0

UiTM CAWANGAN PERLIS

COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIROMENT

GSS200
FUNDAMENTAL OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
ASSIGNMENT

GROUP CODE: RCFAP1203G

PREPARED FOR:
SR SITI NORMAIZAH SAAD

PREPARED BY:
NAMA PELAJAR NO. PELAJAR
MUHAMAD HAZIM BIN AZMI 2022617218
MUHAMMAD ABRISAM ABBASY BIN MUSHTARI 2022603296
MUHAMMAD NABIL AFNAN BIN AHMAD ROSLAN 2022696764
 TABLE OF CONTENT
page
1.0 Introduction

2.0 Aplication of GIS and remote sensing

2.1 Ocean Studies 2

2.1.2 Possible Data Can be Recorded 4

2.1.3 Method Acquiring Data 9

2.2 Crop and Agriculture Management 10

2.2.2 Possible Data To Be Used 12

2.2.3 Method of Acquiring Data 16

2.3 Urban Development 18

2.3.2 Possible Data That Can be Recorded 19

2.3.3 Method Of Acquiring Data 22

3.0 Challenges

4.0 Emerging Trends

5.0 Conclusions

References

1
1.0 Introduction

Computer programs and software known as Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) are used to handle and analyze data regarding geographic locations and how
they relate to human or natural activities on Earth. In addition to creating layered
charts, graphs, and three-dimensional (3D) representations of geographical features
like mountains, rivers, forests, roads, and buildings, GIS data may be used to gather
and analyze data from the surface of the planet. Businesses and governments utilize
geographic information system (GIS) software to better understand anything from
urban planning to climate change.
On the other hand, gathering data from a distance is known as remote sensing.
In addition, Earth and other planets use satellites and aircraft with remote sensors to
detect and record energy that is reflected or emitted. Decisions based on the present
and future conditions of our planet can be made with data-informed accuracy thanks
to remote sensors, which offer a worldwide viewpoint and a multitude of data
regarding Earth systems.
Many research topics have become effective and productive instruments over the past
20 years. Massive amounts of geographic data and information can be stored,
arranged, retrieved, identified, altered, analyzed, and shown using a GIS. In addition,
remote sensing is a method for precisely obtaining data in space and time, even from
places that are inaccessible. Groundwater research is increasingly using GIS and
remote sensing, especially in big and complicated systems.

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2.0 Aplication of GIS and remote sensing

2.1 Ocean Studies

Ocean Studies also known as Oceanology is the scientific study of the oceans.
It's an Earth science that deals with a lot of different things, like ecosystem dynamics,
seafloor geology, plate tectonics, ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid
dynamics, and fluxes of different physical and chemical characteristics both inside
and outside the ocean (Figure 1). The function of oceanographers may be more crucial
than ever in an era where pollution and climate change are endangering the ocean,
eroding coasts, and putting entire marine species at risk of extinction.

Indeed, one of the most significant areas of oceanography that exists today is
biological oceanography. It is the study of aquatic flora and fauna and how they relate
to the surrounding marine ecosystem. Yet oceanography is more than just
investigation and learning. It also entails using the data to help decision-makers make
decisions about policies that affect ocean health. The lessons learned in oceanography
have an impact on the ways that humans use the sea for transportation, food, energy,
water, and a variety of other uses.

Figure 1

For example, fishermen affiliated with the Northwest Atlantic Marine Alliance
(NAMA) are collaborating with oceanographers to gain a deeper understanding of
how contaminants are affecting fish populations and presenting health hazards to fish
consumers. By working together, NAMA and ocean scientists want to demonstrate
the necessity for stricter pollution restrictions through their research.

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2.1.2 Possible Data Can be Recorded

With ongoing scientific and technological advancements, our ability to observe the
ocean environment and its resident creatures is starting to catch up with our
imaginations, expanding our understanding and appreciation of this still largely
unexplored realm. Today's technologies allow us to explore the ocean in increasingly
systematic, scientific, and noninvasive ways. These technologies also include
platforms such as ships and submarines, detection systems and sensors,
communication technologies and diving techniques that take us deeper than ocean
waters and allow us to explore, record and scientifically analyze the mysteries of the
oceans such as:

1) Geographic Information System (GIS)

A geographic information system also known as GIS is a computer-based

conceptualized framework used for organizing and analyzing data related to positions
on Earth’s surface. With the use of geographic information system (GIS) and tabular
data (also known as attribute data), we can better comprehend the ocean. GIS offers a
digital platform for displaying and processing layers of geographic information using
mappings and three-dimensional scenes, as an alternative to just showing data in a
spreadsheet. A GIS may practically construct a simulated ocean inside of a computer
given enough data.

Figure 3: GIS Application in Ocean Studies

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You may use GIS to manage ocean exploration instruments similarly to how a
conductor leads an orchestra. In order to create a rich, multifaceted symphony, a
conductor coordinates the distinct sounds made by several different musical
instruments. Similar to this, a GIS user oversees distinct spatial data generated by an
array of ocean-sensing apparatuses, including satellites, buoys, sonar, submersibles,
traps, trawls, underwater cameras, and other gadgets, until they are assembled into a
multi-layered reconstruction of the geographical world.

2) Satellites

Earth's surface satellites, also known as environmental satellites, are always

collecting data from high above to better understand and monitor our dynamic planet.
Ocean bathysphere, sea surface temperature, ocean color, coral reefs, ice cover, and
other aspects of the ocean are just a few of the many features and characteristics that
environmental satellites are able to detect and observe. Whatever kind of data that
may be remotely measured can be gathered with the appropriate equipment. We can
measure the water's color, sea surface height, and sea surface temperature in this way.
This final characteristic aids in the remote measurement of phytoplankton
concentrations. Additionally, satellites are helpful for gathering data from arrays and
moorings and sending it to lab scientists.

Figure 4: 4 Main Satellites

3) Sensor
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 There are various types of sensors that are used for this ocean studies use and
each has their own uses such as:

a. Thermistor

- uses for moorings, arrays, research vessels and gliders often have a temperature
sensor called a thermistor.

b. CTD Sensor

- translates to "conductivity (salinity), temperature, and depth." It is a multi-sensor

device that can be manually launched off a ship; smaller models can be autonomous
and installed into gliders, moorings, or profiles. A CTD unit used off a ship is
combined with a rosette of Niskin bottles to collect discrete water samples at precise
depths for chemical water analysis.

c. Seismometer Sensor

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- uses to detect the Earth's trembling; using multiple methods, one can ascertain the
position and strength of earthquakes. Earthquakes can be used to anticipate volcanic
eruptions, for example, and can reveal information about processes occurring on the
solid earth.

d. Pressure Sensor

- uses to provides the oceanographer with the pressure sensor's depth information.
Because of this, pressure sensors are typically used in pairs with other sensors in order
to determine the measurement's depth.

e. Conductivity Sensor

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- Electricity can be conducted by seawater, and the quantity of conductivity is
determined by the salt of the water. Conductivity sensors are included on several of
the aforementioned platforms since salinity is a significant factor that controls water
density.

2.1.3 Method Acquiring Data

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 Although meteorologists have long utilized environmental satellites as
platforms to track the condition of the atmosphere, satellite data monitoring of the
ocean is relatively new. Scientists may now employ satellites for a wide range of
studies because they have developed methods to draw conclusions about the condition
of the ocean at depth from satellite data. Ocean wave tracking, eddies and current
analysis, sea level and global ocean carbon monitoring, and phytoplankton
(biological) production analysis are a few examples of these. Satellites can provide
information on a variety of topics, including sea surface temperatures, the condition of
coral reefs, whale migratory patterns, and sea ice changes (Figure 5).

Figure 5

Environmental satellites can also be used by scientists to map the seafloor. The
ocean's surface bulges inward and outward due to gravity, reflecting the morphology
of the ocean floor. A radar altimeter on board a satellite can measure the bumps,
which are too small to be visible. Satellite-derived altitude data has been utilized to
produce maps covering the whole ocean floor at a resolution of 1.5 kilometers, or
around one mile. Although maps with this resolution do provide us with a broad
overview of the entire bottom, they are not very detailed and may leave out tiny
features like shipwrecks or volcanic crate

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 2.2 Crop and Agriculture Management

Modern agriculture has undergone a radical change because to Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technology, which provide advanced instruments for
accurate crop and land management. These technologies provide farmers, policymakers,
and other agricultural stakeholders insightful information by utilising satellite images,
geographical data, and advanced analytics. The use of GIS and remote sensing in
agriculture has become crucial in promoting sustainable practices and raising overall
productivity, from optimising land use to controlling water supplies and keeping an eye
on crop health.

Land Suitability Analysis:

● GIS facilitates a comprehensive assessment of land suitability by considering factors
such as soil types, topography, climate, and water availability. This detailed analysis
empowers farmers to make informed decisions regarding crop selection and strategic
land-use planning.

For example, there a case study by Aymen AL-Taani about “Land suitability evaluation for
agricultural use using GIS and remote sensing techniques: The case study of Ma’an
Governorate, Jordan”. The case study primary goal is to identify the best land for agriculture,
both rainfed and irrigated. A secondary objective is to provide Ma'an Governorate's LULC
categorization and change detection. LULC stands for Land Use and Land Cover. It is a term
commonly used in the field of geography, remote sensing, and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS) to describe the classification and categorization of the Earth's surface based on
its usage and physical cover. The distinction between land use and land cover is essential in
understanding the dynamics of landscapes and the impact of human activities on the
environment.

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Map of the study area

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2.2.2 Possible Data To Be Used

Land suitability analysis in agriculture involves evaluating various factors to

determine the appropriateness of a specific area for cultivating particular crops. To
conduct a comprehensive analysis, multiple types of data are used to assess soil
conditions, climate, topography, and other relevant parameters.

Soil data plays a crucial role in land suitability analysis for agriculture as it provides
essential information about the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil.
Analyzing soil data helps determine the suitability of a specific area for cultivating
different crops.

Soil Data:
● Soil Texture: Information about the proportion of sand, silt, and clay in the soil, as
well as soil texture classes.
● Soil pH: pH levels indicating soil acidity or alkalinity, which can affect nutrient
availability to plants.
● Organic Matter Content: The amount of organic material in the soil, influencing
fertility and water retention.

From the case study by Aymen AL-Taani it provides detailed information about soil types
in Ma'an Governorate, Jordan. It mentions three main soil types prevalent in the study
area: Aridisols, Entisols, and Inceptisols. Aridisols, which include camborthid,
calciorthid, and gypsiorthid great groups, are characterized by high amounts of calcium
carbonate or gypsum and weak soil development, typically found in arid regions with a
dry moisture regime. Entisols, with main great groups of Torrifluvent, Torriorthent, and
Torripsamment, are located in the southern part of the governorate and are characterized
by shallow soils occupying slopes steeper than 10%, with weak soil development and
dominance of sandy, gravelly, stony, or shallow substrate. Inceptisols, with the main
Great Group Xerochrepts, are located in the far western part and are characterized by
level slope, fertile soil, high clay content, and moderately developed soils with
enrichment in primary and secondary calcium carbonate.

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The soil types are considered as one of the five physical control factors, along with
rainfall, temperature, slope percentage, and the distribution of groundwater wells, to
determine the best agricultural land use for a particular area

Climate data is a fundamental component in land suitability analysis for agriculture,

providing insights into the prevailing weather conditions that significantly influence crop
growth and development. Comprehensive climate data allows farmers, researchers, and
planners to assess whether a specific area is suitable for cultivating certain crops.

Climate Data:
● Temperature: Historical temperature data and temperature ranges to assess whether
they align with the requirements of specific crops.
● Precipitation: Historical precipitation data to understand the water availability and
plan for irrigation if needed.

According to the case study ,the climate in Ma'an Governorate, Jordan is predominantly
desert, with approximately 99% of the area classified as hyper-arid land. The average
annual rainfall ranges from less than 50 mm in the eastern part to 350 mm in the western
part of the governorate. The highest precipitation occurs in the western highlands, where
human activities are concentrated. The average temperature ranges from 25–29°C in the
summer season and 6–9°C in the winter season. The study area experiences high
temperatures, scarce rainfall amounts, and poor soil, which affects the suitability of the
land for agriculture. The climate data, including rainfall, temperature, and slope
percentage, is used as one of the five criteria for determining land suitability for rainfed
and irrigated crops in the area. The climate conditions play a significant role in assessing
the suitability of the land for agricultural use.

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 1-mean annual rainfall, 2-mean annual temperature

Topographic data plays a crucial role in land suitability analysis for agriculture as it
provides information about the physical characteristics and relief features of the land.
Understanding the topography of an area is essential for assessing factors that can
influence soil erosion, water drainage, and the overall suitability of the land for specific
agricultural activities.

Topographic Data:
● Slope: The slope of the terrain, which can impact water runoff, erosion, and
suitability for mechanized farming.

From the case study, In order to assess whether a piece of land is suitable for agricultural
use, it is important to know the slope % in the Ma'an Governorate, Jordan, which is
provided in this document. A 30 meter ground resolution DEM (Digital Elevation Model)
was used to create the slope percentage map. ArcMap software was used to process the
slope % dataset and categorise it into different levels of slope appropriateness for
irrigated and rainfed crops. For both rainfed and irrigated agricultural areas, the study
divides slope percentages into several groups, including 0-5%, 5-8%, 8-15%, 15-25%,
and >25%. Based on these categories, suitability classifications are assigned.

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Slope percentage

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2.2.3 Method of Acquiring Data

Land suitability analysis for agriculture involves the integration of various spatial data
layers. The acquisition of these data involves multiple methods, and advancements in
technology have significantly improved the efficiency and accuracy of data collection.

Remote Sensing:
● Satellite Imagery: Remote sensing satellites capture high-resolution imagery that
provides information on land cover, land use, vegetation health, and topography.
Platforms such as Landsat, Sentinel, and MODIS offer valuable data for assessing
agricultural suitability.
● Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): UAVs equipped with sensors can capture
detailed images at a finer spatial resolution. This method allows for more localized
and timely data collection, especially for monitoring crop health and assessing small-
scale agricultural areas.

The method for acquiring satellite data in the study involved obtaining Landsat 4, 5-TM,
and Landsat 8-OLI satellite images from the USGS website. The images were selected
based on specific criteria, such as being cloud-free, and were acquired for the years 1990,
2000, and 2018. The Landsat images were then processed using different pre-processing
techniques to create land use/land cover (LULC) maps for the selected years. This
involved combining visible and NIR bands to create layer stacking, geometrically
correcting the images using distinct ground features, and mosaicking, subsetting, and
clipping the images to the borders of the governorate. The study utilized satellite images
to detect changes in LULC and to generate agricultural land suitability maps for the
Ma'an Governorate in Jordan.

The LULC maps were taken out in order to produce maps of agricultural land suitability
in this area and to identify any variations in LULC over the course of the three chosen
years, 1990, 2000, and 2018. In order to achieve this goal, Satellite images of Landsat 4,
5-TM and Landsat 8-OLI were acquired from USGS website https://glovis.usgs.gov
(USGS, 2018), cloud free Landsat TM and OLI were selected on August to represent the
governorate, one scene of Landsat 8 was selected on September due to insufficient
satellite image for this part on August.

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 Flowchart of steps and methods in the study

Geographic Information Systems (GIS):

● Spatial Data Layers: GIS integrates various spatial data layers, including
topography, soil maps, climate data, and land cover information. These layers are
often obtained from government agencies, research institutions, or open-source
databases.

The Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) in Jordan provided statistics on mean annual
rainfall and temperature, which were used in the study's data collection process. The study
made use of climatic data from MWI, which showed that Ma'an Governorate's mean annual
rainfall varies from less than 50 mm in the eastern region to 350 mm in the western region. In
addition, summertime averages range from 25–29°C, while wintertime averages are between
6 and 9°C. One of the five factors used to assess whether a piece of land was suitable for
locally grown irrigated and rainfed crops was the climatic data. Based on climate conditions,
this information was essential for determining if the area was suitable for agricultural use.

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2.3 Urban Development

Urban development, the ongoing transformation of our cities, is now enhanced by

advanced technologies that provide a unique perspective on how our urban areas evolve and
function. These technologies help us better understand, plan, and create sustainable, efficient,
and livable cities. As populations continue to grow, urban development becomes a crucial
aspect of addressing the evolving needs and challenges of communities.

From the layout of streets and infrastructure to the allocation of land for residential,
commercial, and recreational purposes, urban development is a multifaceted endeavor that
influences every aspect of city life. It involves striking a delicate balance between
accommodating the needs of a growing population, preserving natural environments, and
fostering economic vitality.

In the dynamic landscape of urban development, GIS acts as a guiding compass,

helping planners navigate the intricacies of spatial data. It provides a comprehensive view of
land use patterns, infrastructure networks, and demographic distributions within cities. This,
in turn, empowers decision-makers to formulate strategies that align with the evolving needs
of urban communities.

In essence, urban development is evolving hand-in-hand with technology, fostering a new era
of smarter, more resilient cities. Where it explores the transformative role of technology in
shaping the cities of tomorrow, ensuring that they are not only vibrant and dynamic but also
sustainable and inclusive.

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2.3.2 Possible Data That Can be Recorded

Data acquisition in urban development involves gathering information to understand

and manage various aspects of urban areas. This data is essential for urban planners,
policymakers, and researchers to make informed decisions, improve infrastructure, and
enhance the overall quality of life in cities. Here are some key types of data that can be
acquired for urban development:

Crime and Safety Data:

Crime rates, types of crimes, and safety incidents help in formulating strategies to
enhance public safety. This data is crucial for designing effective policing and community
safety programs.

Education and Healthcare Facilities Data:

Identifying the location and capacity of schools, universities, hospitals, and other
healthcare facilities helps in planning for education and healthcare services, ensuring they are
distributed equitably.

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Demographic Data:
Population size, density, age distribution, and socioeconomic characteristics provide
insights into the composition of urban communities. This data helps in planning for housing,
social services, and infrastructure development.

Transportation and Mobility Data:

Information on transportation infrastructure, traffic patterns, public transportation
usage, and commuting behaviors helps in optimizing transportation systems, reducing
congestion, and improving accessibility.

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Infrastructure and Utilities Data:
Data on the location and condition of utilities such as water supply, sewage systems,
electricity grids, and telecommunications infrastructure is vital for maintaining and upgrading
urban services.

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2.3.3 Method Of Acquiring Data

Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery:

Aerial photography and satellite imagery, often used in conjunction with Geographic
Information Systems (GIS), provide valuable information on land use, urban morphology,
and changes in the built environment over time.

Remote Sensing:
Remote sensing involves using satellites and other platforms to capture data on
various aspects of the urban environment, such as land cover, temperature, and pollution
levels. It is valuable for monitoring and analyzing large-scale changes.

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS):
GIS integrates spatial data, allowing planners to analyze and visualize information
related to land use, infrastructure, transportation networks, and more. It provides a powerful
tool for decision-making in urban development.

Surveys:
Traditional surveys and questionnaires are used to collect primary data on
demographics, socio-economic factors, housing conditions, and resident preferences. Door-
to-door surveys, phone surveys, and online questionnaires are common methods.

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3.0 The challenges associated with integrating GIS and remote sensing

The integration of remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can improve
the interpretation of spatial data and provide insightful information. But there are a number of
difficulties with this integration, such as problems with data resolution, accuracy, and
computing demands. Here are

1. Data Correctness:

 Ground Truth Verification: In order to assure accuracy, remote sensing data frequently
has to be verified using ground truth. Accurate ground truth data collection can be
difficult, expensive, and time-consuming.

 Sensor Calibration: Inaccuracies in data might result from differences in sensor

calibration. To keep data accurate, regular calibration and correction procedures are
required.

2. Resolution of Data:

 Inconsistent Resolutions: The spatial resolutions of data from remote sensing and GIS
may differ. Issues like data loss or inconsistencies during analysis can arise when
integrating data with different resolutions.

 Disparities in Space and Time: Merging data from sensors with disparate spatial and
temporal resolutions can be challenging and necessitate the use of resampling or
interpolation techniques.

3. Computational Requirements:

 Processing Power: The storage, processing, and analysis of remote sensing data,
particularly high-resolution satellite images, can demand a substantial amount of
computer power due to its size. Organizations with low computational resources may
find this challenging.

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 Algorithm Complexity: Not all businesses may have access to advanced computer
resources necessary for the implementation of complex algorithms for image processing
and geographical analysis.

4. Integration of Multi-Sensor Data:

 Heterogeneous Data: Owing to variations in data formats, resolutions, and spectral

properties, integrating data from several sensors (such as optical and radar) can be
difficult. It is difficult to harmonize varied datasets for insightful analysis.

 Data Fusion: Data fusion techniques are frequently used when combining data from
different sources. Selecting the best fusion technique and making sure the accuracy of the
fused data is maintained are difficult tasks.

5. Interoperability:

 Data Formats and Standards: A smooth integration may be hampered by

incompatibilities in GIS and remote sensing data formats and standards. Creating and
upholding agreed standards makes data analysis and interchange run more smoothly.

6. Volume and Storage of Data:

 Big Data Sets: Platforms for remote sensing produce enormous volumes of data.
Organizations may find it difficult to effectively manage and store these massive
datasets, particularly if their storage infrastructure is inadequate.

7. Education and Experience:

 Skills: A workforce with proficiency in both GIS and remote sensing is necessary for the
effective integration of these two fields. For many firms, one of the biggest challenges is
consistently training staff to handle the complexity of modern technologies.

Addressing these problems would necessitate a collaborative effort combining professionals

in GIS, remote sensing, data science, and computational methodologies. Overcoming these
obstacles and achieving the full potential of combining GIS with remote sensing for spatial

25
analysis and decision-making would require continued research endeavors and technological
advancements.

4.0 Emerging Trends and Technologies in GIS and Remote sensing.

New developments in remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are
revolutionising the methods for gathering, evaluating, and using spatial data. A noteworthy
development in the field is the combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine
Learning (ML) methods for image processing, feature extraction, and remote sensing
classification. This makes it possible to automate tasks like change detection and object
recognition more effectively. Furthermore, the usage of cloud computing and big data is
growing, which makes it possible to handle and process enormous datasets more quickly and
effectively. This integration combines big data and geographic information system
technology to improve real-time analysis and decision-making.

Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles, or UAVs, are becoming essential tools
for gathering data for remote sensing applications. Advanced sensor-equipped drones offer
improved temporal and geographical resolutions, which makes them useful in a variety of
applications, including disaster relief, environmental monitoring, and agricultural. The
advancement of visualisation and analytical skills is being promoted by the creation of 3D
GIS models and the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) technology. This involves
combining GIS and AR to enhance decision-making and navigation across a range of sectors.

The growing prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices is contributing to real-time

data collection in GIS and remote sensing. These devices are utilized for monitoring purposes
and their integration with GIS enhances the analysis of spatial data. Blockchain technology is
also making inroads, offering improved security and transparency in spatial data transactions,
with potential applications in land administration and property rights management. Open-
source GIS software continues to gain popularity, providing accessible and collaborative
tools for researchers and industry professionals alike

Finally, more precise and detailed spatial data is being produced via developments in
high-resolution satellite imaging. Applications for these satellites are becoming more
widespread, including environmental monitoring, agriculture, and urban planning. With more

26
and more user-friendly applications that facilitate field mapping, data collecting, and real-
time updates, mobile GIS is becoming more commonplace and boosting the accessibility of
spatial data for both professionals and the general public. All things considered, these
patterns show how the field of remote sensing and GIS is dynamic and ever-changing.

5.0 Conclusions

In summary, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing has had a
big impact on many areas of our lives. These technologies help us collect, analyze, and
visualize information about the Earth. They've been particularly useful in things like keeping
an eye on the environment, planning cities, managing disasters, and ocean studying.

For example, in the environment, GIS and remote sensing help us track changes in land
and understand how climate change affects our surroundings. In cities, they help plan where
to build things and prepare for emergencies. Divers can use these technologies to be more
precise in how the underwater world is different from us, making us become more familiar
with how the underwater world works.

These tools have also proven valuable in responding to natural disasters, providing quick
and informed decisions to reduce their impact. As technology gets better, we can expect even
more uses for GIS and remote sensing in areas like healthcare and transportation.

In short, these technologies are like super helpful maps that go beyond just showing
locations. Instead they help us make smarter decisions in many aspects of our lives,
ultimately making the world a better place for all of us.

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