, and fuels essential for industrial,
construction, and energy sectors.

8.1.2 Define Mining

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● Mining is the process of extracting minerals and other geological materials from
the earth's crust through excavation, drilling, and extraction techniques. It
involves exploration, development, extraction, processing, and reclamation of
mineral deposits.
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8.1.3 Describe Different Types of Mining

● Different types of mining include surface mining (open-pit mining, strip mining)
and underground mining (shaft mining, drift mining), each with specific methods
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and equipment used for accessing and extracting mineral deposits.

8.1.4 Explain the Factors on which Extraction of Minerals Depends

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● The extraction of minerals depends on various factors such as geological

characteristics (type, location, depth of deposits), economic feasibility (cost of
extraction, market demand, commodity prices), technological advancements,
environmental regulations, and social considerations (community interests, land
rights).

8.1.5 Explain the Environmental Effects of Mining

● Mining operations can have significant environmental impacts, including habitat

destruction, soil erosion, water pollution, deforestation, air pollution, and

29
 disruption of ecosystems. Proper mining practices, environmental regulations,
and reclamation efforts are essential to mitigate these impacts.

8.1.6 Explain the Classification of Minerals

● Minerals are classified into categories based on their chemical composition,

physical properties, and economic importance:
● Precious Minerals: Rare and valuable minerals such as gold, silver, and
diamonds, prized for their rarity and beauty.
● Metallic Minerals: Minerals containing metals such as iron, copper,

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aluminum, and zinc, used in industrial manufacturing, construction, and
infrastructure.

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● Non-Metallic Minerals: Minerals without metal content, including coal,
limestone, gypsum, marble, and granite, used in construction, agriculture,
and chemical industries.
● Power Minerals (Fuel): Minerals used as energy resources, including coal,
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oil, natural gas, and uranium, essential for electricity generation,
transportation, and industrial processes.

8.2 Major Mineral Resources, their Reserves and Major Energy Resources of the World

8.2.1 Explain Different Types of Metallic Minerals

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● Metallic minerals include iron, gold, copper, uranium, aluminum, nickel, and tin,
among others, valued for their conductivity, strength, and malleability, used in
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construction, machinery, electronics, and transportation sectors.

8.2.2 Identify the Major Metallic Mineral Reserves of the World

● Major metallic mineral reserves are concentrated in regions with significant

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geological deposits, such as the Pilbara region in Australia for iron ore, the
Witwatersrand Basin in South Africa for gold, and the Andes Mountains in South
America for copper.

8.2.3 Describe Various Uses of Metallic Minerals

● Metallic minerals are used in various industries, including iron and steel
production (iron ore), electronics and wiring (copper), jewelry and currency (gold
and silver), aerospace and transportation (aluminum), and nuclear energy
(uranium).

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8.2.4 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Metallic Minerals

● Metallic minerals contribute to GDP and economic development by supporting

mining industries, manufacturing sectors, export earnings, and infrastructure
development. They also create employment opportunities and stimulate
downstream industries and supply chains.

8.2.5 Explain Different Types of Non-Metallic Minerals

● Non-metallic minerals include coal, limestone, gypsum, marble, granite, silica,

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phosphate, and salt, used in construction materials, cement production, glass
manufacturing, agriculture, and chemical industries.

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8.2.6 Identify the Major Non-Metallic Reserves of the World

● Major non-metallic mineral reserves are distributed globally, with significant

deposits found in regions such as the Appalachian Mountains in the United
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States for coal, the Karst Mountains in China for limestone, and the Arabian
Peninsula for gypsum.

8.2.7 Describe Various Uses of Non-Metallic Resources

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● Non-metallic minerals are used in diverse applications, including energy
production (coal), construction materials (limestone, gypsum), agriculture
(phosphate), manufacturing (silica), and chemical industries (salt).
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8.2.8 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Non-Metallic Minerals

● Non-metallic minerals contribute to economic growth and development by

providing essential raw materials for various industries, supporting infrastructure
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development, and creating value-added products for domestic and international

markets.

8.3 Power Resources (Energy Sector) of Pakistan

8.3.1 Identify the Different Minerals Used as Power Resources on the Map of Pakistan

● Pakistan's power resources include coal, natural gas, hydroelectricity, oil, nuclear
energy, and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power.

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8.3.2 Explain Energy Resources and Their Usage

● Energy resources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy are used for
electricity generation, industrial processes, transportation, heating, and cooking,
providing energy services for economic activities and societal needs.

8.3.3 Explain the Different Methods of Electrical Power Generation

● Electrical power generation methods include hydroelectricity (dams and

reservoirs), thermal power (coal and natural gas-fired power plants), nuclear

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power (fission reactions), solar power (photovoltaic cells), wind power (turbines),
biogas (anaerobic digestion), and tidal waves power (tidal turbines), each with

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specific technologies and environmental considerations.

8.3.4 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Power Resources

● Power resources play a crucial role in driving economic growth, supporting

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industrial activities, and enhancing the quality of life. Their economic and
commercial significance is evident in several aspects:
● Contribution to GDP: Power resources contribute directly and indirectly to the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country. Industries reliant on electricity for
manufacturing processes, such as steel production, chemical processing, and
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electronics manufacturing, significantly contribute to GDP growth. Additionally,
the electricity sector itself, including power generation, transmission, and
distribution, contributes to GDP through investments, employment, and revenue
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generation.
● Economic Development: Access to reliable and affordable electricity is essential
for economic development. Power resources facilitate the functioning of
businesses, improve productivity, and stimulate investments in various sectors,
including manufacturing, services, and agriculture. Adequate power supply
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encourages entrepreneurship, innovation, and technological advancements,

fostering economic diversification and competitiveness in global markets.
● Contribution to Other Economic Sectors: Power resources have a multiplier effect
on other economic sectors by enabling their operations and enhancing efficiency.
For example, reliable electricity supply supports transportation systems,
communication networks, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions,
contributing to overall socio-economic development. Moreover, energy-intensive
industries such as mining, construction, and transportation rely heavily on power
resources for their operations and supply chains.

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8.3.5 List Major Trading Countries of Minerals

● Major trading countries of minerals, including metallic, non-metallic, and power

resources, vary depending on the specific mineral type and market demand.
Some of the key trading countries include:
● Metallic Minerals: Major exporters of metallic minerals such as iron ore, copper,
gold, and aluminum include Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, and Russia. Importing
countries like China, the United States, Japan, and Germany rely on these sources
to meet their industrial needs.
● Non-Metallic Minerals: Countries rich in non-metallic minerals such as coal,

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limestone, gypsum, and marble include the United States, China, India, Russia,
and Saudi Arabia. These minerals are traded globally for use in construction

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materials, cement production, and chemical industries.
● Power Resources: Leading exporters of power resources such as coal, natural
gas, oil, and uranium include the United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Canada, and
Australia. Importing countries like China, Japan, India, and the European Union
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rely on these sources to meet their energy demands and fuel economic activities.

8.4 Power Generation in Pakistan

8.4.1 List the Sources of Power Generation in Pakistan

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● Sources of power generation in Pakistan include both renewable and
non-renewable sources:
● Non-Renewable Sources: Coal, natural gas, and oil-fired power plants.
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● Renewable Sources: Hydropower, wind power, solar power, and biomass.

8.4.2 Analyze the Causes of Power Resources Shortages and their Effects on the
Economy
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● Causes of power shortages in Pakistan include inadequate investment in power

infrastructure, insufficient fuel supply for power plants, transmission and
distribution losses, outdated technology, and operational inefficiencies. These
shortages have adverse effects on the economy, including reduced industrial
productivity, frequent blackouts, increased production costs, unemployment, and
negative impacts on business confidence and investment.

8.4.3 Suggest Ways to Overcome the Shortage of Power Generation in Pakistan

● To overcome power generation shortages in Pakistan, measures such as:

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 ● Increasing investment in power infrastructure and capacity expansion.
● Diversifying energy sources to include renewables and clean technologies.
● Improving fuel supply chains and energy efficiency.
● Upgrading transmission and distribution networks.
● Implementing demand-side management measures and promoting energy
conservation.
● Enhancing policy and regulatory frameworks to attract private investment
and promote competition in the energy sector.

8.4.4 Identify the Potential Areas of Renewable Power Resources in Pakistan

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● Potential areas for renewable power resources in Pakistan include regions with

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abundant solar radiation, wind speeds, hydropower potential, and biomass
resources. Specific areas include the Thar Desert for solar power, coastal areas
for wind power, river basins for hydropower, and agricultural regions for biomass
energy production.
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8.4.5 Analyze the Economic and Commercial Role of Water Resources Type

● Water resources play a crucial role in power generation, particularly in

hydroelectricity production. In Pakistan, hydropower contributes significantly to
electricity generation, supporting industrial activities, agricultural irrigation, and
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domestic consumption. The economic and commercial significance of water
resources is evident in their contribution to GDP, employment generation, and
socio-economic development. Additionally, investments in water infrastructure
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and hydropower projects can stimulate economic growth, create job

opportunities, and enhance energy security. However, challenges such as water
scarcity, climate change impacts, and transboundary water disputes need to be
addressed to ensure sustainable water management and maximize the
economic benefits of water resources.
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9. Manufacturing and Industries

9.1 Manufacturing Industries, Importance, Classification and their Geographical

Distribution

9.1.1 Define Manufacturing Industries

● Manufacturing industries involve the production of goods through various

processes, such as processing, assembling, and fabricating raw materials or

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 components into finished products. These industries encompass a wide range of
sectors, including automotive, electronics, textiles, food processing, chemicals,
and machinery.

9.1.2 Explain Different Types of Manufacturing Industries

● Different types of manufacturing industries include:

● Heavy Industries: Engaged in the production of large-scale machinery,
equipment, and durable goods such as automobiles, aircraft, and heavy
machinery.

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● Light Industries: Involved in the production of consumer goods and
non-durable products such as textiles, apparel, electronics, and household

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appliances.
● High-Tech Industries: Specialize in advanced manufacturing processes,
including electronics, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and aerospace.
● Process Industries: Focus on chemical, petrochemical, and food

manufacturing.
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processing, involving continuous production processes and bulk

9.1.3 Analyze the Commercial and Economic Importance of Manufacturing Industries

● Manufacturing industries play a vital role in driving economic growth, creating

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employment opportunities, and generating wealth. Their significance includes:
● Contribution to GDP: Manufacturing sectors contribute significantly to
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by adding value to raw materials and
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intermediate goods, generating income, and stimulating consumption and

investment.
● Economic Development: Manufacturing industries spur industrialization,
technological innovation, and infrastructure development, leading to
higher productivity, competitiveness, and economic diversification.
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● Contribution to Other Sectors: Manufacturing activities create backward

and forward linkages with other economic sectors, including agriculture,
services, and trade, fostering economic integration and multiplier effects.

9.1.4 Analyze the Factors for Establishing or Localization of Different Types of

Industries

● Factors influencing the establishment or localization of industries include:

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 ● Geographical Factors: Availability of raw materials, proximity to markets,
transportation infrastructure, and access to water and energy sources.
● Economic Factors: Cost of labor, land, and capital, tax incentives,
government subsidies, trade policies, and market demand.
● Socio-political Factors: Political stability, regulatory environment, labor
laws, workforce skills, and social infrastructure such as education and
healthcare.

9.1.5 List the Major Industrial Zones of the World

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● Major industrial zones of the world include:
● Rust Belt in the United States

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● Pearl River Delta in China
● Ruhr Valley in Germany
● Kanto Region in Japan
● Mumbai-Pune Industrial Corridor in India
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● Sao Paulo Industrial Complex in Brazil

9.1.6 Discuss the Development of the Industrial Sector of Pakistan

● The industrial sector of Pakistan has evolved since its independence in 1947,
with successive governments implementing policies to promote industrialization
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and economic development. Steps undertaken include:
● Establishment of industrial zones, such as Karachi, Lahore, and
Faisalabad, to attract investment and facilitate industrial growth.
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● Implementation of industrial policies aimed at import substitution, export

promotion, and technology transfer to stimulate manufacturing activities.
● Investment in infrastructure development, including transportation
networks, power plants, and industrial estates, to support industrial
expansion and modernization.
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● Encouragement of private sector participation and foreign direct

investment (FDI) through incentives, tax breaks, and special economic
zones.

9.1.7 Explain the Reasons for Backwardness of Industries in Pakistan

● The backwardness of industries in Pakistan can be attributed to various factors,

including:

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 ● Energy Crisis: Chronic shortages of electricity and natural gas have
hindered industrial productivity, leading to production delays, increased
costs, and reduced competitiveness.
● Infrastructure Deficiencies: Inadequate transportation networks, outdated
technology, and poor logistics infrastructure have constrained industrial
growth and efficiency.
● Policy Instability: Inconsistent government policies, bureaucratic hurdles,
and regulatory uncertainties have deterred investment and hindered
business operations.
● Skill Shortages: Limited availability of skilled labor, insufficient vocational

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training programs, and brain drain have hampered industrial development
and innovation.

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● Security Challenges: Political instability, terrorism threats, and regional
conflicts have disrupted business activities, discouraged investment, and
undermined investor confidence.

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9.1.8 Suggest Measures for the Development of the Industrial Sector of Pakistan

● Measures to promote the development of the industrial sector in Pakistan may

include:
● Addressing Energy Shortages: Implementing energy reforms, investing in
power infrastructure, promoting renewable energy sources, and improving
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energy efficiency to ensure reliable and affordable electricity supply.
● Enhancing Infrastructure: Upgrading transportation networks, expanding
port facilities, modernizing industrial estates, and investing in digital
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infrastructure to facilitate trade and logistics.

● Policy Reforms: Streamlining regulations, reducing bureaucratic red tape,
improving ease of doing business, and providing incentives for investment,
innovation, and technology transfer.
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● Human Capital Development: Investing in education, vocational training,

and skills development programs to enhance workforce productivity,
employability, and innovation capabilities.
● Promoting SMEs: Supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
through access to finance, technology transfer, business incubation, and
export promotion to foster entrepreneurship and industrial diversification.

9.1.9 Analyze the Commercial and Economic Importance of Industrial Sector

● The industrial sector contributes significantly to Pakistan's economy by:

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 ● Generating Employment: Providing jobs to millions of workers across
various industries, reducing unemployment and poverty levels.
● Generating Revenue: Generating tax revenues for the government through
corporate taxes, sales taxes, and customs duties, supporting public
expenditures on infrastructure, healthcare, and education.
● Driving Economic Growth: Stimulating investment, innovation, and
productivity gains, enhancing competitiveness, and fostering economic
diversification and industrialization.
● Supporting Trade: Producing goods for domestic consumption and export
markets, earning foreign exchange, and promoting trade balance and

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economic stability.

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9.2 Iron and Steel Industry

9.2.1 Importance of Iron and Steel Industry on the Economy

● The iron and steel industry holds immense importance in the economy of a
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country due to the following reasons:
● Foundation of Industrialization: Iron and steel are fundamental materials
required for industrial development, serving as the backbone of various
sectors such as construction, manufacturing, transportation, and
infrastructure.
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● Employment Generation: The iron and steel industry provides employment
opportunities to a large workforce, including skilled and unskilled laborers,
engineers, technicians, and management personnel, contributing to
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livelihoods and socioeconomic stability.

● Economic Growth: Iron and steel production stimulates economic growth
by generating demand for raw materials, machinery, equipment, and
services, fostering investment, innovation, and entrepreneurship in
downstream industries and supply chains.
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● Trade and Export Potential: Iron and steel products are essential
commodities traded globally, contributing to international trade, export
revenues, and foreign exchange earnings, enhancing competitiveness and
trade balance.
● National Security: A robust iron and steel industry ensures self-sufficiency
in critical infrastructure materials, reducing dependency on imports,
safeguarding national security interests, and supporting strategic defense
capabilities.

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9.2.2 Major Iron and Steel Producing Countries of the World

● Major iron and steel producing countries globally include:

● China
● India
● Japan
● United States
● Russia
● South Korea
● Germany

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● Brazil
● Turkey

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● Ukraine

9.2.3 Major Production Regions of Iron and Steel Industry on the Map of Pakistan

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● Major production regions of the iron and steel industry in Pakistan include:
● Punjab: Lahore, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Islamabad
● Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpur Khas
● Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar, Mardan, Swabi
● Balochistan: Quetta, Hub, Loralai
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Detailed Notes:

The iron and steel industry is a cornerstone of industrialization and economic

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development in any country. It provides essential materials for the construction of

infrastructure, manufacturing of machinery and equipment, and production of consumer
goods. Iron and steel are vital for the growth of various sectors, including construction,
automotive, aerospace, and machinery manufacturing.
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In addition to its economic significance, the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role in
national defense and security. Steel is essential for the production of military vehicles,
weapons, and equipment, ensuring a country's self-sufficiency in strategic resources
and reducing vulnerability to external dependencies.

Pakistan's iron and steel industry has experienced significant growth over the years,
driven by increasing demand from construction, infrastructure development, and
industrial projects. The country's major production regions, particularly Punjab and

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Sindh, host numerous iron and steel mills, contributing to employment generation,
industrial output, and economic prosperity.

However, the iron and steel industry in Pakistan faces challenges such as energy
shortages, obsolete technology, and infrastructural constraints, hindering its
competitiveness and productivity. To overcome these challenges, the government has
implemented policies to promote investment, modernize infrastructure, and enhance
technological capabilities in the sector.

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9.3 Textile Industry

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9.3.1 Classify Textile Industries

● Textile industries can be classified into various categories, including:

● Cotton Textile Industry: Involves the production of textiles from cotton
fibers, including yarn, fabric, and clothing.
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● Woollen Textile Industry: Focuses on the processing of wool fibers to
manufacture woolen fabrics, garments, and knitwear.
● Jute Textile Industry: Deals with the processing of jute fibers to produce
sacks, bags, ropes, and textiles for packaging and construction.
● Silk and Rayon Textile Industry: Specializes in the production of luxury
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fabrics made from silk fibers or artificial fibers like rayon, viscose, or
polyester.
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9.3.2 Describe its Importance in an Economy of a Country

● The textile industry holds significant importance in the economy of a country due
to its:
● Contribution to GDP: Textile manufacturing contributes significantly to
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Gross Domestic Product (GDP) by generating revenue, employment, and

export earnings.
● Employment Generation: The industry provides jobs to millions of
workers, particularly in developing countries, contributing to poverty
reduction and socio-economic development.
● Export Revenue: Textile exports generate foreign exchange earnings,
improve trade balance, and support economic growth and stability.
● Industrial Value Chain: Textile manufacturing stimulates backward and
forward linkages with other sectors, including agriculture (cotton

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 cultivation), chemicals (dyeing and finishing), and retail (garment sales),
fostering industrial integration and value addition.

9.3.3 List the Major Textile Producing Countries of the World

● Major textile-producing countries include:

● China
● India
● Bangladesh
● Pakistan

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● Vietnam
● Turkey

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● Indonesia
● United States
● Brazil
● Germany
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9.3.4 Describe the Role of Textile Industry in the Development of Pakistan

● The textile industry plays a crucial role in the development of Pakistan by:
● Economic Contribution: Textiles are Pakistan's largest manufacturing
sector, contributing significantly to GDP, exports, and employment,
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particularly in rural areas.
● Export Revenue: Textile exports constitute a substantial portion of
Pakistan's total exports, earning foreign exchange and supporting trade
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balance and economic stability.

● Employment Generation: The industry provides jobs to millions of
workers, including farmers, spinners, weavers, dyers, and garment
workers, reducing unemployment and poverty levels.
● Industrial Growth: Textile manufacturing has spurred industrialization,
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investment, and technological innovation, attracting domestic and foreign

investment in textile mills, processing units, and garment factories.

9.3.5 Identify the Major Production Regions of Textile Industry on the Map of Pakistan

● Major production regions of the textile industry in Pakistan include:

● Punjab: Lahore, Faisalabad, Multan
● Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad
● Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar, Mardan

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 ● Balochistan: Quetta

9.3.6 Explain the Major Features and Products of Pakistan’s Textile Industry

● Pakistan's textile industry encompasses a wide range of products, including:

● Cotton Yarn and Fabric
● Ready-made Garments
● Bed Linen and Towels
● Knitwear and Hosiery
● Home Textiles and Furnishings

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● Industrial Textiles and Technical Fabrics
● Major features of Pakistan's textile industry include:

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● Vertical Integration: Some textile mills engage in vertical integration by
incorporating spinning, weaving, dyeing, and finishing processes under
one roof to streamline production and reduce costs.
● Export Orientation: Pakistan's textile sector is export-oriented, with a
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focus on meeting international quality standards, fulfilling global orders,
and penetrating international markets.
● Value Addition: Efforts are being made to enhance value addition in the
textile industry by diversifying product range, improving design and
innovation, and investing in branding and marketing initiatives.
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9.4.1 Role and Importance of Sugar Industry in an Economy

● The sugar industry holds significant importance in an economy by:

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● Providing Employment: Sugar mills create employment opportunities for a

large number of people, including farmers, mill workers, and transporters,
contributing to rural livelihoods and poverty alleviation.
● Generating Revenue: Sugar production generates revenue through
domestic sales and exports, contributing to government tax revenues and
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foreign exchange earnings.

● Supporting Agriculture: The sugar industry promotes agricultural
activities by providing a market for sugarcane cultivation, encouraging
farmers to grow cash crops and adopt modern farming practices.
● Meeting Consumer Demand: Sugar is a staple commodity consumed
widely in various forms, including granulated sugar, confectionery, and
beverages, meeting the nutritional needs and preferences of consumers.

9.4.2 Major Sugar Producing Countries of the World

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 ● Major sugar-producing countries globally include:
● Brazil
● India
● China
● Thailand
● Pakistan
● Mexico
● United States
● Australia
● Indonesia

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● Colombia

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9.4.3 Role of Sugar Industry in the Development of Pakistan

● The sugar industry plays a pivotal role in the development of Pakistan by:
● Economic Contribution: Sugar production contributes significantly to GDP,
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agricultural output, and rural income, supporting economic growth,
employment generation, and poverty reduction.
● Industrial Growth: Sugar mills form an integral part of the agro-based
industrial sector, fostering industrialisation, investment, and technological
advancements in agriculture and food processing.
● Export Potential: Pakistan exports surplus sugar to international markets,
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earning foreign exchange and improving trade balance, thus contributing
to economic stability and external competitiveness.
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9.4.4 Major Production Regions of Sugar Industry on the Map of Pakistan

● Major production regions of the sugar industry in Pakistan include:

● Punjab: Faisalabad, Sahiwal, Toba Tek Singh, Jhang
● Sindh: Khairpur, Nawabshah, Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas
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9.4.5 Major Developmental Features of Pakistan’s Sugar Industry

● Major developmental features of Pakistan's sugar industry include:

● Modernisation: Sugar mills are adopting modern technologies and
practices for sugarcane cultivation, harvesting, milling, and refining to
enhance productivity, efficiency, and product quality.

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 ● Diversification: Efforts are being made to diversify sugar by-products,
such as molasses, ethanol, and electricity generation, to maximise value
addition and revenue streams.
● Policy Support: The government provides policy incentives, subsidies, and
price support mechanisms to promote sugarcane cultivation, ensure fair
returns for farmers, and stabilise sugar prices in the domestic market.
● Regulatory Framework: Regulatory authorities oversee the sugar industry
to ensure compliance with quality standards, environmental regulations,
and fair trade practices, fostering transparency, accountability, and
sustainability.

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9.5.1 Role and Importance of Cement Industry in an Economy

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● The cement industry plays a crucial role in an economy by:
● Infrastructure Development: Cement is a fundamental building material
used in the construction of infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges,
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dams, and buildings, supporting economic development and urbanisation.
● Employment Generation: Cement production creates employment
opportunities across various sectors, including mining, manufacturing,
transportation, and construction, contributing to job creation and income
generation.
● Investment Attraction: Cement manufacturing attracts investment in plant
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infrastructure, machinery, technology, and skilled labor, stimulating
industrial growth, capital formation, and economic diversification.
● Housing Sector Support: Cement is essential for the housing sector,
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providing durable and affordable housing solutions for urban and rural
populations, addressing housing shortages and improving living
standards.
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9.5.2 Globally Major Regions of Cement Industries

● Major regions of cement industries worldwide include:

● Asia-Pacific: China, India, Japan
● Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Iran, United Arab Emirates
● Europe: Turkey, Russia, Germany
● North America: United States, Canada, Mexico
● Africa: Nigeria, South Africa, Egypt
● Latin America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia

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9.5.3 Role of Cement Industry in the Development of Pakistan

● The cement industry plays a significant role in the development of Pakistan by:
● Infrastructure Development: Cement is indispensable for the construction
of highways, motorways, airports, ports, dams, housing projects, and
industrial facilities, fostering economic growth, regional connectivity, and
trade expansion.
● Employment Generation: Cement manufacturing provides direct and
indirect employment opportunities for millions of people, including
engineers, technicians, laborers, and suppliers, driving socio-economic

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development and poverty reduction.
● Revenue Generation: Cement production generates revenue through

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domestic sales and exports, contributing to government tax revenues,
foreign exchange earnings, and trade balance improvement, ensuring
fiscal sustainability and economic stability.
● Industrial Growth: Cement plants form the backbone of the construction
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industry and downstream manufacturing sectors, facilitating
industrialisation, supply chain development, and value addition in the
economy.

9.5.4 Major Production Regions of Cement Industry on the Map of Pakistan

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● Major production regions of the cement industry in Pakistan include:
● Punjab: Lahore, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Multan, Chakwal
● Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar, Kohat
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● Sindh: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur

9.5.5 Major Features of Development of Pakistan’s Cement Industry

● Major features of development of Pakistan's cement industry include:

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● Capacity Expansion: The industry has witnessed significant capacity

expansion through investments in new plants, machinery upgrades, and
production efficiency improvements.
● Technological Advancements: Cement manufacturers are adopting
advanced technologies and practices to enhance energy efficiency,
environmental sustainability, and product quality standards.
● Export Growth: Pakistan's cement exports have surged due to increased
demand from regional markets, particularly Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and

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 African countries, boosting foreign exchange earnings and global
competitiveness.
● Regulatory Framework: The government regulates the cement industry to
ensure compliance with quality standards, environmental regulations, and
fair trade practices, promoting transparency, accountability, and
sustainability in the sector.

9.6 Fertiliser Industry

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9.6.1 Role and Importance of Fertiliser Industry in an Economy

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● The fertiliser industry plays a vital role in enhancing agricultural productivity and
ensuring food security by:
● Providing Essential Nutrients: Fertilisers supply essential nutrients such
as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to crops, promoting healthy
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growth, increased yield, and improved quality of agricultural produce.
● Increasing Crop Productivity: Fertilisers help replenish soil fertility and
correct nutrient deficiencies, leading to higher crop yields, enhanced farm
incomes, and improved livelihoods for farmers.
● Supporting Agricultural Growth: The fertiliser industry contributes to the
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growth and sustainability of the agricultural sector, which serves as the
backbone of the economy in many countries, including Pakistan.

9.6.2 Major Regions of Fertiliser Industries Globally

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● Major regions of fertiliser industries worldwide include:

● North America: United States, Canada
● Europe: Russia, Germany, France
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● Asia-Pacific: China, India, Japan

● Middle East: Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Iran

9.6.3 Role of Fertiliser Industry in the Development of Pakistan

● The fertiliser industry plays a crucial role in the development of Pakistan by:
● Enhancing Agricultural Productivity: Fertilisers contribute to increased
crop yields, improved farm incomes, and food security, supporting the
agricultural sector's growth and rural development.

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 ● Promoting Green Revolution: Fertiliser usage has been instrumental in
Pakistan's Green Revolution by increasing agricultural output, diversifying
crops, and reducing dependency on imports.
● Boosting Economic Growth: The fertiliser industry stimulates economic
growth by generating employment, attracting investment, and fostering
industrialisation, particularly in rural areas where agriculture is the primary
source of livelihood.

9.6.4 Major Production Regions of Fertiliser Industry on the Map of Pakistan

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● Major production regions of the fertiliser industry in Pakistan include:
● Punjab: Fertiliser plants located in cities such as Lahore, Multan, and

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Sheikhupura
● Sindh: Fertiliser manufacturing facilities situated in Karachi and other
industrial hubs

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9.6.5 Major Developmental Features of Pakistan’s Fertiliser Industry

● Major developmental features of Pakistan's fertiliser industry include:

● Capacity Expansion: Continuous efforts are made to expand production
capacity through investments in new plants, technology upgrades, and
modernisation initiatives.
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● Diversification: The industry aims to diversify product range to cater to
diverse agricultural needs, including urea, DAP (Diammonium Phosphate),
NP (Nitrogen-Phosphorus), and NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium)
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fertilisers.
● Innovation: Emphasis is placed on research and development to innovate
new fertiliser formulations, improve nutrient efficiency, and address
environmental concerns related to fertiliser usage.
● Government Support: The government provides policy support, incentives,
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and subsidies to promote the fertiliser industry's growth, ensure

affordability of fertilisers for farmers, and enhance agricultural
productivity.

10.1 Transportation and its Modes

● Definition of Transportation: Transportation refers to the movement of goods,

people, or animals from one place to another using various modes such as
landways, waterways, airways, and pipelines.

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 ● Different Modes of Transportation:
● Inland Transportation: Refers to transportation within a country's borders
and includes modes such as roads, railways, and inland waterways.
● Outland Transportation: Involves transportation between countries or
across borders, including modes such as maritime shipping, air transport,
and international pipelines.
● Economic and Commercial Importance of Transportation Sector:
● The transportation sector plays a crucial role in facilitating trade,
commerce, and economic activities by providing connectivity and mobility
for goods and people.

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● Efficient transportation networks reduce transaction costs, enhance
market accessibility, promote specialization, and stimulate economic

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growth and development.

10.2 Ports and Trade Hubs of the World

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● Definition of Ports with Reference to Trade: Ports are specialized facilities
located along coastlines or waterways that serve as gateways for international
trade, facilitating the loading, unloading, and transshipment of goods between
different modes of transportation.
● Types of Ports:
● Seaport: Located along coastal areas, seaports handle maritime trade
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activities and serve as key nodes in global shipping networks.
● Dry Port: Inland terminals connected to seaports via railways or highways,
facilitating the efficient movement of cargo to and from maritime ports.
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● Airport: Airports function as air cargo hubs, facilitating the rapid

movement of goods and passengers by air transport.
● Factors Affecting the Development of Ports:
● Geographic Location
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● Infrastructure and Facilities

● Trade Volume and Market Demand
● Government Policies and Regulations
● Essentials for a Trade Centre (Trade Hub):
● Efficient Transportation Networks
● Warehousing and Storage Facilities
● Customs and Clearance Services
● Financial and Banking Services
● Communication and Information Technology Infrastructure
● Commercial Roles and Importance of Trade Centers:

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 ● Trade centers serve as focal points for economic activities, fostering
trade, investment, and exchange of goods and services regionally and
globally.
● Major Ports and Trade Centers of the World:
● Examples include Singapore, Shanghai, Rotterdam, Dubai, Hong Kong, Los
Angeles, and New York.
● Importance of Major Trade Routes of the World:
● Major trade routes such as the Silk Route, Suez Canal, and Panama Canal
facilitate global trade by providing efficient maritime passages between
continents, reducing transportation costs and time.

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10.3 Means of Transportation in Pakistan

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● Different Means of Transportation Used in Pakistan:
● Roadways: Extensive road network connecting major cities, towns, and
rural areas.
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● Railways: National railway network linking major urban centers and
facilitating freight and passenger transport.
● Airways: International and domestic airports providing air transport
services for passengers and cargo.
● Waterways: Inland water routes including rivers and canals used for
transportation of goods and passengers.
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● Functions of Different Transportation Modes:
● Roadways and railways facilitate the movement of goods and passengers
within the country.
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● Air transport provides rapid and long-distance connectivity for passengers

and high-value cargo.
● Waterways support bulk cargo transportation and facilitate trade with
neighboring countries.
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● Importance of CPEC with Reference to the Economy of Pakistan:

● The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a major infrastructure
and connectivity project aimed at enhancing transportation and trade links
between China and Pakistan.
● CPEC is expected to boost economic growth, industrial development, and
regional integration, transforming Pakistan into a regional trade and
logistics hub.
● Significance of Development of Means of Transportation:

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 ● Development of transportation infrastructure contributes to economic
growth, job creation, and poverty alleviation by improving market access,
promoting trade, and attracting investment in various economic sectors.

11. Human Resource

11.1 Population

● Definition of Concepts Related to Population:

● Demography: The study of population dynamics, including its size,
structure, distribution, and trends.

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● Census: A systematic and comprehensive survey conducted by a

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government to collect demographic data about its population.
● Fertility: The ability of a population to produce offspring, usually measured
by the number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age.
● Mortality: The frequency of deaths in a population, often expressed as the
number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year.

year.
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● Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per

● Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per
year.
● Natural Increase: The difference between the birth rate and the death rate
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of a population, usually expressed as a percentage.
● Population Growth: The increase in the number of individuals in a
population over time, resulting from natural increase and migration.
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● Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, either

internally within a country or internationally.
● Dependency Ratio: The ratio of dependents (children and elderly) to the
working-age population in a society.
● Demographic Equation: A mathematical expression representing the
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changes in population size over time, accounting for births, deaths, and
migration.
● Doubling Time: The period required for a population to double in size,
based on its current growth rate.
● Explanation of Various Types of Population Pyramids:
● Population pyramids are graphical representations of a population's age
and gender structure, typically displayed as bar graphs.

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 ● Different types of population pyramids include expansive, constrictive,
stationary, and irregular, each reflecting unique demographic
characteristics such as birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy.
● Analysis of Population Pyramids of LDCs and MDCs:
● Population pyramids of Less Developed Countries (LDCs) often exhibit a
wide base, indicating a high birth rate and a predominantly young
population.
● Population pyramids of More Developed Countries (MDCs) tend to have a
more uniform age distribution, with narrower bases and more balanced
proportions across age groups.

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● Classification of Regions Based on Population Density:
● Regions can be classified as densely populated, moderately populated, or

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sparsely populated based on the number of people per unit area.
● Identification of Regions on the World Map Based on Population Density:
● Densely populated regions include urban areas, coastal areas, and fertile
river valleys, while sparsely populated regions are often found in remote or

●
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inhospitable areas such as deserts, mountains, and polar regions.
Interpretation of the Transition Model of Population:
● The demographic transition model describes the historical process of
population change in societies, from high birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates, resulting in population stabilization.
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● It consists of four stages: high stationary, early expanding, late expanding,
and low stationary, each characterized by specific demographic patterns
and associated with socio-economic development, technological
advancement, and urbanization.
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11.2 Migration and Urbanization

● Definition of Terms:
● Emigration: The act of leaving one's own country or region to settle
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permanently in another.
● Immigration: The act of entering and settling in a foreign country or region
with the intention of staying there permanently.
● Discussion of Factors of Migration:
● Political Factors: Such as conflict, persecution, and political instability,
which may compel individuals or groups to seek refuge or opportunities
elsewhere.
● Social Factors: Including family reunification, cultural ties, and social
networks that influence migration decisions.

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 ● Economic Factors: Such as employment opportunities, wage differentials,
and economic disparities between regions or countries, which often drive
labor migration.
● Exemplification of Different Types of Migration:
● National Migration: Involves movement within a country and includes
rural-urban migration (from rural areas to cities), urban-rural migration
(from cities to rural areas), urban-urban migration (between cities),
rural-rural migration (between rural areas), and seasonal migration
(temporary movement for work or other reasons).
● International Migration: Involves movement between countries and can be

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legal (authorized by the destination country's immigration laws) or illegal
(contravening immigration laws).

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● Description of Urbanization:
● Urbanization refers to the process of population concentration and the
growth of cities and towns, often accompanied by social, economic, and
infrastructural development.
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Discussion of Factors Responsible for Increased Urbanization:
● Factors driving urbanization in the past two decades include rural-urban
migration, natural population growth, industrialization, globalization, and
technological advancements.
● Economic opportunities, improved living standards, better access to
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education and healthcare, and the allure of urban amenities also
contribute to urban migration.
● Evaluation of Problems Accompanying Migration and Urbanization:
● Common challenges associated with migration and urbanization include
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overcrowding, inadequate housing, strained infrastructure, environmental

degradation, social tensions, unemployment, poverty, and unequal access
to services and opportunities.
● Suggestion of Solutions to Address Migration and Urbanization Problems:
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● Strategies to mitigate the challenges of migration and urbanization include

urban planning and management, investment in infrastructure and public
services, affordable housing programs, job creation initiatives, social
integration efforts, and sustainable development policies.
● Enhancing governance, strengthening institutions, promoting community
participation, and ensuring equitable access to resources are also
essential for addressing the impacts of migration and urbanization.

11.3 Characteristics of Pakistan’s Population

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 ● Definition of Terms:
● Birth Rate: The number of live births per 1,000 individuals in a population
within a specified period, usually one year.
● Death Rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a population
within a specified period, usually one year.
● Discussion of Impact of Change in Birth Rate and Death Rate on an Economy:
● Changes in birth and death rates have significant implications for
population growth, demographic structure, and economic development.
● High birth rates can lead to rapid population growth, placing pressure on
resources, infrastructure, and social services. Conversely, high death rates

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can result in population decline, affecting labor supply, productivity, and
economic growth.

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● Causes of Change in Birth Rate and Death Rate on an Economy:
● Factors influencing birth rates include socio-economic development,
cultural norms, access to family planning, healthcare services, and
government policies.
Sh
● Similarly, factors affecting death rates include improvements in
healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, disease control, and public health
interventions.
● Analysis of Changes in Birth and Death Rate in Pakistan in the Last Twenty
Years:
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● In Pakistan, birth rates have gradually declined due to urbanization,
increased literacy, family planning initiatives, and changes in social norms.
● Death rates have also decreased due to advancements in healthcare,
vaccination programs, disease control efforts, and improvements in living
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conditions.
● Discussion of Reasons Behind Uneven Distribution and Density of Population in
Pakistan:
● The uneven distribution and density of population in Pakistan are
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influenced by geographical features, availability of resources, historical

settlement patterns, economic opportunities, and government policies.
● Population tends to concentrate in urban areas and fertile regions, leading
to disparities in development and resource allocation.
● Analysis of Population's Effect on Economic Development and Growth of
Pakistan:
● Pakistan's large and growing population presents both opportunities and
challenges for economic development.

53
 ● While a large workforce can contribute to economic growth and
productivity, high population growth rates may strain resources,
infrastructure, and social services, hindering development efforts.
● Suggestions to Effectively Use Population for Economic and Social
Development of Pakistan:
● Strategies to harness the demographic dividend include investing in
education, skills development, healthcare, job creation, and
entrepreneurship.
● Promoting gender equality, family planning, reproductive health services,
and social safety nets can help manage population dynamics and support

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sustainable development goals.

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11.4 Human Development Index (HDI)

● Concept of Human Development/Human Capital:

● Human development refers to the process of enhancing people's
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well-being and capabilities, including their health, education, income, and
overall quality of life.
● Human capital represents the knowledge, skills, and abilities possessed by
individuals that contribute to their productivity and potential for economic
and social development.
● Key Concepts of Human Development Index (HDI):
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● The Human Development Index (HDI) was introduced by Amartya Sen and
Mahbub ul Haq as a composite measure of human development.
● HDI comprises three key dimensions: health (life expectancy at birth),
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education (mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling), and

standard of living (gross national income per capita).
● By integrating these dimensions, HDI provides a comprehensive
assessment of a country's overall development status beyond traditional
economic indicators like GDP.
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● Measurement of Standard of Living and Quality of Population:

● Standard of living and quality of population can be measured through
various indicators such as life expectancy, literacy rates, education
attainment, income levels, access to healthcare, housing conditions, and
poverty rates.
● Other measures include the Human Poverty Index (HPI), Gender
Development Index (GDI), Gender Inequality Index (GII), and
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which offer insights into different
aspects of human well-being.

54
 ● Classification of Countries Based on HDI Indicators:
● Countries can be classified into Less Developed Countries (LDCs), More
Developed Countries (MDCs), Economically Less Developed Countries
(ELDCs), and Economically More Developed Countries (EMDCs) based on
their HDI rankings and economic indicators.
● This classification provides a framework for understanding disparities in
human development across nations and regions.
● Position of Pakistan in Key Developmental Indicators:
● Pakistan's position on the HDI scale is typically in the lower tier among
countries, reflecting challenges in health, education, and income levels.

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● Key developmental indicators for Pakistan include low life expectancy,
high infant mortality rates, limited access to quality education, and

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significant income inequality.
● Suggestions to Improve Pakistan's Position in HDI:
● Enhance investments in healthcare and education systems to improve
access and quality of services.
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● Implement policies to reduce poverty, inequality, and social disparities.
● Promote inclusive economic growth, employment generation, and skills
development initiatives.
● Address gender disparities and empower marginalized groups to
participate fully in development processes.
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● Strengthen governance, institutions, and infrastructure to support
sustainable human development efforts.

Chapter 1: Geographical Significance of Pakistan

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CRQs (Chapter Review Questions):

1. What are the significant geographical features of Pakistan, and how do they
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contribute to its strategic importance?

2. Explain the importance of Pakistan's location in terms of its geopolitical and
geo-economic significance.
3. Identify and discuss the major physical regions of Pakistan and their
characteristics.
4. How does climate affect commercial and economic activities in Pakistan?
5. Describe the types of soil found in different regions of Pakistan and their
importance for agricultural and other commercial activities.

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Answers:

1. Pakistan's geographical features include diverse landscapes such as mountain

ranges, plateaus, plains, deserts, and coastal areas. These features provide
natural defenses, access to trade routes, and resources crucial for economic
activities.
2. Pakistan's location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle
East gives it strategic importance in regional and global geopolitics. Its proximity
to major sea routes and neighboring countries influences trade, energy corridors,
and geopolitical alliances.

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3. The major physical regions of Pakistan include the northern and western

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mountainous regions, plateaus, the Indus plains, deserts, and the coastal belt.
Each region has distinct geographical features that impact climate, vegetation,
soil fertility, and economic activities.
4. The diverse climatic regions of Pakistan, including arid, semi-arid, temperate, and
alpine climates, influence agricultural productivity, water resources, energy
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generation, and tourism. Climate variability also affects industrial production,
transportation, and human settlements.
5. Different types of soil, such as mountain soils, plain soils, desert soils, and
deltaic soils, support various agricultural practices and industries in Pakistan.
Soil fertility, texture, and moisture content determine crop yields and land use
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suitability for different economic activities.

Chapter 2: Environment, Economic, and Commercial Activities

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CRQs:

1. Define environment and discuss its impact on economic and commercial

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activities.
2. Classify economic activities and explain their significance in the context of
commercial geography.
3. Differentiate between economic development and economic growth, and
analyze their contributions to a country's economy.
4. Describe the significance of natural vegetation, forests, and wildlife for
economic activities and environmental sustainability.
5. Discuss the role of fishing, farming, and livestock rearing in the economy and
identify their major production regions in Pakistan.

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Answers:

1. The environment encompasses natural and human-made surroundings that

influence economic activities, resource availability, and human well-being.
Environmental factors such as climate, soil, water, and biodiversity impact
agricultural productivity, industrial operations, and trade patterns.
2. Economic activities can be classified into primary (extractive), secondary
(manufacturing), tertiary (services), quaternary (knowledge-based), and quinary
(decision-making) sectors. These activities generate income, employment, and
value-added products essential for economic growth and development.

s
3. Economic development refers to improvements in living standards, human

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welfare, and institutional capacity, while economic growth denotes an increase in
the production and consumption of goods and services over time. Both factors
contribute to a country's GDP, employment opportunities, and social progress.
4. Natural vegetation, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, provides
ecological services such as carbon sequestration, soil stabilization, and
Sh
biodiversity conservation. Forests support timber production, ecotourism, and
medicinal plants, while wildlife habitats enhance recreational activities and
cultural heritage.
5. Fishing, farming, and livestock rearing are primary economic activities that
contribute to food security, employment, and rural livelihoods in Pakistan. Major
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fishing areas include coastal regions and freshwater bodies, while fertile plains
and river valleys support agricultural production and livestock grazing.
Chapter 3: Agriculture (Livestock)
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CRQs:

1. Define fishing and describe the different methods and modes of fishing.
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2. Explain the economic and commercial scope of fishing, highlighting its

importance in the economy.
3. Identify the main fishing areas and fisheries of Pakistan and analyze their
significance.
4. Discuss the reasons for the backwardness of fishing in Pakistan and suggest
ways to improve the sector.
5. Identify the main fish farming (aquaculture) areas in Pakistan and analyze their
economic and commercial role.

Answers:

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 1. Fishing involves the capture or cultivation of aquatic organisms for commercial,
recreational, or subsistence purposes. Methods include netting, trapping, angling,
dredging, and aquaculture techniques such as fish farming and stock
enhancement.
2. Fishing contributes to food security, employment, income generation, and foreign
exchange earnings in many countries. It supports coastal communities, fishing
fleets, processing industries, and export markets, thus playing a vital role in the
economy.
3. Pakistan's main fishing areas include the Arabian Sea coastline, the Indus River
delta, and freshwater bodies such as lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. These regions

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support diverse fish species and marine resources essential for fisheries
development.

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4. The backwardness of fishing in Pakistan can be attributed to overfishing, habitat
degradation, inadequate infrastructure, outdated fishing techniques, and
governance challenges. To improve the sector, measures such as sustainable
fisheries management, aquaculture promotion, capacity building, and market
Sh
access need to be implemented.
5. Major fish farming areas in Pakistan include freshwater ponds, lakes, reservoirs,
and coastal shrimp farms. Aquaculture contributes to domestic fish production,
rural employment, protein supply, and export earnings. However, challenges such
as water pollution, disease outbreaks, and market fluctuations need to be
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addressed to enhance the sector's sustainability.

Chapter 4: Natural Vegetation (Forest)

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CRQs:

1. Define natural vegetation and describe its types and importance.

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2. Discuss the commercial and economic significance of natural vegetation,

focusing on forests, grasslands, and desert vegetation.
3. Identify the different forest regions on the map of the world and analyze their
characteristics.
4. Explain the types of forests in Pakistan and their importance for the economy
and environment.
5. Discuss the role of forests in the economic development of Pakistan and
suggest ways to enhance their sustainability.

Answers:

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 1. Natural vegetation refers to plant communities that grow and thrive without
human intervention in specific environmental conditions. Types include forests,
grasslands, shrublands, tundra, and deserts, each with unique biodiversity and
ecological functions.
2. Natural vegetation provides ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration,
soil stabilization, water regulation, and biodiversity conservation. Forests support
timber production, wildlife habitat, recreational activities, and climate resilience,
contributing to economic growth and environmental sustainability.
3. Forest regions worldwide include tropical rainforests, temperate deciduous
forests, boreal forests, and montane forests. Each region has characteristic flora,

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fauna, climate, and ecological processes influenced by latitude, altitude, and
geographical features.

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4. Pakistan's forests comprise coniferous forests in the north, mangrove forests
along the coast, and scrub forests in arid regions. These forests provide timber,
fuelwood, non-timber forest products, watershed protection, and carbon
sequestration, vital for biodiversity conservation and livelihood support.
Sh
5. Forests play a crucial role in Pakistan's economy by providing wood products,
ecosystem services, employment, and revenue generation. Sustainable forest
management, afforestation programs, community participation, and policy
reforms are essential to address deforestation, degradation, and biodiversity
loss, ensuring long-term benefits for society and the environment.
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Chapter 6: Agriculture (Agriculture Farming)

CRQs:
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1. Define agricultural activities and their origin, highlighting their significance.

2. Explain the concept of agricultural farming and describe various types of
farming, including mechanized farming, plantation farming, and mixed farming.
3. Discuss the economic and commercial importance of agricultural farming,
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emphasizing its contribution to GDP, employment, and food security.

4. Analyze the types of crops classified based on their seasonality and purpose,
such as cash crops, food crops, and rabi and kharif crops.
5. Evaluate the factors influencing the production and distribution of crops,
including climate, soil, topography, and technological advancements.

Answers:

1. Agricultural activities involve the cultivation of crops, raising livestock, and other
activities related to food production and natural resource management. They

59
 have been practiced since ancient times and are essential for human survival,
providing food, fiber, and raw materials for various industries.
2. Agricultural farming refers to the cultivation of crops and rearing of animals for
commercial purposes. Types of farming include mechanized farming, which uses
modern machinery and technology; plantation farming, specializing in cash crops
like tea, coffee, and rubber; and mixed farming, integrating crop cultivation with
livestock rearing for sustainable production.
3. Agricultural farming is crucial for economic development, as it contributes to
food security, rural livelihoods, and foreign exchange earnings. It provides
employment opportunities, raw materials for industries, and a source of income

s
for farmers, thus playing a vital role in poverty alleviation and economic growth.
4. Crops are classified based on their seasonality and usage. Cash crops are

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cultivated for sale, such as cotton, sugarcane, and tobacco, while food crops are
grown for consumption, including wheat, rice, and maize. Rabi crops are sown in
winter and harvested in spring, while kharif crops are planted in monsoon and
harvested in autumn, ensuring year-round agricultural production.
5. Sh
The production and distribution of crops are influenced by various factors,
including climatic conditions, soil fertility, water availability, land tenure systems,
agricultural policies, and technological innovations. Sustainable agricultural
practices, such as organic farming, conservation agriculture, and crop
diversification, are essential for ensuring food security, environmental
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sustainability, and economic prosperity.

Chapter 7: Irrigation
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CRQs:

1. Define water resources and explain their importance for agriculture and
economic development.
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2. Discuss the different types of water resources, including lakes, rivers, dams,
and springs, and their roles in irrigation and water supply.
3. Analyze the economic and commercial significance of water resources,
focusing on their contributions to GDP, agriculture, and industrial sectors.
4. Define irrigation system and describe its types, such as surface water,
groundwater, and lift irrigation, highlighting their characteristics and
applications.
5. Explain the importance of various irrigation methods used in Pakistan and
evaluate their role in improving agricultural productivity and water
management.

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Answers:

1. Water resources refer to natural sources of water, such as rivers, lakes,

groundwater, and reservoirs, essential for agriculture, industry, and human
survival. They play a crucial role in irrigation, hydroelectric power generation,
transportation, and ecosystem services, thus contributing to economic
development and environmental sustainability.
2. Different types of water resources include surface water bodies like rivers, lakes,
and reservoirs, which provide water for irrigation and domestic use; groundwater
stored in aquifers accessed through wells and tube wells; and dams, barrages,

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and canals built for water storage, flood control, and irrigation purposes.
3. Water resources are essential for agricultural productivity, industrial activities,

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energy generation, and urban development, contributing significantly to GDP
growth, employment generation, and poverty reduction. They support
irrigation-dependent crops, hydropower generation, fisheries, and navigation, thus
driving economic growth and social progress.
Sh
4. An irrigation system refers to the infrastructure and techniques used to supply
water to agricultural fields for crop cultivation. Types of irrigation include surface
irrigation methods like furrow, flood, and sprinkler irrigation; groundwater
extraction through wells and pumps; and lift irrigation systems utilizing pumps or
gravity to transfer water to higher elevations.
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5. In Pakistan, irrigation plays a vital role in agriculture, where major methods
include canal irrigation, tube well irrigation, and drip irrigation. These methods
ensure efficient water use, crop yield optimization, and soil fertility maintenance,
contributing to food security, rural livelihoods, and economic development.
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Chapter 8: Mineral Resources, Energy Resources and their Reserves

CRQs:
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1. Define mineral resources and mining, highlighting their significance for

industrial development and economic growth.
2. Describe different types of mining methods and explain the factors influencing
mineral extraction.
3. Discuss the environmental effects of mining activities and evaluate strategies
for sustainable resource management.
4. Classify minerals into precious, metallic, non-metallic, and power minerals,
explaining their economic importance and industrial applications.

61
 5. Analyze the role of major mineral resources like iron, gold, coal, and limestone
in global and national economies, focusing on their production, reserves, and
trade dynamics.

Answers:

1. Mineral resources are naturally occurring substances found in the Earth's crust
that have economic value and are exploited for industrial purposes. Mining is the
process of extracting these resources from the earth's surface or underground,
essential for manufacturing, construction, energy production, and technological

s
advancements.
2. Mining methods include surface mining, such as open-pit and strip mining, used

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for shallow deposits; underground mining, including shaft and drift mining,
suitable for deep-seated ores; and placer mining, extracting minerals from alluvial
deposits using gravity separation or dredging techniques. Factors influencing
mineral extraction include geological conditions, ore quality, market demand, and
technological capabilities.Sh
3. Mining activities can have significant environmental impacts, including habitat
destruction, soil erosion, water pollution, and air emissions. Sustainable mining
practices, such as reclamation, land rehabilitation, waste management, and
environmental monitoring, are essential for minimizing adverse effects and
promoting ecological restoration.
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4. Minerals are classified into various categories based on their composition,
physical properties, and uses. Precious minerals like gold, silver, and diamonds
have high economic value and are primarily used in jewelry and luxury goods.
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Metallic minerals, including iron, copper, and aluminum, are essential for
manufacturing machinery, vehicles, and infrastructure. Non-metallic minerals like
coal, limestone, and gypsum are used in construction, agriculture, and chemical
industries. Power minerals, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are crucial for
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energy production and industrial processes.

5. Major mineral resources like iron, gold, coal, and limestone play pivotal roles in
global and national economies. They are essential for industrial development,
infrastructure construction, and energy generation, contributing to GDP growth,
employment generation, and foreign exchange earnings through exports and
trade partnerships.

Chapter 9: Manufacturing and Industries

CRQs:

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 1. Define manufacturing industries and explain their significance for economic
development and industrialization.
2. Describe different types of manufacturing industries and analyze their
contributions to GDP, employment, and export earnings.
3. Discuss the factors influencing the establishment and localization of
manufacturing industries, emphasizing geographical, economic, and
socio-political considerations.
4. Evaluate the role of major industries like iron and steel, textile, sugar, cement,
and fertilizer in Pakistan's economy, highlighting their production, export
potential, and employment generation.

s
5. Analyze the impact of industrial growth on the development of other sectors
and the overall economy, focusing on linkages, value chains, and multiplier

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effects.

Answers:

Sh
1. Manufacturing industries involve the production of goods through the
transformation of raw materials or components into finished products. They are
vital for economic development, technological innovation, and employment
creation, driving industrialization, urbanization, and export-led growth.
2. Types of manufacturing industries include heavy industries like iron and steel,
machinery, and automotive manufacturing; light industries such as textiles,
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garments, and consumer goods; and high-tech industries like electronics,
pharmaceuticals, and aerospace. They contribute significantly to GDP,
employment, and export earnings, fostering economic diversification and global
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competitiveness.
3. The establishment and localization of manufacturing industries are influenced by
various factors, including access to raw materials, skilled labor, transportation
infrastructure, energy supply, government policies, market demand, and
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investment climate. Geographical advantages, such as proximity to ports,

markets, and resources, play a crucial role in industrial site selection and
competitiveness.
4. Major industries like iron and steel, textile, sugar, cement, and fertilizer are key
drivers of Pakistan's economy, contributing to industrial output, export earnings,
and employment generation. They are vital for infrastructure development,
agricultural productivity, and value addition, supporting backward and forward
linkages across sectors and regions.
5. Industrial growth has significant spillover effects on other sectors and the overall
economy, including job creation, income generation, and technology transfer. The

63
 development of manufacturing industries stimulates demand for inputs like raw
materials, machinery, and services, driving investments, innovation, and
productivity improvements throughout the economy.
Chapter 10: Transportation and Trade

CRQs:

1. Define transportation and describe its significance for economic development

and global trade.
2. Explain the different modes of transportation, including landways, waterways,

s
airways, and pipelines, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations.
3. Analyze the economic and commercial importance of transportation sectors,

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focusing on their contributions to GDP growth, trade facilitation, and
connectivity.
4. Discuss the characteristics and functions of ports, airports, and trade centers,
examining their role in international trade and regional development.
Sh
5. Evaluate the significance of major trade routes like the Silk Road, Suez Canal,
and Panama Canal, and their impact on global trade patterns and economic
integration.

Answers:
en
1. Transportation refers to the movement of goods, people, and services from one
location to another, essential for trade, commerce, and social interactions. It
plays a crucial role in economic development by facilitating access to markets,
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resources, and opportunities, enhancing productivity, and promoting regional and

global integration.
2. Modes of transportation include landways (roads, railways), waterways (rivers,
canals, seas), airways (airports, airlines), and pipelines (oil, gas). Each mode has
distinct advantages and limitations. Landways are flexible and accessible but
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have limited capacity and speed. Waterways are cost-effective for bulk cargo but
require infrastructure and are slower than air transport. Airways are fast and
efficient for long-distance travel but are costly and have limited capacity.
Pipelines are reliable for transporting liquids and gases but require significant
initial investment and maintenance.
3. The transportation sector plays a critical role in driving economic growth and
facilitating trade by reducing transportation costs, improving supply chain
efficiency, and enhancing market access. It contributes to GDP growth through

64
 infrastructure investments, employment generation, and value-added services
like logistics, warehousing, and distribution.
4. Ports, airports, and trade centers are key nodes in the global transportation
network, serving as gateways for international trade and commerce. Ports
facilitate the movement of goods between land and sea, handling cargo
shipments, and supporting maritime logistics and services. Airports provide air
connectivity for passengers and freight, offering fast and reliable transportation
for time-sensitive goods and high-value commodities. Trade centers serve as
hubs for business activities, including trading, banking, and logistics, fostering
entrepreneurship, innovation, and networking.

s
5. Major trade routes like the Silk Road, Suez Canal, and Panama Canal have
historically played significant roles in shaping global trade patterns and

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economic interactions. The Silk Road facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas,
and cultures between East and West, promoting economic growth and cultural
exchange. The Suez Canal and Panama Canal have reduced shipping distances
and costs, enabling faster and more efficient maritime trade between continents,

Chapter 11: Human Resource

CRQs:
Sh
and stimulating regional development and international cooperation.

1. Define demography and explain its significance in understanding population

en
dynamics.
2. Discuss the concept of migration and its various forms, including emigration
and immigration, and their impact on both origin and destination countries.
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3. Analyze the factors influencing urbanization and its consequences on social,

economic, and environmental aspects.
4. Describe the measures to address the challenges associated with migration and
urbanization, including social integration, infrastructure development, and
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sustainable urban planning.

5. Explain the concept of the Human Development Index (HDI) and its components,
highlighting its role in measuring overall well-being and socio-economic
development.

Answers:

1. Demography is the scientific study of populations, including their size, structure,

distribution, and dynamics over time. It is essential for understanding trends in
population growth, fertility, mortality, migration, and age distribution, which have

65
 significant implications for social, economic, and environmental policies and
planning.
2. Migration refers to the movement of people from one place to another, either
within the same country (internal migration) or across international borders
(international migration). Emigration involves leaving one's country of origin,
while immigration involves settling in a new country. Migration can have various
forms, including rural-urban, urban-rural, urban-urban, rural-rural, and seasonal
migrations, each driven by political, social, and economic factors.
3. Urbanization is the process of population concentration in urban areas, leading to
the growth of cities and towns. It is influenced by factors such as rural-urban

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migration, natural population increase, and economic development. Urbanization
has diverse consequences, including increased demand for housing,

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infrastructure, and services, environmental degradation, social inequality, and
cultural transformation.
4. Addressing the challenges of migration and urbanization requires comprehensive
strategies that promote social integration, equitable development, and
Sh
sustainable urban planning. These may include investments in affordable
housing, healthcare, education, and social services, improving transportation and
infrastructure, strengthening governance and institutions, and fostering
community participation and empowerment.
5. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite measure of human
en
well-being, combining indicators of life expectancy, education, and income. It was
developed by economists Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq to provide a more
comprehensive assessment of development beyond traditional economic
metrics like GDP. The HDI classifies countries into categories such as less
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developed countries (LDCs), more developed countries (MDCs), economically

less developed countries (ELDCs), and economically more developed countries
(EMDCs). It serves as a valuable tool for policymakers, researchers, and
development practitioners to monitor progress in human development and
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identify areas for improvement.

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