NAME: SULAIMAN MANSARAY

MODULE: ELECTRONICS

TITLE : FIRST SEMESTER ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT

AD NO: 22106

DEPARTMENT: ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SEASON : 2023-2024

DATE : 27TH MAY 2024

PROGRAM : B'TECH

1. Design a circuit with the following variable voltage E=0V, 4V, 8V, 12V, 16v
and 20v. An ideal diode connected in series with a resistor of 200Ω, calculate:
a. The voltage across the diode and resistor
b. The current through the circuit.
c. The power dissipated by the resistor and the diode

Solution

Fig (1i)
When E=¿ 0V is applied in the circuit in fig (i)
A. the voltage across the diode (V D
V D = 0 (ideal diode)
E=V D + V R Were
E = applied voltage
V D = voltage across the diode
V R = voltage across the resistor
E =0+VR
But E = 0
0=0+VR
 Therefore V R = 0v

B. The current in the circuit (I)

VR =0
V R = IR
Now by dividing through by R
0 IR
=¿
R R
0
I = 100 = 0A

c. The power dissipated by the diode P D

P D=IV =0 ×0=0 W

The power dissipated by the resistor P R

P R = I × V = 0 × 0 = 0 Watt

When ℰ = 4v is applied in the circuit fig (1ii)

V D=0 {For ideal diode}

ℰ = V D +V R
V D= 0 {the voltage across the diode}

4 = 0 + VR
V R = 4V

Therefore the voltage across the resistor (V R ) is = 4v

B. The current in the circuit (I)

V R = IR
But V R = 4
 4 I ×200
200
= 200
I = 0.02A
The power dissipated by the resistor ( P R)
P R = IV = 0.02 × 4 = 0.08W

C. the power dispatched by the diode ( P D)

P D = IV = 0.02 × 0 = 0W

When ℰ = 8v is applied in the circuit fig (1iii)

a. The voltage across the diode (V D ) = 0 (for an ideal diode)

ε =VD +VR
8=0+VR
8=VR
V R = 8V
The voltage across the resistor (VR) = 8v
b. V R = IR
V R = 8V
The current in the circuit
8 I ×200
200
= 200
= 0.04
I =0.04 A

The current in the circuit = 0.04A

c. The power dissipated by the diode ( P D
P D = IV = 0.04 × 0 = 0W

The power dissipated by the resistor ( P R

P R = IV = 0.04 × 8 = 0.32W

When E = 12v is applied in the circuit

a. V D = 0 (for an ideal diode)

ε =VD +VR
12 = 0 + V R
Therefore V R = 12v

The voltage across the resistor is = 12v

V R = 12v
b. The current in the circuit

V R IR
=
R R
12
I = 200 = 0.06A
I = 0.06A

c. the power dissipated by the diode ( P D)

P D = IV = 0.06 × 0 = 0W

The power dissipated by the resistor ( P R)

P R = IV
P R = 0.06×12 = 0.72W

When E = 16V is applied to the circuit

fig. 1iv

The voltage across the resistor

E = VD + V R
E = 0 + 16
E = 16v
The voltage across the diode
VD = 0 (for an ideal diode)

b. The current in the circuit

V R IR
=
R R
V 16
I = R = 200 = 0.08A
R
c. The power dissipated by the resistor PR
PR = IV
PR = 0.08 × 16 = 1.28W

The power dissipated by the diode PD

PD = IV
PD = 0.08 ×0 =0W
When E = 20v
The voltage across the resistor
E = VD + V R
E = 0 + 20
E = 20v
The voltage across the diode
VD = 0 (for an ideal diode)

b. The current in the circuit

V R IR
=
R R
VR 20
I= = 200 = 0.1A
R

c. The power dissipated by the resistor PR

PR = IV
PR = 0.1 × 20 = 2W

The power dissipated by the diode PD

PD = IV
PD = 0.1 ×0 =0W

ii. Referring to the circuit below V=12V, 16V, 20V, and 24V. An ideal diode
connected in series with a resistor of 1KΩ, calculate:
a. The voltage across the diode and resistor
b. The current through the circuit.
c. The power dissipated by the resistor and the diode
 Solution

Fig 2i
When 12v is applied to the circuit in fig 2
V D=0 (For an ideal diode)
Voltage across the diode is = 0
ε = V D +V R
12 = 0 + V R

Therefore the voltage across the resistor (V R) = 12v

b. the current in the circuit (I)
V R=12 v

Current in the circuit (I)

V R = IR
12 I ×1000
= = 0.012A
1000 1000

c. the power dissipated by the diode( P D

IV = 0.012 × 0 = 0W

The power dissipated by the resistor P R

IV = 0.012× 12 = 0.144W

When E = 16 is applied in the circuit in fig 2ii

V D = 0 (for an ideal diode)

Voltage across the diode = 0v

The voltage across the resistor

ε =VD +VR
16 = 0 + V R
V R = 16v

Voltage across the resistor) = 16v

Current in the circuit (I)

V R = IR

16 I ×1000
1000
= 1000

I = 0.016A

The power dissipated by the diode

IV = 0.016 ×0 = 0W

The power dissipated by the resistor

IV = 0.016 × 16 = 0.256W
When ε = 20v is applied to the circuit in fig 2iii

V D = 0 (for an ideal diode)

Voltage across the resistor

E = VD + VR
20 = 0 + V R
V R = 20v

The voltage across the resistor = 20v

b. the current in the circuit (I)

V R = IR
V R = IR
20 I ×1000
1000
= 1000

I = 0.02A

c. the power dissipated in the diode ( P D)

P D = IV = 0.02 × 0 = 0

The power dissipated by the resistor ( P R

P R = IV = 0.02 × 20 = 0.4W

When E = 24V is applied to the circuit fig 2iv

V D = 0 (for an ideal diode)

Voltage across the resistor

E=V D + V R
24 = 0 + V R
VR = 24v

The voltage across the resistor = 24v

b. the current in the circuit (I)

V R = IR
V R = IR
24 I ×1000
1000
= 1000

I = 0.024A

c. the power dissipated in the diode ( P D)

P D = IV = 0.024 × 0 = 0watt

The power dissipated by the resistor ( P R

P R = IV = 0.024 × 24 = 0.576W
iii. A circuit was designed to have a source voltage of 15V and 20V, if an ideal
diode is connected in series with and resistor 1KΩ, and 470Ω respectively, what
will be:
a. The voltage across the diode and resistor
b. The current through the circuit.
c. The power dissipated by the resistor and the diode

Solution

Fig 3i

When 15v is connected to an ideal diode in series with 1KΩ.

a. Voltage across an ideal diode = 0

ε =VD +VR
15 = 0 + V R
V R = 15v

V R=IR
15
=I
1.47
The current in the circuit
I = 10.20mA

The power dissipated by the resistor IV

But total resistor is R1 + R2
But we have R2 is in ohms while R1 is in Kilo ohms

Conversion
470
470Ω = 1000 =0.47 k Ω
R = R1 + R2
R = 1 + 0.47 = 1.47

C. The power dissipated by the resistor

P R = I 2 ×R
P R = (10.20)2 × (1.47)
P R = 52.938W

Power dissipated in the diode

P D = I×V D
P D = (10.20) × (0)
P D = 0W

A. When ε = 20 is applied in the circuit

Fig 3ii
VD =0
R1 = 1kΩ
470
R2 = 470Ω, R2 = 1000 = 0.47kΩ
ε =VD +VR
VR =ε -VD
V R = 20 – 0
V R=¿ 20V

B. current through the circuit

VR 20
I= = 1.47 =13.61 mA
R

C. power dissipated by the resistor

P R = I2×R
P R = (13.61)× (1.47)
P R = 272.291w

Power dissipated by the diode

PD = I × V D
P D = (13.61) × (0)
P D = 0W

IV. If V = 36v, R = 30Ω. What will be?

a) The voltage across the diode and resistor
b) The power dissipated by the resistor and the diode.

Solution
DIODE R1

30Ω
V1
36V

V = 36v
R = 30Ω
VD = 0v
VR =?
I =?
PR =?
PD =?

E = VD + VR
VD = 0V
36 = 0.3 + VR
VR = 36V

The current in the circuit

VR
I=
R
36
I= = 1.2A
30
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (1.2)2 × 36
PR = 51.84W
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 1.2 × 0
PD = 0W

V. If R = 120Ω, V = 5V, 10V, 15V, 20V and 25V. What will be the value of the
a) the voltage across the diode and the resistor
b) the current in the circuit
c) the power dissipated by the resistor and the diode

Solution

DIODE R1

120Ω
V1
5V

R = 120Ω
V = 5V, 10V, 15V, 20V, and 25V
VD =0.3V (for germanium diode)
VR =?
I =?
PR =?
PD =?

V = 0.3V (for Germanium diode)

E = VD + VR
5 = 0.3 + VR
VR = 4.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
4.7
I= = 0.04A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.04)2 × 120
PR = 0.192w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.04 × 0.3
PD = 0.012w

When E = 10v
DIODE R1

120Ω
V1
10V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v for germanium diode
10 = 0.3 + VR
VR = 9.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
9.7
I= = 0.08A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.08)2 × 120
PR = 0.768w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.08 × 0.3
PD = 0.024w

When E = 15v
DIODE R1

120Ω
V1
15V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v
15 = 0.3 + VR
15 – 0.3 = VR
VR = 14.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
 14.7
I= = 0.123A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.123)2 × 120
PR = 1.82w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.123 × 0.3
PD = 0.0369w

When E = 20v
DIODE R1

120Ω
V1
20V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v
20 = 0.3 + VR
20 – 0.3 = VR
VR = 19.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
19.7
I= = 0.16A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.16)2 × 120
PR = 3.072w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.16 × 0.3
PD = 0.048w
When E = 25v
DIODE R1

120Ω
V1
25V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v
25 = 0.3 + VR
25 – 0.3 = VR
VR = 24.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
24.7
I= = 0.21A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.21)2 × 120
PR = 5.292w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.21 × 0.3
PD = 0.063w

vi) If R = 120, V = 8v, 12v, 16v, 20v and 24v. What will be the value of?
a) The voltage across the resistor and diode
b) The current in the circuit
c) The power dissipated by the diode and resistor

Solution

When E = 8V
R1 D1

120Ω
V1
8V
E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v for Germanium diode
8 = 0.3 + VR
VR = 7.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
7.7
I= = 0.06A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.06)2 × 120
PR = 0.432w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.06× 0.3
PD = 0.018w

When E = 12V
R1 D1

120Ω
V1
12V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v for Germanium diode
12 = 0 + VR
VR = 11.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
11.7
I= = 0.098A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.098)2 × 120
PR = 1.152w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.098 × 0.3
PD = 0.03w
When E = 16v
R1 D1

120Ω
V1
16V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v for Germanium diode
16 = 0.3 + VR
VR = 15.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
15.7
I= = 0.131A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.131)2 × 120
PR = 2.1w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.131 × 0.3
PD = 0.0393w

When E = 20V
R1 D1

120Ω
V1
20V
E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v for Germanium diode
20 = 0 + VR
VR = 19.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
19.7
I= = 0.164A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.164)2 × 120
PR = 3.23w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.164 × 0.3
PD = 0.05w

When E = 24v
R1 D1

120Ω
V1
24V

E = VD + VR
VD = 0.3v for Germanium diode
24 = 0.3 + VR
VR = 23.7v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
23.7
I= = 0.198A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.198)2 × 120
PR = 4.704w
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.198 × 0.3
PD = 0.06w
Vii) A Zener diode with 5V is connected in series with a 120Ω resistor and voltage sources of 4V, 8V and
10V. Calculate;

a. The circuit current

b. The output voltage of the circuit

c. The power dissipated by the diode and the resistor

Data

VZ = 5V
R = 120Ω
V = 4V, 8V, 10V
I =?
VO =?
VR =?
VD =?

When E=4V
R1 D1

120Ω 5V
V1
4V

E = VD + VR
VD = 5v
4 = 5 + VR
VR = -1v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
−1
I= = -0.0083A
120
The output voltage
VO = VZ
Since the current is -0.0083A then the output voltage will be equal to zero
VO = 0V
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.0083)2 × 120
PR = 0.00827W
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.00872 × 5
PD = 0.044w

When E = 8V
R1 D1

120Ω 5V
V1
8V

E = VD + VR
VD = 8v
8 = 5 + VR
VR = 3v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
3
I= = 0.025A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.025)2 × 120
PR = 0.075W
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.025 × 5
PD = 0.125w

When E = 10V
 R1 D1

120Ω 5V
V1
10V

E = VD + VR
VD = 5v
10 = 5 + VR
10 – 5 = VR
VR = 5v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
5
I= = 0.042A
120
Power dissipated by the resistor
PR = I2R
PR = (0.042)2 × 120
PR = 0.212
Power dissipated by the diode
PD = IV
PD = 0.042 × 5
PD = 0.21w

Viii) Draw a circuit having a variable voltage source ranging from 12V – 15V. The regulated voltage from
the output is 10V. The current through the Zener diode never drops below 10mA.

What is the largest value of the resistor connected in the circuit to meet this requirement?

What is the maximum current in the circuit?

Data

V = 12V – 15V

VO = 10V

IZ = 10mA

But VZ = VO

Therefore VZ = 10V

When E = 12V
E = VD + VR
 VD = 10v
12 = 10 + VR
12 – 10 = VR
VR = 2v
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
2
10 × 10-3 =
R
2
R= =200 Ω
0.01

The largest value of the resistor is 200Ω

When E = 15V
E = VD + VR
VD = 10v
15 = 10 + VR
15 – 10 = VR
VR = 5v

VR 5
IMAX = = = 0.025A
R 200

ix. You are given a circuit to verify the output voltage, the circuit current, and the voltage across the re-
sistor using the following voltage sources 6V, 8V, and 10V. After observation, it was noticed that the
Zener diode with 5V is open and the resistor value is 50 Ω.

Solution

V=6V, 8V, and 10V.

VZ= 5V

R=50Ω

When E = 6V
E = VD + VR
VD = 5v
6 = 5 + VR
6 – 5 = VR
VR = 1v
The output voltage
VZ = VO
VO = 5V
The current in the circuit
VR
I=
R
 1
I= = 0.02A
50

When E = 8V
E = VD + VR
VD = 5v
8 = 5 + VR
8 – 5 = VR
VR = 3v

The output voltage

VZ = VO
VO = 5V

The current in the circuit

VR
I=
R
3
I= = 0.06A
50

When E = 10V
E = VD + VR
VD = 5v
10 = 5 + VR
10 – 5 = VR
VR = 5v

The output voltage

VZ = VO
VO = 5V

The current in the circuit

VR
I=
R
5
I= = 0.1A
50

X. you are given a circuit to verify the output voltage, the current in the circuit, and the voltage
across the resistor using the following voltage sources 6V, 8V, and 10V. After the observation, it
was notice that the zener diode with 5V is open and the resistor value is 50Ω.

Solution
VS = 6V, 8V, 10V
VD = 5V
 R = 50Ω
When VS = 6V
VS = VR + VZ
6 = VR + 5
6 – 5 =VR
VR = 1V

VR
I=
R
1
I= = 0.02A
50
I = 0.02A

When VS = 8V
V = V R + VZ
8 = VR + 5
8 – 5 =VR
VR = 3V

VR
I=
R
3
I= = 0.06A
50
I = 0.06A

When VS = 10V
V = V R + VZ
10 = VR + 5
10 – 5 =VR
VR = 5V

VR
I=
R
5
I= = 0.1A
50
I = 0.1A
Xi. Assume the zener in the circuit is practical, VZV = 5V, rz = 20Ω, R = 120Ω find
A. the output voltage
B. the current for each of the following values of V=2V, 4V, 6V, 8V, and 10V

Solution

V =VR + VZ

VR= IR

WHEN E= 2V
2 = VR + 5

2 – 5 = VR

VR = -3v

The current in the circuit

−3
I= =¿-0.025A
120
I = -0.025A

The output voltage

But VO = VZ

VO = VVZ + Irz

VO = 5 + (-0.025)20

VO = 5 - 0.5

VO = 4.5V

WHEN E= 4V

4 = VR + 5

4 – 5 = VR

VR = -1v

The current in the circuit

−1
I= =¿-0.00833A
120
I = -0.00833A

The output voltage

But VO = VZ

VO = VVZ + Irz

VO = 5 + (-0.00833)20

VO = 5 – 0.1666

VO = 4.8334V

WHEN E= 6V

6 = VR + 5
6 – 5 = VR

VR = 1v

The current in the circuit

1
I= =¿0.00833A
120
I = 0.00833A

The output voltage

But VO = VZ

VO = VVZ + Irz

VO = 5 + (0.00833)20

VO = 5 + 0.9996

VO = 5 + 1

VO = 6V

WHEN E= 8V

8 = VR + 5

8 – 5 = VR

VR = 3v

The current in the circuit

3
I= =¿0.025A
120
I = 0.025A

The output voltage

But VO = VZ

VO = VVZ + Irz

VO = 5 + (0.025)20

VO = 5 + 0.5

VO = 5.5V

WHEN E= 10V

10 = VR + 5
10 – 5 = VR

VR = 5v

The current in the circuit

5
I= =¿0.042A
120
I = 0.042A

The output voltage

But VO = VZ

VO = VVZ + Irz

VO = 5 + (0.042)20

VO = 5 + 0.84

VO = 5.84V

xi. when VIN = Vin (min)

IS = IZ + IL

V ¿−V Z
IS =
R
30−8
IS = = 0.022A
1000
Vin (min) = VZ + ISR

Vin = 8 + (0.022 × 1000)

VIN = 8 + 22

Vin = 30V

Iin (max) = Izm + IL

P max
Iin(max) =
VZ
1
Iin = =0.125A
8
Imax = 0.125 + 0.008

Imax = 0.133A

Vin(max) = VZ + ImaxR
Vin(max) = 8 + (0.133)× 1000

VIn (max) = 8 + 133

Vin(max) = 141V

Range = Vin(max) – Vin(min )

Range = 141 – 30=111v

xiii.

VL = 10V

VIN =30V

R = 1K

IZ =?

IIN =?

IL =?

RL =?

RL(MIN)

IIN = IT + I L

VL
RL =
IL
P 1
IZ = IZ(IN) = = =0.1 A
V L 10

V L 10
RL (MIN) = = = 100Ω
I L 0.1
R L(MAX)

VL
R L(MAX) =
IL
 VL 10
IL = IZK = =
R 1000
IL(MIN) = 0.01A

10
RL(MAX) = = IK
0.01
Xiv.

I ¿ −V Z
A. IIN =
R
WHEN VIN = 20V

20−12
. IIN =
180
8
IIN =
180
IIN = 0.04A

WHEN VIN = 16V

16−12
. IIN =
180
4
. IIN =
180
IIN = 0.02A

FOR VIN =20V, IIN = 0.04A

IL = 5 × 10-3 = 0.005A

IIN =IZ + IL

IZ = 0.04 – 0.005

IZ = 0.035A

FOR VIN = 20V, IIN = 0.4A

IIN =IZ + IL

IZ = 0.04 – 0.2

IZ = 0.02A

VIN = 16V, IIN =0.02A, IL = 5mA

IIN =IZ + IL

IZ = 0.02 – 0.005

IZ = 0.015A

VIN = 16V, IIN =0.02A, IL = 20mA

IIN =IZ + IL

IZ = 0.02 – 0.02

IZ = 0A

Power of the resistor

PR = IIN2 × R

TAKE IIN = 0.04A

PR = (0.04)2 × 180

PR = 0.288W

TAKE IIN = 0.02A

PR = (0.02)2 × 180

PR = 0.072W

Power of the zener diode

PZ = IZ + VZ

WHERE IZ = 0.035A

PZ = (0.035) × 12

PZ = 0.42W

WHEN IZ = 0.02

PZ = (0.02) × 12

PZ = 0.24W

WHEN IZ = 0.015A

PZ = (0.015) × 12

PZ = 0.18W

WHEN IZ = 0A

PR = (0) × 12

PR = 0W
 25−15 10
IIN = = = 0.012A
470 470
IIN = 0.012A

VZ
IL =
RL
15
IIN = 3
=15× 10-3 ÷ 1 = 15mA
1× 10
IL = 15mA

Iin = Iz + IL

IIN – IL = IZ

0.021 – 0.015 = IZ

IZ = 6 × 10-3

IZ = 6mA

B. power for all the component

Power for series resistors (PR)

R = 470Ω

IIN = 0.021A

PR = I2 × R

PR = (0.021)2 × 470

PR = 0.21W

Power for the zener diode (PZ)

PZ = VZ + IZ

PZ = 15 × 6×10=3

PZ = 90 × 10-3

PZ = 0.09W

Power of the load resistor

RL = 1K = 1000
IL = 0.015A

PL= IL2 × RL

PL = (0.015)2 × 1000

PL = 0.0225W

Total power

PT = PR + PZ + PL

PT = 0.21 + 0.009 + 0.225

PT = 0.44W

% POWER OF THE RESISTOR

PR
%PR = × 100
PT
0.21
%PR = = × 100 = 47%
0.44
% POWER OF ZENER DIODE

PZ
%PZ = = × 100
PT
0.009
%PZ == × 100 = 2%
0.44
% POWER OF THE LOAD RESISTOR

PL
%PL = = × 100
PT
0.225
%PL = = × 100 = 51%
0.44

Xv.

PZ = VZ + IZ

PZ = 10 × 30×10-3

PZ = 320×103

IIN = IZ + IL
 V ¿−V Z
IIN =
RS
50−10 40
IIN = −3 = −3 = 40mA
1× 10 1× 10
IL = IIN – IZ

IL = 40 – 32

IL = 8mA

VL
RL =
I L(MAX )

P
IL(MAX) =
IZ

1
IL(MAX) = = 100Ω
0.1
10
RL(MAX) = = = 1250Ω
0,008