Introduction -

Concepts,
Principles,
Definition of
Terms, Tools
Introduction
Plumbing – is defined as the art and science
of installing pipes, fixtures, and other
apparatus to convey and supply water in
buildings and to dispose and discharge waste
water and other liquids, gases, and other
substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly,
healthy, and sanitary way to ensure the
health and sanitation of life and property.
In prehistoric times of a thousand years ago,
man left traces of plumbing works. These
primitive water supply and waste disposal
methods, offered proof that even early man
realizes were considered as the forerunners
of modern day plumbing.
The concept and importance of plumbing
however, became more defined and
appreciated only during the Greco-Roman
civilization. The Romans who considered daily
bathing is a must, elevated bathing to the
level of a daily ritual.
Their almost fanatical demand for a constant
supply of clean water, found its expression in
the ingenuity of the now famous Roman
Aqueduct, a water system that continuously
challenge the skill of the present crops of
Engineers
The word Plumber is a title given to a person
who is skilled in the field of sanitation. It was
derived from the ancient Roman word
Plumbarius which was taken from the Latin
word Plumbum.
PRINCIPLES

1. CLEAN WATER: All premises intended

for human habitation, occupancy or use
shall be provided with a supply of pure
and wholesome water supplies nor
subject to hazards of backflow or back
siphonage.
2. VOLUME AND PRESSURE: Plumbing
fixtures, devices and appurtenances
shall be supplies with water in sufficient
volume and at pressure adequate to
enable them to function satisfactorily
and without undue noise under all
normal conditions.
3. EFFIECIENCY: Plumbing shall be
designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent
with proper performance and cleaning.

4. EXPLOSION: Devices for heating and

storing water shall be so designed and
installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
5. SEWER: Every building having
plumbing fixtures installed and
intended for human habitation,
occupancy or USC on premises abutting
on a street, alley or easement where
there is a public sewer, shall be
connected to the sewer system.
6. PLUMBING UNIT: Each frunily
dwelling unit on premises abutting on a
sewer or with a private sewage-disposal
system shall have at least one water
closet and one kitchen type sink.
Further, a lavatory and bathtub or
shower shall be installed to meet the
basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.
7. VENTILATION: Plumbing fixtures shall be
made of smooth non absorbent material,
free from concealed fouling surfaces and
shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

8. CLEANOUTS: The drainage system shall

be designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of solids,
clogging and with adequate clean outs so
arranged that the pipes may be readily
cleaned.
9. NAMPAP: All pipings of plumbing systems
shall be of durable NAMPAP (National
Master Plumbers Association of the
Philippines) APPROVED materials, free form
defective workmanship, designed and
constructed by Registered Master Plumbers
to ensure satisfactory service.
10. TRAP: Each fixture directly connected to
the drainage system shall be equipped with
a water- sealed trap.

11. AIR CIRCULATION: The drainage piping

system shall be designed to provide
adequate circulation of air free from
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap
seals under ordinary use.
12. VENTI TERMINALS: Vent terminals
shall extend to the outer air and installed
to preempt clogging and the return of foul
air to the building.

13. TEST: Plumbing systems shall be

subjected to such tests to effectively
disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
14. SEWAGE HARM: No substance which
will clog the pipes, produce explosive
mixture, destroy the pipes or their joints
or interfere unduly with the sewage-
disposal process shall be allowed to enter
the building drainage system.
15. CONTAMINATION: Proper protection
shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods
and similar materials by backflow of
sewage. When necessary, the fixture,
device or appliance shall be connected
indirectly with the building drainage
system.
16. WC LIGHT: No water closet shall be
located in a room or compartment which is
not properly lighted and ventilated.

17. SEPTIC TANK: If water closets or other

plumbing fixtures are installed in buildings
where there is no sewer within a reasonable
distance, suitable provision shall be made for
disposing of the building sewage by some
accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
18. SEWAGE BACKFLOW: Where a plumbing
drainage system may be subject tb backflow
of se wage, suitable provision shall be made
to prevent its overflow in the building.

19. RMP: Plumbing systems shall be

maintained in serviceable condition by
Registered Master Plumbers.
20. ACCESSIBLE: All plumbing fixtures shall
be installed properly spaced, to be
accessible for their intended use.

21. STRUCTUIRAL STABILITY: Plumbing shall

be installed by Registered Master Plumbers
with due regard to the preservation of the
strength of structural members and the
prevention of damage to walls and other
surfaces through fixture usage.
22. SEWAGE TREATMENT: Sewage or other
waste from a plumbing system which may
be deleterious to surface or sub-surface
waters shall not be discharged into the
ground or into any waterway, unless first
rendered innocuous through subjection to
some acceptable form of treatment.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Air Gap - An air gap in a water supply
system, is the unobstructed vertical
distance through the free atmosphere
between the lowest opening from any
pipe or faucet supplying water to a
tank, plumbing fixture, or other device
and the flood level rim of the
receptacle
Back flow - Is the flow of water, or other liquid
mixture or substances into the distributing pipes
of a potable supply of water from any source,
other than its intended source.

Back Siphonage - refers to the back flow of used

contaminated or polluted water from a plumbing
fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such a pipe.
Battery of Fixture - Refers to any
group of two or more similar adjacent
fixtures which discharges into a
common horizontal waste pipe or soil
branch.

Bib - Is synonymous with faucet,

cock, tap, plug, etc. the word
faucet is preferred.
Blind Flange - A flange that closes
the end of a pipe There is no opening
for the passage of water.

Blow off - A controlled outlet on a

pipeline used to discharge water.
Branch - Is any part of piping system other
than the main riser or stack.

Branch Interval - Is the length of a soil or

waste stack corresponding in general to a
storey height, but in no case less than 2.40
meters within which the horizontal branches
from one floor or storey of a building are
connected to the stack
Branch vent - Is a vent
connecting one or more
individual vents with a vent
stack or stack vent.

Calking - Is plugging an opening

with oakum, lead or other
materials, that are pounded into
the place or opening.
Circuit vent - Is a branch vent that
serves two or more traps, and
extends from the front of the last
fixture connection of a horizontal
branch to the vent stack.

Continuous Vent - Is a vertical

vent that is a continuation of the
drain to which the vent connects.
Combination Fixtures - Is a
fixture combining one sink and
tray or a two or three
compartment sink or tray in
one vent.
Combination Waste and Vent System - Is a specially
designed system of waste piping embodying the horizontal
wet venting of one or more sinks or floor drains by means of
a common waste and vent pipe adequately sized to provide
free movement of air above the flow line of the drain
Common Vent - Is a drain
from two or three fixture
connected to a single trap. It
is also called a dual vent
Cross Connection - Is any physical connection be tween
two otherwise separate piping system, one contains
potable water, and the other from unknown or
questionable safety, whereby, water may flow from one
system to the other direction of flow depending on the
pressure differential between the two systems.
Dead End - Is the extended portion of
a pipe that is closed at one end
permitting the stagnation of water or
air therein.

Developed Length - The

length along the center of
the pipe and fitting.
Diameter - Diameter of a pipe or tube refers to
the nominal internal diameter (ID) of such pipe,
except brass and copper tube where the term
refers to the outside diameter (OD) of the pipe.
Drainage System - Drainage system includes, all piping
within the public or private premises that conveys sewage,
rainwater, or other liquid waste, to a legal point of disposal.
It does not include the mains of public sewer system
private or public sewerage treatment or disposal plant
Dry Vent - A vent that does
not carry water or water
borne wastes.

Effective Opening - Is the minimum

cross sectional area at the point of
water supply discharge, measured or
expressed in terms of diameter of a
circle.
Existing Work - Shall apply to that portion of a plumbing
system that has been installed and approved prior to the
contemplated addition, alteration or correction.

Fixture Branch- Is a pipe

connecting several fixtures
Fixture Drain - Is the drain from
the trap of a fixture to the
junction of that drain with any
other drain-pipe

Fixture Supply - Is a water supply

pipe connecting the fixture with
the fixture branch.
Fixture Units - Is a quantity in terms of which the
load producing effects on the plumbing system of
different kinds of plumbing fixtures are expressed
on some arbitrarily chosen scale.

Fixture Unit Flow Rate - Is the total discharge

flow in gallons per minute of a simple fixture
divided by 7.5 gallons that provides the flow rate
of that particular plumbing fixture as a unit of
flow. Fixtures are rated as multiple of this unit of
flow.
Flood Level - Is a device located
inside the tank for the purpose
of maintaining water level for
effective flushing of the water
closet.
Ferrule - A metallic sleeve called or
otherwise joined to an opening in
pipe into which a plug is screwed that
can be removed for the purpose of
cleaning or examining the interior of
the pipe.
Flush Valve - Is a device located
at the bottom of the tank for
flushing water closets and
similar fixtures.

Flushometer Valve - Is a device which

discharges a predetermined quantity
of water to the fixture for flushing
purposes activated by direct water
pressure.
Grade - is the slope or fall of
pipe in reference to a fraction of
an inch per foot length of pipe.

Group Vent - A branch vent that

performs its function for two or
more traps.
Horizontal Pipe - Means any pipe or
fitting which makes an angle of
more than 45° with the vertical.

Invert - Is the lowest portion of the

inside of any pipe or conduit that is
not vertical.
Liquid Waste – is the discharge from
any fixture, appliance or appurtenance
in connection with a plumbing system
which does not receive fecal matter.

Local Vent Pipe - Is a pipe on the

fixture side of the trap through which
vapor or foul air is removed from a
room or fixture.
Looped Vent - Is the same as Circuit
Vent except that it loops back and
connects with a stack vent instead of
a vent stack.

Lateral - In plumbing, it is a
secondary pipe. In sewage, a
common sewer to which no other
common sewer is tributary. It
receives sewage only from building
sewer.
Main - The main of any system of
continuous piping is the principal
artery of the system to which
branches may be connected.

Main Sewer - Is a sewer line or

system directly controlled by
public authority.
 Main Vent - Is the principal artery
of the venting system to which
vent branches may be connected.

Plumbing Fixtures - Are installed

receptacles, devices, or appliances which
are supplied with water, or which receives
or discharges liquid or liquid borne waste,
with or without discharge into drainage
system which maybe directly or indirectly
connected
Plumbing System - The plumbing system includes the
water supply distribution pipes, plumbing fixtures and
traps, soil, waste and vent pipes, house drain and house
sewers including their respective connections, devices and
appurtenances within the property lines of premises; and
water treating or water using equipment.
Relief Vent - A relief vent's primary
function is to provide circulation of
air between drainage and vent
systems

Re-Vent Pipe - A re-vent pipe (sometimes

called individual vent) is that part of the vent
pipeline which connects directly with an
individual waste or group of wastes,
underneath or back of the fixture, and
extend either to the main or branch vent
pipe
Riser - Is a water supply pipe which
extend vertically one full storey or
more to convey water to branches or
fixtures.

Rough-In - Is the installation of all

parts of the plumbing system which
can be completed prior to the
installation of fixtures. This include
drainage, water supply, vent piping and
the necessary fixture supports.
Return Bend - An open return bend
usually with in- side threads, but
applied also to 180° bend in pipe.

Public Sewer - Is a common sewer

directly controlled by public
authorities where all abutters have
equal rights of connection.
Sanitary Sewage - The sewage
containing human excrement and liquid
household waste. It is also called
domestic sewage,

Sanitary Sewer - A sewer intended to

receive sanitary sewage with or
without industrial wastes and without
the admixture of surface water, storm
water or drainage.
Secondary Branch - Any branch in a
building drain other than the primary
branch.

Sewerage of Sewage work - Is a

comprehensive term including all
construction or collection,
transportation, pumping,
treatment and final disposition of
sewage.
Siamese Connection - is a Y
connection used on fire lines so
that two lines of hose maybe
connected to a hydrant or to the
same nozzle.

Standpipe - A vertical pipe usually

used for the storage of water,
frequently under pressure.
Side Vent - is a vent connecting to
the drain pipe through a fitting at
an angle not greater that 45° or to
the vertical.

Soil Pipe - Is any pipe that conveys the

discharge of water closets or fixture
having similar functions, with or
without the discharge from other
fixtures to the building drains (house
drain) or building sewer (house sewer)
Stack - Is the vertical main of a
system of soil, waste or vent pipe.

Stack Group - Is a term applied to

the location of fixtures in relation
to the stack so that by means of
proper fittings, vents may be
reduced to a minimum.
Stack Vent - A stack vent is the
extension of a soil or waste stack above
the highest horizontal drain connected
to the stack. It is sometimes called
waste vent or soil vent.

Stack Venting - Is a method of venting

a fixture or fixtures through the soil or
waste stack.
Subsoil Drain - Are underground drain
pipes that receive sub-surface or
seepage water only and convey it to a
place of disposal.

Sump - A pit or receptacle at a low

point to which the liquid waste are
drained.
Trap - Is a fitting or device so designed
as to provide when properly vented a
liquid seal that will prevent the back
passage of air without materially
affecting the flow of sewage through it.

Trap Seal - Is the maximum vertical

depth of liquid that trap will retain,
measured between the crown weir and
top of the dip of the trap
Vent Stack - Is a vertical pipe installed
primarily for the purpose of providing
circulation of air to different parts of
the drainage system.

Vent System - Is a pipe or pipes

installed to provide a flow or circulation
of air within the plumbing system to
protect trap seals siphoning and back
pressure.
Vertical Pipe - Is a pipe installed in a
vertical position or at an angle of not
more than 45° with the vertical.

Waste Pipe - Is a pipe that conveys

liquid waste from fixture that is free
of fecal matter.
TOOLS
I. Wrenches

No tool is more associated with plumbing than the wrench, and

no plumbing tools list would be complete without it! There's no
single all-purpose wrench, however, so well-prepared plumbers
usually bring several to a job site.
1. Pipe Wrench

Plumbers use these heavy

tools to tighten and loosen
nuts and fittings on
pipework. They typically use
two of these wrenches
together — one to hold a
pipe in place and the other to
rotate the nut or fitting in the
appropriate direction.
2. Basin Wrench

The basin wrench is a T-shaped

tool plumbers use specifically
to work on faucets. The clamp-
like mechanism on one end of
these wrenches allows
plumbers to reach into narrow
spaces and loosen or tighten
the nuts that keep our faucets
working (and not leaking).
3. Adjustable Wrench

The adjustable wrench tightens

and loosens hexagonal nuts
and fittings on pipes. These
wrenches come in various
sizes, but plumbers most often
have the 6- and 10-inch
versions on hand.
4. Faucet Key

Faucet keys are small, X-shaped

tools designed to open and
close spigots and sillcocks.
There are versatile models on
the market for dealing with
different stem fittings — 1/4",
9/32", 5/16", and so on.
 II. Pipe Works

If you work as a plumber, tools that make working with pipes

easier (such as polyethylene or PVC pipes, drain pipes, and
copper tubing) appear prominently on your plumbing supplies
list. Modern plumbers use a variety of tools and techniques to
repair, alter, replace, and install piping in various (and usually
tight) spaces around the home.
5. Hacksaw

Plumbers carry hacksaws to cut

through a variety of hardware,
including pipes, nuts, bolts, and
screws. This is challenging
work, and plumbers need to
tightly secure their blades (and
keep spare blades in the truck).
6. Tube and Plastic Pipe Cutters

ideal cutting tools for plastic

pipe commonly used for
condensate drain line,
plumbing lines, irrigation and
electrical conduit.
7. Plumber's Torch

You need heat to solder.

Plumber's torches are small,
handheld tools that allow
plumbers to apply intense heat
in precise areas, soldering and
sealing new piping for installs
and replacements.
8. Thread Sealing Tape

Also known as "plumber's

tape," plumbers use this tape
to patch or prevent possible
leaks at threaded joint
connections in piping. Quality
thread sealing tape is resistant
to high and low temperatures.
9. Pliers

These specialty tools are

among the best tools for
plumbers because they allow
professionals to loosen and
tighten nuts and bolts too
small for a wrench to grip.
10. Deburring Tool

A deburring tool lets plumbers

remove burrs resulting from
cutting and drilling the edges of
metal or plastic pipes.
Sometimes called reaming,
deburring helps plumbers
smooth the surface of the pipe
to prevent erosion.
11. Press Fitting Systems

Connecting pipes securely is

critical to any plumbing
project’s success. Iron Pipe Size
(IPS) press-fitting systems
physically press a connection
onto a pipe, producing an
impermeable connection or
seal.
 III - CLEARING CLOGS AND BLOCKAGES

Sometimes the problem isn't the pipe, it's what's inside, and drain
cleaning is a regular part of any plumber’s job. Good plumbers
know their way around a stubborn clog — whether it’s a sink drain,
garbage disposal, shower, or toilet — and which tools they need to
keep a homeowner's plumbing uncongested and running
smoothly.
12. Plungers

Used to clear blockages in

drains and pipes. Plumbing
plungers consist of a rubber
suction cup attached to a stick
(shaft) usually made of wood
or plastic.
13. Hand Auger

A hand auger is a circular,

handheld device that allows
plumbers to drive a cable deep
down a drain to break apart
and clear clogs (via a hand
crank).
14. Snake Machine

A snake machine is essentially

a larger, motorized version of
the hand auger. When clogs
are especially deep or difficult
to displace, snake machines
usually have the muscle to
remedy the situation.
 IV - SAFETY FIRST

Experienced plumbers know there are many ways to

get hurt on the job. Luckily, a number of different
tools help to protect plumbing professionals and
dramatically lower the chances of an accident.
15. Goggles

Being a plumber means closely

examining leaks, soldering,
and other things that can be
potentially dangerous to one's
eyes. A good plumber is also a
safe one — they always arrive
at the scene with appropriate
eyewear.
16. Gloves

Plumbers are exposed to a lot

of things that no one wants to
touch with their bare hands.
There are various types of
heavy-duty gloves on the
market to protect a plumber's
hands, allow them to grip
slippery items more easily, and
offer a range of other benefits.
17. Heat Shields/Pads

Complete your plumbing tools

list with reliable heat shields
and pads. They help to protect
plumbers and the surrounding
environment from heat
damage or fire when soldering
is necessary.
 V - OTHER ESSENTIALST

From redesigned hardware to emerging technologies

that are changing the face of the plumbing industry,
there are always new tools and solutions for plumbing
pros to up their game and better their business.
18. PEX Pipe Expander & Fittings

A PEX expander is a drill-like

tool that widens the mouth of
the pipe so you can insert a
metal fitting. Because PEX
piping retains its original
shape, the mouth closes in on
the fitting, creating a perfect
seal for water to pass through.
19. Crimpers
Crimp tools are critical in PEX-
related plumbing, but
plumbers use them with other
types of piping as well.
Crimping is joining multiple
pieces of metal or other
material by deforming or
squeezing one or both of them
to hold them together.
20. Tube Bender
A tube bender is exactly that
— a plumber’s tool specifically
used to bend tubes, rods and
bars. Likewise, a pipe bender is
used to bend and shape pipes
made from copper or stainless
steel. Bender tools allow
plumbers to bend the tube
without crimping the tubing.
21. Stubby Screwdriver

Stubby Screwdriver is perfect

for those hard-to-reach places.
It features a comfortable grip
and a durable chrome-plated
steel shaft.
Thank you for listening
Reporters:
Asiral, Abdel Aziz
Bangcasan, Laurence Glynn R.
Castromayor, Jhon Arfield

BS ARCHITECTURE 2B