IEEE Standard for Interconnection

and Interoperability of Distributed

Energy Resources with Associated
Electric Power Systems Interfaces

IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21

Sponsored by the
IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed
Generation, and Energy Storage

IEEE IEEE Std 1547™-2018

3 Park Avenue (Revision of IEEE Std 1547-2003)
New York, NY 10016-5997
USA

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 IEEE Std 1547™-2018
(Revision of IEEE Std 1547-2003)

IEEE Standard for Interconnection

and Interoperability of Distributed
Energy Resources with Associated
Electric Power Systems Interfaces

Sponsor

Standards Coordinating Committee 21

Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage

Approved 15 February 2018

IEEE-SA Standards Board

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 Abstract: The technical specifications for, and testing of, the interconnection and
interoperability between utility electric power systems (EPSs) and distributed energy resources
(DERs) are the focus of this standard. It provides requirements relevant to the performance,
operation, testing, safety considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection. It
also includes general requirements, response to abnormal conditions, power quality,
islanding, and test specifications and requirements for design, production, installation
evaluation, commissioning, and periodic tests. The stated requirements are universally
needed for interconnection of DER, including synchronous machines, induction machines, or
power inverters/converters and will be sufficient for most installations. The criteria and
requirements are applicable to all DER technologies interconnected to EPSs at typical
primary and/or secondary distribution voltages. Installation of DER on radial primary and
secondary distribution systems is the main emphasis of this document, although
installation of DERs on primary and secondary network distribution systems is considered. This
standard is written considering that the DER is a 60 Hz source.

Keywords: certification, clearing time, codes, commissioning, communications, dc injection,

design, diesel generators, dispersed generation, distributed generation, electric
distribution systems, electric power systems, energy resources, energy storage, faults,
field, flicker, frequency support, fuel cells, generators, grid, grid support, harmonics, IEEE
1547™, induction machines, installation, interconnection requirements and specifications,
interoperability, inverters, islanding, microturbines, monitoring and control, networks, paralleling,
performance, photovoltaic power systems, point of common coupling, power converters,
production tests, quality, power, protection functions, public utility commissions, reclosing
coordination, regulations, ride through, rule-making, standards, storage, synchronous
machines, testing, trip setting, utilities, voltage regulation, wind energy systems
x

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Copyright © 2018 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

All rights reserved. Published 6 April 2018. Printed in the United States of America.

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PDF: ISBN 978-1-5044-4639-6 STD22967

Print: ISBN 978-1-5044-4640-2 STDPD22967

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 Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Standards Documents
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 IEEE Std 1547-2018
IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power
Systems Interfaces

Acknowledgements
During the writing of this standard, one of our Working Group members, Keith Harley, passed away. Keith
had an enthusiasm and passion for his career and for his family. He made a positive impact on those he
worked with and made the travel more interesting and fun with his adventurous personality and stories
about travel. Keith had a unique ability to articulate very complex technical issues into language that is
clear and meaningful. On several occasions, his leadership contributed to establishing some major
milestones in this standard and for other IEEE standards development for North America. We are
saddened by his loss. His contributions to the industry have been important and will be long-lasting.

Participants
At the time this standard was completed, the Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on Fuel Cells,
Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage had the following membership:

Mark Siira, Chair

Babak Enayati, Vice Chair
Jens C. Boemer, Secretary
Charles K. Vartanian, Treasurer

Thomas (Tom) Basso Victor Huang Michael Ropp

Leo Casey Ben Kazimier Robert Saint
Sudipta Chakraborty Joseph L. Koepfinger Chris Searles
Fei Gao Ben Kroposki Robby Simpson
Frank Goodman Debra Lew Wayne Stec
Bob Heile Wenpeng Luan Reigh Walling
Anderson Hoke David J. Narang Timothy Zgonena
Adel Nasiri

At the time this standard was completed, the Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy
Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces Working Group (P1547 WG) of the Standard
Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy
Storage had the following membership:

David J. Narang, Chair

Thomas (Tom) Basso, Past Chair
John Berdner, Jens C. Boemer, Babak Enayati, Bob Fox, Mark Siira, Vice Chairs
Charles K. Vartanian, Secretary

Facilitators
Richard Bravo, Leo Casey, Frances Cleveland, Michael (Mike) Coddington, Dan Mungovan,
Mohammad (Aminul) Huque, Marty Page, Jeannie M. Piekarz-Amber, Michael (Mike) Ropp,
Chris Rowe, Brian Seal, Wayne Stec, Reigh Walling

Marcelo Algrain Paul Brucke James Daley

Steven Allmond Ken Brunkenhoefer Patrick Dalton
Daniel Arjona Jason Byerly Herbert Daugherty
Dillon Ashton Sean Carr Dick DeBlasio
Manuel Avendano James Carroll Mamadou Diongt
George Berntsen Sudipta Chakraborty Stanley Doe
David Blackledge Ke Chen Paul Dolloff
Jason Bobruk Nancy Connelly Anthony Eason
Michael Brigandi Adam Cordova Jonathan Ehlmann
Edwin Briggs Robert Cummings Zakia El Omari

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 IEEE Std 1547-2018
IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power
Systems Interfaces

Bryan Espiritu Scott Karpiel James Reilly

Wesley Fassnacht Ben Kazimier Denisse Rivera
Roberto Favela Gregory Kern Roe Rodrigo
Terry Fix John Kotula John Ruddock
David Forrest Paul Krell Nachum Sadan
Masuda Fumio Kandice Kubojiri Roger Salas
Darrell Furlong Jesse Leonard Janette Sandberg
John Gajda Eddy Lim Joseph Schaefer
Halie Gashaw Howard Liu Karl Schoder
Ken Gebauer Brian Lydic Ulrich Schwabe
Sigifredo Gonzalez Bruce Magruder Rich Scroggins
Tilak Gopalarathnam Fumio Masuda Robert Sherman
Jason Gunawardena Barry Mather Ronald Shipman
Thomas Gwinn Alex Mayer Jaspreet Singh
Joshua Hambrick Jonathan Meyer Mark Smith
Keith Harley Lyman Morikawa Gary Smullin
Robert Harris Naga Mosam Jim Sprecher
Allen Heffner John Moura Clayton Stice
Paul Heitmann Rohit Nair Chase Sun
Anderson Hoke Amir Najafzadeh Monica Taba
Soonwook Hong Eithar Nashawati Sylvester Toe
Fred Horton Jeffrey Newmiller Phillip Undercuffler
Keith Houser Catherine O’Brien Rajiv Varma
James Hurtt Justin Odom Robert White
Ruben Inzunza Vishal Patel Stephen Yee
Hiroshi Iirie Prasad Pmsvvsv Li Yu
Bob Jordan Robert Preus Mehran Zamani
Prashant Kansal Tim Zgonena

The following working group members participated in finalizing the development of the standard with
working group inputs, and in facilitating the development of those inputs development process:

Marcelo Algrain Robert Harris Brian Seal

John Berdner Anderson Hoke Ronald Shipman
Jens C. Boemer Aminul Huque Mark Siira
Richard Bravo Greg Kern Mark Smith
Leo Casey Paul Krell Wayne Stec
Frances Cleveland Dan Mungovan Clayton Stice
Michael Coddington David J. Narang Chase Sun
Nancy Connelly Marty Page Charles K. Vartanian
Babak Enayati Jeannie M. Piekarz-Amber Reigh Walling
Bob Fox Michael Ropp

The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.

Mahamadou Abdou Tankari Abdallah Barakat Wallace Binder

William Ackerman John Baranowski Richard Bingham
Kennedy Aganah Thomas Barnes Thomas Blackburn
Mark Ahlstrom Paul Barnhart William Bloethe
Ali Al Awazi Jeffrey Barsch Jens Boemer
Mihaela Albu Frank Basciano Shelly Born
Saleman Alibhay Michael Basler Ward Bower
Eric Allen David Bassett Brian Boysen
Steven Allmond Thomas (Tom) Basso Clarence Bradley
Jay Anderson David Beach Matthew Braet
Daniel Arjona John Berdner Richard Bravo
Curtis Ashton George Berntsen Edwin Briggs
Carlos Avalos Martin Best Adam Bromley
Mark Baldassari Murty Bhavaraju David Brown

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 IEEE Std 1547-2018
IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power
Systems Interfaces

Paul Brucke Robert Fox Boris Kogan

Gustavo Brunello Jerry Franklin Ljubomir Kojovic
Ken Brunkenhoefer Dale Fredrickson Paul Krell
Demetrio Jr Bucaneg John Gajda Jim Kulchisky
Clayton Burns Hailegebriel Gashaw Larry Lackey
Jeffrey Burnworth Ken Gebauer Marc Lacroix
William Bush Thomas Gentile Mikhail Lagoda
Jason Byerly David Gilmer Chung-Yiu Lam
William Byrd Mietek Glinkowski Raluca Lascu
Jose Cano Rodriguez Tim Godfrey Theo Laughner
Paul Cardinal Jalal Gohari James Lee
Clint Carne Philip Gonski Wei-Jen Lee
Sean Carr Tilak Gopalarathnam Andrew Levitt
Juan Carreon J. T. Gordon Debra Lew
James Carroll James Graham Erik Limpaecher
Leo Casey Joseph Grappe Haiwen Liu
Sudipta Chakraborty Stephen Grier Brian Lydic
Wen-Kung Chang Randall Groves Bruce Mackie
Nancy Chilton Donald Hall Reginaldo Maniego
Michael Chirico Joshua Hambrick Robert Manning
James Cleary John Harley Barry Mather
Frances Cleveland Robert Harris Omar Mazzoni
Michael Coddington Steven Hensley William McBride
Gregg Cohn Rodrigo Hidalgo Michael McCarty
Nancy Connelly Todd Hiemer John Mcdaniel
Larry Conrad Michael Higginson Thomas McDermott
Stephen Conrad Werner Hoelzl John McDonald
Terry Conrad Robert Hoerauf Jeffrey Mcelray
Adam Cordova Martin Hohl Hank McGlynn
Luis Coronado Anderson Hoke Sean Mcguinness
Randall Crellin Dennis Holstein Michael Mcinerney
Frederick Crofut Soonwook Hong Brian McMillan
Timothy Croushore Lawrence Hopkins Jonathan Meyer
Curtis Cryer Philip Hopkinson Bob Micek
Robert Cummings John Houdek C. Michael Miller
James Daley Keith Houser James Mirabile
Patrick Dalton Edward Hoy Jeffery Mizener
Ratan Das Pao-Hsiang Hsi Daleep Mohla
Herbert Daugherty Mohammad Huque Charles Mozina
Kent Davenport James Hurtt Daniel Mungovan
Matthew Davis Noriyuki Ikeuchi Jerry Murphy
David E. De Luca David Ingram R. Murphy
Robert Dempsey Dmitry Ishchenko Mark Murray
Mamadou Diong Richard Jackson Bruce Muschlitz
Dieter Dohnal Lu Jiang Pratap Mysore
Gary Donner Anthony Johnson K. R. M. Nair
Michael Dood Gerald Johnson Rohit Nair
Neal Dowling Geza Joos Arun Narang
Michael Doyle Mark Jurgemeyer David J. Narang
Herbert Dreyer Gunnar Kaestle Alexandre Nassif
David Dunne Prashant Kansal Russell Neal
Anthony Eason Scott karpiel John Nelson
Paul Eaton Robert Kazimier Robert Nelson
Aaron Ellis Peter Kelly Ernest Neubauer
Zakia El Omari Leon Kempner Michael Newman
Babak Enayati Chad Kennedy Jeffrey Newmiller
Brian Escott Gregory Kern Ryan Niemerg
David Farmer Yuri Khersonsky James Niemira
Jorge Fernandez Daher Amin Khodaei Joe Nims
Curtis Fischer James Kinney Matthew Norwalk
Terry Fix Chad Knutson James O’Brien
Rostyslaw Fostiak Troy Knutson T. W. Olsen

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 IEEE Std 1547-2018
IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power
Systems Interfaces

Gregory Olson Jeffrey Schoenecker David Tepen

Lorraine Padden Matthew Schuerger Michael Thesing
Marty Page Robert Schuerger Casey Thomas
Jonathan Palmer Robert Schultz Sylvester Toe
Bansi Patel Rebecca Schulz James Tomaseski
Marc Patterson Brian Seal Maria Tome
Stephen Pell Christopher Searles Richard Tressler
Mateusz Pena Kenneth Sedziol Francois Trichon
Robert Pettigrew Robert Seitz Craig Turner
Dean Philips John Seuss Philip Undercuffler
Anthony Picagli Nikunj Shah Timothy Unruh
Bruce Pickett Harish Sharma James van de Ligt
Jeannie M. Piekarz-Amber Ronald Shipman Benton Vandiver
Prasad Pmsvvsv Mark Siira Luis Vargas
Iulian Profir Hyeong Sim Charles K. Vartanian
Brian Purvis David Smith Eric Vaughn
Khalid Rahman James Smith S. Venkata
Farnoosh Rahmatian Jeremy Smith John Vergis
James Reilly Jerry Smith Sarah Walinga
Kenneth Rempe Mark Smith Simon Wall
Charles Rogers Gary Smullin Reigh Walling
Benjamin Rolfe Joseph Sowell John Wang
Michael Ropp Lincoln Sprague Daniel Ward
James Rossman James Sprecher Keith Waters
Thomas Rozek Joseph Stanco John Webb
Daniel Sabin Ryan Stargel Kenneth White
Chester Sandberg Wayne Stec Robert White
Janette Sandberg Marcus Steel Allen Windhorn
Steven Sano Michael Stelts Philip Winston
Sergio Santos Michael Stephens Justin Woodard
Surya Santoso Clayton Stice Ben York
Vincent Saporita Allan St Peter Jennifer Yu
Bartien Sayogo K. Stump Oren Yuen
Robert Schaerer Chase Sun Nicholas Zagrodnik
Karl Schoder Sercan Teleke David Zech

When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 15 February 2018, it had the following
membership:

Jean-Philippe Faure, Chair

Vacant Position, Vice Chair
John D. Kulick, Past Chair
Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary

Ted Burse Dong Liu Robby Robson

Guido R. Hiertz Xiaohui Liu Dorothy Stanley
Gary Hoffman Kevin Lu Mehmet Ulema
Christel Hunter Daleep Mohla Phil Wennblom
Joseph L. Koepfinger* Andrew Myles Philip Winston
Thomas Koshy Paul Nikolich Howard Wolfman
Hung Ling Ronald C. Petersen Jingyi Zhou
Annette D. Reilly

*Member Emeritus

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 Introduction

This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1547™-2018, IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of
Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces.

IEEE Std 1547 was the first of a series of standards developed by Standards Coordinating Committee 21 on
Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage (SCC21) concerning distributed
resources interconnection. IEEE Std 1547 was amended in 2014 (IEEE Std 1547a™-2014) in response to a
widely expressed need to make changes to subclauses related to voltage regulation, voltage response to
Area EPS abnormal conditions, and frequency response to Area EPS abnormal conditions in
IEEE Std 1547-2003. The additional documents in that series are as follows:

 IEEE Std 1547.1™ [B17] provides conformance test procedures for equipment interconnecting
distributed energy resources (DER) with electric power systems (EPS). 1
 IEEE Std 1547.2™ [B18] is an application guide for IEEE Std 1547.
 IEEE Std 1547.3™ [B19] provides guidance for monitoring, information exchange, and control of
DER interconnected with EPS.
 IEEE Std 1547.4™ [B20] provides guidance for design, operation, and integration of distributed
resource island systems with EPS.
 IEEE Std 1547.6™ [B21] is a recommended practice for interconnecting DER with electric
distribution secondary networks.
 IEEE Std 1547.7™ [B22] provides guidance for conducting distribution impact studies for DER
interconnection.

The first publication of IEEE Std 1547 was an outgrowth of the changes in the environment for production
and delivery of electricity and built on prior IEEE recommended practices and guidelines developed by
SCC21 (which included IEEE Std 929™-2000 [B14] and IEEE Std 1001™-1988 [B15]).

Traditionally, utility EPSs were not designed to accommodate active generation and storage at the
distribution level. The technologies and operational concepts to effectively integrate DERs into existing
EPSs continue to be further developed to realize additional benefits and to avoid negative impacts on
system reliability and safety.

There is a critical need to have a single document of consensus standard technical requirements for DER
interconnection rather than having to conform to numerous local practices and guidelines. This standard
addresses that critical need by providing uniform criteria and requirements relevant to the performance,
operation, testing, safety considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection.

The intent of this standard is to define the technical requirements in a manner that can be universally
adopted. The universality relates not only to the technical aspects, but also to the adoption of this standard
as being pertinent across a number of industries and institutions, e.g., hardware manufacturers, utilities,
energy service companies, codes and standards organizations, regulators and legislators, and other
interested entities.

This standard focuses on the technical specifications for, and testing of, the interconnection itself, and not
on the types of the DER technologies. This standard aims to be technology-neutral, although acknowledges
that the technical attributes of DER and the types and characteristics of EPSs do have a bearing on the
interconnection requirements. The addition of a DER to an EPS will change the system and its response in
some manner. Although this standard establishes criteria and requirements for interconnection, this

1
The numbers in brackets correspond to the numbers of the bibliography in Annex A.

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 standard is not a design handbook nor is it an application guideline. This standard provides the
minimum functional technical requirements that are universally needed to help assure a
technically sound interconnection. Any additional local requirements should not be implemented to
the detriment of the functional technical objectives of this standard.

This standard recognizes that distributed energy resources need to be integrated into the Area EPS
in coordination with the Area EPS operator. The functions specified in this standard may need to
be supplemented in coordination with the Area EPS operator for specific situations.

It is beyond the scope of this standard to address the methods used for performing EPS impact
studies, mitigating limitations of the Area EPS, or addressing the business or tariff issues
associated with interconnection.

11
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 Contents

1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 15
1.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 15
1.2 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 15
1.3 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................. 16
1.4 General remarks and limitations ........................................................................................................ 16
1.5 Conventions for word usage and notes to text, tables and figures ..................................................... 20

2. Normative references................................................................................................................................ 20

3. Definitions and acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 21

3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................... 26

4. General interconnection technical specifications and performance requirements .................................... 27

4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 27
4.2 Reference points of applicability (RPA) ............................................................................................ 28
4.3 Applicable voltages ........................................................................................................................... 29
4.4 Measurement accuracy ...................................................................................................................... 30
4.5 Cease to energize performance requirement ...................................................................................... 31
4.6 Control capability requirements......................................................................................................... 31
4.7 Prioritization of DER responses ........................................................................................................ 32
4.8 Isolation device .................................................................................................................................. 33
4.9 Inadvertent energization of the Area EPS .......................................................................................... 33
4.10 Enter service .................................................................................................................................... 33
4.11 Interconnect integrity ....................................................................................................................... 35
4.12 Integration with Area EPS grounding .............................................................................................. 35
4.13 Exemptions for emergency systems and standby DER ................................................................... 35

5. Reactive power capability and voltage/power control requirements ........................................................ 36

5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 36
5.2 Reactive power capability of the DER .............................................................................................. 37
5.3 Voltage and reactive power control ................................................................................................... 38
5.4 Voltage and active power control ...................................................................................................... 41

6. Response to Area EPS abnormal conditions............................................................................................. 42

6.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 42
6.2 Area EPS faults and open phase conditions ....................................................................................... 43
6.3 Area EPS reclosing coordination ....................................................................................................... 43
6.4 Voltage .............................................................................................................................................. 44
6.5 Frequency .......................................................................................................................................... 54
6.6 Return to service after trip ................................................................................................................. 60

7. Power quality ............................................................................................................................................ 61

7.1 Limitation of dc injection .................................................................................................................. 61
7.2 Limitation of voltage fluctuations induced by the DER .................................................................... 61
7.3 Limitation of current distortion.......................................................................................................... 62
7.4 Limitation of overvoltage contribution .............................................................................................. 63

8. Islanding ................................................................................................................................................... 65
8.1 Unintentional islanding ...................................................................................................................... 65
8.2 Intentional islanding .......................................................................................................................... 65

12
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 9. DER on distribution secondary grid/area/street (grid) networks and spot networks ................................ 67
9.1 Network protectors and automatic transfer scheme requirements ..................................................... 67
9.2 Distribution secondary grid networks ................................................................................................ 68
9.3 Distribution secondary spot networks................................................................................................ 68

10. Interoperability, information exchange, information models, and protocols .......................................... 69

10.1 Interoperability requirements........................................................................................................... 69
10.2 Monitoring, control, and information exchange requirements......................................................... 69
10.3 Nameplate information .................................................................................................................... 69
10.4 Configuration information ............................................................................................................... 70
10.5 Monitoring information ................................................................................................................... 70
10.6 Management information................................................................................................................. 71
10.7 Communication protocol requirements............................................................................................ 75
10.8 Communication performance requirements ..................................................................................... 75
10.9 Cyber security requirements ............................................................................................................ 76

11. Test and verification requirements ......................................................................................................... 76

11.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 76
11.2 Definition of test and verification methods ..................................................................................... 77
11.3 Full and partial conformance testing and verification ..................................................................... 79
11.4 Fault current characterization .......................................................................................................... 94

Annex A (informative) Bibliography ........................................................................................................... 95

Annex B (informative) Guidelines for DER performance category assignment .......................................... 98

B.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 98
B.2 Background ....................................................................................................................................... 98
B.3 Normal and abnormal performance category standard approach ...................................................... 99
B.4 Performance category assignment....................................................................................................102

Annex C (informative) DER intentional and microgrid island system configurations ................................107
C.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................107
C.2 Connecting DER not designed for intentional island or microgrid operation ..................................108

Annex D (informative) DER communication and information concepts and guidelines ............................109
D.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................109
D.2 General principles ............................................................................................................................109
D.3 Communication protocols ................................................................................................................111
D.4 Cyber security ..................................................................................................................................111
D.5 Related standards .............................................................................................................................113

Annex E (informative) Basis for ride-through of consecutive voltage disturbances ...................................115

E.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................115
E.2 Faults, fault protection, and reclosing ..............................................................................................115
E.3 Unrelated faults ................................................................................................................................120
E.4 Intermittent faults .............................................................................................................................120
E.5 Voltage oscillations ..........................................................................................................................120

Annex F (informative) Discussion of testing and verification requirements at PCC or PoC ......................121

Annex G (informative) Power quality (PQ) clause concepts and guidelines...............................................123

G.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................123
G.2 Rapid voltage change (RVC) limits .................................................................................................123
G.3 Flicker limits ....................................................................................................................................125
G.4 Current distortion limits ...................................................................................................................126

13
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 G.5 Limitation of overvoltage ................................................................................................................128
G.6 Related standards .............................................................................................................................128

Annex H (informative) Figures illustrating general interconnection technical specifications and

performance requirements of Clause 4 to Clause 6 .....................................................................................129
H.1 Informative figures related to 4.2 [Reference points of applicability (RPA)]..................................129
H.2 Informative figures related to Clause 5 (Reactive power capability and voltage/power control
requirements) ..........................................................................................................................................130
H.3 Informative figures related to Clause 6 (Response to Area EPS abnormal conditions) ...................133

14
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 IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Interconnection and Interoperability
of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems
Interfaces

1. Overview

1.1 General

This standard provides interconnection and interoperability technical specifications and

requirements, and test specifications and requirements for distributed energy resources (DERs).

Additionally, there is a bibliography several annexes are included as Annex A that lists citations

referred to in this standard that provide additional material for informative purposes, but that are

not required to be used in conjunction with this standard.

1.2 Scope

This standard establishes criteria and requirements for interconnection of distributed energy

resources (DR) with electric power systems (EPSs) and associated interfaces. The stated technical

specifications and requirements, both technical and testing, are universally needed for

interconnection and interoperability of DR, including synchronous machines, induction machines,

or power inverters/converters, distributed energy resources (DERs) 2 and will be sufficient for most

installations. 1 3 The specified performance requirements apply at the time of interconnection and as

long as the DER remains in service.

2 For example, synchronous machines, induction machines, or static power inverters/converters.

1 3 Additional technical requirements and/or tests may be necessary for some limited higher DER penetration situations.

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 1.3 Purpose

This standard document provides a uniform standard for the interconnection and interoperability of

distributed energy resources with electric power systems. It provides requirements relevant to the

interconnection and interoperability performance, operation, and testing, and, to safety,

maintenance and security considerations, and maintenance of the interconnection .

The requirements shall be met at the point of common coupling (PCC), although the devices used to

meet these requirements can be located elsewhere. This standard applies to interconnection based on

the aggregate rating of all the DR units that are within the Local EPS. The functions of the

interconnection system hardware and software that affect the Area EPS are required to meet this

standard regardless of their location on the EPS.

1.4 General remarks and limitations

The criteria and requirements in this document are applicable to all distributed energy resource

technologies, with aggregate capacity of 10 MVA or less at the PCC, interconnected to EPSs at

typical primary and/or secondary distribution voltages voltage levels. Installation of DR DER on

radial primary and secondary distribution systems is the main emphasis of this standard, although

installation of DR DER on primary and secondary network distribution systems is considered. This

standard is has been written considering that the DR is assuming a 60 Hz source nominal system

frequency. 4

Figure 1 illustrates the scope of this standard. The criteria and requirements in this document may
influence the design and capabilities of the power interface, the local DER communication interface and

all those parts of a DER that are related to meeting the requirements of this standard. In Clause 4 to

Clause 11, the term ‚DER‛ refers to all those parts of a DER that are related to meeting the

interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard.

4 If the standard is used with other nominal frequency values, all frequency values in the standard should be adjusted appropriately.

This may require proportional adjustment of the frequency values in coo rdination with the regional reliability coordinator.

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 (New)

Figure 1 —Scope of this standard

The following list describes what remains outside the scope of this standard:

― This standard as a whole is not intended for, and is in part inappropriate for, application to

energy resources connected to transmission or networked sub-transmission systems. 5, 6

― This standard does not define the maximum DR DER capacity for a particular installation

that may be interconnected to a single point of common coupling (PCC) or connected to a

given feeder.

― Outside of the specific interconnection and interoperability requirements in the following

clauses, this standard does not prescribe DR DER self-protection or all any DER operating

requirements for DR units, as long as these do not preclude the DER from meeting the

requirements of this standard. 7

5 Investigations of events that inadvertently tripped bulk power system connected resources in North America suggest that one root

c ause may have been misapplication of previous versions of this standard; refer to NERC [B28] for more details.

6 The performance of energy resources connected to transmission or networked sub-transmission systems may be specified by the

responsible transmission planner in coordination with the regional reliability coordinator.

7 Requirements specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2 do provide constraints that must be respected in the application of DER self-protec tion.

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 ― This standard does not address planning, designing, operating, or maintaining the Area

EPS with DER.

― This standard does not apply to automatic transfer schemes in which load is transferred

between the DR DER and the EPS in a momentary make-before-break operation provided

the duration of paralleling the sources is less than 100 ms, except as noted in 4.1.4 Clause 9.

― As defined in 4.13, 5.3.1, 6.4.2.1, 6.5.2.1, and 10.1, emergency and standby DER8 are exempt

from certain requirements of this standard.

― This standard does not give any guidance regarding how the Area EPS operator may

specify functional parameter settings other than the default setting within the specified

ranges of allowable settings, e.g., to coordinate with the existing Area EPS protection and

control devices.

― This standard does not determine the communication network specifics nor the utilization

of the DER provisions for a local DER interface capable of communicating (local DER

communication interface) to support the information exchange requirements specified in this

standard.

― The lower and upper values of the ranges of allowable settings for voltage and frequency trip

settings specified in this standard for DER are not intended to limit the capabilities and

settings of other equipment on the Area EPS. 9

― For DER interconnections that include individual synchronous generato r units rated 10

MVA and greater, and where the requirements of this standard conflict with the

requirements of IEEE Std C50.12 or IEEE Std C50.13, the requirements of IEEE Std C50.12

or IEEE Std C50.13, as relevant to the type of synchronous generator used, shall prevail.

8 As defined by authority having jurisdiction.

9 Refer to footnotes 80 and 99 on recommendations for utility practices to use trip settings on Area EPS equipment that conflic t with

this standard to occasionally and selectively accommodate worker safety practices or to safeguard distribution infrastructure while
in an abnormal configuration.

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 This standard applies to interconnection based on the aggregate nameplate rating of all the DER

units that are within the Local EPS. Supplemental DER devices other than DER units may be used to

achieve compliance with the requirements of this standard at the applicable reference point per

Clause 4. These devices are not required to be co-located with the DER units, but shall be within the

Local EPS. The requirements of this standard shall be met regardless of the location of the DER and

supplemental DER devices within the Local EPS. These relationships are shown in Figure 2.

(New)

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 (Deleted)

NOTE 1—The example of Local EPS 1 includes only load. An y requirements for this Local EPS are

outside the scope of this standard.

NOTE 2—The example of Local EPS 2 includes only DER. Depending on the DER rating,

requirements of this standard apply either at the PCC or the PoC. The DER unit in this example is

able to meet requirements at its terminals without any supplemental DER device; the PoC coincides

with‖the‖DER‖unit’s‖terminals.

NOTE 3—The example of Local EPS 3 includes both DER units and load. Depending on the

aggregate‖DER‖units’‖rating‖and‖the‖percent‖of average load demand, requirements of this standard

apply either at the PCC or the PoC. The two (or more) DER units are able to meet requirements at its

terminals‖without‖any‖supplemental‖DER‖device;‖the‖PoC‖coincides‖with‖the‖DER‖units’‖terminals;‖

there are two (or more) PoCs.

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 NOTE 4—The example of Local EPS 4 includes a DER unit, a supplemental DER device, and load.

Depending‖ on‖ the‖ DER‖unit’s‖rating‖and‖the‖percent‖of‖average‖load‖demand,‖requirements‖of‖this‖

standard apply either at the PCC or the PoC. The DER unit is not able to meet requirements at its

terminals without any supplemental DER device; the PoC is the point where the requirements of this

standard are met by the DER unit in conjunction with the supplemental DER device exclusive of any

load, if present, in the respective part of the Local EPS.

NOTE 5—The example of Local EPS 5 includes two (or more) DER units and a supplemental DER

device‖ but‖ no‖ load.‖ Depending‖ on‖ the‖ aggregate‖ DER‖ units’‖rating,‖requirements‖of‖this‖standard‖

apply either at the PCC or the PoC. As indicated by the curved line, the PCC and PoC may be

located well apart from each other. The two (or more) DER units are not able to meet requirements

at their terminals without any supplemental DER device; the PoC is the point wher e the

requirements of this standard are met by two (or more) DER units in conjunction with the
supplemental DER device exclusive of any load, if present, in the respective part of the Local EPS.

Figure 2 —Relationship of interconnection terms

The stated technical specifications and requirements are universally needed for interconnection and

interoperability of DER10 and will be sufficient for most installations. 11 The applicability of certain

specifications and requirements are dependent on application considerations. For these, the

requirements are provided in terms of a limited number of technology-neutral performance

categories, for which it is the responsibility of the authority governing interconnection requirements

(AGIR) to determine applicability. The rationale used as the basis for the performance categories is

as follows:

For categories related to reactive power capability and voltage regulation performance requirements

(Clause 5):

10 For example, synchronous machines, induction machines, or static power inverters/converters.

11 Additional technical requirements may be necessary for some limited situations.

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 — Category A covers minimum performance capabilities needed for Area EPS voltage

regulation and are reasonably attainable by all DER technologies as of the publication of

this standard. This level of performance is deemed adequate for applications where the

DER penetration in the distribution system is lower, 12 and where the overall DER power

output is not subject to frequent large variations.

— Category B covers all requirements within Category A and specifies supplemental

capabilities needed to adequately integrate DERs in local Area EPSs where the aggregated

DER penetration is higher or where the overall DER power output is subject to frequent

large variations.

For categories related to response to Area EPS abnormal conditions (Clause 6):

— Abnormal operating performance Category I is based on essential bulk power system (BPS)

stability/reliability needs and reasonably attainable by all DER techn ologies that are in

common usage today.

— Abnormal operating performance Category II covers all BPS stability/reliability needs and is

coordinated with existing reliability standards 13 to avoid tripping for a wider range of

disturbances of concern to BPS stability. 14

12 This c lause intentionally uses qualitative DER penetration levels qualifiers. The impact of DER on frequency and voltage

performanc e of the interconnections and the regional power systems differs significantly and it remains in the responsibility of an

AGIR to quantify impactful DER penetration levels. Refer to Annex B for more rationale on category assignments.

13 In North America, the limitations for transmission-connected resources as specified in NERC PRC-024-2 [B27] may be used for

referenc e.

14 Inc ludes 1LG stuck breaker transmission faults as well as normally and delayed cleared faults at the lower-level transmission and

sub-transmission levels where fault durations can be longer (primarily due to the use of zone impedance relaying), e.g ., sub-

transmission 3LG with normal fault clearing or simultaneous 1LG faults on different phases of two sub-transmission circuits on the

same struc ture with normal fault clearing. (NERC [B26], [B28], [B29], [B30].)

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 — Abnormal operating performance Category III is based on both BPS stability/reliability and

distribution system reliability/power quality needs and is coordinated with existing

interconnection requirements for very high DER penetration. 15

All performance categories specify minimum equipment capability requirements and may also

specify designated limiting requirements for ranges of allowable settings of control or trip parameter

values. For categories related to reactive power capability and voltage regulation performance

requirements (Clause 5), Category B is inherently capable of meeting the requirements for Category

A. For categories related to response to Area EPS abnormal conditions (Clause 6), categories with

higher number values are inherently capable of meeting the voltage and frequency ride-through

requirements of lower number value categories; however, this may not hold for voltage and

frequency trip requirements because their ranges of allowable settings may be mutually exclusive. If a

DER listed for a higher level abnormal operating performance category was used in a lower-level

category application, the correct range of allowable settings for magnitude and duration values of trip

settings shall be ensured, for example by the use of software profiles designated for each abnormal

operating performance category.

Additional guidelines on criteria for assignment of DER performance categories are given in Annex

B. 16

Where applicable, the stated technical specifications and requirements are given in generator sign

convention, which is opposite to load sign convention. In generator sign convention, a DER current

lagging voltage provides/injects reactive power to the system (over-excited operation of DER,

positive reactive power), and this tends to increase the applicable voltage under normal syst em

conditions; a DER current leading voltage consumes/absorbs reactive power from the system

(under-excited operation of DER, negative reactive power), and this tends to decrease of the

applicable voltage under normal system conditions.

15 For example, CA Rule 21 [B4].

16 As proposed in the IEEE P1547 response to FERC NOPR RM16-8 submitted by the IEEE S tandards Association in May 2016 [B6],

the c riteria for assignment of DER performance categories outlined in the informative Annex B may be used as a reference point to
partly‖spec ify‖‚Good‖Utility‖Practice‛‖for‖specific‖ride‖through‖requirements‖as‖required‖from‖small‖generating‖facilities‖pe r FERC

Order 828 [B7].

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 1.5 Conventions for word usage and notes to text, tables and figures

In this document, the word shall is used to indicate a mandatory requirement. The word should is

used to indicate a recommendation. The word may is used to indicate a permissible action. The word

can is used for statements of possibility and capability.

Notes to text, tables, and figures are for information only and do not contain requirements needed to

implement the standard.

2. Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e.,

they shall be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship

to this document is explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda)

applies.

The following standards shall be used in conjunction with this standard. When the stated version of

the following standards is superseded by an approved revision, then that revision shall apply.

The applicability of the following standards is determined by the specific requirements stated in this

standard, such as requiring certain sections.

ANSI C84.1-1995, Electric Power Systems and Equipment—Voltage Ratings (60 Hz). 2 17

IEC/TR 61000-3-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 3-7: Limits—Assessment of emission

limits for the connection of fluctuating installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems. 18

2 17 ANS I publications are available from the S ales Department, American National S tandards Institute, 25 West 43rd S treet, 4th

Floor, New York, NY 10036, US A (http://www.ansi.org/).

18 IEC public ations are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the Americ an

National S tandards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).

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 IEC 61000-4-3, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-3: Testing and measurement

techniques— Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity test.

IEC 61000-4-5, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Part 4-5: Testing and measurement

techniques— Surge immunity test.

[B5] IEEE Std 519-1992™, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in

Electrical Power Systems. 19, 20

IEEE Std 1453™, IEEE Recommended Practice for the Analysis of Fluctuating Installations on Power

Systems.

IEEE Std 1815™, IEEE Standard for Electric Power Systems Communications-Distributed Network

Protocol (DNP3).

IEEE‖Std‖2030.5™,‖IEEE‖Adoption‖of‖Smart‖Energy‖Profile‖2.0‖Application‖Protocol‖Standar d.

IEEE Std C37.90.1™-2002, IEEE Standard Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Relays and

Relay Systems Associated with Electric Power Apparatus. 3,4

IEEE Std C37.90.2™-1995, IEEE Standard Withstand Capability of Relay Systems to Radiated

Electromagnetic Interference from Transceivers.

IEEE Std C50.12™, IEEE Standard for Salient-Pole 50 Hz and 60 Hz Synchronous Generators and

Generator/Motors for Hydraulic Turbine Applications Rated 5 MVA and Above.

IEEE‖Std‖C50.13™,‖IEEE‖Standard‖for‖Cylindrical-Rotor 50 Hz and 60 Hz Synchronous Generators

Rated 10 MVA and Above.

3 19 The IEEE standards or products referred to in Clause 2 are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Elec tronic s

Engineers, Inc orporated.

4 20 IEEE publications are available fro m The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331,

Pisc ataway, NJ 08855-1331, US A (http://standards.ieee.org/).

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 IEEE Std C62.41.2™-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice on Characterization of Surges in Low

Voltage (1000 V and less) AC Power Circuits.

IEEE Std C62.45™-2002, IEEE Recommended Practice on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to

Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power Circuits.

IEEE‖ Std‖ C62.92.1™,‖ IEEE‖ Guide‖ for‖ the‖ Application of Neutral Grounding in Electric Utility

Systems— Part I: Introduction.

NEMA MG 1-1998, Motors and Generators, Revision 2. 5

3. Definitions and acronyms

For the purposes of this standard document, the following terms and definitions apply. IEEE 100TM,

The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition [B4], 6 Dictionary Online should

be referenced consulted for terms not defined in this clause document. 21

NOTE—Defined terms and acronyms are italicized throughout the standard. 22

3.1 Definitions

abnormal operating performance category: The grouping for a set of requirements that specify

technical capabilities and settings for a DER under abnormal operating conditions, i.e., outside the
continuous operation region.

applicable voltage: Electrical quantities that determine the performance of a Local EPS or DER

specified with regard to the reference point of applicability, individual phase-to-neutral, phase-to-

ground, or phase-to-phase combination and time resolution.

21 IEEE Sta nda rds Dictionary Online subscription is available at http://dictionary.ieee.org.

22 Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to

implement this standard.

5 NEMA public ations are available from Global Engineering Documents, 15 Inverness Way East, Englewood, Colorado 80112, US A

(http://global.ihs.com/).

6 The numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A.

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 NOTE—Applicable voltages are used as a synonym for applicable frequency, which can be derived from

the applicable voltages.

3.1.3 design test: Test of one or more devices made to a certain design to show that the design meets

certain specifications.

3.1.4 distributed generation (DG): Electric generation facilities connected to an Area EPS through a

PCC; a subset of DR.

3.1.6.1 area electric power system, area (Area EPS): An EPS that serves Local EPSs.

NOTE—Typically, an Area EPS has primary access to public rights-of-way, priority crossing of

property boundaries, etc., and is subject to regulatory oversight. See Figure 1 2.

3.1.1 area electric power system operator (Area EPS operator): The entity responsible for designing,

building, operating, and maintaining the Area EPS.

authority governing interconnection requirements (AGIR): A cognizant and responsible entity that

defines, codifies, communicates, administers, and enforces the policies and procedures for allowing

electrical interconnection of DER to the Area EPS. This may be a regulatory agency, public utility

commission, municipality, cooperative board of directors, etc. The degree of AGIR involvement will

vary in scope of application and level of enforcement across jurisdictional boundaries. This authority

may be delegated by the cognizant and responsible entity to the Area EPS operator or bulk power

system operator.

NOTE—Decisions made by an authority governing interconnection requirements should consider

various stakeholder interests, including but not limited to Load Customers, Area EPS operators, DER

operators, and bulk power system operator.

authority having jurisdiction: Authority having the rights to inspection and approval of the design

and construction of Local EPS premise electrical systems.

available active power: Active power that a DER can deliver to the Area EPS subject to the

availability‖of‖the‖DER’s‖primary‖source‖of‖energy.

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 NOTE—Examples are solar irradiance in the case of a photovoltaic DER and wind speed in case of a

wind turbine generator.

bulk power system (BPS): Any electric generation resources, transmission lines, interconnections

with neighboring systems, and associated equipment.

3.1.2 cease to energize: Cessation of energy outflow capability active power delivery under steady-

state and transient conditions and limitation of reactive power exchange.

NOTE 1—This may lead to momentary cessation or trip.

NOTE 2—This does not necessarily imply, nor exclude disconnection, isolation, or a trip.

NOTE 3—Limited reactive power exchange may continue as specified, e.g., th rough filter banks.

NOTE 4—Energy storage systems are allowed to continue charging but are allowed to cease from

actively charging when the maximum state of charge (maximum stored energy) has been achieved.

NOTE 5—Refer to 4.5 for additional details.

clearing time: The time between the start of an abnormal condition and the DER ceasing to energize
the Area EPS. It is the sum of the detection time, any adjustable time delay, the operating time plus

arcing time for any interposing devices (if used), and the operating time plus arcing time for the
interrupting device (used to interconnect the DER with the Area EPS).

continuous operation: Exchange of current between the DER and an EPS within prescribed behavior

while connected to the Area EPS and while the applicable voltage and the system frequency is within

specified parameters.

continuous operation region: The performance operating region corresponding to continuous

operation.

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 3.1.5 distributed resources energy resource (DR DER): Sources A source of electric power that are is

not directly connected to a bulk power transmission system. DR DER includes both generators and

energy storage technologies capable of exporting active power to an EPS. An interconnection system

or a supplemental DER device that is necessary for compliance with this standard is part of a DER. 23

NOTE 1—Controllable loads used for demand response are not included in the definition of DER.

NOTE 2—See Figure 1 and Figure 2.

distributed energy resource operator (DER operator): The entity responsible for operating and

maintaining the distributed energy resource.

distributed energy resource (DER) unit: An individual DER device inside a group of DER that

collectively form a system.

distributed energy resource managing entity (DER Managing Entity): An entity that monitors and
manages the DER through the local DER communication interface. The DER managing entity could be

for example a utility, an aggregator, a building energy management system, or other.

disturbance period: The range of time during which the applicable voltage or the system frequency is

outside the continuous operation region.

3.1.6 electric power system (EPS): Facilities that deliver electric power to a load.

NOTE—This may include generation units. See Figure 1 2.

energize: Active power outflow of the DER to an EPS under any conditions (e.g., steady state and

transient).

enter service: Begin operation of the DER with an energized Area EPS.

flicker: The subjective impression of fluctuating luminance caused by voltage fluctuations.

23 Equivalent‖to‖‚distributed‖resources‖(DR)‛‖as‖defined‖and‖used‖in‖IEEE‖S td‖1547 -2003.

NOTE—Above a certain threshold, flicker becomes annoying. The annoyance grows very rapidly

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 with the amplitude of the fluctuation. At certain repetition rates even very small amplitudes can be

annoying (IEEE Std 1453).

3.1.11.1 island, intentional island: A planned electrical island that is capable of being energized by

one or more Local EPSs. These (1) have DER(s) and load, (2) have the ability to disconnect from and

to parallel with the Area EPS, (3) include one or more Local EPS(s), and (4) are intentionally

planned.

NOTE—An intentional island may be an intentional Area EPS island or an intentional Local EPS island

(also:‖‚facility‖island‛).

intentional Area EPS island: An intentional island that includes portions of the Area EPS.

intentional Local EPS island: An intentional island that is totally within the bounds of a Local EPS.

3.1.7 interconnection: The result of the process of adding a DR unit DER to an Area EPS, whether

directly or via intermediate Local EPS facilities.

NOTE—See Figure 2.

(Deleted)

Figure 2—Schematic of interconnection

3.1.8 interconnection equipment: Individual or multiple devices used in an interconnection system.

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 3.1.9 interconnection system: The collection of all interconnection and interoperability equipment

and functions, taken as a group, used to interconnect a DR unit(s) DER to an Area EPS. 24

NOTE—See Figure 2.

interface: An electrical or logical connection from one entity to another that su pports one or more

energy or data flows implemented with one or more power or data links.

interoperability: The capability of two or more networks, systems, devices, applications, or

components to externally exchange and readily use information securely an d effectively. (IEEE Std

2030® [B23])

3.1.10 inverter: A machine, device, or system that changes direct-current power to alternating-

current power.

3.1.11 island: A condition in which a portion of an Area EPS is energized solely by one or more

Local EPSs through the associated PCCs while that portion of the Area EPS is electrically separated

from the rest of the Area EPS on all phases to which the DER is connected. When an island exists, the

DER‖energizing‖the‖island‖may‖be‖said‖to‖be‖‚islanding‛.

load: Devices and processes in a local EPS that use electrical energy for utilization, exclusive of

devices or processes that store energy but can return some or all of the energy to the local EPS or

Area EPS in the future.

local DER communication interface: A local interface capable of communicating to support the

information exchange requirements specified in this standard for all applicable functions that are

supported in the DER.

3.1.12 non-islanding: Intended to prevent the continued existence of an island.

24 This term was frequently used in IEEE S td 1547-2003. Given the scope of the present standard, which may have implications to

the‖design‖of‖the‖entirety‖of‖the‖DER,‖this‖standard‖uses‖the‖term‖‚DER‛‖in‖most‖places.

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 3.1.6.2 local electric power system, local (Local EPS): An EPS contained entirely within a single

premises or group of premises.

NOTE—See Figure 1 2.

mandatory operation: Required continuance of active current and reactive current exchange of DER

with Area EPS as prescribed, notwithstanding disturbances of the Area EPS voltage or frequency

having magnitude and duration severity within defined limits.

mandatory operation region: The performance operating region corresponding to mandatory

operation.

medium voltage: A class of nominal system voltages equal to or greater than 1 kV and less than or

equal to 35 kV.

NOTE—IEEE‖standards‖are‖not‖unanimous‖in‖establishing‖the‖range‖for‖‚medium‖voltage‛.

momentary cessation: Temporarily cease to energize an EPS, while connected to the Area EPS, in

response to a disturbance of the applicable voltages or the system frequency, with the capability of

immediate Restore Output of operation when the applicable voltages and the system frequency return

to within defined ranges.

momentary cessation operation region: The performance operating region corresponding to

momentary cessation.

manufacturer stated measurement accuracy: Accuracy declared by the manufacturer, at which a

DER measures the applicable voltage, current, power, frequency, or time.

nameplate ratings: Nominal voltage (V), current (A), maximum active power (kW), apparent power

(kVA), and reactive power (kvar) at which a DER is capable of sustained operation.

NOTE—For Local EPS with multiple DER units, the aggregate DER nameplate rating is equal to the

sum of all DERs nameplate rating in the Local EPS, not including aggregate capacity limiting

mechanisms such as coincidence factors, plant controller limits, etc., that may be applicable for

specific cases.

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 normal operating performance category: The grouping for a set of requirements that specify

technical capabilities and settings for DER under normal operating conditions, i.e., inside the

continuous operation region.

open loop response time: The duration from a step change in control signal input (reference value

or system quantity) until the output changes by 90% of its final change, before any overshoot.

NOTE 1—The control loop considered in this definition refers to the DER control system in

conjunction‖with‖the‖Area‖EPS.‖The‖‚open‖loop‛‖response‖time‖is‖equal to the DER control response

time when the DER is interconnected with a stiff grid (ideal voltage source).

NOTE 2—The open loop response time is equal to 2.3 times the time constant of a first -order (i.e.,

single lag) system.

operating mode: Mode of DER operation that determines the performance during normal or

abnormal conditions.

performance operating region: A region bounded by point pairs consisting of magnitude (voltage

or frequency) and cumulative time duration which are used to define the operational performance

requirements of the DER.

permissive operation: Operating mode where the DER performs ride-through either in mandatory

operation or in momentary cessation, in response to a disturbance of the applicable voltages or the system

frequency.

permissive operation region: The performance operating region corresponding to permissive

operation.

permit service: A setting that indicates whether a DER is allowed to enter or remain in service.

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 per unit (p.u.) / percent of (%): Quantity expressed as a fraction of a defined base unit quantity. For

active power (active current), the base quantity is the rated active power (rated active current). For

apparent power (current), the base quantity is the rated apparent power (rated current). For system

frequency, the base quantity is the nominal frequency (i.e., 60.0 Hz in North America). Quantities

expressed in per unit can be converted to quantities expressed in percent of a base quantity by

multiplication with 100.

3.1.13 point of common coupling (PCC): The point where a Local EPS is connected to an of

connection between the Area EPS and the Local EPS.

NOTE 1—See Figure 1 2.

NOTE 2—Equivalent,‖in‖most‖cases,‖to‖‚service‖point‛‖as‖specified‖in‖the‖National‖Electrical‖Code ®

(NEC®) [B31] and the National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®) [B1].

3.1.14 point of distributed energy resources connection (point of DR DER connection–PoC): The

point where a DR DER unit is electrically connected in an a Local EPS and meets the requirements of

this standard exclusive of any load present in the respective part of the Local EPS.

NOTE 1—See Figure 12.

NOTE 2—For (a) DER unit(s) that are not self-sufficient to meet the requirements without (a)

supplemental DER device(s), the point of DER connection is the point where the requirements of this

standard are met by DER (a) device(s) in conjunction with (a) supplemental DER device(s) exclusive

of any load present in the respective part of the Local EPS.

post-disturbance period: The period starting upon the return of all applicable voltages or the system

frequency to the respective ranges of the mandatory operation region or continuous operation region.

pre-disturbance period: The time immediately before a disturbance period.

protective function(s): The behavior whose purpose is to maintain safe operations and/or maintain

safe conditions.

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 range of allowable settings: The range within which settings may be adjusted to values other than

the specified default settings.

reference point of applicability (RPA): The location where the interconnection and interoperability

performance requirements specified in this standard apply.

regional reliability coordinator: The functional entity that maintains the real-time operating

reliability of the bulk electric power within a reliability coordinator area.

restore output: Return operation of the DER to the state prior to the abnormal excursion of voltage

or frequency that resulted in a ride-through operation of the DER.

return to service: Enter service following recovery from a trip.

ride-through: Ability to withstand voltage or frequency disturbances inside defined limits and to

continue operating as specified.

3.1.15 simulated utility: An assembly of variable frequency and variable voltage test equipment

used to simulate a normal utility source an Area EPS.

step response: The output as a function of time t when the input is a step.

supplemental DER device: Any equipment that is used to obtain compliance with some or all of the

interconnection requirements of this standard.

NOTE—Examples include capacitor banks, STATCOMs, harmonic filters that are not part of a DER

unit, protection devices, plant controllers, etc.

3.1.16 total demand distortion (TDD): The total root-sum-square harmonic current distortion, in

percent of the maximum demand load current (15 or 30 minute demand).

3.1.17 total rated-current distortion (TRD): The total root-sum-square of the current distortion

components (including harmonics and inter-harmonics) created by the DR DER unit operating into

expressed as a linear balanced load divided by the greater percentage of the test load current

demand (IL ) or the DER rated current capacity of the DR unit (Irated).

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 trip: Inhibition of immediate return to service, which may involve disconnection.

NOTE—Trip executes or is subsequent to cessation of energization.

type test: A test of one or more devices manufactured to a certain design to demonstrate, or provide

information that can be used to verify, that the design meets the requirements specified in this

standard.

3.1.11.2 island, unintentional island: An unplanned island.

zero-sequence continuity: Circuit topology providing continuity between two defined points in the

zero sequence network representation.

NOTE—A transformer that has a delta or ungrounded-wye winding in the topological path between

the defined points produces discontinuity of the zero-sequence network.

3.2 Acronyms

AGC automatic generation control

AHJ authority having jurisdiction

AGIR authority governing interconnection requirements

Area EPS area electric power system

Area EPS operator area electric power system operator

BPS bulk power system

DER distributed energy resources

DER operator distributed energy resources operator

EMS energy management system

EMI electromagnetic interference

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 DG distributed generation

DR distributed resources

EPS electric power system

ESS energy storage system

FIDVR fault-induced delayed voltage recovery

I current

IL load current

ISC short circuit current

Local EPS local electric power system

NP network protector

NRTL nationally recognized testing laboratory

PCC point of common coupling

PoC point of DER connection

PV photovoltaic

RMS root mean square

ROCOF rate of change of frequency

RPA reference point of applicability

TDD total demand distortion

TRD total rated-current distortion

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 4. General interconnection technical specifications and performance
requirements

4.1 Introduction

The reference point of applicability (RPA) is the location where the interconnection and

interoperability performance requirements specified in this standard shall be met. The electr ical

quantities referred to in this standard are those at the RPA, unless stated otherwise in this standard.

The requirements in this clause shall be met at the PCC, although the devices used to meet these

requirements can be located elsewhere. The performance requirements of this standard apply to

interconnection of either a single DR DER unit based on that unit’s rating or multiple DR DER units

within a single Local EPS (‚DER system‛), based on the aggregate rating of all the DR DER units

that are within the Local EPS. The capabilities and functions of the interconnection system DER
hardware and software that affect the Area EPS are required to meet this standard regardless of their

location on the EPS. The performance requirements in this clause standard are functional and do not

specify any particular equipment or equipment type.

The technical specifications and performance requirements specified here are universally needed for

interconnection and interoperability of DER25 and will be sufficient for most installations. 26 The

applicability of certain specifications and requirements are dependent on application considerations.

For these, the requirements are provided in terms of a limited number of technology-neutral
performance categories, for which it is the responsibility of the authority governing interconnection

requirements (AGIR) to determine applicability. Guidelines on criteria for assignment of DER

performance categories are given in Annex B.

25 For example, The stated technical specifications and requirements are universally needed for interconnection of DR, inc luding

sync hronous machines, induction machines, or static power inverters/converters , and will be sufficient for most installations.7

7 26 Additional technical requirements may be necessary for some limited situations.

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 DER shall be designed and installed such that it meets the performance and test and verification

requirements described in Clause 4 to Clause 11 of this standard. Unless specified otherwise, the

term‖‚DER‛‖means‖‚DER‖system‛.‖In‖specific‖cases,‖‚DER‖unit‛‖is‖explicitly‖stated.

4.2 Reference points of applicability (RPA)

The characteristics of the Local EPS and DER shall determine the reference point of applicability (RPA).

Except as otherwise stated in this standard, the RPA for all performance requirements of this
standard shall be the point of common coupling (PCC).

Alternatively, for Local EPSs where zero sequence continuity 27 between the PCC and PoC is

maintained and either of the following conditions apply, the RPA for performance requirements of
this standard may be the point of DER connection (PoC), or by mutual agreement between the Area

EPS operator and the DER operator, at any point between, or including, the PoC and PCC:

a) Aggregate DER nameplate rating of equal to or less than 500 kVA, or

b) Annual average load demand28 of greater than 10% of the aggregate DER nameplate

rating, and where the Local EPS is not capable of, or is prevented from, exporting more

than 500 kVA for longer than 30 s.

27 When the zero sequence continuity is broken, for example by a delta-wye transformer between the PCC and the PoC, the

voltages at the PoC may not be representative of the voltages at the PCC under abnormal voltage conditions. Examples of issue s

c reated by this condition include the following:

―‖ Diffic ulty‖ of‖ ‘sensing’‖ single-phase-to-ground faults or failure to detect ground-fault overvoltages. Note that 7.4.1 spec ifies

requirements for ground-fault overvoltage;

―‖Detec ting‖abnormal‖voltage‖conditions‖when‖a‖DER‖back-feeds into the grid during a balanced open-phase condition;

―‖Ability‖of‖detecting‖Area‖EPS ‖open-phase by the DER is diminished.

28 As c alc ulated by Area EPS operator.

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 For all other Local EPSs meeting either of the conditions a) or b) above but not meeting the

requirement for zero sequence continuity, the RPA for performance requirements other than the

response to Area EPS abnormal conditions specified in 6.2 and 6.4 shall be the PoC, or by mutual

agreement between the Area EPS operator and the DER operator, at any point between, or including,

the PoC and PCC. The RPA for performance requirements of 6.2 and 6.4 shall be a point between, or

including, the PoC and PCC that is appropriate to detect the abnormal voltage conditions. 29, 30

Where the RPA is not at the PCC, any equipment or devices in the Local EPS between the RPA and

the PCC shall not preclude the DER from meeting the disturbance ride-through requirements

specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2. 31

For Local EPS where aggregate DER nameplate rating is greater than 500 kVA, and annual average

load demand28 is greater than 10% of the aggregate DER nameplate rating, and the Local EPS is

capable of, and is not prevented from, exporting more than 500 kVA for longer than 30 s, the RPA

shall be the PCC and performance requirements specified in 5.2 for reactive power capability and in

Clause 7 for power quality may be evaluated excluding the influence of the Local EPS load.

Figure H.1 illustrates a decision tree to determine the RPA for Local EPS where zero sequence

continuity is maintained. Figure H.2 illustrates a decision tree to determine the RPA for Local EPS

where zero sequence continuity is not maintained.

29 The intent of meeting the response to Area EPS abnormal voltage conditions requirements of 6.4 at the PCC is to appro priately

detec t ground faults and ground-fault overvoltage at the PCC.

30 For DER that are permitted to use the PoC as the RPA, the location selected as the RPA may be different for each of the vario us

func tional requirements defined in Clause 5.

31 Examples are undervoltage and overcurrent relays within the local EPS between the RPA and PCC that are set such that they

may trip the DER during the voltage disturbance ride -through operation for short-circuit faults other than ones on the Area EPS

c irc uit sec tion to which the DER is connected. This does not preclude selectively tripping DER for faults on the Area EPS as
spec ified in 6.2.1.

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 4.3 Applicable voltages

The applicable voltages 32 determine the performance of a Local EPS or DER and are the electrical

quantities specified with regard to the reference point of applicability, individual phase-to-neutral,

phase-to-ground, or phase-to-phase combination and time resolution.

For DER with a PCC located at the medium-voltage level, the applicable voltages shall be determined

by the configuration and nominal voltage of the Area EPS at the PCC. For DER with a PCC located

at the low-voltage33 level, the applicable voltages shall be determined by the configuration of the low-

voltage winding of the Area EPS transformer(s) between the medium-voltage system and the low-
voltage system. The applicable voltages that shall be detected are shown in Table 1 and Table 2. For

multi-phase systems, the requirements for applicable voltages shall apply to all phases.

Table 1—Applicable voltages when PCC is located at medium voltage

(New)

Table 2—Applicable voltages when PCC is located at low voltage

(New)
aA three-phase transformer or a bank of single-phase transformers may be used for three-phase

systems.

32 Applica ble voltages are used in synonym for applicable frequency, which can be derived from the applicable voltages.

33 1000 V and less per IEEE S td C62.41.2 and IEEE S td C62.45.

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 bFor 120/208 V two-phase services, line-to-line voltages shall be sufficient.

cIncluding delta with mid tap connection (grounded or ungrounded).

dSensing line-to-neutral on both legs of a 120/240 V split-phase or Edison connection effectively

senses the line-to-line and is therefore compliant with this requirement. Sensing line-to-ground may

also be used; however, the ground connection should only be used for voltage sensing purposes.

The applicable frequency is the fundamental-frequency component. The applicable voltages shall be

quantified as the effective (RMS) values over the preceding fundamental frequency period, unless

otherwise specified in this standard.

For voltage-reactive power 34 (volt-var) mode requirements in 5.3.3 and voltage-active (real)

power 35 mode requirements in 5.4.2 where DER do not respond to individual phase voltages, the

applicable voltages are quantified as the average of the three-phase effective (RMS) values or

alternatively positive sequence component of voltages over one fundamental frequency period.

For voltage trip and ride-through requirements in 6.4, the following shall apply:

― For low-voltage ride-through and undervoltage trip, the relevant voltage at any given time
shall be the least magnitude of the individual applicable voltages relative to the

corresponding nominal voltage.

― For high-voltage ride-through and overvoltage trip, the relevant voltage at any given time
shall be the greatest magnitude of the applicable voltages relative to the corresponding

nominal voltage.

For rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) ride-through requirements in 6.5.2.5, the ROCOF shall be

the average rate of change of frequency over an averaging window of at least 0.1 s.

34 Voltage-reactive‖power‖mode‖may‖also‖be‖commonly‖referred‖to‖as‖‚volt-var‛‖mode.

35 Voltage-ac tive‖power‖mode‖may‖also‖be‖commonly‖referred‖to‖as‖‚volt-watt‛‖mode.

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 4.4 Measurement accuracy

The DER36 shall meet the minimum steady-state37 and transient 38 measurement and calculation 39

accuracy requirements for voltage, frequency, active power, reactive power, and time as specified in

Table 3. Actual measurement and calculation accuracy of a DER shall be stated for each of the values

above.

Table 3—Minimum measurement and calculation accuracy requirements

for manufacturersa

(New)

aMeasurement accuracy requirements specified in this table are applicable for voltage THD < 2.5%

and individual voltage harmonics <1.5%.

36 The DER includes any equipment required to meet the interconnection performance and interoperability requirements of the

standard, inc luding protective relays and measurement transducers.

37 S teady-state measurements may be used for providing monitoring information through a local DER communication interface at the

referenc e point of applicability as specified in Table 29 in 10.5.

38 Transient measurements can be used by protective relays for achieving the mandatory voltage and frequency -tripping

requirements as specified in 6.4.1 and 6.5.1.

39 Only the fundamental parameters can actually be measured, e.g., time, voltage, and current. Other quantities are calc ulated

based on the fundamental parameters measured, e.g., frequency, active power, and reactive power.

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 bAccuracy requirements for frequency are applicable only when the fundamental voltage is greater

than 30% of the nominal voltage.

4.5 Cease to energize performance requirement

In the cease to energize state, the DER shall not deliver active power during steady-state or transient

conditions. The requirements for cease to energize shall apply to the point of DER connection (PoC).

For Local EPS with aggregate DER rating less than 500 kVA, the reactive power exch ange in the cease

to energize state shall be less than 10% of nameplate DER rating and shall exclusively result from

passive devices. For Local EPS with aggregate DER rating 500 kVA and greater, the reactive power
exchange in the cease to energize state shall be less than 3% of nameplate DER rating and shall

exclusively result from passive devices. 40

If requested by the Area EPS operator, the DER operator shall provide the reactive susceptance that

remains connected to the Area EPS in the cease to energize state.

Import of active power and reactive power exchange in the cease to energize state is permitted only

for continuation of supply to DER housekeeping and auxiliary loads.

Alternatively, the requirements for cease to energize may be met by disconnecting 41 the local EPS, or

the portion of the local EPS to which the DER is connected from the Area EPS. The DER may

continue to deliver power to the portion of the Local EPS that is disconnected from the Area EPS. 42

40 In c ases where the Area EPS is isolated, the passive reactive power devices of the DER will rapidly discharge by Area EPS loads

and transformer magnetization and cease to exchange reactive power with the isolated Area EPS .

41 For example, via a separate disconnection device.

42 This may allow DER units to continue to energize the isolated Local EPS and supply local loads when disconnected from the

Area EPS .

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 4.6 Control capability requirements

The DER shall be capable of responding to external inputs 43 as specified in this subclause.

4.6.1 Capability to disable permit service

The DER shall be capable of disabling the permit service setting and shall cease to energize the Area

EPS and trip in no more than 2 s. 44

4.6.2 Capability to limit active power

The DER shall be capable of limiting active power as a percentage of the nameplate active power

rating. The DER shall limit its active power output to not greater than the active power limit set

point in no more than 30 s or in the time it takes for the primary energy source to reduce its active

power output to achieve the requirements of the active power limit set point, whichever is greater. 45

In cases where the DER is supplying loads in the Local EPS, the active power limit set point may be

implemented as a maximum active power export to the Area EPS. Under mutual agreement
between the Area EPS operator and the DER operator, the DER may be required to reduce active

power below the level needed to support Local EPS loads.

4.6.3 Execution of mode or parameter changes

Transition between modes shall commence in no more than 30 s after the mode setting change is

received at the local DER communication interface. Changes of control functional modes shall be

executed such that the DER output is transitioned smoothly over a time period between 5 s and 300

s.

43 The external input may come through a manual DER control panel or through the local DER communication interface spec ified in

Clause 10.

44 This func tion is not intended to necessarily meet all requirements for protection, such as direct transfer trip. The objective of this

requirement is related to bulk system operation.

45 Linear ramping and step-wise ramping with small step sizes may be desirable.

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 Ramping of DER output is not required for control parameter setting changes. For all control and
protective function parameter settings, the time following the input to the local DER communication

interface and preceding the point in time when the invoked action begins shall be no greater than 30

s.

4.7 Prioritization of DER responses

Requirements set forth in Clause 5 and Clause 6 shall be prioritized as follows: 46

a) The response to disabling permit service setting specified in 4.6.1 shall take precedence

over any requirements within Clause 5 and Clause 6.

b) DER tripping requirements specified in 6.2, 6.4.1, and 6.5.1 shall take precedence over any

other requirements within Clause 5 and Clause 6, subject to the following:

1) Where the prescribed trip duration settings for the respective voltage or frequency

magnitude are set at least 160 ms or 1% of the prescribed tripping time, whichever is

greater, beyond the prescribed ride-through duration, the DER shall comply with the

ride-through requirements specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2 prior to tripping.

2) In all other cases, the ride-through requirements shall apply until 160 ms or 1% of the

prescribed tripping time, whichever is greater, prior to the prescribed tripping time.

c) DER ride-through requirements specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2 shall take precedence over all

other requirements within Clause 5 and Clause 6, with the exception of tripping

requirements listed in item b) above. Ride-through may be terminated by the detection of

an unintentional island specified in 8.1. However, false detection of an unintentional island

that does not actually exist shall not justify non-compliance with ride-through

requirements. Conversely, ride-through requirements specified in Clause 6 shall not

inhibit the islanding detection performance specified in 8.1 where a valid unintentional

islanding condition exists.

46 Based on the actual settings of the control modes, a mode with lower priority may still take effect prior to a mode with higher

priority.

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 d) The voltage-active power mode requirements specified in 5.4.2 and frequency-droop

(frequency-power) response requirements specified in 6.5.2.7 shall take precedence over all

other requirements within Clause 5 and Clause 6, with the exception of tripping and ride-

through requirements listed in item b) and item c) above. If both voltage-active power and

frequency-droop modes are active, the lesser of the power value shall take precedence.

e) The response to active power limit signal specified in 4.6.2 shall take precedence over all

other requirements within Clause 5 and Clause 6, with the exception of tripping and ride-

through requirements listed in item b) and item c) above, and voltage-active power mode

requirements and frequency-droop response requirements listed in item d).

f) The voltage regulation functions specified in 5.3 shall take precedence over any remaining

requirements within Clause 5 and Clause 6.

4.1 General requirements

4.1.1 Voltage regulation

The DR shall not actively regulate the voltage at the PCC. The DR shall not cause the Area EPS

service voltage at other Local EPSs to go outside the requirements of ANSI C84.1-1995, Range A.

4.1.6 Monitoring provisions

Each DR unit of 250 kVA or more or DR aggregate of 250 kVA or more at a single PCC shall have

provisions for monitoring its connection status, real power output, reactive power output, and

voltage at the point of DR connection.

4.8 Isolation device

When required by the Area EPS operating practices, a readily accessible, lockable, visible-break

isolation device shall be located between the Area EPS and the DR unit DER. 47

47 The isolation device should be clearly marked to include signage per The National Electrical Code ® [B31], as applicable.

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 4.9 Inadvertent energization of the Area EPS

The DR DER shall not energize the Area EPS when the Area EPS is de-energized. Exceptions may be

given for intentional Area EPS islands per 8.2 at the discretion of the Area EPS operator.

4.10 Enter service

4.10.1 Introduction

The enter service criteria for DER of Category I, Category II, and Category III are specified in Table

4. 48

The active power performance during entering service is specified in 4.10.3. The requirements of 4.10

apply equally for return to service after trip as specified in 6.6.

4.10.2 Enter service criteria

When entering service, the DER shall not energize the Area EPS until the applicable voltage and

system frequency are within the ranges specified in Table 4 and the permit service setting is set to

‚Enabled‛. 49

Table 4—Enter service criteria for DER of Category I, Category II, and

Category III

(New)

aThis corresponds to the Range B of ANSI C84.1, Table 1, column for service‖voltage‖of‖120−600‖V.

48 Refer to Annex B for more information on categories.

49 The enter service criteria in Table 4 specify the conditions for which a DER is permitted to enter service; these criteria do not

mandate any DER to enter service or stay in operation for the specified voltage and frequency conditions.

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 4.10.3 Performance during entering service

During entering service, the DER shall be capable of the following:

a) Prevent enter service when permit service setting is disabled.

b) DER shall be capable of delaying enter service by an intentional adjustable minimum delay

when the Area EPS steady-state voltage and frequency are within the ranges specified in

Table 4. The adjustable range of the minimum intentional delay shall be 0 s to 600 s with a

default minimum delay of 300 s.

c) DER shall increase output of active power, 50 or exchange of active power for energy-

storage-DER, during enter service as specified. Active power shall increase linearly, or in a

stepwise linear ramp, with an average rate-of-change not exceeding the DER nameplate
active power rating divided by the enter service period. The duration of the enter service

period shall be adjustable over a range of 1 s to 1000 s with a default time of 300 s. 51 The

maximum active power increase of any single step during the enter service period shall be

less than or equal to 20% of the DER nameplate active power rating. Where a stepwise

ramp is used, the rate of change over the period between any two consecutive steps shall

not exceed the average rate-of-change over the full enter service period. This requirement is

a maximum ramp rate requirement and the DER may increase output slower than

specified.

Exception 1: For Local EPS that have an aggregate DER rating of less than 500 kVA, individual

DER units may increase output of active power with no limitation of the rate-of-change, following

an additional randomized time delay with a default maximum time random interval of 300 s, and

with an adjustable range for the maximum time random interval of 1 s to 1000 s.

50 For Restore Output of active power after Return to S ervice, direction of active power may be negative (charging) for Energy

S torage DER, e.g., return to frequency reduction via charging through droop or dispatch control, if operating for that purpose prior
to trip. This requirement does not exclude use of alternate means to meet this requirement.

51 Base values for quantities expressed in per unit and percent of are specified in 3.1.

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 Exception 2: Increase of output of active power by Local EPS having an aggregate DER rating of

equal to or greater than 500 kVA and increasing output with active power steps greater than 20%

of nameplate active power rating shall require approval of the Area EPS operator in coordination

with the regional reliability coordinator.

4.10.4 Synchronization

The DR unit DER shall parallel with the Area EPS without causing a step changes in the RMS

voltage fluctuation at the PCC greater than ±5 exceeding 3% of nominal when the prevailing PCC is

at medium voltage level, or exceeding 5% of nominal when the Area EPS at the PCC, and meet the

flicker requirements of 4.3.2 is at low voltage.

DER that produce fundamental voltage before connecting to the Area EPS 52 shall not be

synchronized outside of the tolerances specified in Table 5. 53, 54 The synchronization limits stated

in Table 5 may be waived by the Area EPS operator if paralleling does not exceed the limitation of

voltage fluctuations induced by the DER requirements specified in 7.2.

Table 5—Synchronization parameter limits for synchronous

interconnection to an EPS, or an energized Local EPS to an energized
Area EPS

(New)

52 Examples may include synchronous generators, self-excited (grid-forming) inverters, or self-excited induction generators.

53 These parameters are maximum synchronization tolerances and by no means require that DER equipment be designed to sustain

these toleranc es. If the equipment requires tighter tolerances and the synchronization is performed consistent with the equipment
requirements, then the synchronization will be compliant with this subclause.

54 For example, round rotor synchronous generators with ratings 10 MVA and larger and salient pole synchronous generators with

ratings 5 MVA and larger may use the synchronization criteria described in IEEE S td 67, which are tighter than the ones spec ified

here and c an therefore meet the requirements of this standard.

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 (Deleted)

4.11 Interconnect integrity

4.11.1 Protection from electromagnetic interference (EMI)

The interconnection system DER shall have the capability to withstand electromagnetic interference

(EMI) environments in accordance be compliant with IEEE Std C37.90.2-1995, IEC 61000-4-3, or other

applicable industry standards with a minimum electric field strength of 30 V/m. 55 The influence of

EMI, having an electric field less than or equal to the value specified in this subclause, shall not

result in a change in state or misoperation of the interconnection system DER that affects

performance required by this standard.

4.11.2 Surge withstand performance

The interconnection system shall have the capability to withstand voltage and current surges in

accordance with the interconnection system ratings and environments defined in IEEE Std C62.41.2-

2002 or , IEEE Std C37.90.1-2002, IEEE Std C62.45, or IEC 61000-4-5, as applicable.

55 Information on references can be found in Clause 2.

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 4.11.3 Paralleling device

Where used for isolation of a DER unit that continues to produce voltage after isolation from the

interconnection system Area EPS, the DER paralleling-device shall be capable of withstanding 220%

of the interconnection system DER rated voltage across the paralleling device for an indefinite

duration. 56

4.12 Integration with Area EPS grounding

Unless specified otherwise by the Area EPS operator, the grounding scheme of the DR DER

interconnection shall not cause overvoltages that exceed the rating of the equipment connected to

the Area EPS and shall not disrupt the coordination of be coordinated with the ground fault

protection on of the Area EPS. 57

4.13 Exemptions for emergency systems and standby DER

4.13.1 Exemptions for emergency systems

DER systems designated by authority having jurisdiction as emergency, legally required, or critical

operations power systems providing backup power to hospitals, fire stations or other emergency

facilities as defined by applicable industry code, 58 shall be exempt from the following:

a) Voltage disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.4.2

b) Frequency disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.5.2

56 The paralleling device must be rated for 220% of nominal voltage to accommodate Area EPS and DER voltages that are out of

phase with eac h other.

57 S ubc lause 7.4 limits overvoltages produced by DER, including overvoltages caused by ground faults.

58 In the United S tates, examples of applicable industry code are NFPA 110 [B32], NFPA 70 [B31], or the NES C [B1].

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 c) Interoperability, information exchange, information models, and protocols specified in

Clause 10

d) Intentional islanding requirements specified in 8.2

and may cease to energize the Area EPS or may separate from the Area EPS without limitations.

4.13.2 Exemptions for standby DER

A DER that is only being operated in parallel to the Area EPS:

— For testing purposes only and tests are not performed more frequently than 30 times per

year; or

— During load transfer in a period of less than 300 s to or from the Area EPS,

shall be exempt from the following:

a) Voltage disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.4.2

b) Frequency disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.5.2

c) Interoperability, information exchange, information models, and protocols specified in

Clause 10

d) Intentional islanding requirements specified in 8.2

and may cease to energize the Area EPS or may separate from the Area EPS without limitations.

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 5. Reactive power capability and voltage/power control requirements

5.1 Introduction

Different characteristics and capabilities for response to voltage variations within the normal
operating range are specified in certain parts of this subclause for normal operating performance

Category A and Category B DER. 59 Table 6 specifies the attributes of voltage and reactive power

control requirements specified in 5.3 and the voltage and active power control requirements

specified in 5.4 to performance Category A and Category B DER. Under mutual agreement between

Area EPS operator and DER operator, requirements other than those specified below are also

permitted.

The Area EPS operator shall specify the DER performance category that is required. Guidance

regarding the assignment of performance categories is provided in Annex B of this standard

covering DER type, application purpose, and Area EPS characteristics.

The requirements of this subclause apply to the continuous operation region when the voltage is

between 0.88 and 1.1 times the nominal voltage (VN). Continued operation of functions defined in

Clause 5 outside of the continuous operation region may be acceptable to support functions covered in

6.4. During abnormal voltage conditions, this reactive power range shall be provided subject to the

limitations of the DER. The DER shall return to its pre-disturbance operating mode after the system

voltage returns to its normal range.

The DER shall not cause the Area EPS primary circuit voltage at any location to go outside the

requirements of ANSI C84.1 for primary service voltage.

In addition, the DER shall not cause the Area EPS service voltage at any Local EPS to be outside of

ANSI C84.1. This service voltage limitation shall‖not‖apply‖to‖the‖DER’s‖Local‖EPS‖if‖it‖is‖served‖by‖a‖

dedicated service transformer or dedicated feeder/circuit as determined by the Area EPS operator.

59 Refer to Annex B for definitions of Category A and Category B.

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 Table 6—Voltage and reactive/active power control function
requirements for DER normal operating performance categories

(New)

aVoltage-reactive‖ power‖mode‖may‖also‖be‖commonly‖referred‖to‖as‖‚volt-var‛‖mode.

bActive power-reactive‖power‖mode‖may‖be‖commonly‖referred‖to‖as‖‚watt-var‛ mode.

5.2 Reactive power capability of the DER

The DER shall be capable of injecting reactive power (over-excited) and absorbing reactive power

(under-excited) for active power output levels greater than or equal to the minimum steady-state

active power capability (P min ), or 5% of rated active power, P rated (kW) of the DER, whichever is

greater.

When operating at active power output greater than 5% and less than 20% of rated active power, the

DER shall be capable of exchanging reactive power up to the minimum reactive power value given

in Table 7 multiplied by the active power output divided by 20% of rated active power.

Operation at any active power output above 20% of rated active power shall not constrain the

delivery of reactive power injection or absorption, up to the capability specified in Table 7, as

required by the active control function at the time, as defined in 5.3. Curtailment of active power to

meet apparent power constraints is permissible. These reactive power requirements are illustrated in

informative Figure H.3. 60

60 This‖is‖c ommonly‖known‖as‖‚reactive‖power‖priority‛‖mode.

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 Table 7—Minimum reactive power injection and absorption capability

(New)

The DER may produce active power up to the kVA rating provided that the DER remains capable at

all times to absorb or inject reactive power, to the full extent of the reactive power capability ranges

defined above, as demanded by the reactive power control mode and corresponding settings

established by the Area EPS operator. 61

5.3 Voltage and reactive power control

5.3.1 General

The DER shall provide voltage regulation capability by changes of reactive power. The approval of

the Area EPS operator shall be required for the DER to actively participate in voltage regulation.

The voltage and reactive power control functions do not create a requirement for the DER to operate

at points outside of the minimum reactive power capabilities specified in 5.2.

The DER shall, as specified in Table 6, provide the capabilities of the following mutually exclusive

modes of reactive power control functions:

― Constant power factor mode

― Voltage-reactive power mode

― Active power-reactive power mode

61 The DER Prated may be less than or equal to Srated. The DER may need to reduce active power in order to meet the demanded

reac tive power in order to respect its apparent power limits.

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 ― Constant reactive power mode

The DER shall be capable of activating each of these modes one at a time.

Constant power factor mode with unity power factor setting62 shall be the default mode of the

installed DER unless otherwise specified by the Area EPS operator.

The DER operator shall be responsible for implementing setting modifications and mode selections,

as specified by the Area EPS operator within a time acceptable to the Area EPS operator. Under

mutual agreement between the Area EPS operator and DER operator, reactive power control modes

and implementations other than the ones listed above and described below shall be permitted.

Emergency or standby DERs63 as specified in 4.13 shall only be required to operate in constant

power factor mode.

5.3.2 Constant power factor mode

When in this mode, the DER shall operate at a constant power factor. The target power factor shall

be specified by the Area EPS operator and shall not require reactive power exceeding the reactive

capability requirements specified in 5.2. The power factor settings are allowed to be adjusted locally

and/or remotely as specified by the Area EPS operator. The maximum DER response time to

maintain constant power factor shall be 10 s or less.

62 DER may operate at any power factor, e.g., for the purpose of compensating for the reactive power demand of the Local EPS , as

long as the power factor requirements specified by the Area EPS are met at the RPA.

63 As defined by authority having jurisdiction.

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 5.3.3 Voltage-reactive power mode 64

When in this mode, the DER shall actively control its reactive power output as a function of voltage

following a voltage-reactive power piecewise linear characteristic. An example voltage-reactive

power characteristic is shown in Figure H.4. The voltage-reactive power characteristic shall be

configured in accordance with the default parameter values specified in Table 8 if not specified by

the Area EPS operator. If specified by the Area EPS operator, the voltage-reactive power

characteristic shall be configured using values in the optional adjustable range. The voltage-reactive

power characteristics shall be adjustable locally and/or remotely as specified by the Area EPS

operator.

64 Category A default operation under voltage-reactive‖power‖mode‖is‖sometimes‖called‖‘voltage‖regulation‖with‖reactive‖droop’.‖

Note however, that Category B deviates significantly from Category A operation.

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 Table 8—Voltage-reactive power settings for normal operating
performance Category A and Category B DER

(New)

aThe DER reactive power capability may be reduced at lower voltage.

bIf needed DER may reduce active power output to meet this requirement.

cImproper selection of these values may cause system instability.

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 The DER shall be capable of autonomously adjusting reference voltage (VRef) with VRef being equal

to the low pass filtered measured voltage. The time constant shall be adjustable at least over the

range of 300 s to 5000 s. The voltage-reactive power Volt-Var curve characteristic shall be adjusted

autonomously as VRef changes. The approval of the Area EPS operator shall be required for the DER

to autonomously adjust the reference voltage. Implementation of the autonomous VRef adjustability

and the associated time constant shall be specified by the Area EPS operator.

5.3.4 Active power-reactive power mode

When in this mode, the DER shall actively control the reactive power output as a function of the

active power output following a target piecewise linear active power-reactive power characteristic,

without intentional time delay. In no case, shall the response time be greater than 10 s. Example

active power-reactive power characteristic is shown in Figure H.5. The target characteristic shall be

configured in accordance with the default parameter values shown in Table 9. The characteristics

shall be allowed to be configured as specified by the Area EPS operator using the values specified in

the optional adjustable range.

The left-hand side of Figure H.5 and corresponding requirements specified in Table 9 shall only

apply to DER capable of absorbing active power.

The active power-reactive power characteristics are allowed to be adjusted locally and/or remotely

as specified by the Area EPS operator.

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 Table 9—Active power-reactive power settings for normal operating
performance Category A and Category B DER

(New)

5.3.5 Constant reactive power mode

When in this mode, the DER shall maintain a constant reactive power. The target reactive power

level and mode (injection or absorption) shall be specified by the Area EPS operator and shall be

within the range specified in 5.2. The reactive power settings are allowed to be adjusted locally

and/or remotely as specified by the Area EPS operator. The maximum DER response time to

maintain constant reactive power shall be 10 s or less.

5.4 Voltage and active power control

5.4.1 General

Category B DER shall, as specified in Table 6, provide a voltage regulation capability by changes of

active power. Enabling/disabling this function is at the discretion of the Area EPS operator. The

default is that this function is disabled.

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 5.4.2 Voltage-active power mode

When in this mode, the DER shall actively limit the DER maximum active power as a function of the

voltage following a voltage-active power piecewise linear characteristic. Two examples of these

characteristics are shown in Figure H.6. The characteristic shall be configured in accordance with the

default parameter values specified in Table 10 for the given DER normal operating performance

category. The characteristic may be configured as specified by the Area EPS operator using the values

in the adjustable range. 65

If enabled, the voltage-active power mode shall remain active while any of the voltage-reactive

power modes described in 5.3 are enabled. For DER that do not absorb active power, P 2, which is

the minimum set point for active power generation due to overvoltage, is subject to the equipment

capability. If P 2 is outside the continuous operation region of the DER, the active power generation is

allowed to be reduced to the minimum DER capability instead of P 2 or DER shutting down.

DER that can inject and absorb active power, P'2, which is the maximum set point for active power

absorption change due to system overvoltage, is subject to the equipment capability. If P'2 is outside

the continuous operation region of the DER, the active power absorption is allowed to be reduced to

the maximum absorption capability instead of P'2 or DER shutting down.

The voltage-active power characteristics curves are allowed to be adjusted locally and/or remotely as

specified by the Area EPS operator.

65 As permitted by 4.6.2, for cases where the DER is supplying loads in the Local EPS, the DER active power may be implemented

as a maximum active power export limit set point. The DER shall not be required to reduce active power below the level needed to
support loc al loads.

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 Table 10 —Voltage-active power settings for Category A and Category B
DER

(New)

aP min is the minimum active power output in p.u. of the DER rating (i.e., 1.0 p.u.).

bP'rated is the maximum amount of active power that can be absorbed by the DER. ESS operating in

the negative real power half plane, through charging, shall follow this curve as long as available

energy storage capacity permits this operation.

cAny settings for the open loop response time of less than 3 s shall be approved by the Area EPS

operator with due consideration of system dynamic oscillatory behavior.

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 6. Response to Area EPS abnormal conditions10

6.1 Introduction

Abnormal conditions can arise on the Area EPS that require a response from the connected DR to

which the DER shall appropriately respond. This response contributes to the stability of the Area

EPS, safety of utility maintenance personnel and the general public, as well as the avoidance of

damage to connected equipment, including the DR DER. DER response should consider the
performance requirements of the Area EPS and the bulk power system (BPS) to which the Area EPS is

connected. 66 All voltage and frequency parameters performance requirements specified in these

subclauses shall be met at the PCC, reference point of applicability specified in 4.2 and shall refer to the

applicable voltages specified in 4.3, 67 unless otherwise stated.

Different characteristics and capabilities for response to abnormal Area EPS conditions are specified
in certain parts of this subclause for abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and

Category III DER.

66 Distributed Energy Resources—Connection, Modeling, and Reliability Considerations, North American Electric Reliability

Corporation (NERC), February 2017.

67 S ubc lause 4.3 states: For low-voltage ride-through and undervoltage trip, the relevant voltage at any given time shall be the least

magnitude of the individual applicable voltages relative to the corresponding nominal voltage. For high-voltage ride-through and
overvoltage trip, the relevant voltage at any given time shall be the greatest magnitude of the applicable voltages relative to the

c orresponding nominal voltage.

10 The isolation of a portion of the Area EPS , presenting the potential for an unintended DR island, is a special concern and is

addressed in 4.4.1.

S etting adjustments may only be made as approved by the authority who has jurisdiction over the DR interconnection.

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 The Area EPS operator, as guided by the AGIR who determined applicability of the performance

categories as outlined in 4.3, 68 shall specify which of abnormal operating performance Category I,

Category II, or Category III performance is required. 69 Guidance regarding the assignment of

performance categories is provided in Annex B of this standard.

With regard to ride-through as specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2 and methods utilized to meet the

unintentional islanding detection as specified in 8.1, the following shall apply:

― While the DER is connected to an Area EPS that is connected to a bulk power system, any

requirements for ride-through as specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2 shall not be falsely inhibited

by any methods or design features utilized to meet the unin tentional islanding detection as
specified in 8.1 when an actual unintentional island condition does not exist.

― Conversely, the unintentional islanding detection requirements specified in 8.1 shall not be

inhibited by ride-through as specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2 during valid unintentional

islanding conditions. 70

― While the DER is connected to an Area EPS that is not connected to a bulk power system (i.e.,

an intentional Area EPS island), requirements for ride-through as specified in 6.4.2 and 6.5.2

may not apply. 71

68 Refer to Annex B for further guidelines for DER performance category assignment.

69 This may be subject to regulatory requirements that are outside the scope of this standard and may consider DER type,

applic ation purpose, future regional DER penetration, and the Area EPS characteristics.

70 Also refer to prioritization of DER responses as specified in 4.7.

71 S ubc lause 8.2 specifies requirements and criteria for intentional Area EPS islands and DER operating within an intentional Area EPS

isla nd.

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 All requirements related to the delivery of active power shall be subject to the availability of the

DER’s‖ primary‖ source‖ of‖ energy‖ (available active power). 72 Abnormal voltage and frequency

conditions‖shall‖not‖result‖in‖unavailability‖of‖DER’s‖primary source of energy (available active power);

otherwise, this shall be deemed a failure to comply with ride-through of abnormal voltage and

frequency conditions of this clause. 73

All DER shall be field adjustable for the adjustable parameters specified in this clause. 74 The

adjustability may be required via communication, if specified by the Area EPS operator as defined

per the interoperability requirements specified in Clause 10.

The actual applied trip settings shall be specified by the Area EPS operator. If the Area EPS operator

does not specify any settings, the default settings shall be used.

6.2 Area EPS faults and open phase conditions

6.2.1 Area EPS faults

The DR unit shall cease to energize the Area EPS For short-circuit faults on the Area EPS circuit

section to which it the DER is connected, the DER shall cease to energize and trip unless specified

otherwise by the Area EPS operator. 75 This requirement shall not be applicable to faults that cannot

be detected by the Area EPS protection systems.

72 Decrease of solar irradiance in the case of a photovoltaic DER, or decrease of wind speed for a wind turbine generator, occ urring

during a voltage disturbance, are examples where DER power output decrease is compliant with this requirement.

73 Examples of non-compliant decrease of active power availability are loss of control power to the power conversion devic e or

prime mover, or loss of auxiliary power.

74 For example, voltage or frequency magnitude, time duration, droop, deadband.

75 The Area EPS Operator may elect to use sequential tripping for the smaller DER with relatively low impact and allow the DER to

cea se to energize after the protective device on the Area EPS opened.

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 NOTE 1—DER can desensitize detection of faults that can be detected by the Area EPS protection

systems prior to the interconnection of the DER. Adjustments to the settings of the Area EPS

protection systems or changes to the DER interconnection parameters, which can compensate for

DER’s‖ fault‖ current‖ contribution,‖ may‖ be‖ needed‖ to maintain proper fault detection time and

protective relaying coordination intervals acceptable to the Area EPS operator.

NOTE 2—The presence of a ground source within the Local EPS can pose a back-feed risk to the

distribution system even when the DER is otherwise disconnected.

6.2.2 Open phase conditions

The DER shall detect and cease to energize and trip all phases to which the DER is connected for any

open phase condition occurring directly at the reference point of applicability per 4.2 and the

applicable voltages per 4.3. The DER shall cease to energize and trip within 2.0 s of the open phase

condition.

6.3 Area EPS reclosing coordination

Appropriate means shall be implemented to help ensure that Area EPS automatic reclosing onto a

circuit remaining energized by the DER does not expose the Area EPS to unacceptable stresses or

disturbances due to differences in instantaneous voltage, phase angle, or frequency between the

separated systems at the instant of the reclosure (e.g., out-of-phase reclosing). 76

Operation in momentary cessation operating mode meets this cease to energize requirement. Restore

output behavior shall be coordinated with Area EPS reclosing timing.

76 Appropriate means may include, for example, Area EPS measures to block reclosing if the circuit remains energized, or existence

of low DER penetration and DER technology -types such that energization would not be maintained for as long as the time of

rec losing, or means to cease energization by DER when the Area EPS is isolated (e.g., transfer trip, or reliance on islanding detec tion
requirements as specified in 8.1).

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 In addition to these requirements, the requirements from 4.10 shall be considered. Voltage ride-

through requirements for consecutive temporary voltage disturbances caused by a reclosing

sequence are specified by 6.4.2.5.

The DR shall cease to energize the Area EPS circuit to which it is connected prior to reclosure by the

Area EPS.

6.4 Voltage

6.4.1 Mandatory voltage tripping requirements

When any applicable voltage is less than an undervoltage threshold, or greater than an overvoltage

threshold, as defined in this subclause, the DER shall cease to energize the Area EPS and trip within

the respective clearing time as indicated. 77 Under and overvoltage tripping thresholds and clearing

times shall be adjustable over the ranges of allowable settings specified in Table 11 for abnormal

operating performance Category I, Table 12 for Category II, or Table 13 for Category III. Unless

specified otherwise by the Area EPS operator, default settings shall be used.

The voltage and time set points shall be field adjustable and may be remotely adjustable per the

interoperability requirements specified in Clause 10.

The ranges of allowable settings do not mandate a requirement for the DER to ride through this

magnitude and duration of abnormal voltage condition. The Area EPS operator may specify the
voltage thresholds and maximum clearing times within the ranges of allowable settings; settings outside

of these ranges shall only be allowed as necessary for DER equipment protection and shall not

conflict with the voltage disturbance ride through requirements specified in 6.4.2.

77 When clea ring times are less than 0.16 seconds greater than the specified clearing time, the provisions of 4.7 item b)1) are

applic able.

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 Two overvoltage trip functions, OV1 and OV2, and two undervoltage trip functions, UV1 and UV2

apply simultaneously to DER of Category I, Category II, and Category III. For the overvoltage (OV)

and undervoltage (UV) trip functions clearing time ranges and for the OV trip functions voltage

ranges, the lower value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to lower values) and the

upper value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set above this value). For the UV trip

functions voltage ranges, the upper value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to

greater values) and the lower value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set to lower

values). 78 Area EPS operators may specify values within the specified range subject to the

limitations on voltage trip settings specified by the regional reliability coordinator. 79, 80

78 The following are recommendations for hardware design of equipment used to implement the trip functions by use of fixed

‘ranges‖of‖adjustability’:‖For‖the‖overvoltage‖(OV)‖and‖undervoltage‖(UV)‖trip‖functions‖ clearing time ranges and for the OV trip

func tions voltage ranges, the lower value should be a limiting design requirement (the range of adjustability should not extend to
lower values) and the upper value should be a minimum design requirement (the range of adjustability may be extended above this

value). For the UV trip functions voltage ranges, the upper value should be a limiting design requirement (the range of adjus tability

should not extend to greater values) and the lower value should be a minimum design requirement (the range of adjustability may
be extended to lower values).

79 In North America, the limitations for transmission-connected resources as specified in NERC PRC-024-2 [B27] may be used for

referenc e.

80 The lower and upper values of the ranges of allowable settings for voltage and frequency trip settings specified in this standard for

DER are not intended to limit the capabilities and settings of other equipment on the Area EPS . It is recommended that settings
applied on Area EPS equipment conform to the voltage and frequency ride -through objectives of this standard whenever the Area

EPS is in normal configuration. However, it is recognized that in certain cases Area EPS operators may need to occasionally and
selec tively use trip settings outside the ranges of allowable settings to accommodate worker safety practices or to safeguard

distribution infrastructure while in an abnormal configuration, e.g., during automatic reconfiguration of a circuit sec tion or
temporary loss of direct transfer trip of mid- and large-scale DER. Area EPS operators should limit trip settings on Area EPS

equipment that conflict with this standard to only affect those selective DER and A rea EPS equipment and only for a limited period

nec essary to meet these worker safety and equipment protection goals. Area EPS operators should coordinate these practic es with
the regiona l reliability coordinator who may consider bulk power system impacts of affected aggregate DER capacity.

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 Table 11 —DER response (shall trip) to abnormal voltages for DER of
abnormal operating performance Category I (see Figure H.7)

(New)

aThe Area EPS operator may specify other voltage and clearing time trip settings within the range of

allowable settings, e,g., to consider Area EPS protection coordination.

bNominal system voltages stated in ANSI C84.1, Table 1 or as otherwise defined by the Area EPS

operator. The ranges of allowable settings do not mandate a requirement for the DER to ride through

this magnitude and duration of abnormal voltage condition. The Area EPS operator may specify the

voltage thresholds and maximum clearing times within the ranges of allowable settings; settings outside

of these ranges shall only be allowed as necessary for DER equipment protection and shall not

conflict with the voltage disturbance ride through requirements specified in 6.4.2. For the

overvoltage (OV) and undervoltage (UV) trip functions clearing time ranges and for the OV trip

functions voltage ranges, the lower value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to

lower values) and the upper value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set above this

value). For the UV trip functions voltage ranges, the upper value is a limiting requirement (the

setting shall not be set to greater values) and the lower value is a minimum requirement (the setting

may be set to lower values).

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 Table 12 —DER response (shall trip) to abnormal voltages for DER of
abnormal operating performance Category II (see Figure H.8)

(New)

aThe Area EPS operator may specify other voltage and clearing time trip settings within the range of

allowable settings, e,g., to consider Area EPS protection coordination.

bNominal system voltages stated in ANSI C84.1, Table 1 or as otherwise defined by the Area EPS

operator. The ranges of allowable settings do not mandate a requirement for the DER to ride through

this magnitude and duration of abnormal voltage condition. The Area EPS operator may specify the
voltage thresholds and maximum clearing times within the ranges of allowable settings; settings outside

of these ranges shall only be allowed as necessary for DER equipment protection and shall not

conflict with the voltage disturbance ride through requirements specified in 6.4.2. For the
overvoltage (OV) and undervoltage (UV) trip functions clearing time ranges and for the OV trip

functions voltage ranges, the lower value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to

lower values) and the upper value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set above this

value). For the UV trip functions voltage ranges, the upper value is a limiting requirement (the

setting shall not be set to greater values) and the lower value is a minimum requirement (t he setting

may be set to lower values).

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 Table 13 —DER response (shall trip) to abnormal voltages for DER of
abnormal operating performance Category III (see Figure H.9)

(New)

aThe Area EPS operator may specify other voltage and clearing time trip settings within the range of

allowable settings, e,g., to consider Area EPS protection coordination.

bNominal system voltages stated in ANSI C84.1, Table 1 or as otherwise defined by the Area EPS

operator. The ranges of allowable settings do not mandate a requirement for the DER to ride through

this magnitude and duration of abnormal voltage condition. The Area EPS operator may specify the

voltage thresholds and maximum clearing times within the ranges of allowable settings; settings outside

of these ranges shall only be allowed as necessary for DER equipment protection and shall not

conflict with the voltage disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.4.2. For the

overvoltage (OV) and undervoltage (UV) trip functions clearing time ranges and for the OV trip

functions voltage ranges, the lower value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to

lower values) and the upper value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set above this

value). For the UV trip functions voltage ranges, the upper value is a limiting requirement (the

setting shall not be set to greater values) and the lower value is a minimum requirement (the setting

may be set to lower values).

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 6.4.2 Voltage disturbance ride-through requirements

6.4.2.1 General requirements and exceptions

The performance required of DER during voltage disturbances is specified in this clause. DER shall
meet either the abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, or Category III requirements

of this clause, as specified by the Area EPS operator. The voltage disturbance ride-through

requirements specified in this clause do not apply when frequency is outside of the ride-through

range specified in 6.5.2.

DER shall be designed to provide the voltage disturbance ride-through capability specified in this

clause without exceeding DER capabilities. Any tripping of the DER, or other failure to provide the

specified ride-through capability, due to DER self-protection as a direct or indirect result of a voltage

disturbance within a ride-through region, shall constitute non-compliance with this standard.

The DER shall specify its abnormal operating performance category within the nameplate information.

The voltage disturbance ride-through specified in the remainder of 6.4.2 shall not apply and DER
may cease to energize the Area EPS and trip without limitations if any of the following applies:

a) The net active power exported across the point of common coupling into the Area EPS is

continuously maintained at a value less than 10% of the aggregate rating of DER connected

to the Local EPS prior to any voltage disturbance, and the Local EPS disconnects from the

Area EPS, along with Local EPS load to intentionally form a Local EPS island, or

b) An active power demand of the Local EPS load equal or greater than 90% of the pre-

disturbance aggregate DER active power output is shed within 0.1 s of when the DER

ceases to energize the Area EPS and trips.

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 For voltage disturbances where the applicable voltage is outside the ride-through operating region

parameters (voltage range and corresponding cumulative duration, minimum time) specified in

Table 14 for abnormal operating performance Category I, Table 15 for Category II, or Table 16 for

Category III, requirements for continued operation (ride-through), or restore output subsequent to the

voltage disturbance, shall not apply. 81

Table 14 —Voltage ride-through requirements for DER for abnormal

operating performance Category I (see Figure H.7)

(New)

aCessation of current exchange of DER with Area EPS in not more than the maximum specified time

and with no intentional delay. This does not necessarily imply disconnection, isolation, or a trip of

the DER. This may include momentary cessation or trip.

81 Overvoltage and undervoltage events usually occur independently from each other, but may also be initiated by the same event

(e.g., after c learing a fault, there may be an overvoltage event due to electromagnetic transients or system dynamic response). Thus,
the high-voltage ride-through and the low-voltage ride-through requirements are based on cumulative durations and have to be

interpreted independently from each other.

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 Table 15 —Voltage ride-through requirements for DER of abnormal
operating performance Category II (see Figure H.8)

(New)

aCessation of current exchange of DER with Area EPS in not more than the maximum specified time

and with no intentional delay. This does not necessarily imply disconnection, isolation, or a trip of

the DER. This may include momentary cessation or trip.

Table 16 —Voltage ride-through requirements for DER of abnormal

operating performance Category III (see Figure H.9)

(New)

aCessation of current exchange of DER with Area EPS in not more than the maximum specified time

and with no intentional delay. This does not necessarily imply disconnection, isolation, or a trip of

the DER. This may include momentary cessation or trip.

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 bTemporarily cease to energize an EPS, while connected to the Area EPS, in response to a

disturbance of the applicable voltages or the system frequency, with the capability of immediate

restore output of operation when the applicable voltages and the system frequency return to within

defined ranges.

cThe voltage threshold between mandatory operation and momentary operation may be changed by

mutual agreement between the Area EPS operator and DER operator, for example to allow the DER

to provide Dynamic Voltage Support below 0.5 p.u.

6.4.2.2 Voltage disturbances within continuous operation region

Voltage disturbances of any duration, for which the applicable voltage as specified in 4.3 remains

within Range B as defined by ANSI C84.1, shall not cause the DER to cease to energize and trip from

the Area EPS. The DER shall remain in operation during any such disturbance, and shall continue to
deliver available active power of magnitude at least as great as its pre-disturbance level of active

power, prorated by the per-unit voltage level of the least phase voltage if that voltage is less than the

nominal voltage. 82 Temporary deviations of active power having durations not exceeding 0.5 s shall

be allowed.

Exception: Three-phase DER may cease to energize and trip if the negative sequence component of the

applicable voltage is greater than 5% of the nominal voltage for greater than 60 s or greater than 3% of the

nominal voltage for greater than 300 s, provided that the voltage imbalance is neither caused nor aggravated

by unbalanced currents of the Local EPS. 83

82 Changes of active power are permitted in response to control commands in accordance with 4.6 or in response to o ther c ontrol

settings.

83 It should be noted that the equipment design requirements for continuous and short-time negative sequence current capabilities

spec ified in IEEE S td C50.12 and IEEE S td C50.13 may not be sufficient for round rotor synchronous gene rators with ratings 10

MVA and larger or salient pole synchronous generators with ratings 5 MVA and larger to operate reliably in unbalanced applica ble
volta ge c onditions that may regularly occur in Area EPS governed by this standard. Note in 1.4 that this standard as a whole is not

intended for, and is in part inappropriate for, application to energy resources connected to transmission or networked sub -

transmission systems and that for DER interconnections that include individual synchronous generator units rated 10 MVA and
greater, and where the requirements of this standard conflict with the requirements of IEEE S td C50.12 or IEEE S td C50.13, the

requirements of IEEE S td C50.12 or IEEE S td C50.13, as relevant to the type of synchronous generator used, shall prevail.

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 6.4.2.3 Low-voltage ride-through

6.4.2.3.1 General

For low-voltage ride-through, the relevant voltage at any given time shall be the least magnitude of

the individual applicable phase-to-neutral, phase-to-ground, or phase-to-phase voltage relative to

the corresponding nominal system voltage as specified in 4.3.

6.4.2.3.2 Low-voltage ride-through capability

During temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the phase that has the

least voltage magnitude is less than the minimum of the continuous operation region, and within the

corresponding voltage ranges and cumulative duration (minimum time) specified in Table 14 for

Category I, Table 15 for Category II, and Table 16 for Category III, the DER shall be capable to ride-

through and

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS. 84

― Shall not trip.

― Shall restore output as specified in 6.4.2.7.

6.4.2.3.3 Low-voltage ride-through performance

During low-voltage ride-through, the DER shall operate in the following operating modes as

specified in Table 14 for Category I, Table 15 for Category II, and Table 16 for Category III with the

following requirements:

84 For all DER: maintain functioning of auxiliary equipment. For synchronous generation-based DER: maintain transient stability.

For inverter-based‖ DER:‖ maintain‖ ‚Current‖ Angle‖ S tability.‛‖ ‚Current‖ Angle‖ S tability‛‖ is‖ the‖ ability‖ of‖ a‖ DER,‖ which‖ is‖ grid-
interfac ed via a voltage source converter (VS C) and operated in parallel to the grid to inject current (magnitude, angle) for

transiently‖c hanging‖grid‖conditions‖without‖violating‖the‖VS C‖synchronization‖methods’‖stability‖zone.

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 During temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the phase that has the

least voltage magnitude is within the mandatory operation region, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS.

― Shall continue to exchange current with the Area EPS.

― Shall neither cease to energize nor trip.

DER of Category II and Category III shall, by default, not reduce its total apparent current during
the disturbance period in mandatory operation mode below 80% of the pre-disturbance value or of the

corresponding active current level subject to the available active power, whichever is less, subject to

the following:

― Active and reactive current oscillations that are positively damped are permitted during

the disturbance and post-disturbance period.

― Transient apparent current magnitude changes having duration less than 30 ms, and

dynamic current magnitude oscillations for which the mean value is greater than o r equal

to the pre-disturbance value constitute exceptions to this requirement.

By mutual agreement between the Area EPS operator and DER operator, other current

characteristics may be specified. 85

During temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the phase that has the

least voltage magnitude is within the permissive operation region, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS or shall not trip.

― May continue to exchange current with the Area EPS or may cease to energize.

― If DER ceases to energize, shall restore output as specified in 6.4.2.7.

85 For example, dynamic voltage support as specified in 6.4.2.6 may be used within the mandatory operating region.

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 For Category III DER, during temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the

phase that has the least voltage magnitude is within the momentary cessation operation region, the DER

― Shall not trip.

― Shall cease to energize.

― Shall restore output as specified in 6.4.2.7.

6.4.2.4 High-voltage ride-through

6.4.2.4.1 General

For high-voltage ride-through, the relevant voltage at any given time shall be the greatest magnitude

of the individual applicable phase-to-neutral, phase-to-ground or phase-to-phase voltage relative to

the corresponding nominal system voltage as specified in 4.3.

6.4.2.4.2 High-voltage ride-through capability

During temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the phase having the

greatest voltage magnitude is greater than the maximum of the continuous operation region, and

within the corresponding voltage ranges and cumulative duration (minimum time) specified in
Table 14 for abnormal operating performance Category I, Table 15 for Category II, or Table 16 for

Category III, the DER shall be capable to ride-through and

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS. 86

― Shall not trip.

― Shall restore output as specified in 6.4.2.7.

86 For sync hronous generation-based DER, maintain transient stability. For inverter-based DER, maintain control stability or

‚c urrent‖angle‖stability.‛‖For‖all‖DER,‖maintain‖functioning‖of‖auxiliary‖equipment.

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 6.4.2.4.3 High-voltage ride-through performance

During high-voltage ride-through, the DER shall operate in the following operating modes as
specified in Table 14 for abnormal operating performance Category I, Table 15 for Category II, and

Table 16 for Category III with the following requirements:

During temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the phase having the

greatest voltage magnitude is within the permissive operating region, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS or shall not trip.

― May continue to exchange current with the Area EPS or may cease to energize.

― If DER ceases to energize, shall restore output as specified in 6.4.2.7.

For Category III DER, during temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on the

phase having the greatest voltage magnitude is within the momentary cessation operation region, the

DER

― Shall not trip.

― Shall cease to energize.

― Shall restore output as specified in 6.4.2.7.

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 6.4.2.5 Ride-through of consecutive voltage disturbances 87

The requirements for continued operation (ride-through), or restore output shall apply to multiple

consecutive voltage disturbances within a ride-through operating region, for which the voltage range

and corresponding cumulative durations are specified in Table 14 for abnormal operating performance

Category I, Table 15 for Category II, and Table 16 for Category III. These requirements are subject to

the following provisions that specify conditions in Table 17 for which a DER may trip: 88

a) For a set of consecutive disturbances in which voltages fall within a ride-through operating

region multiple times, each interspersed by a period of voltage within the continuous
operation region that has a duration no greater than specified in Table 17 Column 3 for the

respective performance category, the cumulative duration of voltage within the respective

ride-through operating region for all such disturbances shall be compared with the maximum

required duration for the respective voltage disturbance severity. If this cumulative

duration exceeds the required duration, the DER may trip.

b) If voltages remain entirely within the continuous operation region for a time period greater

than specified in Table 17, Column 3 for the respective performance category, any further

disturbance shall be considered as a new set of disturbances, and a new accumulation of

ride-through duration as defined in item a) shall apply.

87 The primary intent of voltage ride-through requirements for consecutive voltage disturbances is for DER to ride through a

reasonable tripping and reclosing sequence associated with a short-circuit fault on a different portion of the Area EPS than that to

whic h it is c onnected, but which causes these voltage disturbances at the DER. Other causes for consecutive disturbanc es are
separate faults that might occur in a severe storm, or dynamic voltage swings that cyclically transition in and out of the continuous

opera tion region.

88 None of these provisions specifies that a DER shall trip for consecutive voltage disturbances. These provisions only spec ify

c onditions for which a DER may trip and is relieved of the mandatory requirement to ride through voltage disturbances. The ride-

through of a DER for more than the specified number of disturbance sets (Column 2), for disturbance sets that are separate d by less
than the spec ified minimum time (Column 3), and disturbance sets occurring more frequently than the specified time window for

new c ount (Column 4) does not pose a risk to the Area EPS , and DER should ride through as many disturbance sets as they are
c apable.

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 c) The DER shall not be required to ride through any more ride-through disturbance sets

than the maximum number given in Table 17, Column 2 within the time period specified

in Table 17, Column 4. Once a period-of-time as given in Table 17, Column 4 has passed

since the last disturbance, the DER shall be required to ride through any new sets of

disturbances as specified in item a) and item b).

Exception: DER shall be allowed to trip if the timing of multiple consecutive voltage disturbances during a

specific event stimulate electromechanical oscillations to the degree where DER synchronism is lost or

potential damage to the DER may occur. 89

Table 17 —Voltage ride-through requirements for consecutive temporary

voltage disturbances caused by unsuccessful reclosing for DER of
abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and Category
III

(New)

89 It should be noted that IEEE S td C50.13 provides assessment criteria for a site -specific study of torsional stress for synchronous

generators with ratings 10 MVA and larger. Per 1.4, this standard as a whole is not intended for, and is in part inappropriate for,

applic ation to energy resources connected to transmission or networked sub-transmission systems and for DER interconnec tions
that inc lude individual synchronous generator units rated 10 MVA and greater, and where the requirements of this standard

c onflic t with the requirements of IEEE S td C50.12 or IEEE Std C50.13, the requirements of IEEE S td C50.12 or IEEE S td C50.13, as

relevant to the type of synchronous generator used, shall prevail.

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 6.4.2.6 Dynamic voltage support

Dynamic voltage support 90 from DER can support the applicable voltage by supplying the Area EPS

with a current 91 during low-voltage ride-through and high-voltage ride-through operation.

Alternate means of DER control and designs can exist to provide dynamic voltage support. Support
of the applicable voltage can provide benefits to the Area EPS and BPS.

6.4.2.6.1 Dynamic voltage support capability

Any DER may have the capability of dynamic voltage support during low-voltage ride-through and

high-voltage ride-through.

6.4.2.6.2 Dynamic voltage support performance

The dynamic voltage support capability may be utilized during mandatory operation or permissive

operation under a mutual agreement with the Area EPS operator 92 considering both the capability

and the DER-specific implementation of the dynamic voltage support function. The DER shall
maintain synchronism with the Area EPS and may provide dynamic voltage support to the Area EPS

during and following temporary voltage disturbances, for which the applicable voltage on any phase

is as follows:

a) Less than the minimum of the continuous operation region and within either the mandatory

operation or the permissive operation region, or

90 Dyna mic voltage support provides rapid reactive power exchanges during voltage excursions. Dynamic voltage support may provide

better voltage stability in the distribution system during transient events extending into voltage ride -through or high-voltage ride-

through regions. Valuable information on the preferable characteristics of current injected to the Area EPS as dynamic voltag e

support is provided in Boemer [B3].

91 The relative effectiveness active and reactive current of the dynamic voltage support can depend on the X/R ratio of the Area

EPS .

92 The Area EPS operator may consider the impact of a dynamic voltage support from DER on the Area EPS protection.

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 b) Greater than the maximum of the continuous operation region and within the permissive

operation region.

The dynamic voltage support shall not cause the DER to cease to energize in situations where the DER

would not cease to energize without the dynamic voltage support. 93

6.4.2.7 Restore output with voltage ride-through

6.4.2.7.1 Restore output without dynamic voltage support

If the DER rides through a voltage disturbance without trip and the DER does not provide dynamic
voltage support (see 6.4.2.6) while in a mandatory operation or permissive operation region, once the

applicable voltage surpasses the lower value of the mandatory operation region during low-voltage ride-

through or the applicable voltage returns below the upper value of the continuous operation region

during high-voltage ride-through, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS.

― Shall restore output of active current to at least 80% of pre-disturbance active current level

within 0.4 s. Active and reactive current oscillations in the post-disturbance period that are

positively damped are acceptable.

6.4.2.7.2 Restore output with dynamic voltage support

If the DER rides through a voltage disturbance without trip and the DER provides dynamic voltage

support while in a mandatory operation or permissive operation region, once the applicable voltage enters

the continuous operation region, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS.

93 The implementation (design, testing and conformance, communications, etc.) of the dynamic voltage support is recommended to

have adequate capability to prevent the creation of overvoltage in any phases of the applicable voltages when providing dyna mic

volta ge support for any types of faults (balanced and unbalanced), for which the overvoltage would not occur without the DER.

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 ― Shall continue to provide dynamic voltage support up to 5 s after the applicable voltage

surpasses the lower value of the continuous operation region and restore output of active

current to at least 80% of pre-disturbance active current level or to the available active

current subject to reactive current priority, whichever is less, within 0.4 s.

― Shall discontinue providing dynamic voltage support 5 s after the applicable voltage surpasses

the lower value of the continuous operation region and resume reactive power

functionality for normal conditions as defined in 4.2 for the mode that has been selected.

6.4.2.7.3 Transition between performance operating regions for Category

III DER

If the RPA of a Category III DER is the PCC, the requirement for transitioning between momentary

cessation and mandatory operation or momentary cessation and continuous operation, may optionally be

based on the voltage measured at the PoC. When this optionality is excercised, the momentary

cessation threshold shall be adjusted94 for the predicted voltage difference between the PCC and

PoC, such that the performance of the DER approximates the defined performance based on PCC

voltage. This option does not apply to Category I and Category II DER. 95

94 The c apability to adjust the momentary cessation threshold may be mutually agreed upon between the Area EPS Operator in

c oordination with the regional reliability coordinator and the DER Operator and may otherwise be exempt from the interoperability
management information requirements in 10.6.

95 Bec ause Category I and Category II have permissive operating regions at voltages somewhat less than the lower limit of the

ma nda tory operation region, this option is not necessary.

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 The protection functions of the interconnection system shall detect the effective (rms) or

fundamental frequency value of each phase-to-phase voltage, except where the transformer

connecting the Local EPS to the Area EPS is a grounded wye-wye configuration, or single-phase

installation, the phase-to-neutral voltage shall be detected. When any voltage is in a range given in

Table 1, the DR shall cease to energize the Area EPS within the clearing time as indicated. Clearing

time is the time between the start of the abnormal condition and the DR ceasing to energize the Area

EPS. For DR less than or equal to 30 kW in peak capacity, the voltage set points and clearing times

shall be either fixed or field adjustable. For DR greater than 30 kW, the voltage set points shall be

field adjustable.

The voltages shall be detected at either the PCC or the point of DR connection when any of the

following conditions exist:

a) The aggregate capacity of DR systems connected to a single PCC is less than or equal to 30

kW,

b) The interconnection equipment is certified to pass a non -islanding test for the system to

which it is to be connected,

c) The aggregate DR capacity is less than 50% of the total Local EPS minimum annual

integrated electrical demand for a 15 minute time period, and export of real or reactive

power by the DR to the Area EPS is not permitted.

Table 1—Interconnection system response to abnormal voltages

(Deleted)

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 aBase voltages are the nominal system voltages stated in ANSI C84.1-1995, Table 1.

bDR‖≤‖30‖kW,‖maximum‖clearing‖times;‖DR‖>‖30kW,‖default‖clearing‖times.

6.5 Frequency

6.5.1 Mandatory frequency tripping requirements

When the system frequency is in a range given in Table 18, and the fundamental-frequency
component of voltage on any phase is greater than 30% of nominal, the DER shall cease to energize the

Area EPS and trip within a clearing time as indicated. 96 Under and overfrequency tripping

thresholds and clearing times shall be adjustable over the ranges of allowable settings specified in Table

18. The underfrequency and overfrequency trip settings shall be specified by the Area EPS operator
in coordination with the requirements of the regional reliability coordinator. If the Area EPS operator

does not specify any settings, the default settings shall be used.

The frequency and time set points shall be field adjustable and may be remotely adjustable per the

interoperability requirements specified in Clause 10.

The ranges of allowable settings do not mandate a requirement for the DER to ride through this

magnitude and duration of abnormal frequency condition. The Area EPS operator may specify the
frequency thresholds and maximum clearing times within the ranges of allowable settings; settings

outside of these ranges shall only be allowed as necessary for DER equipment protection and shall

not conflict with the frequency disturbance ride-through requirements specified in 6.5.2.

96 When clea ring times are less than 0.16 seconds greater than the specified clearing time, the provisions of 4.7 b)1) are applic able.

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 Two overfrequency trip functions, OF1 and OF2, and two underfrequency trip functions, UF1 and

UF2 apply simultaneously. For the overfrequency (OF) and underfrequency (UF) trip functions

clearing time ranges and for the OF trip functions frequency ranges, the lower value is a limiting

requirement (the setting shall not be set to lower values) and the upper value is a minimum

requirement (the setting may be set above this value). For the UF trip functions frequency ranges,

the upper value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to greater values) and the lower

value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set to lower values). 97 Area EPS operators may

specify values within the specified range subject to the limitations on frequency trip settings

specified by the regional reliability coordinator. 98, 99

97 The following are recommendations for hardware design of equipment used to implement the trip functions by use of fixed

‘ranges‖of adjustability’: For the overfrequency (OF) and underfrequency (UF) trip functions clearing time ranges and for the OF trip

func tions frequency ranges, the lower value should be a limiting design re quirement (the range of adjustability should not extend to
lower values) and the upper value should be a minimum design requirement (the range of adjustability may be extended above this

value). For the UF trip functions frequency ranges, the upper value s hould be a limiting design requirement (the range of

adjustability should not extend to greater values) and the lower value should be a minimum design requirement (the range of
adjustability may be extended to lower values).

98 In North America, the limitations for transmission-connected resources as specified in NERC PRC-024-2 [B27] may be used for

referenc e.

99 The lower and upper values of the ranges of allowable settings for voltage and frequency trip settings specified in this standard for

DER are not intended to limit the capabilities and settings of other equipment on the Area EPS . It is recommended that settings
applied on Area EPS equipment conform to the voltage and frequency ride -through objectives of this standard whenever the Area

EPS is in normal configuration. However, it is recognized that in certain cases Area EPS operators may need to occasionally and
selec tively use trip settings outside the ranges of allowable settings to accommodate worker safety practices or to safeguard

distribution infrastructure while in an abnormal configuration, e.g., during automatic reconfiguration of a circuit sec tion or
temporary loss of direct transfer trip of mid- and large-scale DER. Area EPS operators should limit trip settings on Area EPS

equipment that conflict with this standard to only affect those selective DER and Area EPS equipment and only for a limited period

nec essary to meet these worker safety and equipment protection goals. Area EPS operators should coordinate these practic es with
the regiona l reliability coordinator who may consider bulk power system impacts of affected aggregate DER capacity.

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 Table 18 —DER response (shall trip) to abnormal frequencies for DER of
abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and Category
III (see Figure H.10)

(New)

aThe frequency and clearing time set points shall be field adjustable. The actual applied

underfrequency (UF) and overfrequency (OF) trip settings shall be specified by the Area EPS
operator in coordination with the requirements of the regional reliability coordinator. If the Area EPS

operator does not specify any settings, the default settings shall be used.

bThe ranges of allowable settings do not mandate a requirement for the DER to ride through this

magnitude and duration of abnormal frequency condition. The Area EPS operator may specify the

frequency thresholds and maximum clearing times within the ranges of allowable settings; settings

outside of these ranges shall only be allowed as necessary for DER equipment protection and shall

not conflict with the frequency disturbance ride through requirements specified in 6.5.2. For the

overfrequency (OF) and underfrequency (UF) trip functions clearing time ranges and for the OF trip

functions frequency ranges, the lower value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to

lower values) and the upper value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set above this

value). For the UF trip functions frequency ranges, the upper value is a limiting requirement (the

setting shall not be set to greater values) and the lower value is a minimum requirement (the setting

may be set to lower values).

cThis time shall be chosen to coordinate with typical regional underfrequency load shedding

programs and expected frequency restoration time.

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 6.5.2 Frequency disturbance ride-through requirements

6.5.2.1 General requirements and exceptions

The performance required of DER during frequency disturbances is specified in this clause. DER
shall meet one of the abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, or Category III of this

clause. The frequency disturbance ride-through requirements specified in this clause do not apply

when voltage is outside of the ride-through range specified in 6.4.2.

DER shall be designed to provide the frequency disturbance ride-through capability specified in this

clause without exceeding DER capabilities. Any tripping of the DER, or other failure to provide the

specified ride-through capability, due to DER self-protection as a direct or indirect result of a

frequency disturbance within a ride-through region, shall constitute non -compliance with this

standard.

The DER shall specify its abnormal operating performance category within the nameplate information.

The frequency disturbance ride-through specified in the remainder of 6.5.2 shall not apply and DER
may cease to energize the Area EPS and trip without limitations if any of the following applies:

a) The net active power exported100 across the point of common coupling into the Area EPS is

continuously maintained at a value less than 10% of the aggregate rating of DER connected

to the Local EPS prior to any frequency disturbance, and the Local EPS disconnects from

the Area EPS, along with Local EPS load to intentionally form a Local EPS island, or

b) An active power demand of the Local EPS load equal or greater than 90% of the pre-

disturbance aggregate DER active power output is shed within 0.1 s of when the DER

ceases to energize the Area EPS and trips.

100 Energy Storage DER operating in a manner that modulates active power, i.e., importing and exporting active power, shall be

evaluated for this exception based solely on the maximum positive power point over the modulated power range.

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 For frequency disturbances outside the ride-through operating region parameters (frequency range

and corresponding cumulative duration, minimum time) specified in Table 19 for Category I,

Category II, and Category III, requirements for continued operation (ride-through), or restore output

subsequent to the frequency disturbance, shall not apply. 101

Table 19 —Frequency ride-through requirements for DER of abnormal

operating performance Category I, Category II, and Category III (see
Figure H.10)

(New)

aAny DER shall provide the frequency-droop (frequency-power) operation for high-frequency

conditions specified in 6.5.2.7.

bDER of Category I may provide the frequency-droop (frequency-power) operation for low-

frequency conditions specified in 6.5.2.7. DER of Category II or Category III shall provide the

frequency-droop (frequency-power) operation for low-frequency conditions specified in 6.5.2.7.

cFor a per-unit ratio of Voltage/frequency limit of V/f ≤‖1.1.

6.5.2.2 Frequency disturbances within continuous operation region

Frequency disturbances of any duration, for which the system frequency remains between 58.8 Hz

and 61.2 Hz and the per-unit ratio of Voltage/frequency is less than or equal to 1.1, sh all not cause

the DER to trip. The DER shall remain in operation during any such disturbance, and shall be able to

continue to exchange active power at least as great as its pre-disturbance level of power.

101 This standard may be adopted by AGIRs with fre quency values defining frequency ride -through performance in the continuous

opera tion region and mandatory operation region other than the ones specified.

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 6.5.2.3 Low-frequency ride-through

6.5.2.3.1 Low-frequency ride-through capability

During temporary frequency disturbances, for which the system frequency is less than 58.8 Hz and

greater than or equal to 57.0 Hz, and having a cumulative duration below 58.8 Hz of less than 299 s

in any ten-minute period, the DER shall be capable to ride-through and

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS.

― Shall not reduce its active power output below the value specified in Table 20, depending
on the DER performance category as described in Clause 4. Reductions of available active

power due to the underfrequency event shall not be allowed when the voltage is within the

continuous operating range. Active power may be reduced in proportion with the grid
voltage when the grid voltage is below the level for continuous operation.

Table 20 —Frequency ride-through requirements for active power output

capability for abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II,
and Category III

(New)

6.5.2.3.2 Low-frequency ride-through performance

During low-frequency ride-through, the DER shall operate in the mandatory operation region as

specified in Table 19 for abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and Category III with

the following requirements:

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 During temporary frequency disturbances, for which the system frequency is within the mandatory

operation region, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS.

― Shall continue to exchange pre-disturbance current with the Area EPS subject to

limitations specified in Table 20 and shall neither cease to energize nor trip. Active and

reactive current oscillations that are positively damped are acceptable.

― Shall, as applicable, modulate active power to mitigate the underfrequency conditions as

specified in Table 22, depending on the DER performance category as described in Clause 4.

Neither provision of energy storage capability, nor operation of DER at power outputs less

than the power available in order to allow reserve for power increase in response to

underfrequency (pre-curtailment), are requirements of this standard. 102

6.5.2.4 High-frequency ride-through

6.5.2.4.1 High-frequency ride-through capability

During temporary frequency disturbances, for which the system frequency is greater than 61.2 Hz

and less than or equal to 61.8 Hz, and having a cumulative duration greater than 61.2 Hz of less than

299 s in any ten-minute period, the DER shall be capable to ride-through and shall maintain

synchronism with the Area EPS.

6.5.2.4.2 High-frequency ride-through performance

During high-frequency ride-through, the DER shall operate in mandatory operation region as specified

in Table 19 for abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and Category III with the

following requirements:

102 Pre-c urtailment or other measures to provide frequency response reserve may be included in contractual agreements and

interc onnection agreements, which are outside the scope of this standard. The intent of the requirement in this standard is for the
DER to only have the control capability in the DER to provide frequency response when the reserve exists, either due to spec i fic

c ontrac tual arrangements, dispatch control, or when curtailment exists for other reasons. Direction of active power can be negative

(c harging) for Energy Storage DER, e.g., return to frequency reduction via charging through droop or dispatch control, if ope rating
for that purpose prior to trip.

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 During temporary frequency disturbances, for which the system frequency is within the mandatory

operation region, the DER

― Shall maintain synchronism with the Area EPS.

― Shall continue to exchange current with the Area EPS and shall neither cease to energize nor

trip.

― Shall modulate active power to mitigate the overfrequency conditions.

6.5.2.5 Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) ride-through

Within the continuous operation region and the low-frequency and high-frequency ride-through

operating regions (frequency range and corresponding cumulative duration, minimum time), the

DER shall ride through and shall not trip for frequency excursions having magnitudes of rates of

change of frequency (ROCOF) that are less than or equal to the values specified in Table 21 per

abnormal operating performance category. 103 As specified in 4.3, the ROCOF shall be the average rate of

change of frequency over an averaging window of at least 0.1 s.

Table 21 —Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) ride-through

requirements for DER of abnormal operating performance Category I,
Category II, and Category III

(New)

103 The values specified in Table 21 are intended for DER to withstand frequency disturbances that can occur in interconnec ted

bulk power systems. Frequency disturbances during conditions where the bulk power system has split into multiple islands c an

have muc h larger ROCOF values than specified here.

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 6.5.2.6 Voltage phase angle changes ride-through

Multi-phase DER shall ride through for positive-sequence phase angle changes within a sub-cycle-
to-cycle time frame of the applicable voltage of less than or equal to 20 electrical degrees. In addition,

multi-phase DER shall remain in operation for change in the phases angle of individual phases less

than 60 electrical degrees, provided that the positive sequence angle change does not exceed the

forestated criterion. Single-phase DER shall remain in operation for phase angle changes within a
sub-cycle-to-cycle time frame of the applicable voltage of less than or equal to 60 electrical degrees.

Active and reactive current oscillations in the post-disturbance period that are positively damped or

momentary cessation of the DER having a maximum duration of 0.5 s shall be acceptable in response
to phase angle changes.

6.5.2.7 Frequency-droop (frequency-power)

6.5.2.7.1 Frequency-droop (frequency-power) capability

Depending on the DER abnormal operating performance category as described in Clause 4, the DER

shall have the capability of mandatory operation with frequency-droop (frequency-power) during low-

frequency ride-through and high-frequency ride-through as specified in Table 22.

Table 22 —Requirements of a frequency-droop (frequency-power)

operation for low-frequency conditions and high-frequency conditions
for DER of abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and
Category III

(New)

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 6.5.2.7.2 Frequency-droop (frequency-power) operation

During temporary frequency disturbances, for which the system frequency is outside the adjustable

deadband db OF and db UF as specified in Table 24, but still between the trip settings in Table 18, the

DER shall adjust its active power output from the pre-disturbance levels, according to the formulas

in Table 23. The active power output shall be as defined by the relevant formula in Table 23, plus

any inertial response to the rate of change of frequency, until frequency returns to within the

deadband.

The DER response shall conform to the prioritization of DER responses specified in 4.7.

Figure H.7 shows three example curves of a frequency-droop function for which the DER is

operating at different pre-disturbance levels of nameplate rating. A DER response during low-
frequency conditions may be subject to available active power and the pre-disturbance dispatch level.

Table 23 —Formula for frequency-droop (frequency-power) operation for

low-frequency conditions and high-frequency conditions for DER for all

performance categories

(New)

where

p is the active power output, 104 in p.u. of the DER nameplate active power rating

f is the disturbed system frequency in Hz

104 Inc ludes positive and negative active power for Energy S torage DER during low- and high-frequency conditions respec tively.

Use of alternate control means to meet this requirement is permitted.

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 ppre is the pre-disturbance active power output, defined by the active power output at the

point of time the frequency exceeds the deadband, in p.u. of the DER rating

pmin is the minimum active power output due to DER prime mover constraints, in p.u. of

the

db OF is a single-sided deadband value for high-frequency and low-frequency,

respectively, in Hz

db UF is a single-sided deadband value for high-frequency and low-frequency,

respectively, in Hz

k OF is the per-unit frequency change corresponding to 1 per-unit power output change

(frequency droop), unitless

k UF is the per-unit frequency change corresponding to 1 per-unit power output change

(frequency droop), unitless

Adjustments to db OF, db UF, k OF, k UF, and T response (small-signal) shall be permitted in coordination with

the Area EPS operator and the requirements of the regional reliability coordinator.

Table 24 —Parameters of frequency-droop (frequency-power) operation

for DER of abnormal operating performance Category I, Category II, and
Category III

(New)

aAdjustments shall be permitted in coordination with the Area EPS operator.

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 bFor the single-sided deadband values (db OF, db UF) ranges, both the lower value and the upper value

is a minimum requirement (wider settings shall be allowed). For the frequen cy droop values (k OF,

k UF) ranges, the lower value is a limiting requirement (the setting shall not be set to lower values)

and the upper value is a minimum requirement (the setting may be set to greater values). For the

open-loop response time, T response (small-signal), the upper value is a limiting requirement (the

setting shall not be set to greater values) and the lower value is a minimum requirement (the setting

may be set to lower values). Any settings different from the default settings in Table 24 s hall be
approved by the regional reliability coordinator with due consideration of system dynamic oscillatory

behavior.

cA deadband of less than 0.017 Hz shall be permitted.

The time performance of the frequency-droop (frequency/power) operation for all th ree DER

Performance Categories as described in Clause 4 shall have the following characteristics:

a) Small-signal performance (a frequency deviation resulting in a power change of less than

5% of Rated Active Power): the open-loop response time T response (small-signal) of the

DER shall be adjustable within the ranges specified in Table 24. If the Area EPS operator

does not specify any settings, the default setting shall be 5 s. Any settings different from

the default settings in Table 24 shall be approved by the regional reliability coordinator with

due consideration of system dynamic oscillatory behavior.

b) Large-signal performance (a frequency deviation resulting in a power change of equal to

or greater than 5% of Rated Active Power): The DER shall not be required to change its

active power output at a rate greater than 20% of nameplate rating per minute, in order to

meet the minimum response requirement, if the Primary Energy Source is physically

unable to provide a greater response rate. 105

105 The maximum available power ramp rate of the DER shall be as fast as technically feasible, and equal or greater than the

minimum 20% per minute ramping capability requirement. This waiver of the minimum time requirement shall only apply for

frequenc y c hanges of sufficient‖magnitude‖and‖rate‖of‖change‖so‖as‖to‖otherwise‖exceed‖the‖DER’s‖power‖ramping‖capability.

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 6.5.2.8 Inertial response

Inertial response, in which the DER active power is varied in proportion to the rate of change of

frequency, is not required but is permitted. 106

When the system frequency is in a range given in Table 2, the DR shall cease to energize the Area

EPS within the clearing time as indicated. Clearing time is the time between the start of the

abnormal condition and the DR ceasing to energize the Area EPS. For DR less than or equal to 30 kW

in peak capacity, the frequency set points and clearing times shall be either fixed or field adjustable.

For DR greater than 30 kW, the frequency set points shall be field adjustable.

Adjustable under-frequency trip settings shall be coordinated with Area EPS operations.

Table 2—Interconnection system response to abnormal frequencies

(Deleted)

aDR‖≤‖30‖kW,‖maximum‖clearing‖times;‖DR‖>‖30‖kW,‖default‖clearing‖times.

4.2.5 Loss of synchronism

Loss of synchronism protection is not required except as necessary to meet 4.3.2.

106 If Area EPS Operator and DER Operator mutually agree to use DER inertial response, the performance requirements should be

c oordinated with the regional reliability coordinator with due consideration of system dynamic oscillatory behavior.

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 4.2.6 Reconnection to Area EPS

After an Area EPS disturbance, no DR reconnection shall take place until the Area EPS voltage is

within Range B of ANSI C84.1-1995, Table 1, and frequency range of 59.3 Hz to 60.5 Hz.

The DR interconnection system shall include an adjustable delay (or a fixed delay of five minutes)

that may delay reconnection for up to five minutes after the Area EPS steady-state voltage and

frequency are restored to the ranges identified above.

6.6 Return to service after trip

The Return to Service criteria for DER of Category I, Category, II, and Category III are specified in

4.10.

7. Power quality

Refer to the informative Annex G for additional information regarding DER induced power quality

phenomena, measurement, grid interactions, and planning levels.

7.1 Limitation of dc injection

The DR and its interconnection system DER shall not inject dc current greater than 0.5% of the full

rated output current at the reference point of DR connection applicability (RPA).

7.2 Limitation of voltage fluctuations induced by the DER

7.2.1 General

The DER shall not create unacceptable rapid voltage changes or flicker at the point of common

coupling (PCC).

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 7.2.2 Rapid voltage changes (RVC)

When the PCC is at medium voltage, the DER shall not cause step or ramp changes in the RMS

voltage at the PCC exceeding 3% of nominal and exceeding 3% per second averaged over a period of

one second. When the PCC is at low voltage, the DER shall not cause step or ramp changes in the

RMS voltage exceeding 5% of nominal and exceeding 5% per second averaged over a period of one

second. Any exception to the limits is subject to approval by the Area EPS operator with

consideration of other sources of RVC within the Area EPS.

These RVC limits shall apply to sudden changes due to frequent energization of transformers,

frequent switching of capacitors or from abrupt output variations caused by DER misoperation.

These RVC limits shall not apply to infrequent events such as switching, unplanned tripping, or

transformer energization related to commissioning, fault restoration, or maintenance. 107

7.2.3 Flicker

The DER contribution (emission values) to the flicker, measured at the PCC, shall not exceed the

greater of the limits listed in Table 25 and the individual emission limits defined by IEC/TR 61000-3-

7. Any exception to the limits shall be approved by the Area EPS oper ator with consideration of

other sources of flicker within the Area EPS.

Table 25 —Minimum individual DER flicker emission limitsa

(New)

a95% probability value should not exceed the emission limit based on a one week measurement

period.

107 Subclause 7.2.2 is not inte nde d to addre ss issues associated with slow voltage variations, which can be cause d by

cloud shadow passage , wind spe e d change s, e tc.

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 Assessment and measurement methods for flicker are defined in IEEE Std 1453 and IEC/TR 61000-3-

7. In addition, the following shall apply:

― Equipment other than a DER shall be allowed to mitigate the flicker induced by a DER.

― E Pst is the emission limit for the short-term flicker severity, P st If not specified differently,

the P st evaluation time is 600 s.

― E Plt is the emission limit for long-term flicker severity, P lt. If not specified differently, the P lt

evaluation time is 2 h.

― P lt can be calculated by using Equation (1).

(New)

where (i = 1, 2, 3, ...) are consecutive readings of the short-term severity P st

7.3 Limitation of current distortion

Harmonic current distortion, inter-harmonic current distortion, and total rated-current distortion

(TRD) at the reference point of applicability (RPA) shall not exceed the limits stated in the following

paragraph and in Table 26 and Table 27.

The methodology for measuring harmonic and inter-harmonic values in this requirement is defined

in IEEE Std 519. 108 Note that Table 26 and Table 27 differ from any table in IEEE Std 519. In this

standard,‖the‖new‖term‖‚Total‖Rated-current‖Distortion‖(TRD)‛‖was‖introduced‖an d used instead of

TDD (in Table 26) and the even order current distortion limits above the second order are relaxed for

DER (in Table 27).

108 IEEE S td 519 requires that the harmonic h be calculated as the ro ot-sum-square of the spectral component value at the ac tual

integer multiple of the fundamental frequency and spectral components in the adjacent ± 5 Hz bins from the gapless 10/12 c yc l e

(approximately 200 ms) measurement window. All of the other 5 Hz bins spectral components are similarly combined using root-
sum-square into the inter-harmonic value between adjacent harmonics.

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 Any aggregated harmonics current distortion between h ± 5 Hz, where h is the individual harmonic

order, shall be limited to the associated harmonic order h limit in Table 26 and Table 27. Any

aggregated inter-harmonics current distortion between h + 5 Hz and (h +‖1)‖−‖5‖Hz‖shall‖be‖limited‖to‖

the lesser magnitude limit of h and h + 1 harmonic order in Table 26 and Table 27.

4.3.2 Limitation of flicker induced by the DR

The DR shall not create objectionable flicker for other customers on the Area EPS. 11

4.3.3 Harmonics

When the DR is serving balanced linear loads, harmonic These current injection into the Area EPS at

the PCC shall not exceed the distortion limits stated below in Table 3. The harmonic current

injections shall be exclusive of any harmonic currents due to harmonic voltage distortion present in

the Area EPS without the DR DER connected. Upon mutual agreement between the Area EPS

operator and the DER operator the DER may inject current distortion in excess of these tables, such

as when it is used as an active filtering device.

Table 26 —Maximum odd harmonic current distortion in percent of rated

current (Irated)a

(New)

109 Typical utility instrument transformers may not be able to accurately reproduce high order harmonic content. Adherence to the

higher order harmonics may need to be confirmed in a laboratory setting or, if in the field, using equipment designed for use at the

frequenc ies in question. Refer to Annex G for more information.

11 Flic ker is c onsidered objectionable when it either causes a mo dulation of the light level of lamps sufficient to be irritating to

humans, or c auses equipment misoperation. For guidance, refer to IEEE Std 519 TM-1992 [B5], IEEE P1453 TM [B10], IEC/TR3 61000-
3-7 [B1], IEC 61000-4-15 [B2], IEC 61400-21 [B3].

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 (Deleted)

aIrated = the greater of the Local EPS maximum load current integrated demand (15 or 30 minutes)

without the DR unit, or the DR DER unit rated current capacity (transformed to the PCC RPA when

a transformer exists between the DR DER unit and the PCC RPA).

bEven harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above.

Table 27 —Maximum even harmonic current distortion in percent of

rated current (Irated)a

(New)

aIrated = the DER unit rated current capacity (transformed to the RPA when a transformer exists

between the DER unit and the RPA).

The total rated current distortion (TRD) in Table 26 , which includes the harmonic distortion and

inter-harmonic distortion, can be calculated using Equation (2):

(New)

where

I1 is the fundamental current as measured at the RPA

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 Irated is the DER rated current capacity (transformed to the RPA when a transformer exists

between the DER unit and the RPA)

Irms is the root-mean-square of the DER current, inclusive of all frequency components, as

measured at the RPA

7.4 Limitation of overvoltage contribution

7.4.1 Limitation of overvoltage over one fundamental frequency period

The DER shall not contribute to instantaneous or fundamental frequency overvoltages with the
following limits:

a) The DER shall not cause the fundamental frequency line-to-ground voltage on any portion

of the Area EPS that is designed to operate effectively grounded, as defined by IEEE Std

C62.92.1, to exceed 138% of its nominal line-to-ground fundamental frequency voltage for

a duration exceeding one fundamental frequency period.

b) The DER shall not cause the line-to-line fundamental frequency voltage on any portion of

the Area EPS to exceed 138% of its nominal line-to-line fundamental frequency voltage for

a duration exceeding one fundamental frequency period.

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 7.4.2 Limitation of cumulative instantaneous overvoltage

The DER shall not cause the instantaneous voltage on any portion of the Area EPS to exceed the

magnitudes and cumulative durations shown in Figure 3. The cumulative duration shall on ly

include the sum of durations for which the instantaneous voltage exceeds the respective threshold

over a one-minute time window. 110

(New)

Figure 3 —Transient overvoltage limits

110 Cumulative duration is illustrated as follows:

(New)

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 8. Islanding

8.1 Unintentional islanding

8.1.1 General

For an unintentional island in which the DR DER energizes a portion of the Area EPS through the

PCC, the DR interconnection system DER shall detect the island and , cease to energize the Area EPS,

and trip within two seconds 2 s of the formation of an island. 12 111 False detection of an

unintentional island that does not actually exist shall not justify non-compliance with ride-through

requirements as specified in Clause 6.

8.1.2 Conditional extended clearing time

Upon mutual agreement between the Area EPS operator and the DER operator, the clearing time may

be extended from 2 s to as much as 5 s. 112

111 Relianc e solely on under/over voltage and frequency trip is not considered sufficient to detect and cease to energize and trip. IEEE

S td‖1547.2™‖*B18+‖may‖provide‖additional‖guidance‖on‖unintentional island mitigation, and additional equipment (e.g., transfer trip)

may be nec essary.

112 To ac hieve coordination between unintentional islanding detection and automatic reclosing, auto-reclose times longer than 2 s

may be c onsidered in some circumstances.

12 S ome examples by which this requirement may be met are:

1. The DR aggregate capacity is less than one -third of the minimum load of the Local EPS .

2. The DR is certified to pass an applicable non-islanding test.

3. The DR installation contains reverse or minimum power flow protection, sensed between the Point of DR Connection and the

PCC, which will disconnect or isolate the DR if power flow from the Area EPS to the Local EPS reverses or falls below a set
threshold.

4. The DR c ontains other non-islanding means, such as a) forced frequency or voltage shifting, b) transfer trip, or c) governor and
exc itation controls that maintain constant power and constant power factor.

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 8.1.3 Area EPS with automatic reclosing

Requirements with regard to Area EPS automatic reclosing coordination are specified in 6.3. 113

8.2 Intentional islanding

8.2.1 General

An intentional island can be an intentional Area EPS island or an intentional Local EPS island. The

requirements in 8.2 apply to both.

An intentional island that includes any portion of the Area EPS is an intentional Area EPS island. An

intentional Area EPS island, while islanded, shall be designed and operated in coordination with the

Area EPS operator.

An intentional island that is totally within the bounds of a Local EPS is an intentional Local EPS

island. 114 DER that support intentional Local EPS islands, while interconnected to an Area EPS that is

not islanded, shall be subject to all requirements for interconnection of DER to Area EPS specified in

Clause 4 through 8.1 of this standard.

There are two means by which an intentional island system can transition to an islanded condition:

scheduled and unscheduled.

113 It is important to bear in mind that islanding detection methods in inverters are generally designed to detect islands with a

generation-load balance. They are not intended or designed to detect faults and should not be relied upon for that purpose.

114 Also‖c alled‖‚Facility‖Island,‛‖see‖Annex‖C.

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 8.2.2 Scheduled intentional islands

Scheduled intentional islands are formed through DER operator or Area EPS operator manual action

or other operating dispatch means (e.g., Energy Management System or Automatic Generator

Control action) that trigger the transition from being in parallel and synchronized with the Area

EPS, to operation as an islanded system. Reasons for forming a scheduled intentional island can

include enhanced reliability, economic dispatch decisions for self-supply or import/export of power

with or through the Area EPS, or pre-emptive Area EPS operator action to island ahead of inclement

weather.

8.2.3 Unscheduled intentional islands

Unscheduled intentional islands are formed autonomously from local detection of abnormal

conditions at the interconnection(s) with the Area EPS, and then automatic relay action that triggers

switching action to isolate the intentional island rapidly from the Area EPS.

8.2.4 Conditions for unscheduled transition to intentional island

An intentional island may disconnect from the Area EPS and transition to intentional island mode for

any of the following conditions:

― Whenever any of the exception conditions described in 6.4.2.1 and 6.5.2.1 are met, or

― If any of the trip conditions described in Clause 6 are met (i.e., where Clause 6 would allow
or mandate tripping, the intentional island may transition to intentional island mode), or

― If the conditions of 8.1 are met (i.e., the DER detects an island and the DER ceases to

energize the Area EPS under 8.1), the intentional island may enter intentional island mode

instead of ceasing to energize the Area EPS, provided that the intentional island does not

energize any part of the Area EPS that is outside the defined intentional island).

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 8.2.5 Transition of an intentional island from the Area EPS

If an intentional island that does not qualify as an exception under 6.4.2.1 or 6.5.2.1 disconnects from

the Area EPS when the voltage and frequency of the Area EPS are within the Continuous Operation

ranges defined in Clause 6, the conditions of 7.2.2, as applicable, shall be met.

8.2.6 Reconnection of an intentional island to the Area EPS

An intentional island that has disconnected from the rest of the Area EPS may reconnect to the rest of

the Area EPS when the conditions listed in 4.10 are met at the intentional island point of common

coupling. When the intentional island reconnects to the Area EPS, the conditions of 4.10.4 shall be

met.

8.2.7 Adjustments to DER settings

When operating in an intentional Area EPS island, participating DER may have to adjust several

control and protection settings. These alternate settings and ranges of allowable settings, including

those specified in 8.2.7, shall be enabled only when the intentional Area EPS island is isolated from the

Area EPS. In order to meet this requirement, adaptive protection and control settings may be

required.

For DER operating in an intentional Area EPS island, the following requirements apply:

― 5.2 (reactive power capability of the DER) and 5.3 (voltage and reactive power control) for

all aggregate DER ratings.

― 6.4.1 (mandatory voltage tripping) the range of allowable settings in overvoltage trip function

2 (OV2) shall be 0.008 s to 0.16 s for all three categories, in Table 11, Table 12, and Table 13.

― 6.5.1 (mandatory frequency tripping) the range of allowable settings in overfrequency trip

setting 1 (OF1) and underfrequency trip setting 1 (UF1) shall be 11 s to 1000 s for all three

categories, in Table 18.

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 ― 6.5.2.7 (frequency-droop) for all aggregate DER ratings. For DER complying with Category

III of Table 23, the frequency droop (k OF) shall be adjustable from 0.0055 to 0.05 per-unit.

For participating DER in Category III of Table 24, the lower value of the range of allowable

settings of the open-loop response time is not applicable.

― Shall be capable of operating in Area EPS-connected mode, in intentional island mode, and

transitioning between those two states.

8.2.8 DER categories for intentional islands

A DER that participates in an intentional Area EPS island shall be categorized in one of the following

ways:

1) Uncategorized: A DER not designed for intentional island operation may be allowed to

participate in the intentional island if certain system criteria are met (for examples of this,

please see Annex C). Otherwise, it shall cease to energize the Area EPS during intentional

island mode, as if it were an unintentional island.

2) Intentional island-capable: Applies to DER that can disable or modify its islanding detection

function, and adjust settings as described in 8.2.7.

3) Black start-capable: Applies to intentional island-capable DER that can also energize an EPS

that contains no other energy sources.

4) Isochronous-capable: Applies to DER that can independently regulate voltage and

frequency to fixed set points.

These categories shall be stated by the DER operator, but utilization shall be by mutual agreement
between the DER operator and the operator of the intentional Area EPS island. In no case shall a DER

be required to operate outside of the voltage, current, and frequency ratings required to provide

capabilities and performance as mandated by this standard.

This topic is under consideration for future revisions of this standar d.

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 9. Distributed resources DER on distribution secondary grid/area/street
(grid) networks and spot networks

9.1 Network protectors and automatic transfer scheme requirements

Network protectors (NPs) shall not be used to connect, separate, switch, serve as breaker failure

backup, or in any manner isolate a network or network primary feeder to which DR DER is

connected from the remainder of the Area EPS network, unless the protectors are rated and tested

per applicable standards for such an application. 9 115

DR Unless specified otherwise by the Area EPS operator, DER installations on a spot network, using

an automatic transfer scheme in which load is transferred between the DR DER and the EPS in a

momentary make-before-break operation, shall meet all the requirements of this clause regardless of

the duration of paralleling.

Power flow during this transition shall be positive from the Area EPS to the load and the DER unless

approved by and coordinated with the Area EPS operator.

DER on grid or spot networks shall have provisions to

— Monitor instantaneous power flow at the PCC of the DER interconnected to the secondary

grid or spot network for reverse power relaying, minimum import relaying, dynamically

controlled inverter functions and similar applications to prevent reverse power flow

through network protectors.

— Maintain a minimum import level at the PCC as determined by the Area EPS operator.

— Control DER operation or disconnect the DER from the Area EPS based on an autonomous

setting at the PCC and/or a signal sent by the Area EPS operator.

115 9 IEEE C37.108 TM-2002 [B8] and IEEE S td C57.12.44™-2000 [B9 B25] provide provides guidance on the capabilities of network

systems to ac c ept distributed resources.

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 DER on grid or spot networks shall not

— Cause any NP to exceed its loading or fault-interrupting capability.

— Cause any NP to separate dynamic sources.

— Cause any NP to connect two dynamic systems together.

— Cause any NP to operate more frequently than prior to DER operation.

— Prevent or delay the NP from opening for faults on the Area EPS.

— Delay or prevent NP closure.

— Energize any portion of an Area EPS when the Area EPS is de-energized.

— Require the NP settings to be adjusted except by consent of the Area EPS operator.

— Any DR installation connected to a spot network shall not cause operation or Prevent

reclosing of any network protectors installed on the spot network. This coordination shall

be accomplished without requiring any changes to prevailing network protector clearing

time practices of the Area EPS.

9.2 Distribution secondary grid networks

In addition to the requirements in 9.1, DER on secondary grid networks shall not cause an islanding

condition within that network.

In addition to the requirements in 9.1, in the event of an adjacent feeder fault, network protector

master relays shall not be actuated by the presence of DER. The interconnected DER shall be

coordinated with NP relay functions and shall be evaluated by the Area EPS operator to ensure

network reliability.

This topic is under consideration for future revisions of this standard.

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 9.3 Distribution secondary spot networks 8

In addition to the requirements in 9.1, connection of the DR DER to the Area EPS is only permitted if

the Area EPS network bus is already energized by more than 50% of the installed network

protectors. 116

The DR output shall not cause any cycling of network protectors.

The network equipment loading and fault interrupting capacity shall not be exceeded with the
addition of DR.

10. Interoperability, information exchange, information models, and

protocols117

10.1 Interoperability requirements

A DER shall have provisions for a local DER interface capable of communicating (local DER

communication interface) to support the information exchange requirements specified in this standard

for all applicable functions that are supported in the DER.

Under mutual agreement between the Area EPS operator and DER operator additional

communication capabilities are allowed.

The decision to use the local DER communication interface or to deploy a communication system shall

be determined by the Area EPS operator.

116 S ee IEEE S td 1547.6 [B21] for more explanation for this requirement.

117 This standard mandates these interoperability c apabilities; however, how they are implemented, recorded, and reported is up to

loc al jurisdic tions and should be addressed in those processes and procedures (such as interconnection agreements).

8 When required by the authority who has jurisdiction over the DR interconnection, a study may be conducted to dete rmine that all

of the requirements of this subclause can be met when the aggregate DR installed on a spot network exceeds 5% of the spot
network’s‖maximum‖load.

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 Emergency and standby DER are exempt as specified in 4.13 from the interoperability requirement s

specified in this standard.

10.2 Monitoring, control, and information exchange requirements

The specific DER functionality required by this standard results in the set of mandatory information

elements identified in 10.3 through 10.6. These information elements shall be supported by the DER

as indicated to support the associated DER functionality.

For information interoperability, these communication capabilities shall use a unified information

model, and non-proprietary protocol encodings based on intern ational standards or open industry
specifications as described in 10.7.

The information to be exchanged falls into the following four categories:

― Nameplate information: This information is indicative of the as-built characteristics of the

DER. This information may be read.

― Configuration information: This information is indicative of the present capacity and

ability of the DER to perform functions. This information may be read or written.

― Monitoring information: This information is indicative of the present operating conditions

of the DER. This information may be read.

― Management information: This information is used to update functional and mode settings

for the DER. This information may be read or written.

10.3 Nameplate information

Nameplate information shall be available through a local DER communication interface and include at

a minimum the information contained in Table 28.

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 Table 28 —Nameplate information

(New)

10.4 Configuration information

Configuration information shall be available through a local DER communication interface to allow the

setting and reading of the currently active values.

Each rating in Table 28 may have an associated configuration setting that represents the as-

configured value. If a configuration setting value is different from the corresponding nameplate

value, the configuration setting value shall be used as the rating within the DER. Changes to the

configuration setting shall be made with mutual agreement between the DER system operator and

Area EPS operator.

Configuration settings are intended to be used as a configuration option as nameplate alternatives.

Configuration settings are not intended for continuous dynamic adjustment.

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 10.5 Monitoring information

The DER shall be capable of providing monitoring information through a local DER communication

interface at the reference point of applicability and shall include at a minimum the information

contained in Table 29. The information shall be the latest value that has been measured within the

required response time.

Table 29 —Monitoring information

(New)

10.6 Management information

10.6.1 General

Management information is used to update functional and mode settings for the DER. This

information may be read or written.

10.6.2 Constant power factor mode parameters

Parameters for constant power factor mode as described in 5.3.2 shall be available for reading and
writing through a local DER communication interface. Power factor value and excitation encoding are

protocol-dependent. See Table 30.

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 Table 30 —Constant power factor mode parameters

(New)

NOTE—The‖terms‖‚over-excited‛‖and‖‚under-excited‛‖are‖illustrated‖in‖the‖informative‖Figure‖H.3‖

in Annex H.

10.6.3 Voltage-reactive power mode parameters

Parameters for voltage-reactive power mode as described in 5.3.3 shall be available for reading and

writing through a local DER communication interface. See Table 31.

Table 31 —Voltage-reactive power mode parameters

(New)

10.6.4 Active power-reactive power mode parameters

Parameters for active power-reactive power mode as described in 5.3.4 shall be available for reading
and writing through a local DER communication interface. See Table 32.

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 Table 32 —Active power-reactive power mode parameters

(New)

10.6.5 Constant reactive power mode parameters

Parameters for constant reactive power mode as described in 5.3.5 shall be available for reading and

writing through a local DER communication interface. See Table 33.

Table 33 —Constant reactive power mode parameters

(New)

10.6.6 Voltage-active power mode parameters

Parameters for voltage-active power mode as described in 5.4.2 shall be available for reading and

writing through a local DER communication interface. See Table 34.

Table 34 —Voltage-active power mode parameters

(New)

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 10.6.7 Voltage trip and momentary cessation parameters

Parameters for voltage trip as described in 6.4.1 shall be available and the momentary cessation

threshold as specified in 6.4.2.1 may be available for information exchange through a local DER

communication interface. Both settings, if applicable, shall be specified as a set of piecewise linear

curves that define the regions associated with the voltage regions described in the functional

description. See Table 35 (mandatory) and Table 36 (not mandatory).

Table 35 —Voltage trip parameters

(New)

Table 36 —Momentary cessation parameters (not mandatory)

(New)

10.6.8 Frequency trip parameters

Parameters for frequency trip as described in 6.5.1 shall be available for reading and writing through
a local DER communication interface. Frequency trip settings shall be specified as a set of piecewise

linear curves that define the regions associated with the frequency regions described in the

functional description. See Table 37.

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 Table 37 —Frequency parameters

(New)

10.6.9 Frequency droop parameters

Parameters for frequency droop as described in 6.5.2.7 shall be available for reading and writing
through a local DER communication interface. See Table 38.

Table 38 —Frequency droop parameters

(New)

10.6.10 Enter service

Parameters for enter service as described in 4.10 shall be available for reading and writing through a

local DER communication interface. See Table 39.

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 Table 39 —Enter service after trip parameters

(New)

10.6.11 Cease to energize and trip

A DER can be directed to cease to energize and trip by changing the Permit service setting to

‚disabled‛‖ as‖described‖ in‖4.10.3.

10.6.12 Limit maximum active power

Parameters to limit maximum active power as specified in 4.6.2 shall be available for reading and
writing through a local DER communication interface. See Table 40.

Table 40 —Limit maximum active power parameters

(New)

10.7 Communication protocol requirements

The protocol requirements set forth in this subclause apply at the local DER communication interface.

As illustrated in Figure 4, the protocols and physical layers utilized within communication networks

and within the DER may differ according to the network architecture and technology, and are out of

scope of this standard. 118

118 For example, the Area EPS operator may deploy networks that utilize the IEEE 2030.5 protocol even if it is not the native

protoc ol supported at the local DER communication interface. The standard protocol support requirement does not preclude the use of
additional protocols such as the information model defined by IEC 61850-7-420 [B8] exchanged using IEC 61850-8-1 [B9] or IEC

61850-8-2 [B10], or profiles of the IEC 61850-7-420 information model mapped to IEEE S td 1815 (DNP3) or to S unS pec Modbus.

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 (New)

Figure 4 —Control protocol in/out of scope mapping

The DER shall support at least one of the protocols specified in Table 41. The protocol to be utilized

may be specified by the Area EPS operator. Additional protocols, including proprietary protocols,

may be allowed under mutual agreement between Area EPS operator and DER operator. Additional

physical layers may be supported along with those specified in the table.

Table 41 —List of eligible protocols

(New)

10.8 Communication performance requirements

Communication performance requirements for the interface to DER are set forth in Table 42. These

requirements do not constrain or define the performance of various communication systems that

may be utilized to integrate DER, but only apply to the DER themselves.

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 Table 42 —Communication performance requirements for DER
interfaces

(New)

10.9 Cyber security requirements

It is recognized that cybersecurity is a critically important issue for DER deployments connected to
broader monitoring and control communications networks. Each standardized local DER

communication interface option provides different security capabilities. The interoperability and

communications cyber security requirements of specific DER deployments may be based on mutual

agreement and may also be subject to regulatory requirements that may vary across jurisdictions.

This standard, therefore, does not mandate specific cyber security requirements at the DER interface.

Specific security requirements are beyond the scope of this standard.

See D.4 for more information about cyber security standards.

11. Test and verification requirements

11.1 Introduction

The technical requirements specified in Clause 4 through Clause 10 define the interconnection and

interoperability requirements of this standard. These requirements are tested and verified in

accordance with the requirements identified in Clause 11.

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 The requirements contained in this standard identify the necessary conditions that shall be verified

to improve proper and reliable operation of the DER. These requirements include properties of the

DER, properties that shall be maintained at operational interfaces, and properties that are needed

throughout the life of the installed system. All DER verification requirements contained in this

document shall be met, and then verified in accordance with IEEE Std 1547.1 [B17]. Depending upon

the circumstances and selected verification method, it is possible that additional requirements may

be imposed to establish confidence in means of verification, e.g., traceability to national standards,

accuracy of recorded data, conditions of unit under test, temporary patches and turnarounds.

5. Interconnection test specifications and requirements

This clause provides specifies the test requirements applicable testing and verification methods to

demonstrate verify that the interconnection system a DER meets the requirements of Clause 4. The

applicable tests from this clause are required for all interconnection systems. and interoperability

requirements specified in Clause 4 through Clause 10 at the applicable reference point as specified in

4.2. This clause further specifies at which stage in the interconnection process testing and verification

shall be required. The applicable test and verification methods from this clause are required for all

DERs. 119 The results of these test and verification methods shall be formally documented. 120

119 The stated test specifications and requirements are universally needed for interconnection of DR DER including synchronous

mac hines, induction machines, or static power inverters/conv erters, and will be are sufficient for most installations. 13

120 The responsibilities, procedures, requirements, and criteria for the applicable test and verification methods are specified in IEEE

S td 1547.1 [B17].

13 Additional tests may be necessary for some limited situations.

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 11.2 Definition of test and verification methods

11.2.1 General

All DER interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard shall be demonstrated

through either type tests, production tests, DER evaluation, commission ing tests, or periodic tests or

a combination of these tests and verification methods. Requirements and capabilities that are only

partially121 verified through type testing shall be fully verified through DER evaluation and

commissioning tests.

11.2.2 Type tests

A type test may be performed on one device or combination of devices. In case of a combination of

devices forming a system, this test shows that the devices are able to operate together as a system.

5.1 Design test

This design test Type tests shall be performed, as applicable, to the specific interconnection DER unit

or DER system technology. The test tests shall be performed on a representative sample DER unit or

DER system, either in the factory, at a testing laboratory, or on equipment in the field. 14 Type test

results from a DER within a product family of the same design, including hardware and software,

shall be allowed as representative of other DERs within the same product family with power ratings

between 50% to 200% of the tested DER.

For systems in the field, replacement of DER equipment with substitutive components compliant

and tested with this standard shall be allowed and not invalidate previous type test and production

test results. However, field demonstration of performance shall be as agreed with the EPS operator

and DER operator.

121 Partial verification may occur for DER that may have to meet requirements at the PCC per Clause 4 or that require a

supplemental DER device to meet requirements at the PoC.

14 The design test of 5.1 may be adopted as the testing basis for certification of interconnection systems.

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 This test applies to a packaged interconnection system using embedded components or to an

interconnection system that uses an assembly of discrete components.

The design test shall be conducted on the same sample in the sequence of Table 4.

Table 4—Sequence for conducting design test

(Deleted)

5.1.1 Response to abnormal voltage and frequency

This test shall demonstrate that the DR ceases to energize the Area EPS when the voltag e or

frequency exceeds the limits as specified in 4.2.3 and 4.2.4. Interconnection systems provided with

field adjustable set points shall also be tested at the minimum, midpoint, and maximum of the

adjustable set point ranges. These tests shall be conducted using either the simulated utility or

secondary injection method.

5.1.2 Synchronization

Test results conforming to requirements of A, B, or C below are accepted as indicating compliance

with the requirements of 4.1.3. The appropriate conditions to be met for specific interconnection

system technology follow.

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 A. Synchronous interconnection to an EPS, or an energized local EPS to
an energized Area EPS

This test shall demonstrate that at the moment of the paralleling-device closure, all three parameters

in Table 5 are within the stated ranges. This test shall also demonstrate that if any of the parameters

are outside of the ranges stated in the table, the paralleling-device shall not close.

B. Induction interconnection

Self-excited induction generators shall be tested as per A in 5.1.2.

This test shall determine the maximum start-up (in-rush) current drawn by the unit. 15 The results

shall be used, along with Area EPS impedance information for the proposed location, to estimate the

starting voltage drop and verify that the unit shall not exceed the synchronization requirements in

4.1.3 and the flicker requirements in 4.3.2.

C. Inverter interconnection 16

An inverter-based interconnection system that produces fundamental voltage before the paralleling

device is closed shall be tested according to the procedure for synchronous interconnection as stated

in A of 5.1.2.

All other inverter-based interconnection systems shall be tested to determine the maximum start -up

current. The results shall be used, along with Area EPS impedance for the proposed location, to

estimate the starting voltage magnitude change and verify that the unit shall meet the

synchronization requirements in 4.1.3 and the flicker requirements in 4.3.2.

15 NEMA MG 1-1998 contains an acceptable method for determining inrush current.

16 S ome inverter-based interconnection systems may need to be tested to both requirements of C in 5.1.2.

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 5.1.3 Interconnect integrity test

5.1.3.1 Protection from EMI

The interconnection system shall be tested in accordance with IEEE Std C37.90.2-1995 to confirm that

the results are in compliance with 4.1.8.1. The influence of EMI shall not result in a change in state or

mis-operation of the interconnection system.

5.1.3.2 Surge withstand performance

The interconnection system shall be tested for the requirement in 4.1.8.2 in all normal operating

modes in accordance with IEEE Std C62.45-2002 for equipment rated less than 1000 V to confirm that

the surge withstand capability is met by using the selected test level(s) from IEE E Std C62.41.2-2002.

Interconnection system equipment rated greater than 1000 V shall be tested in accordance with

manufacturer or system integrator designated applicable standards. For interconnection system

equipment signal and control circuits, use IEEE Std C37.90.1-2002. The results of these tests shall

indicate the unit did not fail, did not misoperate, and did not provide misinformation.

5.1.3.3 Paralleling device

A dielectric test across the open-circuited paralleling device shall be conducted to con firm

compliance with the requirements of 4.1.8.3.

5.1.4 Unintentional Islanding

A test or field verification shall be conducted to confirm that 4.4.1 is met regardless of the selected

method of detecting isolation. 17

5.1.5 Limitation of dc injection

Inverter based DR shall be tested to confirm that the DR does not inject dc current greater than

prescribed limits that are listed in 4.3.1.

17 An example test is in UL 1741 [B14].

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 5.1.6 Harmonics

The intent of the harmonics interconnection test is to assess that under a controlled set of conditions

the DR unit meets the harmonic limits specified in 4.3.3.

The DR shall be operated in parallel with a predominantly inductive voltage source with a short

circuit current capacity I SC of not less than 20 times the DR rated output current at fundamental

frequency. The voltage and frequency output of the voltage source shall correspond to the rated

voltage and frequency of the DR. The unloaded voltage waveform produced by the Area EPS or

simulated utility voltage source shall have a total harmonic distortion (THD) less than 2.5%.

The DR shall be operated at an output test load current, I L , of 33%, 66%, and at a level as close to

100% of rated output current as practical. Use total rated-current distortion (TRD) in place of TDD.

TRD is the total rms value of the sum of the current harmonics created by the DR unit operating into

a linear balanced load divided by the greater of the test load current (I L ) demand or the rated current

capacity of the DR unit (Irated). The individual harmonic distortion and TRD of the DR output

current shall be measured for the first 40 harmonics. The harmonic current injections shall be

exclusive of any harmonic currents due to harmonic voltage distortion present in the Area EPS

without the DR connected. The test results shall not exceed the values in 4.3.3, Table 3. 18

As an alternative, a synchronous generator DR shall be tested to meet the requirements of 4.3.3;

either after installation or while powering a balanced resistive load and isolated fro m any other

sources. The voltage harmonics while powering a resistive load at 100% of the machine kVA rating

shall not exceed the levels in Table 6. Voltage harmonics shall be measured line to line for 3-phase/3
wire systems, and line to neutral for 3-phase/4-wire systems.

18 These values or lower values may be required to meet the TDD of 5% at the PCC.

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 Table 6—Maximum harmonic voltage distortion in percent of rated
voltage for synchronous machines

(Deleted)

11.2.3 Production tests

Production tests shall be conducted on every unit of DER and interconnect of equipment prior to

customer delivery as to verify that they meet applicable standards.

Each interconnection system shall be subjected to requirements of 5.1.1 and 5.1.2. Interconnection

systems with adjustable set points shall be tested at a single set of set points as specified by the

manufacturer. This test Production tests shall verify the operability of every unit of DER and

interconnect equipment manufactured for customer use. These tests assume that the equipment has

met the applicable interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard and may be

conducted as a factory test or may be performed as part of a DER evaluation or commissioning test

(see 5.4). The summary reporting shall provide a list of normal and abnormal performance category

capability, final function settings, and final operating mode settings.

Manufacturers having certified production facilities or proven production processes and quality

control methods certified by a NRTL shall be allowed to use said approved practices and

documentation for fulfilment of production test requirements.

For systems in the field, replacement of DER equipment with substitutive components compliant

and tested with this standard shall be allowed and not invalidate previous production test results.

However, field demonstration of performance shall be as agreed with the Area EPS operator and

DER operator.

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 11.2.4 DER evaluation

11.2.4.1 General

DER evaluation comprises a design evaluation desk study during the interconnection review

process and an as-built installation evaluation on site at the time of commissioning to verify that the

composite of the individual partially compliant DER(s) and, if applicable, the supplemental DER

device(s) forming a system meet the interconnection and interoperability requirements of this

standard.

11.2.4.2 DER design evaluation (desk study)

The design evaluation (desk study) is an evaluation during the interconnection review process to

verify that the composite of the individual partially compliant DERs forming a system as designed

meets the interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard. This evaluation is

usually done off-site before equipment is delivered and installed.

11.2.4.3 DER as-built installation evaluation (on-site)

The as-built installation evaluation (on-site) is an evaluation at the time of commissioning to verify

that the composite of the individual partially compliant DERs forming a system as delivered and

installed meets the interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard. This

evaluation does not require testing.

11.2.4.4 Basic and detailed DER evaluation

A basic DER evaluation shall be limited to verify that the DER has been designed and installed with

the proper components and connections. A detailed DER evaluation shall include an engineering

verification of the chosen components and may require modeling and simulation of the composite of

the individual partially compliant DERs forming a system.

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 11.2.5 Commissioning tests and verifications

11.2.5.1 General

Commissioning tests are tests and verifications on one device or combination of devices forming a

system to confirm that the system as designed, delivered, and installed meets the interconnection

and interoperability requirements of this standard.

All commissioning tests shall be performed based on written test procedures. 19 The following visual

inspections shall be performed. 19 Test procedures are commonly provided by equipment

manufacturer manufacturers(s) or system integrator designer(s) and approved by the equipment

owner and Area EPS operator. Commissioning tests shall include visual inspections and may

include, as applicable, operability and functional performance test.

— A visual inspection shall be made to ensure that the grounding coordination requirement

of 4.1.2 has been implemented.

— A visual inspection shall be made to confirm the presence of the isolation device if

required by 4.1.7.

11.2.5.2 Basic and detailed functional commissioning test

Initial commissioning tests shall be performed on the installed DR and interconnection system

equipment prior to the initial parallel operation of the DR. The following tests are required:

— A basic functional commissioning test includes visual inspection and an operability test on the

isolation device. A detailed functional commissioning test shall include a basic functional test and

functional tests to verify interoperability of a combination of devices forming a system to verify that

the devices are able to operate together as a system.

— Unintentional-islanding functionality as specified in 5.4.1

— Cease to energize functionality as specified in 5.4.2

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 — Any tests of 5.1 that have not been previously performed on a representative sample and

formally documented

— Any tests of 5.2 that have not been previously performed

5.4.1 Unintentional islanding functionality test

5.4.1.1 Reverse-power or minimum power test

A reverse-power or minimum power function, if used to meet the requirements of 4.4.1, shall be

tested using injection techniques or by adjusting the DR output and local loads to verify that the

reverse power or minimum power function is met.

5.4.1.2 Non-islanding functionality test

For non-islanding interconnection systems, 5.4.2 satisfies this requirement.

5.4.1.3 Other unintentional islanding functionality tests

If tests in 5.4.1.1 and 5.4.1.2 are not applicable to the interconnection system, the interconnection

system shall be tested in accordance with procedures provided by the manufacturer or system

integrator.

5.4.2 Cease to energize functionality test

Check the cease to energize functionality by operating a load interrupting device and verify the

equipment ceases to energize its output terminals and does not restart/reconnect for the required

time delay. The test shall be performed on each phase individually. This test verifies conformance to

the cease to energize requirement of 4.1.4, 4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.2.4, and 4.4.1.

11.2.6 Periodic interconnection tests and verifications

Periodic tests are tests and verifications, according to a scheduled time period or other criteria, that

confirm that one already interconnected device or combination of devices forming a system meets

the interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard.

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 Periodic test requirements and intervals for all interconnection-related protective functions and

associated batteries shall be periodically tested at intervals specified provided by the manufacturer,

interconnection equipment manufacturers or system integrator, or and approved by, the authority

who has jurisdiction over AGIR or the DR interconnection Area EPS operator. Frequency of retesting

shall be determined by Area EPS operator policies for protection system testing, or manufacturer

requirements. Periodic test reports or a log for inspection shall be maintained.

The Area EPS operator may require a commissioning test be performed outside of the normal

periodic testing to verify adherence to this standard at any time.

For systems in the field, replacement of DER equipment with substitutive components compliant to

this standard shall be allowed and not invalidate previous type test and production test results. The

Area EPS operator may still require commissioning testing on any equipment replaced.

Information describing facility changes such as; (software, firmware, hardware) shall be available to

the Area EPS operator through the interoperability requirements of Clause 10. Reverification of the

interconnection and interoperability requirements of this standard may be required when any of the

following events occur:

The applicable tests of 5.1 shall be repeated when:

― Functional software or firmware changes have been made on the interconnection system

DER.

― Any hardware component of the interconnection system DER has been modified in the

field, or, has been replaced or repaired with parts different from the tested configuration

that are not substitutive components compliant with this standard.

Sublauses 5.4.1 and 5.4.2, and the applicable tests of 5.2 shall be repeated if:

― Protection settings have been changed after factory testing.

― Protection functions have been adjusted after the initial commissioning process.

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 11.3 Full and partial conformance testing and verification

11.3.1 General

Requirements define the capability, design, and performance of a built system. Test and verification

is confirming that the requirements have been satisfactorily met. The test and verification

requirements are specified by use of a test requirements matrix as described in Table 43 and Table

44. These matrices provide a means of traceability between the need to verify a given requirement

and the means of verification. These matrices help ensure that there is consistency throughout the

stages in interconnection process testing and verification for DER that shall meet requirements in

Clause 4 through Clause 10. Test requirement matrices provide minimum testing requirements for

traceability, but the Area EPS operator shall not be limited from requiring supplemental

commissioning testing and verification.

Note that this document presents two traceability matrices—one for connections at the PCC and one

for requirements to be tested at the PoC. As indicated in 4.2, many applications exist where the

applicable point for meeting performance requirements shall be the PoC. This includes small-scale

DER, applications where DER units are interconnected to Local EPS having substantial load.

According to 4.2, the requirements of this standard apply either at the PCC or the PoC, depending

on the aggregate nameplate DER rating and the average annual load in the Local EPS. 122 Where

requirements apply at the PoC, equipment type testing will be sufficient to verify conformance with

most requirements, in most cases. However, for DER facilities, i.e., Local EPS that are large enough

so that requirements apply at the PCC, equipment testing will have to be supplemented by

additional compliance verification measures such as the DER evaluation and further commissioning

tests defined above. The same holds for any DER that use supplemental DER devices to meet the

requirements of this standard. Annex F provides further information concerning testing and

verification requirements at the PCC or PoC, including the concept of combined type test and DER

evaluation.

122 As per 4.2 some DER units have some requirements that shall be met at the PCC and other requirements that shall be met at the

PoC.

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 NOTE—Subclause 11.3 only maps the required test and verification procedures to the performance

requirements of this standard. The subclause does not specify exactly how these procedures are

implemented. The details of the actual test and verification procedures are specified in IEEE Std

1547.1 [B17].

11.3.2 DER that shall meet requirements at the PCC

This subclause outlines a methodology for testing and verification of DER that may be used to

demonstrate conformance at the PCC per Clause 4 through Clause 10 for interconnection and

interoperability requirements of this standard. The Area EPS operator may have additional

requirements for the interconnection.

For DER that shall meet requirements at the PCC per 4.2, Table 43 specifies the test and verification

requirements. 123

The DER system or DER unit 124 shall be classified as either fully compliant or partially compliant.

Type tests, DER evaluations, and commissioning tests shall be done as indicated in the table for all

line items under the appropriate classification.

123 The c orresponding responsibilities, procedures, requirements, and criteria for the applicable test and verification methods are

spec ified in IEEE S td 1547.1 [B17].

124 Individual DER units that are considered fully compliant at the PoC may only be considered fully compliant at the PCC if the

impedanc e between the PoC and the PCC is less than 0.5% on the DER rated apparent power and voltage base.

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 Table 43 —Interconnection test specifications and requirements for DER
that shall meet requirements at the PCC

(New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

aAlign trip settings at DER devices and substation.

bVerify correct installation settings.

cIslanding trip time test data can be used to assist in the DER design evaluation line item for 6.3.

dSome supplemental equipment may require commissioning.

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 5.3 Interconnection installation evaluation

5.3.1 Grounding integration with Area EPS

A system design verification shall be made to help ensure that the requirements of 4.16.2 (for Area

EPS faults) have been met. Type tests shall be made to verify the requirements of 6.2 (for individual

open phase conditions) of this standard have been met. The Type test (set-up) and certification

record shall include each of the specific interconnection transformer vector groups with which the

specific DER unit is intended to be interconnected. DER evaluations and/or commissioning tests

may also be made to verify the requirements of 6.2 for the DER (for individual open phase

conditions) of this standard have been met.

11.3.3 DER that shall meet requirements at the PoC

The test and verification requirements are specified by use of a test requirements matrix (Table 44).

This matrix provides a means of traceability between the need to verify a given requirement and the

means of verification. These matrices ensure that there is consistency throughout the stages in

interconnection process testing and verification for DER that shall meet requirements at the PoC.

This subclause outlines a methodology for testing and verification of DER that may be used to

demonstrate conformance at the PoC per Clause 4 through Clause 10 for interconnection and

interoperability requirements of this standard. The Area EPS operator may have additional

requirements for interconnection.

For DER that shall meet requirements at the PoC per 4.2, Table 44 specifies the test and verification

requirements. 125

The DER unit shall be classified as either fully compliant or partially compliant. Type tests, DER

evaluations, and commissioning tests shall be done as indicated in the table for all line items under

the appropriate classification.

125 The c orresponding responsibilities, procedures, requirements, and criteria for the applicable test and verification methods are

spec ified in IEEE S td 1547.1 [B17].

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 Table 44 —Interconnection test specifications and requirements for DER
that shall meet requirements at the PoC

(New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

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 (New)

aIslanding trip time test data, from the line item for 8.1 in this table, can be used to assist in the DER

design evaluation.

bAlign trip settings at DER devices and substation.

cVerify correct installation settings.

dIslanding trip time test data can be used to assist in the DER design evaluation line item for 6.3.

eSome supplemental equipment may require commissioning.

5.3.2 Isolation device

A system design verification shall be made to ensure that the requirements of 4.1.7 have been met.

5.3.3 Monitoring provisions

A system design verification shall be made to ensure that the provisions for monitoring are in

accordance with 4.1.6.

5.3.4 Area EPS faults

A system design verification shall be made to ensure that the requirements of 4.2.1 6.2 (for Area EPS

faults) of this standard have been met. Type tests shall be made to verify the requirements of 6.2 (for

individual open phase conditions) have been met. The Type test (set-up) and certification record

shall include each of the specific interconnection transformer vector groups with which the specific

DER unit is intended to be interconnected. DER evaluations and/or commissioning tests may also be

made to verify the requirements of 6.2 for the DER (for individual open phase conditions) of this

standard have been met.

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 11.4 Fault current characterization

11.4.1 General

This subclause defines tests and documentation of parameters that are useful in characterizing DER

current contributions to Area EPS faults. 126

11.4.2 Electronically coupled DER

This subclause applies to electronically coupled generation with aggregate rated capacity of 500 kVA

or greater. This requirement shall also apply to three-phase systems comprised of three sets of

single-phase systems, if the aggregate facility rating at the PCC is 500 kVA or greater. The objective

is to determine the controller response of the DER under certain fault conditions. The requirements

in this subclause exclude directly connected synchronous and indu ction generators without active

control of rotor current. 127

The DER operator shall provide to the Area EPS operator oscillographic voltage and current data for

all three phases measured during type testing. Sequence impedance characteristics of the extern al

source used during DER type tests shall be provided. The DER shall be type tested for maximum

short circuit current levels.

11.4.3 Synchronous and induction generator DER

The data requirements for synchronous and induction generator DER are the nameplate kVA rating,

synchronous impedance, negative sequence impedance, zero sequence impedance, transient

impedance, and subtransient impedances. The requirements in this subclause exclude induction

generators with active control of rotor current.

126 The interc onnection of DER may impact the equipment and operation of the EPS . S ystem impact studies identify potential

problems and allow the Area EPS operator to determine the modifications to the Area EPS facilities that may mitigate potential
problems.

127 A doubly-fed induction machine is considered to have active control of the rotor current.

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 5.3.5 Area EPS reclosing coordination

A system design verification shall be made to verify the interconnection system is coordinated with

the Area EPS reclosing practices in accordance with 4.2.2.

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 Annex A

(informative)

Bibliography

Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need

to be understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for

informational use only.

[B1] Accredited Standards Committee C2-2012, National Electrical Safety Code® (NESC®).

[B2] BDEW Bundesverband der Energie-und Wasserwirtschaft e.V. (German Association of Energy

and Water Industries) (2008): Technical Guideline: Generating Plants Connected to the Medium-

Voltage‖ Network.‖ Guideline‖ for‖ generating‖ plants’‖ connection‖ to and parallel operation with the

medium-voltage network), revised January 2013.

[B3] Boemer, J. C. (2016): On Stability of Sustainable Power Systems. Network Fault Response of

Transmission Systems with Very High Penetration of Distributed Generation. PhD diss. Delft

University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands. Intelligent Electrical Power Grids. Available

online at http://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:78bffb19-01ed-48f9-baf6-ffb395be68a0.

[B4] CA Rule 21, California Electric Tariff Rule 21.

[B5] EPRI White Paper, Recommended Settings for Voltage and Frequency Ride-Through of Distributed

Energy Resources. Product number 3002006203. May 2015. Available online at

http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbstract.aspx?ProductId=000000003002006203. 128

128 EPRI publications are available from the Electric Power Research Institute (http://www.epri.com).

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 [B6] FERC Docket RM16-8-000, IEEE P1547 Response to FERC NOPR RM16-8 decision on Proposed

Changes Requiring Small Generators to Ride-Through System Disturbances. Submitted by IEEE

Standards Association (IEEE SA). May 2016. 129 Available online at

https://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/file_list.asp?document_id=14461876.

[B7] FERC Order No. 828. Requirements for Frequency and Voltage Ride-Through Capability of

Small Generating Facilities. Final Rule. Docket No. RM16-8-000. FERC. July 21, 2016. Available

online at http://www.ferc.gov/whats-new/comm-meet/2016/072116/E-11.pdf.

[B8] IEC 61850-7-420, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation —Part 7-

420: Basic communication structure—Distributed energy resources logical nodes. 130

[B9] IEC 61850-8-1, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation—Part 8-1:

Specific communication service mapping (SCSM)—Mappings to MMS (ISO 9506-1 and ISO 9506-2)

and to ISO/IEC 8802-3.

[B10] IEC 61850-8-2, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation—Part 8-2.

Specific communication service mapping (SCSM)—Mapping to Extensible Messaging Presence

Protocol (XMPP).

[B11] IEC TR 61850-80-3, Communication networks and systems for power utility automation—Part

80-3: Mapping to web protocols—Requirements and technical choices.

[B12] IEC 62351-12, Power Systems Management and Associated Information Exchange—Data and

Communications Security—Part 12.

129 FERC doc kets are available fro m Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (https://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/docket_sheet.asp).

130 IEC publications are available from the International Electrotechnical Commission (http://www.iec.ch) and the Americ an

National S tandards Institute (http://www.ansi.org/).

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 *B13+‖IEEE‖Std‖67™,‖IEEE‖Guide‖for‖Operation‖and‖Maintenance‖of‖Turbine‖Generators.‖ 131, 132

The following citations are referred to in this standard for informative purposes and are not required

to be used in conjunction with this standard.

[B1] IEC TR3 61000-3-7, Assessment of Emission Limits for Fluctuating Loads in MV and HV Power

Systems.

[B2] IEC 61000-4-15, Flickermeter—Functional and design specifications.

[B3] IEC 61400-21, Wind Turbine Generator Systems—Part 21: Measurement and Assessment of

Power Quality Characteristics of Grid Connected Wind Turbines—Ed. 1.0 (2001-12).

[B4] IEEE 100, The Authoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards Terms, Seventh Edition, New York,

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

[B14] IEEE Std 929™-2000, IEEE Recommended Practice for Utility Interface of Photovoltaic (PV)

Systems.

[B15] IEEE Std1001™-1988, IEEE Guide for Interfacing Dispersed Storage and Generation Facilities

with Electric Utility Systems.

*B16+‖ IEEE‖ Std‖ 1453.1™,‖ IEEE‖ Guide--Adoption of IEC/TR 61000-3-7:2008, Electromagnetic

compatibility (EMC)—Limits—Assessment of emission limits for the connection of fluctuating

installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems.

[B8] IEEE Std C37.108-1989 (R2002), IEEE Guide for the Protection of Network Transformers.

[B10] IEEE P1453, Draft Recommended Practice for Measurement and Limits of Voltage Flicker on

AC Power Systems.

[B17] IEEE Std P1547.1™,‖ Draft IEEE Standard For Conformance Test Procedures for Equipment

Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.

131 20 The IEEE standards or products referred to in Annex A are trademarks owned by The Institute of Electrical and Elec tronic s

Engineers, Inc orporated.

132 IEEE publications are available from The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (http://standards.ieee.org/).

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 [B18] IEEE Std P1547.2™, Draft IEEE Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547™-2003, IEEE Standard for

Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems.

[B19] IEEE Std P 1547.3™, Draft IEEE Guide for Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control of

Distributed Resources Interconnected with Electric Power Systems.

[B20] IEEE Std 1547.4™,‖IEEE Guide for Design, Operation, and Integration of Distributed Resource

Island Systems with Electric Power Systems.

[B21] IEEE Std 1547.6™, IEEE Recommended Practice for Interconnecting Distributed Resources

with Electric Power Systems Distribution Secondary Networks.

[B22] IEEE Std 1547.7™, IEEE Guide for Conducting Distribution Impact Studies for Distributed

Resource Interconnection.

[B23] IEEE Std 2030®, IEEE Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and

Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), End-Use Applications,

and‖Loads.‖*B24+‖IEEE‖Std‖C37.102™,‖IEEE‖Guide‖for‖AC‖Generator‖Protection.

[B25] IEEE Std C57.12.44-2000™, IEEE Standard Requirements for Secondary Network Protectors.

[B26] NERC Distributed Energy Resources Task Force Report, Distributed Energy Resources:

Connection, Modeling, and Reliability Considerations. North American Electric Reliability Corporation

(NERC), February 2017. Available online at

http://www.nerc.com/comm/Other/essntlrlbltysrvcstskfrcDL/Distributed_Energy_Resources_Report

.pdf.

[B27] NERC PRC-024-2, Standard PRC-024-2 Generator Frequency and Voltage Protective Relay

Settings. 133

133 NERC publications are available from the North American Reliability Corporation (http://www.nerc.com/).

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 [B28] NERC Report, 1,200 MW Fault Induced Solar Photovoltaic Resource Interruption Disturbance

Report. Southern California 8/16/2016 Event. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC),

June 2017. Available online at http://www.nerc.com/pa/rrm/ea/Pages/1200-MW-Fault-Induced-Solar-

Photovoltaic-Resource-Interruption-Disturbance-Report.aspx.

[B29] NERC Variable Generation Task Force Report, Performance of Distributed Energy Resources

During and After System Disturbance. Voltage and Frequency Ride-Through Requirements. North

American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), Dec 2013. Available online at

http://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/IVGTF17_PC_FinalDraft_Dec

emb er_clean.pdf.

[B30] NERC Special Report, Potential Bulk System Reliability Impacts of Distributed Resources. North

American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC), August 2011. Available online at

https://www.nerc.com/pa/RAPA/ra/Reliability%20Assessments%20DL/IVGTF_TF-1-8_Reliability-

Impact-Distributed-Resources_Final

Draft_2011%20(2).pdf#search=Reliability%20Impacts%20of%20Distributed%20Resources%2E.

[B31] NFPA 70®, The National Electrical Code® (NEC®).

[B32] NFPA 110, Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems. [B33] NISTIR 7628,

Guidelines for Smart Grid Cybersecurity.

[B14] UL 1741, Inverters, Converters, and Controllers for Use in Independent Power Systems.

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 Annex B

(informative)

Guidelines for DER performance category assignment

B.1 Introduction

This annex provides guidance to authorities governing interconnection requirements (AGIR)

regarding the assignment of performance categories, as defined in this standard, to Distributed

Energy Resources (DER) based on attributes such as technology, application purpose, power

generation variability, and the specific characteristics of the point of common coupling with the Area

EPS.

As proposed in the IEEE P1547 response to FERC NOPR RM16-8 submitted by the IEEE Standards

Association in May 2016 [B6], the criteria for assignment of DER performance categories outlined in

the‖ informative‖ Annex‖ B‖ may‖be‖used‖as‖a‖reference‖point‖to‖partly‖specify‖‚Good‖Utility‖Practice‛‖

for specific ride through requirements as required from small generating facilities per FERC Order

828 [B7].

B.2 Background

Rapidly increasing penetration of DER in the electric power system has driven the need for a limited

set of specific DER performance characteristics in this standard, particu larly with regard to the

following:

― Participation of the DER in the voltage and reactive power management of the Area EPS

(Clause 5).

― Voltage and frequency disturbance ride-through capabilities necessary to protect bulk

power system security and Area EPS power quality (Clause 6 and Clause 7).

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 The inherent abilities of various DER types to achieve these performance attributes differ. In

situations where DER penetration is high, basic levels of performance that can be readily achieved

by all DER technologies have been deemed insufficient to meet existing bulk system reliability

needs, or to address more localized Area EPS power quality issues. 134 On the other hand,

universally requiring high levels of performance that are sufficient to meet BPS reliability and power

quality needs in all reasonable situations would, in practice, exclude certain types of DER from

interconnection, which is not the intent of this standard.

Often, the DER technologies that would tend to be excluded by uniform minimum performance

standards provide unique societal benefits that cannot be provided by technologies that are more

readily adaptable to minimum universal electrical performance requirements. An example is DER

using synchronous generators. Synchronous generators are inherently limited in their ability to

remain connected to the Area EPS during low-voltage (typically fault) events of extended

duration. 135 While synchronous generators possess this inherent electrical limitation, they provide

additional benefits such as increased system inertia, dispatchable spinning reserve in most typical

synchronous generator applications, and other non -electrical and societal benefits. There are a

number of DER applications having positive environmental, energy efficiency, or public safety

benefits where synchronous generators are the only practical choice. Examples include combined

heat and power applications, conversion of waste methane gas, and backup power to critical

facilities.

134 This annex intentionally uses qualitative DER penetration levels qualifiers. The impact of DER on frequency and voltage

performanc e of the interconnections and the regional power systems differs significantly and it remains in the responsibility of an
AGIR to quantify impactful DER penetration levels.

135 S ynchronous operation depends on a balance of mechanical power from the prime mover and electrical power to the load (or

grid). During a low-voltage event, the electrical power delivered to the Area EPS is inherently reduced, creating a power imbalanc e
that ac c elerates the rotational speed of the generator. If that imbalance is too great, or persists too long, the machine will lose

sync hronism. This‖condition,‖known‖as‖‚pole‖slip,‛‖can‖potentially‖cause‖catastrophic‖damage‖to‖the‖equipment.

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 B.3 Normal and abnormal performance category standar d approach

B.3.1 General

Worldwide, DER interconnection standards have tended to stipulate performance requirements

through technology-specific standards. This approach has been intentionally avoided in the

development of this standard for the following reasons:

― It is inherently discriminatory to demand a greater level of performance from one type or

technology of DER simply because it can provide the capability, at a cost, while relieving

other technologies of that burden due to the infeasibility to meet the requirement. As a

matter of policy, IEEE standards should remain technology-neutral where possible, and

should definitely not be discriminatory in nature.

― It is exceedingly difficult to accurately categorize all DER technologies, particularly as new

technologies may evolve. For example, doubly fed generators, commonly used in wind

turbines, behave in some situations like rotating generators and in other situations like

power-electronic inverters.

― DER performance is sometimes governed by the characteristics of the prime mover or

primary energy source as much as the power conversion device (i.e., generator or inverter).

The inherent tendency of technology-based DER performance standards, as adopted

elsewhere, is to categorize by the power conversion device without regard to the

limitations on performance imposed by the prime mover or primary energy source.

Tradeoffs between electrical performance limitations and the wider societal benefits offered by a

particular DER technology or application type can be made. However, evaluation of such non-

electrical factors is outside the scope of this IEEE standard. Therefore, this standard defines

performance and capability categories to which DER equipment and systems can be designed and

tested. The discretion of how to apply the categories to specific technologies, application purposes,

and Area EPS point of common coupling characteristics is left to the AGIR.

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 Figure B.1 gives a high-level overview of the performance-based category approach, which is

summarized as follows:

― The AGIR, which could be state regulators, bulk power system operators, or the Area EPS

operator would perform a DER impact assessment based on anticipated DER deployment

for the future. This assessment would consider technical conditions such as fut ure DER

penetration levels, DER power output variability, distribution system characteristics, e.g.,

fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) issues, feeder configuration and

protection, as well as bulk system characteristics, e.g., power reserves or future system

inertia. It could also consider non-technical issues such as DER use cases and the broader

impacts of DER on the environment, emissions, and sustainability. This analysis could be a

starting point for a stakeholder process, initiated and managed by the AGIR, with the

ultimate goal of assigning DER performance categories to specific DER (technology) types

and application purposes (use cases).

― The DER vendors, e.g., manufacturers of PV inverter or synchronous generators, would

analyze the costs associated with meeting certain performance categories for their

products. They would also analyze their market segments, based on the category

assignment of AGIRs, and ultimately make decisions on how to design their products.

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 (New)

Figure B.1—High-level overview of performance-based category

approach

For the application of the standard, the following sets of performance categories are used:

― Categories A and B for voltage regulation performance and reactive power capability

requirements (Clause 5)

― Categories I, II, and III for disturbance ride-through requirements (Clause 6)

The performance and capability category levels in Clause 5 and Clause 6 are not inherently tied to

each other. Keeping categories for different performance requirements sets de-linked from each

other gives the AGIR flexibility to consider the particular characteristics of the DER interconnection.

For example, the AGIR may require less demanding bulk system issues-related requirements

(Category I for disturbance ride-through) while still requiring more demanding distribution system

issues-related requirements (Category B for voltage regulation) in justified cases. However , for

consistency in the levels of performance and capability, it is strongly recommended to pair Category

I with Category A, and to pair Category II and Category III with Category B.

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 The bases and intended purposes for the performance categories defined in this standard are

outlined in the following subclauses for information purposes.

B.3.2 Normal performance categories (Clause 5)

B.3.2.1 General

Different characteristics and capabilities for response to voltage variations within the normal

operating range are specified in certain parts of Clause 5 for performance Category A, and Category

B DER. Under mutual agreement between Area EPS operator and DER operator, requirements other

than those specified next are also allowed.

B.3.2.2 Category A

Category A covers minimum performance capabilities needed for Area EPS voltage regulation and

are reasonably attainable by all state-of-the-art DER technologies. This level of performance is

deemed adequate for applications where the DER penetration in the distribution system is lower,

and where the DER power output is not subject to frequent large variations.

B.3.2.3 Category B

Category B covers all requirements within Category A and specifies supplemental capabilities

needed to adequately integrate the DER in local Area EPS where the DER penetration is higher or

where the DER power output is subject to frequent large variations.

B.3.3 Abnormal performance categories (Clause 6)

B.3.3.1 Category I

Category I is based on minimal bulk power system (BPS) reliability needs and is reasonably attainable

by all DER technologies that are in common usage today.

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 The disturbance ride-through requirements for Category I are derived from the German Association

of Energy and Water Industries (BDEW [B2]) standard for medium voltage synchronous generators

and is one of the most widely applied standards in Europe. Many synchronous generator

manufacturers are currently designing products to meet the requirements of this standard.

Category I disturbance ride-through performance, however, is not consistent with the reliability

standards imposed on bulk power system generation resources. High penetrations of DER having only

Category I capabilities could be detrimental to bulk power system reliability, but limited penetration

of this category would not have a material negative impact. It should be noted that penetration, with

regard to bulk power system reliability impacts, should be measured on a regional or bulk system-

wide136 basis, and local distribution system penetration levels are not typically of particular

relevance.

B.3.3.2 Category II

Category II performance covers all BPS reliability needs and coordinates with the existing BPS

reliability standard, NERC PRC-024-2 [B26], developed to avoid adverse tripping of bulk system

generators during system disturbances. Additional voltage ride-through capability is specified for

DERs, beyond mandatory voltage ride-through defined by NERC PRC-024-2 [B26], to account for

the potential for fault-induced delayed voltage recovery on the distribution system, due to

distribution load characteristics.

B.3.3.3 Category III

Category III provides the highest disturbance ride-through capabilities, intended to address

integration issues such as power quality and system overloads caused by DER tripping in local A rea

EPS that have very high levels of DER penetration. This category also provides increased bulk power

system security by further reducing the potential loss of DER during bulk system events. These

requirements are based on the California Rule 21 [B4] Smart Inverter requirements.

136 S ync hronous interconnections, such as the Eastern Interconnection, ERCOT, WECC, are examples of bulk systems in this

c ontext.

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 B.4 Performance category assignment

B.4.1 General

Prior to assignment of categories, the needs of th e bulk system on a wide basis and regional basis, as

well as the local Area EPS, possibly down to feeder level, should be considered.

B.4.2 DER attribute groupings

Before performance level categories can be assigned, a systematic categorization of DER types

should be devised. The following list of DER attributes that should be considered is non -exhaustive:

― Power conversion device technology, such as synchronous generator, voltage-source

inverter, induction generator, doubly fed generator, etc.

― Primary power source, such as solar, biogas, fossil fuel, hydro, wind, energy storage

device, etc.

― Prime mover or type of primary energy source conversion, such as reciprocating engine,

turbine, fuel cell, etc.

― DER application purpose, such as combined heat and power (cogeneration), merchant

power generation, backup generation for critical facilities, retail customer self-supply,

waste fuel recovery, etc.

― Factors related to the point of common coupling into the Area EPS, such as high-

penetration feeders, areas of high regional DER penetration, dedicated distribution

feeders, relative system strength, PCC location on a specific feeder, etc.

― Inherent output variability of the DER type.

― Other attributes.

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 The AGIR should identify DER type groupings that consider the previous attributes and any other

attributes that may be deemed appropriate. A full matrix of type groupings that considers separately

each and every one of the attributes above would be unwieldy and impractical to administer.

Therefore, discretion should be applied to combine attributes in a meaningful way to reduce the

number of DER types to a manageable level, while also providing adequate means to discriminately

apply the performance category assignments in a way that balances total societal benefits and

impacts.

B.4.3 Performance category assignment criteria

B.4.3.1 Assignment of normal performance categories (Clause 5)

To deal with power quality issues caused by increasing DER penetration, especially of variable-

generation DER, the majority of the DER should have Category B performance. However, DER

connected to a PCC that is relatively close to the substation as well as non -variable-generation DER

may have less impact on the distribution system voltage than DER that are connected close to the

end of a feeder or DER with power output that is subject to frequent large variations. In those cases,

it is reasonable to interconnect a limited amount of DER capacity that is limited to Category A

voltage regulation performance and reactive power capability.

When making the assignment of performance categories to DER types, it is recommended that the

AGIR consider the following questions:

― Is it impractical for the given DER type to be designed to meet Category B?

― Is the power output of the DER constant and not subject to frequent large variations?

― Is the rating of the DER, relative to the distribution system short-circuit strength at the

point of common coupling, small such that the DER does not have significant impact on

distribution voltage?

― Is the projected penetration of all DER types allowed to interconnect with Category A

capability and performance relatively small compared to the total load level on the

particular feeder?

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 Depending on the answers to these questions, the assignment of performance Category A to the

particular DER type grouping may be appropriate from the standpoint of power quality issues

caused by increasing DER penetration. In certain cases, however, the AGIR might consider imposing

higher levels of voltage regulation performance and reactive power capability requirements, but

may also consider the overall benefit to impact ratios.

Particularly in areas of high DER penetration and where the predominate DER types involve

inherent power output variability (e.g., solar PV), requirements for DER to meet Category B

performance may be necessary.

B.4.3.2 Example normal performance category assignment

The categorization of DER types and the assignment of voltage regulation performance and reactive

power capability categories based on criteria that are at least partially subjective, is complex. To

facilitate this process, an example decision tree for the performance category assignment is provided

in Figure B.2. While this figure is an example, it provides a recommended starting point for

determining DER attribute groupings and performance category assignments.

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 (New)

Figure B.2—Example decision tree for normal perform ance category

assignment (Clause 5)

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 B.4.3.3 Assignment of abnormal performance categories (Clause 6)

To preserve the security of the bulk power system, the majority of DER should have Category II

disturbance ride-through performance. However, there are notable exceptions when disturbance

ride-through performance Category I and III should be applied instead. When the total societal

benefits are evaluated, it is reasonable to interconnect a limited amount of DER capacity that is

limited to Category I performance and that have other non-electrical benefits.

When making the assignment of performance categories to DER types, it is recommended that the

AGIR consider all of the following questions:

― Is it impractical for the given DER type to be designed to meet Category II or III

performance?

― Is there a societal benefit provided by the DER type that offsets the potential adverse

impact on system security due to reduced capability?

― Is the projected penetration of all DER types allowed to interconnect with Category I

performance relatively small compared to the total load level in the region?

NOTE—Bulk electrical system reliability impacts are related to the total amount of DER in a

relatively large region, and penetration levels at individual distribution systems or circuits are not of

particular relevance.

If‖ the‖ answer‖ to‖ each‖ of‖ the‖ previous‖ is‖ ‚yes,‛‖ then‖ assignment‖ of‖ performance‖ Category‖ I‖ to‖ the‖
particular DER type grouping is appropriate from the standpoint of bulk power system reliability. In

all other cases, the AGIR should assign performance Category II or might consider imposing even

higher levels of performance requirements such as Category III, but may also consider the overall

benefit to impact ratios.

In areas of particularly high DER penetration and where nuisance tripping of DER could cause

voltage collapse or system overloads, requirements for DER to meet Category III performance may

be necessary.

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 Even within such high-penetration regions, it may be reasonable to allow a limited amount of DER

with Category I or II performance capabilities that provide unique benefits. An example could be a

bio-gas generator that provides consistent power output in a distribution system that also ha s very

high solar PV penetration.

B.4.3.4 Example abnormal performance category assignment

The categorization of DER types and the assignment of disturbance ride-through performance

categories based on criteria that are at least partially subjective, is complex. To facilitate this process,

an example performance category assignment grid is provided in Table B.1. While this table is an

example, it provides a recommended starting point for determining DER attribute groupings and

performance category assignments.‖It‖is‖quite‖possible‖that‖an‖AGIR‖may‖also‖need‖to‖define‖an‖‚all‖

other‛‖ application‖ purpose‖ (i.e.,‖ column)‖ to‖ accommodate‖ applications‖ not‖ foreseen‖ or‖ otherwise‖

addressed.

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 Table B.1—Example abnormal performance category assignment grid 137

(New)

aMerchant generation in this table is intended to characterize DER facilities installed for the express

purpose of exporting power, and is not intended to imply only FERC-jurisdictional generation or

other regulatory definitions.

bOnly applies to critical backup generation interconnected to the Area EPS for the purposes of

periodic testing. If backup generation is also used for merchant generation or other purposes, the

performance requirements of those purposes apply.

cCategory III should be required where DER penetration on a distribution feeder exceeds [%

VALUE TO BE SPECIFIED BY AGIR], or on the distribution system supplied from a given

distribution substation bus exceeds [% VALUE TO BE SPECIFIED BY AGIR].

137 The purpose of this table is to provide a reco mmended starting point for determining DER attribute groupings and performance

c ategory assignments. The table is not intended to suggest any equipment capability.

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 Annex C

(informative)

DER intentional and microgrid island system configurations

C.1 Introduction

Figure C.1, from IEEE Std 1547.4-2011 [B20], shows examples of different kinds of islands
incorporating DER. The intentional island interconnection device (IIID) is used to create the island, as

described in 6.2 of IEEE Std 1547.4-2011 [B20]. For example, CB3 may be opened to create the

‚Circuit‖Island‛‖in‖Figure‖C.1,‖and‖there‖are‖five‖DERs‖within‖the‖‚Circuit‖Island‛.‖Those‖five‖DERs‖

may have five individual PCCs, or less than five through aggregation. None of the five DER

breakers can serve as the IIID in this example. On the other hand, each of those DERs could

participate in more than one of the example islands shown. Furthermore, whenever the substation

feed is available those DERs can also participate in the non -island mode.

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 (New)

Figure C.1—Examples of DR island systems from IEEE Std 1547.4-2011

This standard is concerned only with the PCC interconnection. The same reasoning applies with

example intentional islands including microgrids; the intentional island or microgrid interface will

often not be the same as the PCC interconnection.

Furthermore, this standard is not concerned with intentional island or microgrids that operate only as

a‖ Local‖ EPS.‖ For‖ example,‖ the‖ ‚Facility‖ Island‛‖ in‖ Figure‖ C.1‖ is‖ excluded‖ from‖ the‖ scope‖ of‖ this‖

standard, except when CB1 closes for the local DER to participate in the ‚Circuit Island,‛ the

‚Substation Bus‖Island,‛‖or‖the‖‚Substation‖Island.‛

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 C.2 Connecting DER not designed for intentional island or microgrid
operation

The following examples outline intentional island or microgrid implementations where a DER not

designed for intentional island or microgrid operation may be allowed to participate by the intentional

island operator (IIO) or microgrid operator (MO):

― A generator is able to provide the maximum steady-state load in the intentional island or

microgrid island (MI), and has the speed of response to buffer the power transients of the

DER not designed for microgrid operation.

― Energy storage is implemented to buffer the power transients of the DER not designed for
intentional island or microgrid operation.

― Existing hardware experiments or system operation has proven system stability.

― Simulation studies prove system stability.

― A device has been fitted that disconnects the DER, not designed for intentional island or

microgrid operation, if outside of an acceptable frequency and voltage window. The

system has been proven to be stable, with the disconnection device.

These examples are provided for guidance only; it is the responsibility of the IIO or MO to ensure
the desired quality of service in the intentional island or microgrid.

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 Annex D

(informative)

DER communication and information concepts and guidelines

D.1 Introduction

This annex provides additional informative information about the interoperability and

communications content in the standard.

D.2 General principles

D.2.1 General

This subclause outlines the general principles used to guide the interoperability and

communications content.

D.2.2 Scope

The approach taken for interoperability an d communication support in this standard is to specify

only the DER functional requirements for communication at the DER interface. It is considered

beyond the scope of this standard to specify any requirements related to network technologies that

may be used to interface with the local DER communication interface.

The interoperability and communication content in this standard is based on the functionality in the
standard that specifies settings with a range of allowable settings. The purpose of the local DER

communication interface is to allow all the settings information to be read and written through the

interface providing remote adjustability. Monitoring of some measurement and status information is

also specified.

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 D.2.3 Standardized local DER communication interface

A set of protocols have been identified in the normative text that satisfy the requirement for

communication support. Each option provides different capabilities inherent in the stack. It is

intended that the standardized communication capability of a DER be the basis for a more

comprehensive communication solution based on the requirements of a DER installation and other

appropriate standards.

It is not mandated that the standardized local DER communication interface be used for any DER

installation. Proprietary communication interfaces may be developed and used to interface to a DER
but the standardized local DER communication interface shall always be an available option. The intent

is to provide grid stability by offering support for a standardized communication option if a

proprietary option is no longer functional for any reason.

Figure D.1 and Figure D.2 show examples of the use of standardized and custom interfaces. In both

cases, the IEEE 1547 interface option shall be present. The examples also illustrate the interface that

is addressed by this standard and the interfaces that are out of scope.

(New)

Figure D.1—DER using standardized local DER communication interface

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 (New)

Figure D.2—DER using custom interface

D.2.4 Information model harmonization

In many cases, more than one protocol stack is used to transfer the information between the DER

and the managing entity. It is important that information models in each protocol stack be

harmonized to maintain the correct meaning of the information being transferred. This

harmonization can be facilitated by using industry standard ways of representing certain types of

information. The use of piecewise linear curves is an example of information representation that is

supported across different protocol information models. This consideration has influenced the

choice of information representation in this standard.

D.3 Communication protocols

D.3.1 General

This subclause provides additional detail about the specific protocols that are identified as a

standardized interface and other relevant protocols that may be additionally supported.

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 D.3.2 IEEE Std 2030.5 (SEP2)

IEEE Std 2030.5 provides support for monitoring and control of DER devices. The standard defines

the mechanisms for exchanging application messages, the exact messages exchanged including error

messages, and the security features used to protect the application messages.

D.3.3 IEEE Std 1815 (DNP3)

IEEE Std 1815 is used to interface to DER devices, often used by utility supervisory control and data

acquisition (SCADA) systems. Several specific IEEE 1815 application notes have been developed to

support monitoring and control of DER devices.

D.3.4 SunSpec Modbus

The SunSpec Alliance specifies standard Modbus-based information models to support monitoring

and control of DER devices.

D.3.5 IEC 61850

IEC 61850-7-420 [B8], specifies the information models to support monitoring and control of DER

devices. IEC 61850-7-420 [B8] provides guidelines on the DER functions. IEC 61850-8-2 [B10] defines

a standardized protocol based on Internet protocols, and IEC TR 61850-80-3 [B11] provides guidance

on the use of web protocols for data exchange.

D.4 Cyber security

D.4.1 DER security requirements

The security requirements associated with DER entail both local physical access and remote network

access. The level of security required is proportional to the risk associated with a breach of the

system and potential impact on other parts of the system.

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 The risk profile evaluation associated with differen t use cases can involve many factors such as the

ones listed in the following subclauses.

D.4.2 DER physical security

This standard does not address the requirements associated with physical security of DER systems.

D.4.3 DER front panel security

DER devices often provide front panels to allow interaction by an operator with the DER. This

standard does not address the requirements associated with front panel behavior or security.

D.4.4 DER network security

The networks used to connect DER to remote managing entities, and the cyber security requirements

of these networks, are out of scope of this standard. DER integration networks will likely be of many

kinds and technologies and will use a variety of cyber security mechanisms that evolve over the life

of the DER. For this reason, a modular approach has been taken in this standard, excluding the DER
network requirements from scope and only specifying the local DER communication interface.

D.4.5 Local DER communication interface security

D.4.5.1 General

When a DER is capable of exchanging information through a local DER communication interface,

consideration should be given to protecting access to DER through that interface. A DER is just like

any other system where a malicious or uninformed actor can have an adverse effect on the system.

This standard does not mandate any specific cyber security requirements at the DER interface for at

least the following reasons: scope of this standard, scope and complexity of cyber security

requirements, system architecture flexibility, and testability.

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 An additional set of standards may be required to properly address the cyber -physical security
requirements of system(s) containing DER and possible requirements specific to the local DER

communication interface.

D.4.5.2 Scope

Cyber security is a system-wide issue requiring a system-wide solution. This standard specifies the
base functionality of a DER including the capability of exchanging specific information over a local

DER communication interface. This standard cannot correctly address system level issues and should

not constrain reasonable system solutions.

D.4.5.3 System architecture

There are many different networking and security scenarios in which a DER may be deployed.

The organization responsible for maintaining the reliability and security of the communications path

to the DER must also be able to perform regular maintenance, upgrades, and changes to the network

components, including the protocol and cyber security mechanisms.

It is possible to couple a secure networking device with a DER providing an open interface to

provide a secure communications path to the DER. Such secure networking devices are common in

the utility industry for critical infrastructure integration such as voltage regulators, switches, and

capacitors. These networking devices can be designed such that access to the open interface at the

DER does not allow access to other devices connected on the same network.

It is important for low-cost DER to be able to be coupled with different networking technologies that

may change over the life of the DER. Each networking technology may have different security

requirements and solutions.

Non-standardized security features implemented in a DER may make it harder to secure the overall

system by requiring workarounds to provide access.

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 Providing advanced networks for secure DER integration is a science and specialization of its own

and DER manufacturers may or may not have this expertise or desire to enter the networking

business.

A single network may integrate many different DER types, models, and brands and yet the network

provider may need a singular cohesive approach to cyber security system-wide.

DER system software is often a monolithic implementation that does not facilitate tracking and

updating based on ongoing changes in the network security arena.

DER manufacturers may stop support for a model or go out of business making it difficult or

impossible to fix/update the DER.

D.4.5.4 Testability

Any‖clause‖that‖contains‖a‖‚shall‛‖declaration‖shall‖be‖able‖to be tested in IEEE Std 1547.1 [B17]. This

is one of the guiding principles for determining what is in scope for the normative content of this

standard.

It is difficult to specify meaningful test procedures for general non -standardized requirements.

What types of protections can be provided to assist in preventing unauthorized use of a local DER

communication interface while providing system design flexibility?

One option is to have the local DER communication interface disabled by default and to only enable it

through a password-protected front panel interface. This would prohibit access through the local

DER communication interface until a secure network device is attached. The nature of the physical

security and properties of the connection is out of scope for this specification.

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 D.5 Related standards

D.5.1 IEC 62351-12

IEC 62351-12, Power Systems Management and Associated Information Exchange—Data and

Communications Security—Part 12 contains resilience and security recommendations for power

systems with distributed energy resources (DER) cyber-physical systems.

D.5.2 IEEE Std 1547.2

IEEE Std 1547.2 [B18] provides technical background and application details to support the

understanding of IEEE Std 1547. 138

IEEE Std 1547.2 [B18] facilitates the use of IEEE Std 1547 by characterizing the various forms of

distributed resource technologies and the associated interconnection issues. Additionally, the

background and rationale of the technical requirements are discussed in terms of the operation of

the distributed resource interconnection with the electric power system. Presented in the document

are technical descriptions and schematics, applications guidance, and interconnection examples to

enhance the use of IEEE Std 1547.

D.5.3 IEEE Std 1547.3

IEEE Std 1547.3 [B19] provides guidelines for monitoring, information exchange, and control for

distributed resources (DR) interconnected with electric power systems (EPS). The 2007 version

requires an update to address current security issues and capabilities that affect h igh penetrations of

DER.

138 At the time of the publication of this standard, IEEE S td 1547.2-2008 is the most recent version of IEEE S td 1547.2 [B18]. This

version, however, is inconsistent with the requirements of this version of IEEE S td 1547 and has limited usefulness.

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 This document facilitates the interoperability of one or more distributed resources interconnected

with electric power systems. It describes functionality, parameters, and methodologies for

monitoring, information exchange, and control for the interconnected distributed resources with (or

associated with) electric power systems. Distributed resources include systems in the areas of fuel

cells, photovoltaics, wind turbines, microturbines, other distributed generators, and distributed

energy storage systems.

D.5.4 IEEE Std 2030 ®

IEEE Std 2030 [B23] is an umbrella standard that provides standardized, transparent and systems

level guidelines for interoperability between Power, Communications, and Information Systems.

It was the first standard to be created jointly by the three IEEE Societies: Power and Energy Society,

Communications Society, and the Computer Society.

It‖ defines‖ the‖ SmartGrid‖ Interoperability‖ Reference‖ Model™‖ (SGIRM™),‖ which‖ organizes‖ all‖ the‖

functions and interconnections of a Smart Grid in terms of three separate interoperability

architecture perspectives (IAPs). The three IAPs primarily relate to logical, functional considerations

of power systems, communications interfaces, and IT data flows for smart grid interoperability:

― Power systems IAP (PS-IAP): The emphasis of the power system perspective is the

production, delivery, and consumption of electric energy, including apparatus,

applications, and operational concepts. This perspective defines seven domains

common to all three perspectives: bulk Generation, transmission, distribution, service

providers, markets, control/operations, and customers.

― Communications technology IAP (CT-IAP): The emphasis of the communications

technology perspective is communication connectivity among systems, devices, and

applications in the context of the Smart Grid. The perspective includes communication

networks, media, performance, and protocols.

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 ― Information technology IAP (IT-IAP): The emphasis of the information technology

perspective is the control of processes and data management flow. The perspective

includes technologies that store, process, manage, and control the secure information

data flow.

D.5.5 NISTIR 7628

NISTIR 7628 [B33], Guidelines for Smart Grid Cybersecurity, provides additional guidelines for

smart grid cyber security that may be applicable to DER deployment. 139

139 NIS T publications are available from the National Institute of S tandards and Technology (https://www.nist.gov/).

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 Annex E

(informative)

Basis for ride-through of consecutive voltage disturbances

E.1 Introduction

This annex is informative. It is intended to help readers understand the requirements in 6.4.2.5 by

use of illustrative figures.

Note that this standard allows an unlimited number of multiple consecutive voltage disturbances

that‖ DER‖are‖required‖to‖ride‖through‖within‖a‖single‖disturbance‖‚set,‛‖as‖long‖as‖the‖cumulative‖

duration of all the disturbances in this set does not exceed the maximum required ride-through

duration for the respective voltage disturbance severity (and performance category). The standard

also requires that DER ride through several of these sets occurring consecutively within a certain

time frame. Each voltage disturbance set may correlate to voltage disturbances during a reclosing for

a particular sustained fault, intermittent fault activity, or oscillatory voltage triggered by response

and recovery of directly-coupled (synchronous or induction) generators to a fault. The several

distinct sets may correlate to several unrelated faults occurring within a short time frame or

subsequent reclosing event where the reclosing delay is greater than the time separating sets, as

would be typical for transmission system faults. The specification for the consecutive voltage

disturbance ride-through requirements were derived from typical transmission and primary

distribution protection practices and transmission system dynamic behavior.

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 E.2 Faults, fault protection, and reclosing

The most typical faults on transmission, sub-transmission, and primary distribution power systems

are‖ the‖ result‖ of,‖ or‖ result‖in,‖‚short-circuits‛‖between‖two‖or‖more‖system‖phases‖or‖between‖any‖

system phase(s) and a neutral or a grounded part. These short -circuits—unintended, low-

impedance, shunt connections— appear in many forms. At the EHV (greater than 300 kV)
transmission level comprising the backbone of the bulk power system, common causes of faults are

insulator contamination, insulator physical failures, switching surges, supporting structure failures,

wildfires, and operational errors (e.g., failure to remove personal protective ground jumpers prior to

re-energization). Lightning is rarely a cause for EHV line faults, but HV transmission lines do
experience lightning-related faults. At the primary distribution and sub-transmission voltage levels

the common causes of faults are direct lightning strikes or lightning-induced flashovers, tree

branches falling across energized conductors, animals bridging the gap between energized

conductors and the grounded parts they are standing on, failures of insulating components or other

equipment failures.

Whatever the form of these short-circuits, they have the following two significant effects:

— They cause high-magnitude‖‚fault‛‖current‖to‖flow,‖because‖the‖short-circuit bypasses

the normal, high-impedance, shunt connections of loads or other equipment connected

between the phases, neutral or ground.

— They cause a disturbance in the normal voltage levels, because they change the

voltage-divider relationship between the normally low-impedance series paths from

sources to loads and the normally high-impedance shunt connections of those loads

and other shunt devices.

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 The high-magnitude currents resulting from a short-circuit fault usually are orders of magnitude

above the current-carrying capability of power system equipment, and must be stopped quickly

before significant damage is done. Also, the resulting collapse of voltage due to transmission faults
eliminates or greatly reduces the ability to transmit power, thus threatening the stability of the bulk

power system. The use of current differential or impedance detection relaying represents the vast

majority of protection employed on transmission systems and in substations against damage from

these fault currents. At the EHV transmission level, more sophisticated communication-based

protection schemes are used to provide greater detection speed, reliability, selectivity, and security.

On primary distribution systems, overcurrent protection is predominantly used. This fault

protection is implemented on the transmission lines, substation transformers, and primary

distribution circuits between sources and loads, since these are the paths that the high -magnitude

current takes directly to a fault if one should occur. These types of protection react to abnormal

current or impedance conditions, and the response is usually to cause an opening of the series path

to the fault, interrupting the fault current (e.g., through the tripping of a breaker or the operation of

a fuse). However, depending on the location of the faulted section, this action can also disconnect

the normal flow of power through the power system to the loads beyond the open -circuit that is

created.

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 Utility engineers attempt to apply fault protection devices and relaying to maximize the reliability

and speed of detecting and interrupting faults (dependability) while minimizing the number of

system elements or customers also interrupted (selectivity) and the chances of an unint ended

operation (security). This is usually achieved by applying fault protection at as many locations as

possible, such as at every transmission line terminal or distribution tap, but applying it in such a

way that only the protection for the faulted section operates first. This results in having to

coordinate the operation of many protection devices in series along fault current pathways,

commonly by selecting zones of protection with deliberately limited overlap, by employing

directional discrimination, and by selecting different response time characteristics where protection

zones overlap. The response time characteristics determine the speed at which that protection

responds to faults in different protection zones or at different levels of current. By applying proper

choices of fault protection with coordinated response time characteristics, a reasonable degree of

dependability versus security can be achieved between multiple devices along the fault current

pathway.

All sources connected on a section of the power system that suffers a fault are expected to cease to

energize and trip from the rest of the power system by the operation of whatever fault protection is

applied. This includes DER on the faulted section, either through their own detection and response

to the fault, or through their detection of the resulting unintended island resulting from the

operation of the power system fault protection. The DER response is covered in the mandatory

tripping requirements of the standard.

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 While the path of the high-magnitude current caused by a short-circuit fault is restricted to the series

paths between the sources and the fault, the voltage disturbances (e.g., voltage dips) caused by a

short-circuit fault will be experienced by all devices or equipment connected in close proximity to

the fault, 140 even if not on the faulted section. Examples include wide-area voltage disturbances

caused by faults on transmission systems, and localized voltage disturbances caused by faults on

distribution systems. The extent of the system that can experience these disturbances can range from

just the small nearby portion of a single distribution circuit affected by a fault on an adjacent section

of the circuit, to an entire interstate region affected by a high -voltage transmission fault. In these

cases, if the voltage disturbance is not severe enough or does not last long enough, DER on these

portions‖of‖the‖system‖are‖required‖to‖‚ride-through‛‖these‖disturbances‖and‖remain‖in‖operation‖as‖

described in 6.4.2.

An additional aspect of fault protection on utility power systems is that many short-circuit faults are

temporary. Most typically, temporary fault is caused by a flashover across an insulator or open -air

gap that does no permanent damage, and will cease to exist once the current has been interrupted to

clear the resulting arc. Such flashovers are typically caused by transient overvoltages related to

lightning strikes or (at the EHV transmission level) switching transients. At the distribution level,

temporary faults are also caused by a tree branch or an animal that falls off or is blasted clear after

making initial contact with energized conductors. Because temporary faults often make up a sizeable

share of the types of faults that occur on power systems, attempts are often made to quickly re-

energize the disconnected portion of the power system once the interruption by fault protection has

taken place. This practice is known as automatic reclosing. It is commonly performed by reclosing

relays controlling circuit breakers or, commonly on distribution systems, by reclosers (devices

distinct from breakers, but similar in function for this discussion).

140 This proximity is in an electrical context relative to the impedance network around the location of the fault, rather than a

geographic al c ontext.

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 Reclosing is the application of a finite number of automatic closures (reclosures) of the breaker or

recloser in a brief window of time to re-energize the faulted section of the system. If the fault was

temporary and no longer exists upon re-energization, then the fault protection has nothing to

respond to and electric service or transmission path is restored with no further action. If the fault is

persistent or re-ignites, the fault protection will cause the breaker or recloser to trip again. This

tripping and reclosing will happen as many times as the number of selected reclosing attempts

applied for that device. If the device continues to trip beyond the number of selected reclosures, it

will cease any further attempts and go into a‖‚lockout‛‖state.‖If‖the‖device‖recloses‖and‖does‖not‖trip‖

again‖within‖a‖selected‖‚reset‛‖time,‖it‖will‖revert‖back‖to‖its‖normal‖pre-fault state and start a brand

new reclosing sequence the next time it trips for a fault.

Faults at the transmission level, followed by unsuccessful reclosing attempts, appear as multiple

consecutive undervoltage events. (In some situations, the system response to fault clearing may also

result in multiple periods of overvoltage as well.) These consecutive voltage disturban ces may affect

DER over a wide geographic area.

There are two significant consequences to DER from the application of automatic reclosing at the

distribution level. First, for situations where the DER trips due to a fault on the section to which they

are connected, that tripping shall occur prior to the first reclosing attempt to re-energize the section.

Second, for situations where DER rides through a voltage disturbance due to a fault on a different

section, the DER shall ride through a series of multiple consecutive voltage disturbances due to the

re-appearance of that fault upon each reclosure in the selected reclosing sequence.

The series of multiple consecutive voltage disturbance experienced by the DER, whether from

transmission or distribution system faults, can be characterized as repeating periods of abnormal

voltages during the times that the fault is present, separated by periods of relatively normal voltages

during the times that the fault is disconnected or not active. Examples of what the DER may

experience are illustrated in Figure E.1, Figure E.2, and Figure E.3 for three different scenarios. 141

141 Note that Figure E.1, Figure E.2, and Figure E.3 give only three examples of what can be a whole spectrum of possibilities of

multiple c onsecutive voltage disturbance severities, durations, number of occurrences, and the timing between them.

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 (New)

Figure E.1—Consecutive disturbance ride-through requirement, Example

1 for Category I

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 (New)

Figure E.2—Consecutive disturbance ride-through requirement, Example

2 for Category II

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 (New)

Figure E.3—Consecutive disturbance ride-through requirement, Example

3 for Category III

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 In the examples in Figure E.1, Figure E.2, and Figure E.3, note the differences in the severity and

durations of the abnormal voltages (periods during active fault) and the differences in the number

and duration of periods of relatively normal voltages in between (periods where fault is not active).

The differences in the severity of the abnormal voltages experienced at a particular DER are due to

the impedance of the fault that is occurring, the relative location of the fault, the DER, and other

sources on the electric system, and the impedance matrix of the entire power system network.

Obviously, these conditions are different for each fault that may occur, and for each DER

experiencing the disturbances associated with any of those faults. The differences in the durations of

the abnormal voltages are due to the different operating times of the applied fault protection in

response to the conditions to which it is exposed. For faults on transmission systems and within

substations, the typical current differential, directional comparison, and impedance (distance)

protection schemes have high-speed or short, fixed, incremental response times, usually of less than

one second and rarely longer than two seconds, and largely independent of the fault current

magnitude (but rather the protection zone in which he fault occurs). For simpler time-overcurrent

protection, different fault durations are caused not only by different time-current response selections

at different protection installations, but also because different levels of fault current will exist for

different faults (and thus different response times at the same installation), again due to different

fault impedances and system impedances to different fault locations. Finally, the number and

duration of periods of relatively normal voltages are due to the selected number of reclosing

attempts and the selected reclosing interval times (open times) between each reclosure.

Where automatic reclosing is applied, common selections for a reclosing sequence include 1, 2, or 3

reclosing attempts, corresponding to a series of 2, 3, or 4 voltage disturbances for a persistent fault.

Different reclosing equipment may offer even more possible reclosing attempts, but the selection of

more than three attempts is not as common. A wide range of reclosing interval times (open times) is

usually‖ available‖ for‖ selection,‖ from‖ an‖ ‚instantaneous‛‖ reclosure on the first attempt to mere

fractions of a second between reclosures to many seconds between reclosures. Transmission

reclosing‖ delays‖ are‖ typically‖ 30‖ s‖ or‖ longer‖ except‖ where‖ ‚high‖ speed‛‖ reclosing‖ is‖ used‖ with‖ a‖

delay of approximately 0.5 s. Delays longer than 1 s but less than 30 s are not typically used at the

bulk transmission level as there is risk of aggravating dynamic oscillations.

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 At the distribution level, not all reclosing devices have selectable reclosing interval times,

hydraulically controlled reclosers being a prime example. Where reclosing interval times are

selectable, common selections are approxomately 0.2 s to 30 s, although there is much more variation

here depending on type of power system (e.g., transmission, distribution, in cross-country right-of-

way or along public streets), types of faults typically experienced on that system (e.g., lightning,

tree-related), and different utility philosophies and practices.

E.3 Unrelated faults

Another scenario of power system faults that can occur causing multiple consecutive voltage

disturbances is when several different faults occur at different locations within an area and within a

relatively short window of time. Rather than resulting from multiple reclosures into the same fault,

this scenario of multiple different faults may be triggered by a large weather-related event hitting an

area, such as numerous lightning strikes during a thunderstorm, severe wind events including

tornados or hurricanes, or at the peak of an ice storm.

E.4 Intermittent faults

A third scenario of power system faults that can occur causing multiple consecutive voltage

disturbances is an intermittent arcing fault. This type of ‚sputtering‛ fault may arc and extinguish

itself multiple times without causing any fault protection to operate, either due to high fault

impedance resulting in low fault currents that go undetected, or due to relatively rapid self-

extinguishing before the fault protection has had enough time to respond. In many cases, this type of

fault can continue in this way for a long time, sometimes burning clear and other times eventually

evolving into a sustained short-circuit fault. This type of fault may occur at the distribution voltage

level, but does not occur at transmission voltage levels.

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 E.5 Voltage oscillations

The disruption of power flow from generation sources to loads caused by transmission faults cause

the synchronous generators in the system to accelerate or decelerate such that their electrical angle

with respect to an ideal fundamental-frequency reference is shifted from its pre-fault steady-state

value. When the fault is cleared, the generator angles swing to the original value, if the system

configuration remains unchanged, or to a new steady-state value if lines, loads, or sources are

removed in the process of clearing the fault. Similar to a pendulum displaced from its resting

position, the angles do not go to the post-fault values and stop, but rather oscillate with a period of a

fraction of a second to several seconds. The resulting system oscillations cause the magnitude of the
voltage throughout the system to be modulated at this low frequency. Modulation of distribution

substation voltage by the dynamic behavior of the transmission system is reflected down to the

voltages experienced by DER connected to the distribution system. As a result, DER PCC voltage

magnitudes will tend to oscillate after the clearing of a transmission fault, and these oscillations may

cause the voltage to repeatedly transition between the normal and abnormal (potentially including

both high- and low-voltage periods) a number of times over a period of a number of seconds. These

oscillations typically will dampen out within ten seconds. From the DER perspective, the transitions

from normal to abnormal voltage might appear as multiple disturbances. This standard addresses

this by specifying ride-through on a cumulative time duration basis. A given dynamic event should

be all within one disturbance set, and the DER must ride through up to the total duration specified

in terms of severity and DER category.

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 Annex F

(informative)

Discussion of testing and verification requirements at PCC or PoC

The requirements of this standard apply either at the PCC or the PoC, depending on the aggregate

nameplate DER rating and the average annual load in the Local EPS. Where requirements apply at

the PoC, equipment type testing will be sufficient to verify conformance with most requirements, in

most cases. However, for DER facilities, i.e., Local EPS that are large enough so that requirements

apply at the PCC, equipment testing should be supplemented by additional compliance verification

measures such as the DER evaluation and further commissioning tests defined in Clause 11. The

same holds for any DER that use supplemental DER devices to meet the requirements of this

standard. The concept of combined type test and DER evaluation is summarized in Table F.1.

Table F.1—High-level test and verification requirements when type tests

are performed for DER unit(s) and not for DER system(s)

(New)

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 DERs should meet the general requirements for full and partial conformance testing and verification

as follows (illustrated in Figure F.1):

a) For DER that meet requirements at the PoC per 4.2 and that are fully compliant with all

requirements of this standard without the use of a supplemental DER device, DER should

be type tested. A DER evaluation and commissioning test should not be required for

compliance to this standard, except if Table 44 requires an evaluation or commissioning

test. DER that are type tested with the use of a supplemental device are permitted as well.

b) For DER that meet requirements at the PoC per 4.2 and that are partially compliant with

the requirements of this standard and that comply with all requirements of this standard

in combination with supplemental DER device(s), DER should be type tested and a DER

evaluation and commissioning test should be performed.

c) For DER that meet requirements at the PCC per 4.2, for both full and partial compliance,

DER should be type tested and a DER evaluation and commissioning test should be

performed.

d) Combinations of DER unit(s) and supplemental DER device(s) forming a system that are

type tested as a DER system should not require a DER evaluation or commissioning test

except if Table 43 or Table 44 requires DER evaluation or commissioning test.

e) In all other situations, a detailed DER evaluation and detailed commissioning test should

be required.

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 (New)

Figure F.1—Interconnection test specifications and requirements concept

DERs should meet the specific requirements for full and partial conformance testing and verification

as specified in 11.3.2 and 11.3.3 by assignment of test and verification methods to the interconnection

and interoperability requirements of this standard in form of a test matrix (an example of this is

illustrated in Figure F.2).

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 (New)

Figure F.2—Assignment of interconnection test specifications and

requirements in test requirement matrix (Example)

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 Annex G

(informative)

Power quality (PQ) clause concepts and guidelines

G.1 Introduction

This annex provides additional information about power quality (Clause 7). It outlines the general

principles and approach applied to update PQ requirements for DER in IEEE Std 1547. While there

is growing body of experience related to distributed generation, almost all the previous standards

development for power quality have been related to loads and not generators. A key consideration,

and challenge, in setting PQ requirements for DER is performance dependence on the frequency

response and relative capacity at the PCC. This is particularly true for voltage-related limits like

RVC and flicker depending on the relative capacity of the PCC, and for production of harmonic

currents depending on the harmonic impedance at the PCC. Short -term overvoltage related to the

DER often depends on PCC loading and grounding details. There are potential interactions between

the DER and the grid that may not be easy to predict in a study or remove from the certification

process. Most of the discussions in this annex address these interactions relative to setting power

quality limits.

G.2 Rapid voltage change (RVC) limits

IEC 61000-4-30:2015 defines RVC as a quick transition in rms voltage occurring between two steady-

state conditions, and during which the rms voltage does not exceed sag/swell thresholds (10% above

or below nominal voltage). Alternatively, IEEE Std 1453-2015 defines RVCs as changes in

fundamental frequency rms voltage over several cycles. Both standards recognize RVC as an event

that may not be captured by either steady-state or flickermeter measurements, yet may need to be

considered for compatibility of end-use equipment and the electric grid.

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 On the end-user-side, beyond lighting, incompatibilities can manifest in torque transients on motor

loads. On the utility-side, there have been incompatibilities between DER and distribution operating

equipment such as voltage regulators, and involving reclosures and capacitors. In this context, RVC

is included as a DER requirement. Some causes of rapid voltage changes include start -ups, inrush

currents, and switching operation of equipment such as capacitor banks and transformers. An

example of an RVC caused by transformer energization is shown in Figure G.1.

(New)

Figure G.1—Example rapid voltage change at 23 kV from transformer

energization

The concern with transformer energizations associated with DER is not one-time events like plant

commissioning, but if transformer energizations occur frequently.

System planning levels for RVCs are provided in Table G.1 adopted from IEEE Std 1453. The levels

are‖defined‖ in‖terms‖of‖maximum‖voltage‖deviation‖ΔV/V and the number of changes over time. It is

important‖ to‖ note‖ that‖ the‖ ‚system‖ design‖ planning‖ levels‛‖ in‖ this‖ table‖are‖intended‖to‖represent‖

aggregate limits of all sources of RVC at a point of evaluation (PCC or PoC). Since IEEE Std 1547

applies to DER, the most-strict limit of 3%, was adopted, applying a rationale to reserve some of the

system capacity for other fluctuating installations, whether those installations are loads or DER. For
purposes of individual DER performance evaluation, IEEE Std 1547 includes the ΔV% and a ramp

rate that specifies a one-second time period. This individual DER limit is intentionally more specific

than the planning level RVC definitions in IEEE Std 1453.

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 Table G.1—System design planning level for RVCs (IEEE Std 1453)

(New)

In setting planning limits for aggregate RVC, the application of Table G.1 for screening or studies

has some practical limitations. One limitation is that the DER rapid change performance is not likely

known for inputting into prediction calculations. Various DER RVC performances are not expected

to be documented during certification. For larger plants, it may be good practice to document and

record plant energization, including waveforms, during commissioning. This can be useful if there

are interactions and compatibility problems after commissioning.

Also, related to aggregate RVC limits, some planners will assume a step-voltage change at the PCC

as if all DER connected to an Area EPS simultaneously have a 100% change in output power, from

fully off or fully on. While this worse case is sometimes used in planning, its application to

interconnection decisions is excluded in IEEE Std 1547. The rationale for exclusion is that the likely

reason for all DER to trip simultaneously is in response to a grid event that takes voltage or

frequency beyond ride-thru limits. Since the grid is outside normal operating limits in this case, it is

inappropriate to apply an RVC limit for such a scenario.

Other‖ tripping‖ or‖ power‖ change‖ scenarios‖ would‖ likely‖ have‖ less‖ ΔV/V because of diversity. The

number of changes per minute is also not predicable with various cases and sources of RVC.

Therefore, specific design and operating environment of the DER should be considered to determine

expected aggregate performance tests. Unexpected individual DER malfunctions may cause field

problems and will also be difficult to predict in screening or studies. If there is a dispute about cause

and effect, DER or grid, then field measurements and application of IEC/TR 61000-3-7 allocation

methods may be helpful. 142

142 Users c an also refer to IEEE S td 1453.1 [B16] since it is an adoption of the IEC technical report.

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 G.3 Flicker limits

Flicker is the subjective impression of fluctuating luminance caused by voltage changes over a

period of time, even if individual changes are not observed. Assessment methods for flicker, caused

by highly fluctuating loads such as arc furnaces and welding are described in IEEE Std 1453. These

methods are also defined in IEC/TR 61000-3-7. Included within this IEEE recommend practice is a

table of indicative planning levels of flicker for different voltage levels, Table G.2. These levels are

intended to account for the aggregate of fluctuating installations and are typically the basis for

allocating emission limits to individual facilities using summation laws in the IEC document. Also,

methods are provided to address transfer from HV to MV and between different PCCs. The
allocation of emission limits to individual facilities (denoted as E Pst and E Plt ) are set so that

aggregate effects do not cause overall flicker at any PCC to exceed the adopted planning level.

Table G.2—Recommended planning levels (IEEE Std 1453)

(New)

Techniques normally used for fluctuating loads are applied in this standard to voltage fluctuations

caused by fluctuating power generation. The limits for an individual DER facility are specified in

7.2.3. Based on the IEC method, allocations of emission limits to a DER are determined as a fraction

of the planning level aggregate allocation. This allocation depends on the agreed capacity of the DER

relative to the total available grid capacity at the point of evaluation. Specific calculations for this

allocation at both MV and HV are provided in the IEC document. If the agreed capacity of the DER

is relatively small compared to the grid capacity at the point of evaluation then a minimum

allocation of flicker is provided in Table 25.

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 A key concept here, similar to RVC limits, is that IEEE Std 1547 addresses individual flicker limits

and not the aggregate system performance, which is addressed by the recommended planning

levels. Also, it is important to recognize that all these flicker limits have been developed based on

basic 60 W incandescent lamps. Lamps of lower wattage may have more noticeable lumination

changes with the same voltage environment. New types of lighting products generally perform

better relative to flicker performance; however, there are exceptions.

In setting DER flicker requirements, consideration was given to the probability of producing voltage

fluctuations and the likelihood of flicker complaints based on empirical or field experience to date.

With exceptions, most properly functioning DER are not expected to produce pulsating power

outputs that cause flicker complaints. For example, the range of known wind and solar resource

variations (frequency and rate of change of the input power) have not been sufficient to result in

flicker complaints. Also, other properly functioning DER such as gas-fired IC engines, fuel cells, or

micro-turbines should not be naturally fluctuating sources prone to cause flicker. In these cases,

screening for flicker, or attempting to predict it in a study, are not usually warranted.

On the other hand, certain power conversion technologies, such as particular wind tur bine designs,

have been known to cause flicker. Generally, these characteristics will be apparent either from

certification, lack of certification, or in data required to be submitted in the application to

interconnect. For example, IEC 61400-21 defines flicker coefficients for certain types of wind turbines

and provides methods to predict (screen or study) for potential flicker based on the grid

characteristics at a PCC.

Despite best practices in processing DER applications, screening, studies, physical interconnection,

and commissioning, unexpected field problems can happen. Flicker measurement (defined in IEC

61000-4-15) and analysis has proven useful in differentiating when a site is not functioning properly

if there are unexpected interactions with the grid. The specifics on how to address field problems,

determine responsibility, and allocate grid capacity are covered in IEC/TR 61000-3-7.

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 G.4 Current distortion limits

In this standard only current distortion limits are defined. The methodology for sett ing current

distortion limits and for distortion measurement are adopted from IEEE Std 519. There are a few

intentional, and notable, differences. The first is a change from total harmonic distortion (THD)

limits, used in 2003, to total rated current distortion (TRD). The reason for this change is to capture

inter-harmonics in the total distortion calculation. This method is described in a footnote in the

normative requirements. The second difference from IEEE Std 519 is regarding the limits on even

harmonics. The technical basis for tighter limits (i.e., 25% of odd harmonic limits) for even

harmonics in IEEE Std 519 was researched. The key concern is the DC offset effect of even harmonics
that have the potential to cause mis-operation of electronic switching by impacting zero crossing and

other control logic. Practically, this DC offset effect is mainly caused by the 2nd harmonic and the

effect of higher order harmonics diminishes rapidly. Additionally, the tighter limits for even

harmonics for the higher order harmonics are found to fall outside the specified accuracy of PQ

meters. Therefore, in this document, the limits for the higher order (8th and higher) harmonics have

been relaxed to be the same as those for corresponding odd harmonics and the limits for the 2nd

harmonic have not been relaxed at all. However, a stepped approach was taken for the for the 4th

and the 6th and they have been relaxed to 50% and 75% of the corresponding odd harmonic limits

respectively. It may be noted that limits for overall distortion have not been relaxed at all to act as

the overall check on the distortion.

Voltage distortion limits are not defined for the DER and the current distortion limits are intended to

be exclusive of harmonic currents due to harmonic voltage distortion present in the Area EPS

without the DER connected. In the 2003 version of IEEE Std 1547, voltage harmonic tests were

specified as an alternative performance measure, specifically for synchronous generator DER. The

rationale for excluding voltage distortion limits in the case of synchronous generator DER in this

standard are as follows:

A voltage distortion limit may be defined in the test procedure for synchronous generators.

However, such a test definition is not considered to be a performance limit.

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 The meaning of voltage distortion limits of DER while operating grid-connected is unclear and

could be misapplied. Defined DER current distortion limits would need to be adjusted for the test.

A very stiff grid may allow significant low-order current harmonic levels for a synchronous

generator, and yet not allow significant voltage distortion to develop.

There are application concerns in relieving the DER of responsibility for current and sharing

responsibility for voltage distortion in the grid.

G.4.1 Challenges of field testing for compliance

There are several challenges involved with harmonic compliance testing in the field vs in the lab

such as the following:

a) Frequency response capabilities of typical utility grade PT and CT devices

b) Influence of Area EPS background voltage distortion

c) Influence of Area EPS harmonic impedances

d) Resolution of monitoring equipment in regards to low values of current or voltage

Inverter based generation often includes pulse width modulated converters that have switch ing

frequencies of several kHz. It is feasible to anticipate measurable 3 kHz (50 th order) harmonics on

the generated output. Documented cases show harmonics above the 50 th present on inverter based

DER outputs. However, many utility-grade voltage and current sensors will not accurately

reproduce frequency content above 2 kHz. These practical constraints need to be considered for any

field verification as well as the requirement for special equipment adhering to accuracy limits to

monitor an inverter-based site. The practice to accept type and production testing results, and then

address any field anomalies on a case-by-case basis may be preferred.

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 Because of the challenges, it is difficult to confirm adherence to the higher order distortion limits in

the field. Therefore, it is important to consider not only individual limits but also the TRD limit. The

expectation and intention is that if the individual harmonics and inter -harmonics limits that are

tabulated in Table 26 and Table 27 are met, and the TRD value is met, then obviously the current

distortion ought to be acceptable. In contrast, if a higher order individual limit measures outside the

limit in the field, but the TRD is within limit, consideration should be given to whether the sensor
involved is capable of accurately reproducing the frequency in question.

G.4.2 Background voltage distortion challenges

The presence of background voltage distortion is to be expected. As such, the DER current distortion

performance can be affected by voltage distortion that exists before the installation of the DER. The

current distortion requirements are intended to be written in a manner such that DER will not to be
held responsible for current distortion that results from background voltage distortion.

Most DER appear as a harmonic voltage source behind an impedance that is primarily defined by

the‖DER’s‖physical‖series‖ impedance‖ (output‖filter‖in‖the‖case‖of‖inverters,‖subtransient‖inductance‖in‖

the case of rotating generators) at higher harmonic orders. At lower harmonic orders, at frequencies

within an order of magnitude of an inverter’s current regulator control bandwidth, the control

characteristics may significantly affect the effective impedance. The flow of harmonic current, into or

out of the DER, is the phasor superposition of the flow due to the external harmonic voltage

distortion‖with‖the‖DER’s‖internal‖source‖shorted,‖and‖the‖flow‖due‖to‖the‖DER’s‖internal‖harmonic‖

voltage‖ source‖ with‖ the‖ grid’s‖ harmonic‖ voltage‖ source‖ shorted‖ (i.e.,‖ an‖ undistorted‖ grid) . Given

these basic characteristics, harmonic current flow may occur even when the DER is not providing a

source at the particular harmonic frequency, or harmonic current flow may be substantially altered
by grid distortion at frequencies where the DER does provide a source.

The characterization of voltage-source inverter and rotating generator DER as harmonic current

sources‖ is‖ a‖ generally‖ inaccurate‖ concept‖ with‖ today’s‖ technology. In the past, line-commutated

converter technology was in common use and influenced industry’s practices for harmonic

distortion limitation (such as the original IEEE Std 519). Despite its limitations, and due to the lack of

a suitable alternative, a current limitation approach is retained in this standard to maintain

consistency within the industry.

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 DER that meet current distortion limits when connected to an undistorted external system, such as

during type testing, may exceed current distortion limits when measured in a field environment

having voltage distortion. In those situations, the Area EPS operator will need to determine the

appropriate resolution. Many times, such current distortion flows in the presence of background

voltage distortion are only slightly beyond limits and therefore, immaterial to the cumulative

voltage distortion of the Area EPS. Such cases are not likely to warrant the additional costs

associated with study designed for differentiating the distortion caused by the Area EPS. However,

it is possible for the DER to be in resonance with a system harmonic impedance, in which case the

measured current distortion would be significantly beyond the acceptable limit and in need of

mitigation.

G.5 Limitation of overvoltage

Overvoltages may occur when DER is islanded with a ground fault present on the islanded system.

The potential for overvoltage depends on the characteristics of the DER, presence of any external

ground sources, and the characteristics of the load remaining connected to the island. Evaluation of

such overvoltages in the case of rotating generator DER is well defined by conventional analysis

practices. For current-regulated sources, such as inverters, conventional fault analysis practices are

inaccurate. The latter situation is described in detail in IEEE Std C62.92.6, with recommendations for

alternate analysis procedures.

G.6 Related standards

The following standards are related to this annex and provided here for convenience:

IEC/TR 61000-3-7, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Limits—Assessment of emission limits for

the connection of fluctuating installations to MV, HV and EHV power systems.

IEC 61000-4-30:2015, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC): Testing and measurement techniques—

Power quality measurement methods.

IEEE Std 1453-2015, IEEE Recommended Practice—Adoption of IEC 61000-4-15:2010,

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)—Testing and measurement techniques—Flickermeter—

Functional and design specifications.

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 IEEE Std 1453.1-2012, IEEE Guide—Adoption of IEC 61000-3-7:2008, Electromagnetic compatibility

(EMC)—Limits—Assessment of Emission Limit for the connection of fluctuating installations to MV,

HV and EHV power systems.

IEEE Std C62.92.6-2017, IEEE Guide for the Application of Neutral Grounding in Electrical Utility

Systems, Part VI—Systems Supplied by Current-Regulated Sources.

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 Annex H

(informative)

Figures illustrating general interconnection technical specifications and

performance requirements of Clause 4 to Clause 6

H.1 Informative figures related to 4.2 [Reference points of applicability

(RPA)]

Figure H.1 and Figure H.2 relate to 4.2.

(New)

Figure H.1—Decision tree for reference point of applicability (RPA) for

Local EPS where zero sequence continuity is maintained

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 (New)

Figure H.2—Decision tree for reference point of applicability (RPA) for

Local EPS where zero sequence continuity is not maintained

H.2 Informative figures related to Clause 5 (Reactive power capability

and voltage/power control requirements)

Figure H.3 through Figure H.6 relate to Clause 5 of this standard.

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 (New)

Figure H.3 —Minimum reactive power capability of Category A and B

DER

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 (New)

Figure H.4—Example voltage-reactive power characteristic

(New)

Figure H.5—Example active power-reactive power characteristic

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 (New)

Figure H.6—Example voltage-active power characteristic

H.3 Informative figures related to Clause 6 (Response to Area EPS

abnormal conditions)

Figure H.7 through Figure H.11 relate to Clause 6 of this standard.

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 (New)

Figure H.7—DER response to abnormal voltages and voltage ride -

through requirement for DER of abnormal operating performance
Category I

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 (New)

Figure H.8—DER response to abnormal voltages and voltage ride -

through requirements for DER of abnormal operating performance
Category II

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 (New)

Figure H.9—DER response to abnormal voltages and voltage ride -

through requirements for DER of abnormal operating performance
Category III

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 (New)

Figure H.10—DER default response to abnormal frequencies and

frequency ride-through requirements for DER of abnormal operating
performance Category I, Category II, and Category III

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 (New)

Figure H.11—Example of a three frequency-droop function curves with a

5% droop, 36 mHz deadband, and 20% minimum active power output for
DER operating at different pre-disturbance levels of nameplate rating
(50%, 75%, and 90%)

NOTE—A DER response during low-frequency conditions may be subject to available active power

and the pre-disturbance dispatch level.

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