Continuity and Differentiability

QUICK RECAP
CONTINUITY X Discontinuity of a Function : A real
function f is said to be discontinuous at x = c,
8 A real valued function f is said to be continuous if it is not continuous at x = c.
at a point x = c, if the function is defined at x = c i.e., f is discontinuous if any of the following
and lim f (x ) = f (c) or we say f is continuous reasons arise:
x →c
(i) lim f (x ) or lim f (x ) or both does
at x = c iff lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = f (c) x →c − x →c +
x → c− x →c + not exist.
 (ii) lim f (x ) ≠ lim f (x ) (iii) Polynomial function
x →c − x →c + (iv) Modulus function
(iii) lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) ≠ f (c) (v) Sine and cosine functions
x →c − x →c + (vi) Exponential function
X A function f is said to be continuous in an
interval (a, b) iff f is continuous at every
DIFFERENTIABILITY
point in the interval (a, b) ; and f is said to 8 Let f(x) be a real function and a be any real
be continuous in the interval [a, b] iff f is number. Then, we define
continuous in the interval (a, b) and it is (i) Right-hand derivative :
continuous at a from the right and at b from f (a + h) − f (a)
the left. lim , if it exists, is
X A function f is said to be discontinuous in the h →0+ h
interval (a, b) if it is not continuous at atleast called the right-hand derivative of f(x)
one point in the given interval. at x = a and is denoted by Rf ′(a).
X Algebra of Continuous Functions : If f and g (ii) Left-hand derivative :
be two real valued functions, continuous at f (a − h) − f (a)
x = c, then lim− , if it exists, is called
h →0 −h
(i) f + g is continuous at x = c.
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = c. the left-hand derivative of f(x) at x = a
(iii) f . g is continuous at x = c. and is denoted by Lf ′(a).
A function f(x) is said to be differentiable at
f x = a, if Rf ′(a) = Lf ′(a).
(iv)   is continuous at x = c, (provided
g The common value of Rf ′(a) and Lf ′(a)
g(c) ≠ 0). is denoted by f ′(a) and is known as the
X Composition of two continuous functions is derivative of f(x) at x = a. If, however,
continuous i.e., if f and g are two real valued Rf ′(a) ≠ Lf ′(a) we say that f(x) is not
functions and g is continuous at c and f is differentiable at x = a.
continuous at g(c), then fog is continuous at c. X A function is said to be differentiable in
X The following functions are continuous (a, b), if it is differentiable at every point of
everywhere. (a, b).
(i) Constant function X Every differentiable function is continuous
(ii) Identity function but the converse is not necessarily true.

SOME GENERAL DERIVATIVES

Function Derivative Function Derivative Function Derivative
xn nxn–1 sin x cos x cos x – sin x
tan x sec2 x cot x – cosec2 x sec x sec x tan x
cosec x – cosec x cot x eax aeax ex ex

1 −1
sin–1 x ; x ∈(−1, 1) cos–1 x ; x ∈(−1, 1) tan–1 x 1
1− x 2 2 ;x∈R
1− x 1 + x2

1 1
cot–1 x sec–1 x ; x ∈ R – [–1, 1] cosec–1x 1
− ;x∈R 2 − ; x ∈ R –[–1,1]
1 + x2 x x −1
x x2 − 1

1
loge x 1 ax ax loge a; a > 0 loga x ; x > 0 and a > 0
;x>0 x log e a
x
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION is called natural logarithm.
X The function logax (a > 0, ≠1) has the
8 If a is any positive real number, then the
following properties :
function f defined by f(x) = ax is called the
exponential function. (i) loga(mn) = logam + loga n ; m, n > 0

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION (ii) log a  m  = log a m − log a n ; m, n > 0

n
8 Let a > 1 be a real number. The logarithmic (iii) logamn = nlogam ; m > 0
function of x to the base a is the function
y = f(x)= logax i.e., loga x = b, if x = ab log x
(iv) log a x = ;x>0
X The logarithm function, with base a = 10, is log a
called common logarithm and with base a = e, (v) loga a = 1, loga1 = 0

SOME PROPERTIES OF DERIVATIVES

1. Sum or Difference (u ± v)′ = u′ ± v′
2. Product Rule (uv)′ = u′v + uv′
3. Quotient Rule  u  ′ u ′v − uv ′
  = ,v≠0
v v2
4. Composite Function dy dy dt
(a) Let y = f(t) and t = g(x), then = ×
(Chain Rule) dx dt dx
dy dy dt du
(b) Let y = f(t), t = g(u) and u = m(x), then = × ×
dx dt du dx
5. Implicit Function Here, we differentiate the function of type f(x, y) = 0.
6. Logarithmic Function If y = uv, where u and v are the functions of x, then log y = v log u.
d v  v du dv 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get (u ) = uv  + log u 
dx  u dx dx 
7. Parametric Function dy dy / dt g ′(t )
If x = f(t) and y = g(t), then = = , f ′(t ) ≠ 0
dx dx / dt f ′(t )
8. Second Order Derivative dy
Let y = f (x), then = f ′(x )
dx
d  dy  d2 y
If f ′(x) is differentiable, then = f ′′( x ) or = f ′′(x )
dx  dx  dx 2

ROLLE’S THEOREM MEAN VALUE THEOREM

8 Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function on 8 Let f : [a, b] → R be a continuous function
[a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) such that on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b), then
f(a) = f(b), then there exists some c ∈(a, b) there exists some c ∈(a, b) such that
such that f ′(c) = 0 f (b) − f (a)
f ′(c) =
b−a
 Previous Years’ CBSE
PREVIOUS Board
YEARS MCQS Questions

5.2 Continuity  1 − cos 4 x

 2
, when x < 0
VSA (1 mark)  x
 a, when x = 0
7. If f (x ) = 
1. The value of l so that the function f defined
 x
x , if x    , when x > 0
by f(x) = 
cos x , if x  
(
 16 + x − 4 )
is continuous at x = p is . (2020) and f is continuous at x = 0, find the value of a.
2. Determine the value of the constant ‘k’ so (Delhi 2013C, AI 2012C)
 kx  1, if x≤3
 , if x < 0 
that the function f(x) =  x is 8. If f ( x ) =  ax + b, if 3 < x < 5,
3 , if x ≥ 0  7, if x≥5

continuous at x = 0. (Delhi 2017) find the values of a and b so that f(x) is a
3. Determine the value of ‘k’ for which the continuous function.
following function is continuous at x = 3. (AI 2013C, Delhi 2012C)
 ( x + 3)2 − 36 9. Find the value of k so that the following
 , x≠3
f (x ) =  x−3  (AI 2017) function is continuous at x = 2.
 k , x = 3
  x 3 + x 2 − 16 x + 20
 ; x≠2
LA 1 (4 marks) f (x ) =  (x − 2)2
4. Find the values of p and q, for which  k ; x=2

1 − sin3 x (Delhi 2012C)
 , if x < π / 2
 3 cos2 x 10. Find the value of k so that the following

f (x ) =  p, if x = π / 2 π
 q(1 − sin x ) function is continuous at x = :
 , if x > π / 2 2
2
 (π − 2 x )  k cos x π
is continuous at x = p/2. (Delhi 2016)  π − 2 x , if x ≠ 2
f (x ) =   (Delhi 2012C)
5. Find the value of the constant k so that the  5, π
if x =
function f, defined below, is continuous at  2
x = 0, where
11. If the function f(x) given by
  1 − cos 4 x 
 , if x ≠ 0  3ax + b, if x > 1
f (x ) =   8 x 2  
 k , if x = 0  (AI 2014C) f (x ) =  11, if x = 1
 5ax − 2b,
6. Find the value of k, for which  if x < 1
 1 + kx − 1 − kx is continuous at x = 1, find the values of a and b.
 , if − 1 ≤ x < 0 (Delhi 2012C, 2011)
f (x ) =  x
 2x + 1 12. Find the values of a and b such that the
, if 0 ≤ x < 1
 x −1 following function f(x) is a continuous
is continuous at x = 0. (AI 2013) function :
  5, x ≤1 19. If cos (xy) = k, where k is a constant and
 dy
f ( x ) =  ax + b, 2 < x < 10 xy ≠ np, n ∈ Z, then is equal to .
 dx
21, x ≥ 10 (2020)

 (Delhi 2011)
20. Differentiate sin2 ( x ) with respect to x.
13. For what value of a is the function f defined by (2020)
 π 21. Let f(x) = x|x|, for all x ∈ R check its
 a sin 2 ( x + 1), x ≤ 0 differentiability at x = 0. (2020)
f (x ) = 
tan x − sin x
 , x>0 d
 x3 22. If f (x ) = x +1, find ( fof )(x ).
dx
continuous at x = 0 ? (Delhi 2011)  (Delhi 2019)

14. Find the relationship between a and b so that SA (2 marks)

the function ‘f ’ defined by  1 + cos x 
23. Differentiate tan −1  with respect
 sin x 
 ax + 1, if x ≤ 3 to x. (2018)
f (x ) = 
bx + 3, if x > 3 dy p
24. Find at x = 1, y = if sin2y + cos xy = K.
is continuous at x = 3. (AI 2011) dx 4 (Delhi 2017)
15. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) at
1 LA 1 (4 marks)
x = , when f(x) is defined as follows:
2 25. Find the values of a and b, if the function f
1 1  x 2 + 3x + a , x ≤ 1
 2 + x, 0 ≤ x < 2 defined by f (x ) = 

 1  bx + 2 , x > 1
f (x ) =  1, x=  (Delhi 2011C) is differentiable at x = 1. (Foreign 2016)
 2
3 1  1 + x2 + 1 − x2 
 2 + x , 2 < x ≤ 1 −1
 , x2 ≤ 1
26. If y = tan 
 1 + x 2 − 1 − x 2 
16. Find the value of ‘a’ if the function f(x)
defined by dy
then find .(Delhi 2015)
dx
2 x − 1, x < 2
 x +1
f ( x ) =  a, x = 2 is continuous at x = 2. 27. If f (x ) = x 2 + 1; g (x ) = and
 x + 1, x > 2 x2 + 1
  (AI 2011C) h(x) = 2x–3, then find f ′[h′(g′(x))]. (AI 2015)
28. Show that the function f(x) = |x – 1| + |x + 1|,
5.3 Differentiability for all x ∈ R, is not differentiable at the points
VSA (1 mark) x = –1 and x = 1. (AI 2015)
29. Find whether the following function is
17. The greatest integer function defined by
differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2 or not.
f(x) = [x], 0 < x < 2 is not differentiable at
x= . (2020)  x, x <1

dy f (x ) =  2 − x , 1≤ x ≤ 2
18. If y = tan–1 x + cot–1 x, x ∈ R, then is −2 + 3x − x 2 ,
dx  x >2
equal to . (2020) (Foreign 2015)
30. For what value l of the function defined by
x cos −1 x
λ(x 2 + 2), if x ≤ 0 41. If y= − log 1 − x 2 , then prove
2
f (x ) =  is continuous at 1− x
 4 x + 6, if x > 0 dy cos −1 x
that = . (Delhi 2015C)
x = 0? Hence check the differentiability of f(x) dx (1 − x 2 )3/2
at x = 0. (AI 2015C)
dy y−x
31. If cosy = xcos(a + y), where cos a ≠ ±1, prove 42. If ex + ey = ex + y, prove that +e =0
dx(Foreign 2014)
dy cos2 (a + y )
that = . (Foreign 2014)
dx sin a a x−a
43. If y = tan −1   + log , prove that
{
32. If y = sin −1 x 1 − x − x 1 − x 2 and } x x +a
dy
dy 2a3
= 4 . (AI 2014C)
0 < x < 1, then find
dx
. (AI 2014C) dx x − a 4 
33. Show that the function f(x) = |x – 3|, x ∈ R, is
44. If log( 1 + x 2 − x ) = y 1 + x 2 , show that
continuous but not differentiable at x = 3.
(Delhi 2013, AI 2012C) dy
(1 + x 2 ) + xy + 1 = 0  (AI 2011C)
34. If sin y = x sin(a + y), then prove that dx
2
dy sin (a + y )
= . (Delhi 2012, 2011C) 5.5 Logarithmic Differentiation
dx sin a LA 1 (4 marks)
 2 
−1  1 + x − 1  dy
35. Differentiate tan with respect 45. If y = x3 (cos x)x + sin–1 x , find .
to x.   x  (AI 2012) dx
(2020)
36. If x 1 + y + y 1 + x = 0 for x ≠ y. Prove
dy
46. If y = (log x)x + x log x, then find .
the following : dx
dy −1 (2020, Delhi 2013)
= . (Delhi 2011C)
dx (1 + x )2 dy
47. If x y − y x = ab , find . (Delhi 2019)
37. If y = a sin x + b cos x, prove that dx
2 dy
 dy  48. If y = (x)cosx + (cosx)sinx, then find .
y 2 +   = a 2 + b2 .  (AI 2011C) dx
 dx 
 (AI 2019)
5.4 Exponential and Logarithmic 49. Differentiate the function (sin x)x + sin–1 x
Functions with respect to x. (Delhi 2017)
dy
VSA (1 mark) 50. If xy + yx = ab, then find . (AI 2017)
dx
dy 51. Differentiate xsin x + (sin x)cos x with respect
38. If y = log(cosex), then find . (AI 2019)
dx to x. (AI 2016)
LA 1 (4 marks) dy
52. If y = (sin x )x + sin −1 x , then find .
2 dy dx
39. If y = ex cos x
+ (cos x)x, then find . (2020)
dx (Delhi 2015C, 2013C)
y
40. If log (x2 + y2 ) = 2 tan−1   , show that dy y
x 53. If xmyn = (x + y)m+n, prove that = .
dy x + y dx x
= . (Delhi 2019)
dx x − y (Foreign 2014)
 x
dy 66. Find the differential of sin2 x w.r.t. ecos x.
54. If (x − y ) ⋅ e x − y = a, prove that y + x = 2 y. (2020)
dx
(Delhi 2014C) LA 1 (4 marks)
dy  1 + x2 − 1 − x2 
55. If (tan–1x)y + ycotx = 1, then find .
dx 67. Differentiate tan−1  
 1 + x2 + 1 − x2 
(AI 2014C)  
–1 2
with respect to cos x . (AI 2019)
dy (1 + log y )2
56. If yx = ey–x, prove that = . 68. If x = a(2q – sin 2q) and y = a(1 – cos2q), find
dx log y
dy π
(AI 2013) when θ = . (2018)
dx 3
57. Differentiate the following with respect to x :
69. If x = a sin 2t(1 + cos 2t) and
 2 x +1 ⋅ 3x 
sin −1  (AI 2013) y = b cos 2t(1 – cos 2t), find the values of

 1 + (36)x  dy π π
at t = and t = .
dx 4 3
dy log x (Delhi 2016, AI 2016)
58. If xy = ex–y, prove that = .
dx (1 + log x )2
70. Differentiate
(AI 2013)  1 + x 2 −1 
x +1 tan −1   w.r.t. sin −1 2 x , if x ∈ (−1, 1)
dy 2  
59. Find , if y = sin −1   x  1+ x 2
 . (AI 2013C)
dx  1 + 4x  (Foreign 2016, Delhi 2014)
dy 71. If x = ae (sin t + cos t) and y = aet(sin t – cos t),
t
60. If (cos x)y = (cos y)x, find . (Delhi 2012)
dx dy x + y
prove that = . (AI 2015C)
sin x − cos x x2 − 1 dy dx x − y
61. If y = x +
2
, find .
x +1 dx
 1 − x2 
(Delhi 2012C) 72. Differentiate tan −1   with respect to
dy 2x 2 − 3  x 
cot x
when y = x + .
62. Find
dx x2 + x + 2 ( )
cos −1 2 x 1 − x 2 , when x ≠ 0. (Delhi 2014)
(AI 2012C)
 x 
2
x +1 73. Differentiate tan −1 with respect to
63. Differentiate x
x cos x
+ w.r.t. x.  
 1 − x2 
x2 − 1
(Delhi 2011) sin −1 (2 x 1 − x 2 ).  (Delhi 2014)
dy log x
64. If xy = ex – y, show that = . dy π
dx {log(xe)}2 74. Find the value of at θ = , if
dx 4
(AI 2011) x = ae (sin q – cosq) and y = aeq(sinq + cosq).
q

(AI 2014)
5.6 Derivatives of Functions in
75. If x = a sin 2t (1 + cos2t) and y = b cos 2t(1 – cos 2t),
Parametric Forms
π  dy  b
show that at t = ,  = .  (AI 2014)
SA (2 marks) 4  dx  a
dy 76. If x = cos t(3 – 2 cos2t) and y = sint (3 – 2 sin2t),
65. If x = a sec q, y = b tan q, then find at
dx dy π
 find the value of at t = .  (AI 2014)
 . (2020) dx 4
3
77. If x = 2 cos q – cos 2q and y = 2sin q – sin 2q, d2 y
dy  3θ  87. If xm yn = (x + y) m + n, prove that = 0.
then prove that = tan   . dx 2
dx 2 
(Delhi 2013C) (Delhi 2017)
2
d2 y  dy 
sin −1 t cos −1 t 88. If ey(x + 1) = 1, then show that =  .
78. If x = a ,y = a , show that dx 2  dx 
dy y (AI 2012) (AI 2017)
=− .
dx x 2 2
d y 1  dy  y
79. If x = a(q – sin q) and y = a (1 + cos q), find 89. If y = xx, prove that −   − = 0.
dx 2 y  dx  x
dy π
at θ = .  (Delhi 2011C) (Delhi 2016, 2014)
dx 3
t 90. If y = 2cos(log x) + 3sin(log x), prove that
80. If x = a (cos t + log tan ) and y = a sin t, find
2 d2 y dy
dy x2 +x + y = 0 (AI 2016)
. (Delhi 2011C) dx 2 dx
dx
91. If x = a cos q + b sin q, y = a sin q – b cosq,
5.7 Second Order Derivative
2 d2 y dy
show that y −x +y=0
VSA (1 mark) dx 2 dx
 x2  d2 y (Delhi 2015, Foreign 2014, AI 2013C)
81. If y = log e  2  , then equals
e  dx 2 m sin −1 x
92. If y = e , − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, then show that
1 1
(a) − (b) − 2 d2 y xdy
x x (1 − x 2 ) − − m2 y = 0.  (AI 2015)
2 dx
2 2 dx
(c) (d) − 2  (2020)
93. If y = ( x + 1 + x 2 )n , then show that
2
x x

SA (2 marks) d2 y dy
(1 + x 2 ) +x = n2 y .
2 dx
dx
2 d2 y (Foreign 2015, Delhi 2013C)
82. If x = at , y = 2at, then find . (2020)
dx 2
d2 y π
d2 y 3
94. If x = a sec q, y = a tan q, find 3
at θ =
.
83. If x = a cos q; y = b sin q, then find 2
. dx 2 4
dx
(2020)  (Delhi 2015C)
95. If y = Aemx + Benx, show that
LA 1 (4 marks)
84. If y = (sin–1x)2, prove that d2 y dy
− (m + n) + mny = 0. (AI 2015C, 2014)
2 dx
d2 y dy dx
(1 − x2 ) −x
− 2 = 0.  (Delhi 2019)
dx 2 dx 96. If x = a(cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t – t cos t),
85. If x = sint, y = sinpt, prove that d2 y π
then find the value of at t = .
d2 ydy dx 2
4
(1 − x 2 ) − x + p2 y = 0. 
2 dx
 dx (AI 2019, Foreign 2016) (Delhi 2014C)
 t
86. If y = sin(sinx), prove that 97. If x = a  cos t + log tan  , y = a sin t , evaluate
 2
d2 y dy d2 y π
+ tan x + y cos2x = 0. (2018) at t = .  (Delhi 2014C)
dx 2 dx dx 2 3
98. If x = a sin t and y = a(cos t + log tan(t/2)), 106. If y = 3 cos(log x) + 4 sin(logx), show that
2
d y d2 y dy
find
2
. (Delhi 2013) x2 +x + y = 0.  (Delhi 2012)
dx dx 2 dx
99. If y = log  x + x 2 + a2  , show that 107. If x = a (cos t + t sin t) and y = a(sin t – t cos t),
 
π 2 2 2
d2 y dy 0 < t < , find d x , d y and d y .
(x 2 + a2 ) +x = 0. 2
dx 2 dx dt 2 dt 2 dx 2
(Delhi 2013, 2013C)
(AI 2012, 2011C, Delhi 2012C)
100. If x = a cos3q and y = a sin3 q, then find the
d2 y π  t
value of at θ = . (AI 2013) 108. If x = a  cos t + log tan  , y = a sin t , find
dx 2 6 2
 x  d2 y d2 y
101. If y = x log  , then prove that and . (AI 2012)
 a + bx  dt 2 dx 2
d2 y
2 t
 dy  109. If x = cos t + log tan , y = sin t , then find the
x3 = x − y .  (Delhi 2013C) 2
dx 2  dx 
d2 y d2 y π
1  value of and at t = .
102. If x = tan  log y  , then show that dt 2
dx 2 4
a (AI 2012C)
d2 y dy
(1 + x 2 ) + (2 x − a) = 0. d2 y
2 dx
dx 110. If x = a(q – sinq), y = a (1 + cosq), find .
(AI 2013C, 2011) dx 2
103. If x = cosq and y = sin3q, then prove that (Delhi 2011)
2
d2 y  dy  111. If x = a (q + sinq) and y = a(1 – cosq), find
y +   = 3 sin2 θ(5 cos2 θ − 1).
dx 2  dx  d2 y
(AI 2013C) . (AI 2011C)
104. If y = sin–1 x, show that dx 2
d2 y dy 5.8 Mean Value Theorem
(1 − x 2 ) 2
−x =0 (Delhi 2012)
dx dx
105. If y = (tan–1x)2, show that SA (2 marks)

d2 y dy 112. Find the value of c in Rolle’s theorem for the

(x 2 + 1)2 + 2 x(x 2 + 1) = 2.
dx 2 dx function f(x) = x3 – 3x in [− 3 , 0] .
(Delhi 2012, AI 2012) (AI 2017)

Detailed Solutions
1.  f(x) is continuous at x = p
Q 1
lp = –1 ⇒ l = 
\ f(p) = lim f (x )  lim f (x ) ...(i) 
x  x 
Here, f(p) = lp...(ii)  kx
 , x <0
And lim f (x ) = lim f (π + h) 2. We have, f(x) =  x
x →π + h→0 3 , x ≥ 0
= lim cos(π + h) = –1 ...(iii) kx
h→0
L.H.L. = lim f (x ) = lim = −k
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get x →0 − x →0 − x
R.H.L. = lim f (x ) = lim 3 = 3 5. f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
x →0 + x →0 \ f(0) = k
Since, f(x) is continuous at x = 0. 1 − cos 4 x
and lim f ( x ) = lim
\ L.H.L. = R.H.L. = f(0) x →0 x →0 8x 2
⇒ –k = 3 ⇒ k = –3 2
2 ⋅ sin 2 x  sin 2 x 
2
= lim = lim   =1
3. Given, f(x) is continuous at x = 3. x →0 8x 2 x →0  2 x 
( x + 3)2 − 36 f is continuous at x = 0
So, lim f (x ) = f (3) ⇒ lim =k
x →3 x →3 x−3 ∴ f (0) = lim f ( x ) ⇒ k = 1
x →0
( x + 3)2 − 62
⇒ lim =k 6.  f(x) is continuous at x = 0
x →3 x−3
∴ lim f ( x ) = f (0) = lim f ( x ) ...(1)
( x + 3 + 6) ( x + 3 − 6) x → 0+ x → 0−
⇒ lim =k
x →3 x−3 2 × 0 +1
Now f (0) = = −1
⇒ 3+3+6=k 0 −1 2h + 1
⇒ k = 12 lim f (x ) = lim f (0 + h) = lim = −1
x →0 + h→0 h→0 h − 1
4. ... f(x) is continuous at p/2.
1 − kh − 1 + kh
lim f (x ) = lim f (0 − h) = lim
\ lim f (x ) = lim f (x ) = f (π / 2) ...(1) x →0 − h→0 h→0 −h
x → π /2 − x → π /2 +
π  1 − kh − 1 + kh 1 − kh + 1 + kh
Now, lim f (x ) = lim f  − h  = lim ×
x → π /2 − h→0  2  h→0 −h 1 − kh + 1 + kh
(1 − kh) − (1 + kh)
π  = lim
1 − sin3  − h 
2  1 − cos3 h h →0 −h[ 1 − kh + 1 + kh]
= lim = lim
h→0 π  0 3 sin2 h 2k
2k
3 cos2  − h  = lim =k =
2  h →0 1 − kh + 1 − kh 2
(1 − cos h)(1 + cos2 h + cos h) \ From (1), we get k = –1
= lim
h→0 3(1 − cos h)(1 + cos h) 7. f(x) is continuous at x = 0.
2
(1 + cos h + cos h) 1 + 1 + 1 1 ∴ lim f ( x ) = f (0) = lim f ( x )  ...(1)
= lim = = x → 0+ x → 0−
h→0 3(1 + cos h) 3(1 + 1) 2 Now f(0) = a
π  h
and lim f (x ) = lim f  + h  lim f (x ) = lim f (0 + h) = lim
x → π /2 + h→0  2  + h→0 h→0
x →0 16 + h − 4
 π 
q 1 − sin  + h   h 16 + h + 4
2  q(1 − cos h) = lim ×
= lim  = lim h→0 16 + h − 4 16 + h + 4
2
h→0  π  h→0 4h 2
 π − 2  2 + h  
  = lim
h ( 16 + h + 4 ) = lim 16 + h + 4 = 8
2
h h→0 16 + h − 4 h→0
2 sin2 1 − cos 4(−h)
q 2 =q×2=q lim f (x ) = lim f (0 − h) = lim
= × lim
4 h→0 h 2 4 4 8 x → 0− h→0 h→0 (−h)2
×4 1 − cos 4h 2
2 sin 2h
4 = lim = lim
2
1 q h→0 h h→0 h2
and f (π / 2) = p ∴ = =p 2
2 8  sin 2h 
= 8. lim   =8
1 h → 0  2h 
⇒ p = and q = 4 [From (1)]
2 \ From (1), we get a = 8