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PHARMA

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17 views

PHARMA

Uploaded by

kylezen03
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Pharmacology

- It is the study of drugs and their


interactions with living systems.
 Pharmacos - drug or poison
 Lohiya - study
Drug
- Substance or chemical capable of altering
a biochemical or physiological process in
the body.

The Drug Action: Pharmaceutic,


Pharmacokinetics and
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmaceutic Phase
- First phase of drug action
Excipients
- An active substance that serves as the
vehicle or medium for a drug
or other active substance.
- Fillers and insert substances used in drug
preparation that allow the
drug to have a particular size & shape.
Tablet
to
Disintegration - breakdown into smaller
products
to
Dissolution - dissolving of small
particles
o Drugs in liquid form are rapidly absorb
o Drugs are generally absorbed faster in
acidic fluids
o Young and elderly less gastric acidity,
slower absorption
o Enteric coated drugs disintegrate in the
small intestine; crushing it may alter the
place and time of absorption.
o Food may interfere with dissolution and
absorption, some drugs irritate the lining of
the GIT thus it is best taken with food to
dilute drug concentration and to act as
protectant.
Pharmacokinetic Phase
- Process of drug movement to achieve
drug action
Four Processes
 Absorption
 Distribution
 Metabolism/Biotransformation
 Excretion
Absorption
- Passage of a substance through a
membrane into the bloodstream
Site: mouth, mucosa of stomach, small
intestine, rectum,
dermal layers of the skin
- Condition may alter the process: incorrect
administration of drug
- Absorption of oral drugs varies according
to the physical properties of each drug: Ph,
Lipid(fat) solubility, Presence/absence of
food in the stomach
Liver - drug passes first
- Drugs maybe metabolized to an inactive
form which may then be excreted
Bioavailability - percentage of drug dose
that reaches the systemic circulation
Oral: less than 100%
IV: always 100%

Factors that Alter Bioavailabity


o Drug form
o Route of administration
o GI mucosa and motility
o Food and other drugs
o Changes in liver metabolism caused by
liver dysfunction or a decrease in hepatic
blood flow - less drug is destroyed I the
presence of liver disorder

Distribution
- Process by which drug is delivered to
tissues and fluids of the body
- Influenced by blood flow
- May be influenced by drugs ability to
cross a lipid membrane (bloodbrain barrier
and placental barrier) - Primarily takes
place in the liver- Body's ability to change a
drug from its dosage form to a more water
soluble form (metabolites) that can then be
excreted
Excretion
- Elimination of drugs from the body
- Mainly excreted by kidneys (urine)
- Routes: sweat glands, Lungs, Rectum
Creatinine Clearance Most accurate test to
determine renal function
Normal Values: 85-135 mL/min
-12/24 hours’ urine collection, blood
sample
Other Variables Affecting Drug Action
o Age
o Weight
o Gender
o Psychological State
Placebo Effect - Inactive substance that
resembles a medication, although no drug
is present. Used in blind study
experiments.
Drug Interaction:
Synergism
-The action of 2 drugs working together in
which one helps the other simultaneously
for an effect that neither could produce
alone.
(1+1=3)
Potentiation
-The action of 2 drugs in which one
prolongs or multiples the effect of the other.
(1+0=2)

Antagonism
-The opposing action of 2 drugs in which
one decreases or cancels out the effect of
the other.
(1+1=0)
Pharmacodynamics Phase
-Study of drug concentration and its effects
on the body
 Drug Effect
-body response resulting from drug action
 Dose Response
-Relationship between the minimal versus
the maximal
amount of drug dose needed to produce
the desired drug response
 Maximal Efficacy
-Maximum drug effect
Categories of Drug Action:
Stimulation or Depression
-Stimulates rate of cell activity; gland
secretion increases.
Ex. Epinephrie
Replacement
-Replace essential body compounds
Ex. Insulin
Inhibition or Killing if Microorganisms
-Interfere with bacterial growth
Ex. Antibiotics
Irritation
-Act by mechanism of irritation
Ex. Laxatives
Peak and Trough Drug Levels:
Peak Drug Level
-Highest plasma concertation of drug at a
specific time
-Indicate level of absorption
Route: Oral - 1-3 hours
: IV - 10 minutes
Trough Drug Level
-Lowest plasma concentration of a drug
before the next
drug is administered
-Measure the rate at which the drug is
eliminated
Peak - rate of absorption of the drug
Trough - rate of the elimination of the drug

Parameters of Drug Action:


Onset of Action (T0 - T1)
-Time it takes to reach the minimum
effective concentration after a drug is
administered
Peak Action (T0 - T2)
-Occurs when drug reaches its highest
blood or plasma concentration
Duration of Action (T1-T3)
The length of the time the drug has a
pharmacologic effect
Dosages:
Ÿ Minimum Dose
-Smallest amount of drug that will produce
a therapeutic effect.
Maximum Dose
-Largest amount of a drug that will produce
desired effect without producing symptoms
of toxicity.
Loading Dose
-Initial High dose (often maximum dose)
used to quickly
elevate the level of the drug in the blood.
Maintenance Dose
-Dose required to keep the level of the
drug in the blood at a steady state to
maintain the desired effect.
Toxic Dose
-Amount of a drug that will produce harmful
side effects or symptoms of poisoning.
Lethal Dose
-Dose that can cause death
Therapeutic Dose
-Dose that is customarily given; adjusted
according to variations from the norm.
Nursing Responsibilities:
o Administering drugs
o Assessing drug effects
o Intervening to make the drug regimen
more tolerable
o Providing patient teaching about drugs
and the drug regimen
o Monitoring the overall patient care plan to
prevent medication orders
Therapeutic Effects of Drugs:
Curative
-Cures a disease or condition
Ex. Penicillin for infection
Supportive
-Supports body function until other
treatment or the body's response can take
over
Ex. Aspirin for high blood temperature
Substitutive
-Replace body fluids or substances
Ex. thyroxine for hypothyroidism, insulin for
DM
Chemotherapeutic
-Destroys malignant cells
Ex. busulfan for leukemia
Restorative
-Returns body for health
Ex. Vitamin, mineral supplements
Palliative
-Relieves symptoms
Ex. Aspirin for pain
Effects of Drugs:
Skin rash
-Intra-epidermal vesicle rash
Pruritus
-Itching of the skin
Angioedema
-permeability of blood capillaries
Rhinitis
-Excessive watery discharge from the nose

Lacrimal tearing
-Excessive tearing

Nausea, vomiting
-Stimulation of centers in the brain
Wheezing and Dyspnea
-Accumulated fluids and swelling of
respiratory tissue
Diarrhea
-Irritation of the mucosa of large inte

Unexpected Effects of Drugs:


Side effects
-Unintended or secondary effects can be
harmless or potentially harmful.
Adverse effects or reaction
- More severe side effects
- When side effects cause harm to the
functioning of the body system.
Drug toxicity
- Results from over dosage, ingestion of a
drug intended for external use, and buildup
of the drug in the blood because of
impaired metabolism or excretion.
Drug Allergy / Hypersensitivity
- Immunologic reaction to a drug
- Drug acts as an antigen which causes
antibodies to be produced
Anaphylactic Reaction
- Severe, fatal allergic reactions usually
occur immediately after the administration
of the drug.
Drug Tolerance
- Unusually low physiologic response to a
drug after repeated doses are given
Cumulative Effect
- Increasing response to repeated doses of
a drug that occur when the rate of
administration exceeds the rate of
metabolism or excretion.
Iatrogenic Disease
- Disease caused unintentionally by
medical therapy
Ex. Renal damage, liver damage
Idiosyncratic Reactions
- Unusual, unique and unexpected
response to a drugs wherein the client may
overreact or underreact to a drug.
Teratogenic Effect
- Effect from maternal drug administration
that causes physical defects in the fetus.
Paradoxical Effect
- Opposite effect from the expected.

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