VINH UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

FINAL PROJECT
COURSE: ENGLISH LEXICOLOGY AND SEMANTICS
TOPIC: A STUDY ON WORD RELATED TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT

Class 06 – Group 6
Lecturer: Vo Thi Hong Minh

Order Name Students code

1 Nguyễn Hoàng Uyên (Leader) 225714023130159

2 Lê Thị Tố Uyên 225714023130049

3 Nguyễn Thảo Uyên 225714023130024

4 Lê Vũ Hà Vi 225714023130031

5 Lường Thị Hà Vi 225714023130179

Vinh 2024

Table of Contents
1. Reasons for choosing the topic...............................................................................................2
2. Data Analysis...........................................................................................................................2
2.1. Reading texts.......................................................................................................................2
2.2 Table of analysis..................................................................................................................8
3. The findings.............................................................................................................................9
4. Suggestion..............................................................................................................................11
4.1. For learners of English......................................................................................................11
4.2. For teachers of English.....................................................................................................11
4.3. For users of English..........................................................................................................11
5. Reference................................................................................................................................12

1. Reasons for choosing the topic

Choosing AI as a topic is driven by the fascination with the intersection of technology and
human intelligence. It represents a quest to understand and replicate cognitive processes,
pushing the boundaries of what machines can achieve. Choosing AI as a topic allows
individuals to explore the cutting-edge developments in technology. Besides, the group of
words relating to AI is diverse. It allows us to dive into finding the words in multi aspects such
as word structures, word origins, word formations, word meanings, word difficulties,ect.
Whether in academic settings or self-directed learning, AI is a compelling topic for study due
to its interdisciplinary nature, drawing on concepts from computer science, mathematics,
neuroscience, psychology, ect.
2. Data Analysis
2.1. Reading texts
Text 1: The real risks of artificial intelligence (collected by Nguyen Hoang Uyen)
How is AI helping us? The leading approach to AI right now is machine learning, in which
programs are trained to pick out and respond to patterns in large amounts of data, such as
identifying a face in an image or choosing a winning move in the board game. This technique
can be applied to all sorts of problems, such as getting computers to spot patterns in medical
images, for example. Google’s artificial intelligence company DeepMind are collaborating
with the UK’s National Health Service in a handful of projects, including ones in which their
software is being taught to diagnose cancer and eye disease from patient scans. Others are
using machine learning to catch early signs of conditions such as heart disease and Alzheimers.
This has been the decade of Al, with one astonishing feat after another. A chess-playing Al that
can defeatnot only all human chess players, but also all previous human-programmed chess
machines, after learning the game in just four hours? That’s yesterday’s news, what’s next?
True, these prodigious accomplishments are all in so-called narrow Al, where machines
perform highly specialized tasks. If so, there’s little reason to think it will stop there. Machines
will be free of many of the physical constraints on human intelligence. Our brains run at slow
biochemical processing speeds on the power of a light bulb, and their size is restricted by the
dimensions of the human birth canal. It is remarkable what they accomplish, given these
handicaps. Once machines are better than us at designing even smarter machines, progress
towards these limits could accelerate. What would this mean for us? Could we ensure a safe
and worthwhile coexistence with such machines? On the plus side, Al is already useful and
profitable for many things, and super Al might be expected to be super useful and super
profitable. But the more powerful Al becomes, the more important it will be to specify its goals
with great care. So we need to create powerful Al machines that are ‘human-friendly’-that have
goals reliably aligned with our own values. One thing that makes this task difficult is that we
are far from reliably human-friendly ourselves. We do many terrible things to each other and to
many other creatures with whom we share the planet. If superintendent machines don’t do a
lot better than us, we’ll be in deep trouble. We’ll have powerful new intelligence amplifying
the dark sides of our own fallible natures.For safety’s sake, then, we want the machines to be
ethically as well as cognitive superhuman. We want them to aim for the moral high ground, not
for the troughs in which many of us spend some of our time. Luckily they’ll be smart enough
for the job. If there are routes to the moral high ground, they’ll be better than us at finding
them, and steering us in the right direction. However, there are two big problems with this
utopian vision. One is how we get the machines started on the journey, the other is what it
would mean to reach this destination. The ‘getting started’ problem is that we need to tell the
machines what they’re looking for with sufficient clarity that we can be confident they will
find it-whatever ‘it’ actually turns out to be. This won’t be easy, given that we are tribal
creatures and conflicted about the ideals ourselves. We often ignore the suffering of strangers,
and even contribute to it, at least indirectly.
Source: https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-11.3.html#google_vignette
Text 2: Attitudes Towards Artificial Intelligence (collected by Le Thi To Uyen)
Artificial intelligence (AI) can already predict the future. Police forces are using it to map when
and where crime is likely to occur. Doctors can use it to predict when a patient is most likely to
have a heart attack or stroke . Researchers are even trying to give AI imagination so it can plan
for unexpected consequences. Many decisions in our lives require a good forecast, and AI is
almost always better at forecasting than we are. Yet for all these technological advances, we
still seem to deeply lack confidence in AI predictions. Recent cases show that people don’t like
relying on AI and prefer to trust human experts, even if these experts are wrong. If we want AI
to really benefit people, we need to find a way to get people to trust it. To do that, we need to
understand why people are so reluctant to trust AI in the first place.
Take the case of Watson for Oncology, one of technology giant IBM’s supercomputer
programs. Their attempt to promote this program to cancer doctors was a PR disaster. The AI
promised to deliver top-quality recommendations on the treatment of 12 cancers that
accounted for 80% of the world’s cases. But when doctors first interacted with Watson, they
found themselves in a rather difficult situation. On the one hand, if Watson provided guidance
about a treatment that coincided with their own opinions, physicians did not see much point in
Watson’s recommendations. The supercomputer was simply telling them what they already
knew, and these recommendations did not change the actual treatment.
On the other hand, if Watson generated a recommendation that contradicted the experts’
opinion, doctors would typically conclude that Watson wasn’t competent. And the machine
wouldn’t be able to explain why its treatment was plausible because its machine-learning
algorithms were simply too complex to be fully understood by humans. Consequently, this has
caused even more suspicion and disbelief, leading many doctors to ignore the seemingly
outlandish AI recommendations and stick to their own expertise.
This is just one example of people’s lack of confidence in AI and their reluctance to accept
what AI has to offer. Trust in other people is often based on our understanding of how others
think and having experience of their reliability. This helps create a psychological feeling of
safety. AI, on the other hand, is still fairly new and unfamiliar to most people. Even if it can be
technically explained (and that’s not always the case), AI’s decision-making process is usually
too difficult for most people to comprehend. And interacting with something we don’t
understand can cause anxiety and give us a sense that we’re losing control. Many people are
also simply not familiar with many instances of AI actually working because it often happens
in the background. Instead, they are acutely aware of instances where AI goes wrong.
Embarrassing AI failures receive a disproportionate amount of media attention, emphasising
the message that we cannot rely on technology. Machine learning is not foolproof, in part
because the humans who design it aren’t.
Feelings about AI run deep. In a recent experiment, people from a range of backgrounds were
given various sci-fi films about AI to watch and then asked questions about automation in
everyday life. It was found that, regardless of whether the film they watched depicted AI in a
positive or negative light, simply watching a cinematic vision of our technological future
polarised the participants’ attitudes.
Source: https://www.izone.edu.vn/luyen-thi-ielts/giai-de-cambrige-ielts-16-test-4-reading-
passage-3-attitudes-towards-artificial-intelligence/
Text 3: Quo vadis artificial intelligent? (collected by Nguyen Thao Uyen)
Human-created machines are already able to do all-encompassing types of labor-intensive
work. Yet, on many occasions, driven by demands for higher productivity and perhaps simply
curiosity, humans have been trying to infuse human intelligence into machines, which
constitutes the original motivation of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI research has been going
on for over 65 years and has made impressive achievements in terms of theoretical study and
real-world applications. AI is being used almost everywhere and is considered a core skill for
the future. The AI market is projected to grow to $190 billion by 2025, at a CAGR (compound
annual growth rate) of over 36% between 2018 and 2025.

There are many definitions of artificial intelligence. In the Turing test, AI is defined as the
ability of machines to communicate with humans (using electronic output devices) without
revealing the identity that they are not humans, where the essential judgment criterion is
binary. Marvin Minky, one of the pioneers of AI, defined AI as enabling machines to do things
that require human intelligence. The symbolic school believes that AI is the operation of
symbols, and the most primitive symbols correspond to the physical entities. Although the
descriptions of AI are various, the core of AI is widely believed to be the research theories,
methods, technologies, and applications for simulating, extending, and expanding human
intelligence. Nowadays, the concept of AI has an increasingly profound impact on human life.
As the roles of steam engines in the Age of Steam, generators in the Age of Electricity, and
computers in the Age of Information, AI is the pillar of technology in the contemporary era
and beyond.
“AI” has become a buzzword in almost every aspect of our lives. The semantic network graph
(Fig. ) is built based on the search results in Web of Science (2021-08-26) and plotted using the
VOS Viewer software. It shows the impact degree and the connections of the keywords that
are most related to AI. According to the color of the links, it can be ascertained that the
“application” of AI has received great attention in the literature. The concept is closely related
to “system” sciences while “neural network,” “classification,” and “prediction” are the main
focuses in terms of algorithms. The research fields of AI include systems and engineering,
brain science, psychology, cognitive science, mathematics, computer science, and many other
fields. The application fields of AI are extensive, covering (but not limited to) speech
recognition, image processing, natural language processing, smart robots, autonomous vehicles,
energy systems, healthcare, Fintech, etc. In limited areas, AI has surpassed humans. The
phenomenon of ever-increasing AI-beyond-humans has triggered a new wave of discussion on
how AI may change human society. Although many AI applications are stunning, they have
not frightened us in the way of the sci-fi movies such as The Terminator or The Matrix because
the capability is designed to be area-specific and non-comprehensive. It will be discussed in
the subsequent sections that the mainstream success is limited to ANI (artificial narrow
intelligence) rather than AGI (artificial general intelligence). Nevertheless, it is not always the
case from a long-term historical and forward-looking perspective. Therefore, at these critical
times of rapid development of AI technologies, it is believed to be the time to discuss the past,
the present, and the future of both AI tools and AI systems.
Source: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s44163-022-00022-8
Text 4: The real risks of artificial intelligence (collected by Le Vu Ha Vi)
If you believe some AI-watchers, we are racing towards the Singularity – a point at which
artificial intelligence outstrips our own and machines go on to improve themselves at an
exponential rate. If that happens – and it’s a big if – what will become of us? In the last few
years, several high-profile voices, from Stephen Hawking to Elon Musk and Bill Gates have
warned that we should be more concerned about possible dangerous outcomes of supersmart
AI. And they’ve put their money where their mouth is: Musk is among several billionaire
backers of OpenAI, an orgnisation dedicated to developing AI that will benefit humanity.
But for many, such fears are overblown. As Andrew Ng at Stanford University, who is also
chief scientist at Chinese internet giant Baidu, puts it: fearing a rise of killer robots is like
worrying about overpopulation on Mars. That’s not to say our increasing reliance on AI does
not carry real risks, however. In fact, those risks are already here. As smart systems become
involved in ever more decisions in arenas ranging from healthcare to finance to criminal
justice, there is a danger that important parts of our lives are being made without sufficient
scrutiny. What’s more, AIs could have knock-on effects that we have not prepared for, such as
changing our relationship with doctors to the way our neighbourhoods are policed.
What exactly is AI? Very simply, it’s machines doing things that are considered to require
intelligence when humans do them: understanding natural language, recognising faces in
photos, driving a car, or guessing what other books we might like based on what we have
previously enjoyed reading. It’s the difference between a mechanical arm on a factory
production line programmed to repeat the same basic task over and over again, and an arm that
learns through trial and error how to handle different tasks by itself.
How is AI helping us? The leading approach to AI right now is machine learning, in which
programs are trained to pick out and respond to patterns in large amounts of data, such as
identifying a face in an image or choosing a winning move in the board game Go. This
technique can be applied to all sorts of problems, such as getting computers to spot patterns in
medical images, for example. Google’s artificial intelligence company DeepMind are
collaborating with the UK’s National Health Service in a handful of projects, including ones in
which their software is being taught to diagnose cancer and eye disease from patient scans.
Others are using machine learning to catch early signs of conditions such as heart disease and
Alzheimers.
Artificial intelligence is also being used to analyse vast amounts of molecular information
looking for potential new drug candidates – a process that would take humans too long to be
worth doing. Indeed, machine learning could soon be indispensable to healthcare. Artificial
intelligence can also help us manage highly complex systems such as global shipping
networks. For example, the system at the heart of the Port Botany container terminal in
Sydney manages the movement of thousands of shipping containers in and out of the port,
controlling a fleet of automated, driverless straddle-carriers in a completely human-free zone.
Similarly, in the mining industry, optimisation engines are increasingly being used to plan and
coordinate the movement of a resource, such as iron ore, from initial transport on huge
driverless mine trucks, to the freight trains that take the ore to port.
AIs are at work wherever you look, in industries from finance to transportation, monitoring
the share market for suspicious trading activity or assisting with ground and air traffic control.
They even help to keep spam out of your inbox. And this is just the beginning for artificial
intelligence. As the technology advances, so too does the number of applications. So what's the
problem? Rather than worrying about a future AI takeover, the real risk is that we can put too
much trust in the smart systems we are building. Recall that machine learning works by
training software to spot patterns in data. Once trained, it is then put to work analysing fresh,
unseen data. But when the computer spits out an answer, we are typically unable to see how it
got there.
There are obvious problems here. A system is only as good as the data it learns from. Take a
system trained to learn which patients with pneumonia had a higher risk of death, so that they
might be admitted to hospital. It inadvertently classified patients with asthma as being at lower
risk. This was because in normal situations, people with pneumonia and a history of asthma go
straight to intensive care and therefore get the kind of treatment that significantly reduces their
risk of dying. The machine learning took this to mean that asthma + pneumonia = lower risk of
death. As AIs are rolled out to assess everything from your credit rating to suitability for a job
you are applying for to criminals’ chance of reoffending, the risks that they will sometimes get
it wrong – without us necessarily knowing – get worse.
Source: https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-11.3.html
Text 5: Artificial intelligence in business (collected by Luong Thi Ha Vy)
Artificial intelligence in business: State of the art and future research agenda. Artificial
intelligence (AI) is reshaping business, economy, and society by transforming experiences and
relationships amongst stakeholders and citizens. The roots of AI may lie in ancient cultures of
Greek (e.g., the mythological robot Talos), Chinese (e.g., Yueying Huang’ dogs) and other
mythologies (Nahodil & Vitku, 2013), where automatons were believed to be imbued with real
minds, capable of wisdom and emotion. Yet, the term emerged in a workshop at Dartmouth
College (United States) in 1956 (Nilsson, 2010), which is dubbed the birth of AI.
Since then, research on AI has stemmed from different fields of knowledge. Social scientists
have been discussing ethical and legal implications of AI (Cath, 2018), computer scientists
have developed advanced deep learning algorithms (LeCun, Bengio, & Hinton, 2015), while
researchers in business management have studied the impacts of AI on customers, firms, and
stakeholders in an increasingly automated and interrelated business world (Huang & Rust,
2018). However, such advances in AI research have mainly been done in isolated silos with
few interdisciplinary exchanges. Similarly, a unique and consensual definition of AI has been
hard to get. Recently, Russell and Norvig (2016) summarize the various definitions of AI
systems into four categories along two dimensions: reasoning–behavior dimension and human
performance–rationality dimension. These are: (1) systems that think like humans, (2) systems
that act like humans, (3) systems that think rationally, and (4) systems that act rationally. AI
systems should have the following capabilities: natural language processing to communicate in
a natural language, knowledge representation to store information, automated reasoning - the
use of the stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions, and machine
learning to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns (e.g., Huang and
Rust, 2018, Russell and Norvig, 2016). Yet, the lack of a consensual definition has not
prevented the spread of research for new applications of AI in the world.
The worldwide spending on cognitive and AI systems has been growing steadily for the past
years with $24.0 billion being spent in 2018. Such investment is expected to grow to $77.6
billion in 2022 (IDC, 2019). To encourage further advancements in research on business
applications of AI, which often require a multidisciplinary perspective, AI practitioners and
researchers will benefit from a comprehensive knowledge about what has been investigated
and applied in different business domains (i.e., from manufacturing to services) and in different
disciplinary fields, such as marketing, tourism, management, sociology, psychology, and so on.
Such a comprehensive knowledge will provide researchers with a foundation to prioritize
research foci and practitioners to guide effective investment in important aspects of AI for
business.
Notably, several researchers have attempted to conduct a comprehensive literature review on
the use of AI in business. For example, Côrte-Real, Ruivo, and Oliveira (2014) perform a
systematic mapping of the diffusion stages of business intelligence and analytics (BI&A)
implementation, proposing future research in the then rather neglected post-adoption stages.
Moro, Cortez, and Rita (2015) conduct a literature analysis between 2002 and 2013 focused on
Business Intelligence (which uses some AI algorithms for predictive analysis) in Banking. Tkáč
and Verner (2016) review two decades of research on the application of artificial neural
networks in business and found most of the examined articles discussing expert systems with
applications. Finally, Duan, Edwards, and Dwivedi (2019) analyze relevant articles published
in International Journal of Information Management to identify issues and challenges around
AI for decision making in the era of big data, proposing theoretical development and AI
implementation. While these efforts present useful knowledge about the advancements in AI
and business research, they focus either on specific applications (e.g., artificial neural network,
BI&A) or domains (e.g., decision support system). To address this gap, the current paper aims
at providing an overview of extant research on AI in business by comprehensively analyzing
the evolution and state-of-the-art research on AI, as well as identifying future trends to provide
useful directions for future research in the field.
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0148296320307451
2.2 Table of analysis
Table 1: Analysis of words (Nguyen Hoang Uyen)

N Word Word Structure Word Word Word Level of

O Origins Meaning Formation difficulty
Pro Root Suffi
fix x
1 Collaborate - collaborate Latin Working No word C1
word jointly with combination
“collabor others on a
atus” specific task
or project.

2 Handful - hand ful English A quantity Suffixation, C1

word that can be adjectivizers
“hand" held or
managed by
one hand.

3 Diagnose - diagnose - Greek Identifying No word C1

word or combination
“diagnōs determining
 is” the nature or
cause of a
problem or
condition,
especially in
the field of
medicine.

4 Defeat - defeat - Latin Overcoming No word B2

word , combination
“disfacer conquering,
e" and or
French overcoming
word an opponent
“defeire"
in a contest,
battle, or
competition.

5 Accomplis - accomplish ment Latin The act of Suffixation, C1

hment word achieving or nominalizers
“accomp completing
lere" something
successfully.

6 Specialized - Specialize ed Latin Describing Suffixation, B2

word something adjectivizers
“speciali that is
s” focused on
or designed
for a specific
purpose,
function, or
area of
expertise

7 Constraint - constrain t Latin referring to a Suffixation, C1

word limitation, nominalizers
“constrin restriction,
gere" or a
condition
 that restricts
one's
freedom of
action or
choice.

8 Restrict re strict - Latin Limiting, Prefixation B2

word confining, or
“restrictu imposing
s" limitations
or
boundaries
on
something.

9 Dimension - dimension - Latin Referring to No word C1

word a combination
“dimensi measurable
o" extent or
size in a
particular
direction
(such as
length,
width, or
height);
denoting a
particular
aspect,
element, or
characteristi
c of a
situation or
concept;
describing
the scope,
scale, or
complexity
of
something.
10 Accomplis - accomplish - Latin Successfully No word B2
h word completing, combination
“acompli achieving, or
r" bringing
about a task,
goal, or
objective.

11 Accelerate - accelerate  Latin Increasing No word C1

word the speed, combination
“accelera rate, or
re" intensity of
something.

12 Profitable - profit able Latin Describing Suffixation, C1

word something adjectivizers
“proficer that is
e" capable of
yielding a
financial
gain or
benefit.

13 Specify - specify - Latin Clearly and No word B2

word explicitly combination
“specific stating or
ar" defining
something,
providing
precise
details or
instructions.

14 Align - align - French Arranging or No word C1

word position combination
“aligner" something in
a straight
line or in
proper
coordination
 with
something
else.

15 Creature - create ure Latin A living Suffixation, B2

word being, often adjectivizers
“creatura emphasizing
" its status as
a created or
living entity.

16 Sake - sake - Old Indicating No word C1

English the purpose, combination
word benefit, or
“sacu" interest of
someone or
something.

17 Cognitive - cognit ive Latin Referring to Suffixation, C1

word processes adjectivizers
“cognitio related to
" cognition,
which
involves
mental
activities
such as
thinking,
understandin
g,
perceiving,
and
rememberin
g.

18 Steer - steer - Old Guiding, No word C1

English controlling, combination
word or directing
“stēoran” the
movement
 or course of
something,
typically a
vehicle or an
animal.

19 Sufficient - suffice ent Latin Having Suffixation, B2

word enough of adjectivizers
“sufficie something
ns" or being
adequate for
a particular
purpose.

20 Tribal - tribe al Latin Referring to Suffixation, C1

word anything adjectivizers
“tribus" that relates
to or is
associated
with a tribe.

Table 2: Analysis of words (Le Thi To Uyen)

Word Structure
No Words Word Word Word Level of
Pro Root Suffix origins meaning formation difficulty
fix
1 A sudden
Stroke - stroke - Old change in No word B2
English the blood combination
supply to a
part of the
brain

2 Conseque co sequence - Latin A result of a Prefixation B2

nce n particular
action or
situation
 Not willing Prefixation,
3 Reluctant re luct ant Latin to do suffixation, C1
something adjectivizers
and
therefore
slow to do it
A Suffixation,
4 Recomme - recommen -ion Latin suggestion nominalizers B2
ndation d that
something is
good or
suitable for a
particular
purpose or
job
To Prefixation
5 Interact int act - Latin communicat B2
er- word"int e with
eragere. someone or
" react to
something
Old Suffixation,
6 Guidance - guide -ance French Help and nominalizers B2
advice about
and
to do
Middle something
English
languag
es
To happen at
7 Coincide - coincide - Latin or near the No word C1
word same time combination
"coincid
ere."
To say the
8 Con - contradict - Latin opposite of No word C1
tradicted word what combination
“contrad someone
icere” else has said
 To end a
9 Conclude co clude - Latin speech, Prefixation C1
n word meeting, or
"conclud piece of
ere." writing

Compete Latin Suffixation,

10 - compet ent word Able to do adjectivizers C1
nt
"compet something
ens" well

11 Complex co plex - Latin Involving a prefixation B2

m word lot of
"comple different but
xus" related parts
A belief or
12 Suspicion Su spect - Latin idea that prefixation B2
s something
may be true

Late The quality Prefixation,

13 Reliability re liable ity Latin of being able suffixation, C1
and Old to be trusted nominalizers
French or believed
languag
es
Psychologic Greek Relating to Prefixation,
14 psy logic -al the human suffixation, B2
al
ch mind and adjectivizers
o feelings:

A series of
15 Process - process - Latin actions that No word B2
word you take in combination
“process order to
us achieve a
result
 Latin an ability to
16 Sense - sense - and Old understand, No word B2
French recognize, combination
value, or
react to
something
Latin a particular Suffixation,
17 Instance - inst ance and situation, Nominalizer C1
French event, or s
fact,
especially an
example of
something
that happens
generally
not being Prefixation,
18 Regardless re gard less Old affected by suffixation, B2
English something adverbializer
s

To represent
19 Depict - depict - Latin or show No word C1
word something in combination
"depictu a picture or
s” story

Greek Relating to, Prefixation

20 Technolo tech logic -ical languag or involving, Suffixation, B2
gical no e technology adjectivizers

Table 3: Analysis of words (Nguyen Thao Uyen)

NO Word Word Structure Word Word Word Level of

Origins Meaning Formation difficulty
Prof Root Suffix
ix
1 occasion - occasion - Latin A particular No word B2
word time, combination
 “occasio especially
nem” when
something
happens or
has
happened
2 productivi - product ivity English The rate at Suffixation, C1
ty word which a nominalizers
“product company or
” country
makes
goods,
usually
judged in
connection
with the
number of
people and
the amount
of materials
necessary to
produce the
good
3 curiosity - curious ity Old An eager Suffixation, B2
French wish to nominalizers
word know or
“curiose learn about
te” something
4 motivatio - motivate ion English Enthusiasm Suffixation, B2
n word for doing nominalizers
“motivat something
e”
5 impressiv - impress ive English If an object Suffixation, B2
e word or adjectivizers
“impress achievement
” is
impressive,
you admire
or respect it,
usually
because it is
 special,
important, or
very large
6 identity - identity - Medieva The fact of No word B2
l Latin being, or combination
word feeling that
“identita you are, a
tem” particular
type of
person,
organization
, etc. / the
qualities that
make a
person,
organization
, etc.
different
from others
7 criterion - criterion - Latinize A standard No word C1
d form by which combination
of Greek you judge,
word decide
“kriterio about, or
n” deal with
something
8 primitive - primitiv - Old Relating to No word C1
e French human combination
word society at a
“primitif very early
” stage of
development
, with people
living in a
simple way
without
machines or
a writing
system
9 correspon cor- respond - French To match or Prefixation B2
d word be similar or
 “corresp equal
ondre”
or
Medieva
l Latin
word
“corresp
ondere”
10 increasing - increasi ly English More and Suffixation, B2
ly ng word more adverbializer
“increasi s
ng”
11 contempo - contemp - Medieva Existing or No word B2
rary orary l Latin happening combination
word now, and
“contem therefore
porarius seeming
” modern
12 era - era - Late A period of No word B2
Latin time of combination
word which
“aera” particular
events or
stages of
development
are typical
13 aspect - aspect - Latin One part of No word B2
word a situation, combination
“aspectu problem,
s” subject, etc.
14 degree - degree - Vulgar (an) amount No word B2
Latin or level of combination
word something
“degrad
us”
15 focus - focus - Latin The main or No word C1
word central point combination
“focus” of
something,
especially of
 attention or
interest
16 psycholog - psycho logy Modern The Suffixation, B2
y Latin scientific nominalizers
word study of the
“psychol way the
ogia” human mind
works and
how it
influences
behaviour,
or the
influence of
a particular
person's
character on
their
behaviour
17 extensive - extend sive Past- Covering a Suffixation, B2
participl large area; adjectivizers
e stem having a
of Latin great range
word
“extende
re”
18 stunning - stun ing Present- Shocking or Suffixation, B2
participl very adjectivizers
e impressive
adjectiv
e from
English
word
“stun”
(v)
19 capability - capable ility English The ability Suffixation, C1
word to do nominalizers
“capable something
”
20 perspectiv - perspect - Latin A particular No word C1
e ive word way of combination
 “perspec considering
tus” something

Table 4: Analysis of words (Le Vu Ha Vi)

Word structure
NO Words Word Word Word Level of
Pref Root Suffix origins meaning formation difficulty
ix
Suffixation,
1 Artificial - artific ial Latin Being made adjectivizers B2
by people

Suffixation,
2 Intelligence - intellig ence Latin The ability nominamize B2
and to lean rs
Middle
English

Suffixation,
3 Concerned - concern ed Latin worried adjectivizers B2

Prefixation
4 Outcome out come - Middle A result C1
English

Suffixation,
5 Dedicated - delicate ed Latin Giving a lot adjectivizers C1
of time and
energy to it
 Suffixation,
6 - develop ing Latin Grow or adjectivizers B2
Developing change into
a more
advanced

7 Chief - chief - Old Most No word B2

French important combination
word
"chief"
Suffixation,
8 Finance - fin ance Old A supply of nominalizers B2
French money
word
"finer"

Suffixation,
9 Justice - just ice Latin Fairness in nominalizers B2
word the way
"justitia” people are
dealt with
Suffixation,
10 Sufficient - suffice ent Latin enough for a adjectivizers B2
word particular
"sufficie purpose
ns"

Suffixation,
11 - understa ing Old Knowledge nominalizers B2
Understand nd English about a
ing word subject,
"underst situation,
andan" etc. or about
how
something
works
Suffixation,
12 Mechanical - mechani al Latin Operated by adjectivizers B2
c word a machine,
"mechan or connected
icus" with
machines or
their parts
 Suffixation,
13 Error - err or Latin A mistake nominalizers B2

Suffixation,
14 Identify - ident ify Late To verbalizers B2
Latin recognize
word someone or
"identifi something
care" and say or
prove who
or what that
person or
thing is
Suffixation,
15 Medical - medic al Latin Related to adjectivizers B2
word the
"medicu treatment of
s" illness and
injuries
Suffixation,
16 Monitor - monit or Latin A person nominalizers B2
word who has the
"monere job of
" watching or
noticing
particular
things or a
computer
screen or a
device with
a screen on
which words
or pictures
can be
shown
Prefixation
17 Complex com plex - Latin Involving a B2
word lot of
"comple different but
xus" related parts
Suffixation,
18 Container - contain er Latin A hollow nominalizers B2
word object, such
"contene as a box or a
 re" bottle, that
can be used
for holding
something,
especially to
carry or
store it
Prefixation,
19 Collaborate co labor ate Late To work suffixation, C1
Latin with verbalizers
word someone
"collabo else for a
rare" special
purpose
Suffixation,
20 Pattern - pat ern Middle A particular nominalizers B2
English way in
word which
"patron" something is
done, is
organized,
or happens

Table 5: Analysis of words (Luong Thi Ha Vy)

Word structure
No Words Word Word Word Level of
Prof Root Suffix origins meaning formation difficulty
ix

1 Transfor - transfor - Latin To change No word B2

ming m completely combination
the
appearance
or character
of
something
or someone

2 Root - root - Old Family No word B2

 English origins, or combination
the
particular
place you
come from

3 Wisdom - wise dom Old The ability Suffixation, B2

English to use your nominalizers
knowledge
and
experience

4 Emerge - emerge - Latin To appear No word B2

by coming combination
out of
something
or out from
behind
something

5 - manage ment Latin The control Suffixation, B2

Managem and nominalizers
ent organization

6 - dimensi - Latin A No word B2

Dimensio on measuremen combination
n t in a
particular
direction

7 Capability capable ility Latin The ability Suffixation, C1

to do nominalizers
something

8 Detect - detect - Latin To notice No word C1

something combination
that is partly
 hidden or
not clear
-
9 Steadily stead ly Old Gradually Suffixation, B2
English adverbializer
s

10 Investment - invest ment Latin The act of Suffixation, B2

putting nominalizers
money,
effort, time

11 Perspectiv - perspect ive Latin A particular Suffixation, C1

e way of nominalizers
considering
something

12 - compreh sive Latin Complete Suffixation, C1

Compreh end and adjectivizers
ensive including
everything
that is
necessary

13 Investigate - invest ate Latin To examine Suffixation, B2

a crime, verbalizers
problem,
statement

14 Propose pro pose - Latin To offer or Prefixation B2

word suggest a
"propon possible
ere” plan

15 Analysis - analysis - Greek The act of No word B2

word studying or combination
“analysi examining
s” in detail
 16 Decade de cade - Greek A period of Prefixation B2
word ten years
"deka"

17 Domain - domain - French A area of No word C1

word interest combination
"domain
e”

18 Evolution - evolve ion Latin The way in Suffixation, B2

word which living nominalizers
"evolver things
e” change and
develop over
millions of
years

19 Identifying - identify ing Latin To Suffixation, B2

word recognize verbalizers
someone
and
something

20 Artificial - artifice ial Latin Made by Suffixation, B2

word people, often adjectivizers
as a copy of
something
natural

3. The findings
3.1. Word difficulty levels

TABLE DATA OF WORD DIFFICULTY LEVELS

No Words difficulty levels Figures Percentage (%)

1 B2 65 65
 2 C1 35 35

Total 100 100

3.2. Word structure

THE TABLE DATA OF WORD STRUCTURE

N
Word Structute Figures
o Percentage (%)

1 Profix + Root 11 11

2 Root 34 34

3 Root + Suffix 49 49

4 Affixation 6 6

Total 100 100

3.3. Word origins

THE TABLE DATA OF WORD ORIGINS

N
Word origins Figures
o Percentage (%)

1 Latin 68 68

2 English 16 16

3 Greek 6 6

4 French 10 10

Total 100 100

3.4. Word formation / occurrence

THE TABLE DATA OF WORD FORMATION / OCCURRENCE

N
Word formation / occurrence Figures Percentage (%)
o

1 No word combination 34 34

2 Prefixation 11 11

3 Suffixation, nominalizers 24 24

4 Suffixation, verbalizers 3 3

5 Suffixation, adjectivizers 20 20

6 Suffixation, adverbializers 1 1

7 Prefixation, suffixation, nominalizers 1 1

8 Prefixation, suffixation, verbalizers 1 1

9 Prefixation, suffixation, adjectivizers 2 2

10 Prefixation, suffixation, adverbializers 2 2

Total 100 100

4. Suggestion
4.1. For learners of English

4.2. For teachers of English

- Incorporating fun and interactive word games such as crossword puzzles, word searches, and
vocabulary to make learning enjoyable. Organize vocabulary competitions or spelling bees to
motivate students.
- Assigning reading passages or short stories that contain rich vocabulary. Encourage students
to identify unfamiliar words, look up their meanings, and discuss how they are used in the text.
- Dedicating some class time to vocabulary-building exercises like word roots, prefixes, and
suffixes. Understanding these can help students decipher the meanings of unfamiliar words.
- Exploring online tools and apps designed for vocabulary learning. Platforms like Quizlet,
Vocabulary.com, or Memrise offer interactive ways to learn and practice vocabulary.
4.3. For users of English
- Continuously work on expanding your vocabulary by learning new words and their meanings.
It will help to express ideas more precisely and choose the most appropriate words for different
contexts.
- Reading a variety of materials, such as books, articles, and professional publications, exposes
to different writing styles and helps to understand how words are used in different contexts.
- Being mindful of using clear and concise word to convey message effectively. Focusing on
using words that convey your message clearly and precisely. Avoid vague or ambiguous
language, and strive for clarity in communication.
- Using words has authenticity. It helps to build trust and connection with others, and it allows
words to resonate more effectively.
5. Reference
https://ielts-up.com/reading/academic-reading-sample-11.3.html#google_vignette