Problems

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Additional information available in The Flying Circus of Physics and at flyingcircusofphysics.com

Module 2-1 Position, Displacement, and Average Velocity “Cogito ergo zoom!” (I think, therefore I go fast!). In 2001, Sam
•1 While driving a car at 90 km/h, how far do you move while Whittingham beat Huber’s record by 19.0 km/h. What was
your eyes shut for 0.50 s during a hard sneeze? Whittingham’s time through the 200 m?
•2 Compute your average velocity in the following two cases: ••7 Two trains, each having a speed of 30 km/h, are headed at
(a) You walk 73.2 m at a speed of 1.22 m/s and then run 73.2 m at a each other on the same straight track. A bird that can fly 60 km/h
speed of 3.05 m/s along a straight track. (b) You walk for 1.00 min flies off the front of one train when they are 60 km apart and heads
at a speed of 1.22 m/s and then run for 1.00 min at 3.05 m/s along a directly for the other train. On reaching the other train, the (crazy)
straight track. (c) Graph x versus t for both cases and indicate how bird flies directly back to the first train, and so forth. What is the to-
the average velocity is found on the graph. tal distance the bird travels before the trains collide?
•3 SSM WWW An automobile travels on a straight road for ••8 Panic escape. Figure 2-24 shows a general situation in
40 km at 30 km/h. It then continues in the same direction for an- which a stream of people attempt to escape through an exit door
other 40 km at 60 km/h. (a) What is the average velocity of the car that turns out to be locked. The people move toward the door at
during the full 80 km trip? (Assume that it moves in the positive x speed vs ⫽ 3.50 m/s, are each d ⫽ 0.25 m in depth, and are sepa-
direction.) (b) What is the average speed? (c) Graph x versus t and rated by L ⫽ 1.75 m. The
indicate how the average velocity is found on the graph. arrangement in Fig. 2-24 L L L
occurs at time t ⫽ 0. (a) At
•4 A car moves uphill at 40 km/h and then back downhill at 60
what average rate does the
km/h. What is the average speed for the round trip?
layer of people at the door d d d
•5 SSM The position of an object moving along an x axis is given increase? (b) At what time Locked
by x ⫽ 3t ⫺ 4t 2 ⫹ t 3, where x is in meters and t in seconds. Find the does the layer’s depth reach door
position of the object at the following values of t: (a) 1 s, (b) 2 s, 5.0 m? (The answers reveal
(c) 3 s, and (d) 4 s. (e) What is the object’s displacement between t ⫽ 0 Figure 2-24 Problem 8.
how quickly such a situation
and t ⫽ 4 s? (f) What is its average velocity for the time interval becomes dangerous.)
from t ⫽ 2 s to t ⫽ 4 s? (g) Graph x versus t for 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 4 s and indi- ••9 ILW In 1 km races, runner 1 on track 1 (with time 2 min, 27.95 s)
cate how the answer for (f) can be found on the graph. appears to be faster than runner 2 on track 2 (2 min, 28.15 s).
•6 The 1992 world speed record for a bicycle (human-powered However, length L2 of track 2 might be slightly greater than length
vehicle) was set by Chris Huber. His time through the measured L1 of track 1. How large can L2 ⫺ L1 be for us still to conclude that
200 m stretch was a sizzling 6.509 s, at which he commented, runner 1 is faster?
 PROB LE M S 33

••10 To set a speed record in a measured (straight-line) term ⫹20t or the term ⫺20t in x(t)? (g) Does that inclusion increase
distance d, a race car must be driven first in one direction (in time t1) or decrease the value of x at which the particle momentarily stops?
and then in the opposite direction (in time t2). (a) To eliminate the ef-
••17 The position of a particle moving along the x axis is given in
fects of the wind and obtain the car’s speed vc in a windless situation,
centimeters by x ⫽ 9.75 ⫹ 1.50t 3, where t is in seconds. Calculate (a)
should we find the average of d/t1 and d/t2 (method 1) or should we di-
the average velocity during the time interval t ⫽ 2.00 s to t ⫽ 3.00 s;
vide d by the average of t1 and t2? (b) What is the fractional difference
(b) the instantaneous velocity at t ⫽ 2.00 s; (c) the instantaneous ve-
in the two methods when a steady wind blows along the car’s route
locity at t ⫽ 3.00 s; (d) the instantaneous velocity at t ⫽ 2.50 s; and
and the ratio of the wind speed vw to the car’s speed vc is 0.0240?
(e) the instantaneous velocity when the particle is midway between
••11 You are to drive 300 km to an interview. The interview is its positions at t ⫽ 2.00 s and t ⫽ 3.00 s. (f) Graph x versus t and in-
at 11⬊15 A.M. You plan to drive at 100 km/h, so you leave at 8⬊00 dicate your answers graphically.
A.M. to allow some extra time. You drive at that speed for the first
100 km, but then construction work forces you to slow to 40 km/h Module 2-3 Acceleration
for 40 km. What would be the least speed needed for the rest of the •18 The position of a particle moving along an x axis is given by
trip to arrive in time for the interview? x ⫽ 12t 2 ⫺ 2t 3, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Determine (a)
•••12 Traffic shock wave. An abrupt slowdown in concen- the position, (b) the velocity, and (c) the acceleration of the particle at
trated traffic can travel as a pulse, termed a shock wave, along the t ⫽ 3.0 s. (d) What is the maximum positive coordinate reached by
line of cars, either downstream (in the traffic direction) or up- the particle and (e) at what time is it reached? (f) What is the maxi-
stream, or it can be stationary. Figure 2-25 shows a uniformly mum positive velocity reached by the particle and (g) at what time is
spaced line of cars moving at speed v ⫽ 25.0 m/s toward a uni- it reached? (h) What is the acceleration of the particle at the instant
formly spaced line of slow cars moving at speed vs ⫽ 5.00 m/s. the particle is not moving (other than at t ⫽ 0)? (i) Determine the av-
Assume that each faster car adds length L ⫽ 12.0 m (car length erage velocity of the particle between t ⫽ 0 and t ⫽ 3 s.
plus buffer zone) to the line of slow cars when it joins the line, and as-
•19 SSM At a certain time a particle had a speed of 18 m/s in
sume it slows abruptly at the last instant. (a) For what separation dis-
the positive x direction, and 2.4 s later its speed was 30 m/s in the
tance d between the faster cars does the shock wave remain
opposite direction. What is the average acceleration of the particle
stationary? If the separation is twice that amount, what are the (b)
during this 2.4 s interval?
speed and (c) direction (upstream or downstream) of the shock wave?
•20 (a) If the position of a particle is given by x ⫽ 20t ⫺ 5t 3,
L d L d L L L where x is in meters and t is in seconds, when, if ever, is the parti-
cle’s velocity zero? (b) When is its acceleration a zero? (c) For
what time range (positive or negative) is a negative? (d) Positive?
v vs (e) Graph x(t), v(t), and a(t).
Car Buffer
Figure 2-25 Problem 12. ••21 From t ⫽ 0 to t ⫽ 5.00 min, a man stands still, and from
t ⫽ 5.00 min to t ⫽ 10.0 min, he walks briskly in a straight line at a
•••13 ILW You drive on Interstate 10 from San Antonio to Houston, constant speed of 2.20 m/s. What are (a) his average velocity vavg
half the time at 55 km/h and the other half at 90 km/h. On the way and (b) his average acceleration aavg in the time interval 2.00 min to
back you travel half the distance at 55 km/h and the other half at 8.00 min? What are (c) vavg and (d) aavg in the time interval 3.00 min
90 km/h. What is your average speed (a) from San Antonio to to 9.00 min? (e) Sketch x versus t and v versus t, and indicate how
Houston, (b) from Houston back to San Antonio, and (c) for the entire the answers to (a) through (d) can be obtained from the graphs.
trip? (d) What is your average velocity for the entire trip? (e) Sketch x
versus t for (a), assuming the motion is all in the positive x direc- ••22 The position of a particle moving along the x axis depends on
tion. Indicate how the average velocity can be found on the sketch. the time according to the equation x ⫽ ct 2 ⫺ bt 3, where x is in me-
ters and t in seconds.What are the units of (a) constant c and (b) con-
Module 2-2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed stant b? Let their numerical values be 3.0 and 2.0, respectively. (c) At
•14 An electron moving along the x axis has a position given what time does the particle reach its maximum positive x position?
by x ⫽ 16te⫺t m, where t is in seconds. How far is the electron from From t ⫽ 0.0 s to t ⫽ 4.0 s, (d) what distance does the particle move
the origin when it momentarily stops? and (e) what is its displacement? Find its velocity at times (f) 1.0 s,
•15 (a) If a particle’s position is given by x ⫽ 4 ⫺ 12t ⫹ 3t 2 (g) 2.0 s, (h) 3.0 s, and (i) 4.0 s. Find its acceleration at times (j) 1.0 s,
(where t is in seconds and x is in meters), what is its velocity at (k) 2.0 s, (l) 3.0 s, and (m) 4.0 s.
t ⫽ 1 s? (b) Is it moving in the positive or negative direction of x
just then? (c) What is its speed just then? (d) Is the speed Module 2-4 Constant Acceleration
increasing or decreasing just then? (Try answering the next two •23 SSM An electron with an initial velocity v0 ⫽ 1.50 ⫻ 10 5 m/s
questions without further calculation.) (e) Is there ever an instant enters a region of length L ⫽ 1.00
when the velocity is zero? If so, give the time t; if not, answer no. cm where it is electrically acceler- Nonaccelerating Accelerating
region region
(f) Is there a time after t ⫽ 3 s when the particle is moving in the ated (Fig. 2-26). It emerges with
negative direction of x? If so, give the time t; if not, answer no. v ⫽ 5.70 ⫻ 10 m/s. What is its ac-
6

celeration, assumed constant? L

•16 The position function x(t) of a particle moving along an x axis
is x ⫽ 4.0 ⫺ 6.0t 2, with x in meters and t in seconds. (a) At what •24 Catapulting mush-
rooms. Certain mushrooms launch Path of
time and (b) where does the particle (momentarily) stop? At what electron
(c) negative time and (d) positive time does the particle pass their spores by a catapult mecha-
through the origin? (e) Graph x versus t for the range ⫺5 s to ⫹5 s. nism. As water condenses from the
(f) To shift the curve rightward on the graph, should we include the air onto a spore that is attached to Figure 2-26 Problem 23.
34 CHAPTE R 2 M OTION ALONG A STRAIG HT LI N E

the mushroom, a drop grows on one side of the spore and a film Green
xr
grows on the other side. The spore is bent over by the drop’s weight, car
x
but when the film reaches the drop, the drop’s water suddenly Red xg
spreads into the film and the spore springs upward so rapidly that it car
is slung off into the air. Typically, the spore reaches a speed of 1.6 Figure 2-27 Problems 34 and 35.
m/s in a 5.0 mm launch; its speed is then reduced to zero in 1.0 mm
by the air. Using those data and assuming constant accelerations, ••35 Figure 2-27 shows a red car xg 0
find the acceleration in terms of g during (a) the launch and (b) the and a green car that move toward
speed reduction. each other. Figure 2-28 is a graph of

x (m)
•25 An electric vehicle starts from rest and accelerates at a rate their motion, showing the positions
of 2.0 m/s2 in a straight line until it reaches a speed of 20 m/s. The xg0 ⫽ 270 m and xr0 ⫽ ⫺35.0 m at 0
vehicle then slows at a constant rate of 1.0 m/s2 until it stops. (a) time t ⫽ 0. The green car has a con- xr 0 0 12
stant speed of 20.0 m/s and the red t (s)
How much time elapses from start to stop? (b) How far does the
vehicle travel from start to stop? car begins from rest. What is the ac- Figure 2-28 Problem 35.
celeration magnitude of the red car?
•26 A muon (an elementary particle) enters a region with a speed
of 5.00 ⫻ 10 6 m/s and then is slowed at the rate of 1.25 ⫻ 1014 m/s2. ••36 A car moves along an x axis through a distance of 900 m,
(a) How far does the muon take to stop? (b) Graph x versus t and v starting at rest (at x ⫽ 0) and ending at rest (at x ⫽ 900 m).
versus t for the muon. Through the first 14 of that distance, its acceleration is ⫹2.25 m/s2.
Through the rest of that distance, its acceleration is ⫺0.750 m/s2.
•27 An electron has a constant acceleration of ⫹3.2 m/s2. At a What are (a) its travel time through the 900 m and (b) its maxi-
certain instant its velocity is ⫹9.6 m/s. What is its velocity (a) 2.5 s mum speed? (c) Graph position x, velocity v, and acceleration a
earlier and (b) 2.5 s later? versus time t for the trip.
•28 On a dry road, a car with good tires may be able to brake ••37 Figure 2-29 depicts the motion x (m)
with a constant deceleration of 4.92 m/s2. (a) How long does such of a particle moving along an x axis
a car, initially traveling at 24.6 m/s, take to stop? (b) How far does with a constant acceleration. The fig- xs
it travel in this time? (c) Graph x versus t and v versus t for the ure’s vertical scaling is set by xs ⫽ 6.0 m.
deceleration. What are the (a) magnitude and (b) di-
•29 ILW A certain elevator cab has a total run of 190 m and a max- rection of the particle’s acceleration?
imum speed of 305 m/min, and it accelerates from rest and then ••38 (a) If the maximum acceleration
back to rest at 1.22 m/s2. (a) How far does the cab move while ac- that is tolerable for passengers in a 0 1 2
t (s)
celerating to full speed from rest? (b) How long does it take to subway train is 1.34 m/s2 and subway
make the nonstop 190 m run, starting and ending at rest? stations are located 806 m apart, what Figure 2-29 Problem 37.
•30 The brakes on your car can slow you at a rate of 5.2 m/s2. (a) is the maximum speed a subway train
If you are going 137 km/h and suddenly see a state trooper, what is can attain between stations? (b) What
the minimum time in which you can get your car under the 90 km/h is the travel time between stations? (c) If a subway train stops for 20 s
speed limit? (The answer reveals the futility of braking to keep at each station, what is the maximum average speed of the train, from
your high speed from being detected with a radar or laser gun.) one start-up to the next? (d) Graph x, v, and a versus t for the interval
(b) Graph x versus t and v versus t for such a slowing. from one start-up to the next.
•31 SSM Suppose a rocket ship in deep space moves with con- ••39 Cars A and B move in xs
stant acceleration equal to 9.8 m/s2, which gives the illusion of nor- the same direction in adjacent
mal gravity during the flight. (a) If it starts from rest, how long will lanes.The position x of car A is
x (m)

it take to acquire a speed one-tenth that of light, which travels at given in Fig. 2-30, from time
3.0 ⫻ 108 m/s? (b) How far will it travel in so doing? t ⫽ 0 to t ⫽ 7.0 s. The figure’s
vertical scaling is set by xs ⫽
•32 A world’s land speed record was set by Colonel John 32.0 m.At t ⫽ 0, car B is at x ⫽
P. Stapp when in March 1954 he rode a rocket-propelled sled that 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0, with a velocity of 12 m/s and
moved along a track at 1020 km/h. He and the sled were brought to t (s)
a negative constant accelera-
a stop in 1.4 s. (See Fig. 2-7.) In terms of g, what acceleration did he tion aB. (a) What must aB be Figure 2-30 Problem 39.
experience while stopping? such that the cars are (momen-
•33 SSM ILW A car traveling 56.0 km/h is 24.0 m from a barrier tarily) side by side (momentarily at the same value of x) at t ⫽ 4.0 s?
when the driver slams on the brakes. The car hits the barrier 2.00 s (b) For that value of aB, how many times are the cars side by side?
later. (a) What is the magnitude of the car’s constant acceleration (c) Sketch the position x of car B versus time t on Fig. 2-30. How
before impact? (b) How fast is the car traveling at impact? many times will the cars be side by side if the magnitude of accelera-
••34 In Fig. 2-27, a red car and a green car, identical except for the tion aB is (d) more than and (e) less than the answer to part (a)?
color, move toward each other in adjacent lanes and parallel to an x ••40 You are driving toward a traffic signal when it turns yel-
axis. At time t ⫽ 0, the red car is at xr ⫽ 0 and the green car is at xg ⫽ low. Your speed is the legal speed limit of v0 ⫽ 55 km/h; your best
220 m. If the red car has a constant velocity of 20 km/h, the cars pass deceleration rate has the magnitude a ⫽ 5.18 m/s2.Your best reaction
each other at x ⫽ 44.5 m, and if it has a constant velocity of 40 km/h, time to begin braking is T ⫽ 0.75 s. To avoid having the front of your
they pass each other at x ⫽ 76.6 m. What are (a) the initial velocity car enter the intersection after the light turns red, should you
and (b) the constant acceleration of the green car? brake to a stop or continue to move at 55 km/h if the distance to
 PROB LE M S 35

the intersection and the duration of the yellow light are (a) 40 m and •46 Raindrops fall 1700 m from a cloud to the ground. (a) If they
2.8 s, and (b) 32 m and 1.8 s? Give an answer of brake, continue, either were not slowed by air resistance, how fast would the drops be
(if either strategy works), or neither (if neither strategy works and the moving when they struck the ground? (b) Would it be safe to walk
yellow duration is inappropriate). outside during a rainstorm?
••41 As two trains move vs •47 SSM At a construction site a pipe wrench struck the ground
along a track, their conductors v (m/s) with a speed of 24 m/s. (a) From what height was it inadvertently
suddenly notice that they are dropped? (b) How long was it falling? (c) Sketch graphs of y, v,
headed toward each other. 0 t (s) and a versus t for the wrench.
2 4 6
Figure 2-31 gives their velocities •48 A hoodlum throws a stone vertically downward with an ini-
v as functions of time t as the tial speed of 12.0 m/s from the roof of a building, 30.0 m above the
conductors slow the trains. The ground. (a) How long does it take the stone to reach the ground?
Figure 2-31 Problem 41.
figure’s vertical scaling is set by (b) What is the speed of the stone at impact?
vs ⫽ 40.0 m/s. The slowing
processes begin when the trains are 200 m apart.What is their separa- •49 SSM A hot-air balloon is ascending at the rate of 12 m/s and
tion when both trains have stopped? is 80 m above the ground when a package is dropped over the side.
(a) How long does the package take to reach the ground? (b) With
•••42 You are arguing over a cell phone while trailing an what speed does it hit the ground?
unmarked police car by 25 m; both your car and the police car are
traveling at 110 km/h. Your argument diverts your attention from ••50 At time t ⫽ 0, apple 1 is dropped from a bridge onto a road-
the police car for 2.0 s (long enough for you to look at the phone way beneath the bridge; somewhat later, apple 2 is thrown down
and yell, “I won’t do that!”). At the beginning of that 2.0 s, the po- from the same height. Figure 2-33 gives the vertical positions y of
lice officer begins braking suddenly at 5.0 m/s2. (a) What is the sep- the apples versus t during the falling, until both apples have hit the
aration between the two cars when your attention finally returns? roadway. The scaling is set by ts ⫽ 2.0 s. With approximately what
Suppose that you take another 0.40 s to realize your danger and speed is apple 2 thrown down?
begin braking. (b) If you too brake at 5.0 m/s2, what is your speed
when you hit the police car?
•••43 When a high-speed passenger train traveling at
161 km/h rounds a bend, the engineer is shocked to see that a
y

locomotive has improperly entered onto the track from a siding

and is a distance D ⫽ 676 m ahead (Fig. 2-32). The locomotive is
moving at 29.0 km/h. The engineer of the high-speed train imme-
diately applies the brakes. (a) What must be the magnitude of the 0 ts
resulting constant deceleration if a collision is to be just avoided? Figure 2-33 Problem 50.
(b) Assume that the engineer is at x ⫽ 0 when, at t ⫽ 0, he first
spots the locomotive. Sketch x(t) curves for the locomotive and ••51 As a runaway scientific bal- v
high-speed train for the cases in which a collision is just avoided loon ascends at 19.6 m/s, one of its
and is not quite avoided. instrument packages breaks free of a
harness and free-falls. Figure 2-34 0 t (s)
2 4 6 8
gives the vertical velocity of the
package versus time, from before it
breaks free to when it reaches the
ground. (a) What maximum height
D
above the break-free point does it Figure 2-34 Problem 51.
rise? (b) How high is the break-free
High-speed point above the ground?
train Locomotive
••52 A bolt is dropped from a bridge under construction,
falling 90 m to the valley below the bridge. (a) In how much
time does it pass through the last 20% of its fall? What is its speed
Figure 2-32 Problem 43. (b) when it begins that last 20% of its fall and (c) when it reaches
the valley beneath the bridge?
Module 2-5 Free-Fall Acceleration ••53 SSM ILW A key falls from a bridge that is 45 m above the
•44 When startled, an armadillo will leap upward. Suppose it water. It falls directly into a model boat, moving with constant
rises 0.544 m in the first 0.200 s. (a) What is its initial speed as it velocity, that is 12 m from the point of impact when the key is re-
leaves the ground? (b) What is its speed at the height of 0.544 m? leased. What is the speed of the boat?
(c) How much higher does it go? ••54 A stone is dropped into a river from a bridge 43.9 m
•45 SSM WWW (a) With what speed must a ball be thrown verti- above the water. Another stone is thrown vertically down 1.00 s
cally from ground level to rise to a maximum height of 50 m? after the first is dropped. The stones strike the water at the same
(b) How long will it be in the air? (c) Sketch graphs of y, v, and a time. (a) What is the initial speed of the second stone? (b) Plot
versus t for the ball. On the first two graphs, indicate the time at velocity versus time on a graph for each stone, taking zero time as
which 50 m is reached. the instant the first stone is released.
36 CHAPTE R 2 M OTION ALONG A STRAIG HT LI N E

••55 SSM A ball of moist clay falls 15.0 m to the ground. It is Module 2-6 Graphical Integration in Motion Analysis
in contact with the ground for 20.0 ms before stopping. (a) What is •65 Figure 2-15a gives the acceleration of a volunteer’s
the magnitude of the average acceleration of the ball during the time head and torso during a rear-end collision. At maximum head ac-
it is in contact with the ground? (Treat the ball as a particle.) (b) Is the celeration, what is the speed of (a) the head and (b) the torso?
average acceleration up or down?
••66 In a forward punch in karate, the fist begins at rest at
••56 Figure 2-35 v the waist and is brought rapidly forward until the arm is fully ex-
shows the speed v versus tended. The speed v(t) of the fist is given in Fig. 2-37 for someone
height y of a ball tossed skilled in karate. The vertical scaling is set by vs ⫽ 8.0 m/s. How far
directly upward, along a y vA has the fist moved at (a) time t ⫽ 50 ms and (b) when the speed of
axis. Distance d is 0.40 m. the fist is maximum?
The speed at height yA is
1
__
vA. The speed at height yB 3 A
v vs
is 13vA. What is speed vA? y
0
••57 To test the quality d

v (m/s)
yA yB
of a tennis ball, you drop
it onto the floor from a Figure 2-35 Problem 56.
height of 4.00 m. It re-
bounds to a height of 2.00 m. If the ball is in contact with the floor
for 12.0 ms, (a) what is the magnitude of its average acceleration
during that contact and (b) is the average acceleration up or down? 0 50 100 140
t (ms)
••58 An object falls a distance h from rest. If it travels 0.50h in
Figure 2-37 Problem 66.
the last 1.00 s, find (a) the time and (b) the height of its fall. (c)
Explain the physically unacceptable solution of the quadratic
equation in t that you obtain. ••67 When a soccer as
ball is kicked to-
••59 Water drips from the nozzle of a shower onto the floor 200 Bare
ward a player and
cm below. The drops fall at regular (equal) intervals of time, the the player deflects a (m/s2)
first drop striking the floor at the instant the fourth drop begins to the ball by “head- Helmet
fall. When the first drop strikes the floor, how far below the nozzle ing” it, the accelera-
are the (a) second and (b) third drops? tion of the head dur-
••60 A rock is thrown vertically upward from ground level at ing the collision can 0 2 4 6
time t ⫽ 0.At t ⫽ 1.5 s it passes the top of a tall tower, and 1.0 s later be significant. Figure t (ms)
it reaches its maximum height.What is the height of the tower? 2-38 gives the meas- Figure 2-38 Problem 67.
ured acceleration
•••61 A steel ball is dropped from a building’s roof and passes
a(t) of a soccer player’s head for a bare head and a helmeted head,
a window, taking 0.125 s to fall from the top to the bottom of the
starting from rest. The scaling on the vertical axis is set by as ⫽ 200
window, a distance of 1.20 m. It then falls to a sidewalk and
m/s2. At time t ⫽ 7.0 ms, what is the difference in the speed acquired
bounces back past the window, moving from bottom to top in
by the bare head and the speed acquired by the helmeted head?
0.125 s. Assume that the upward flight is an exact reverse of the
fall. The time the ball spends below the bottom of the window is ••68 A salamander of the genus Hydromantes captures
2.00 s. How tall is the building? prey by launching its tongue
as a projectile: The skeletal
•••62 A basketball player grabbing a rebound jumps a2
part of the tongue is shot for-
76.0 cm vertically. How much total time (ascent and descent) does
a (m/s2)

ward, unfolding the rest of

the player spend (a) in the top 15.0 cm of this jump and (b) in the
the tongue, until the outer
bottom 15.0 cm? (The player seems to hang in the air at the top.)
portion lands on the prey, a1
•••63 A drowsy cat spots a flowerpot that sails first up and then sticking to it. Figure 2-39
down past an open window. The pot is in view for a total of 0.50 s, and shows the acceleration mag- 0 10 20 30 40
the top-to-bottom height of the window is 2.00 m. How high above the t (ms)
nitude a versus time t for the
window top does the flowerpot go? y acceleration phase of the Figure 2-39 Problem 68.
s
•••64 A ball is shot vertically up- launch in a typical situation.
ward from the surface of another The indicated accelerations are vs
planet. A plot of y versus t for the a2 ⫽ 400 m/s2 and a1 ⫽ 100 m/s2.
y (m)

ball is shown in Fig. 2-36, where y is What is the outward speed of the
v (m/s)

the height of the ball above its start- tongue at the end of the
ing point and t ⫽ 0 at the instant the acceleration phase?
ball is shot. The figure’s vertical scal- ••69 ILW How far does the run-
ing is set by ys ⫽ 30.0 m. What are the 0 ner whose velocity–time graph is
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 4 8 12 16
magnitudes of (a) the free-fall accel- shown in Fig. 2-40 travel in 16 s?
t (s) t (s)
eration on the planet and (b) the ini- The figure’s vertical scaling is set
tial velocity of the ball? Figure 2-36 Problem 64. by vs ⫽ 8.0 m/s. Figure 2-40 Problem 69.
 PROB LE M S 37

•••70 Two particles move along an x axis. The position of particle 1 reached intersection 2, where the green appeared when they were
is given by x ⫽ 6.00t2 ⫹ 3.00t ⫹ 2.00 (in meters and seconds); the ac- distance d from the intersection. They continue to travel at a cer-
celeration of particle 2 is given by a ⫽ ⫺8.00t (in meters per second tain speed vp (the speed limit) to reach intersection 3, where the
squared and seconds) and, at t ⫽ 0, its velocity is 20 m/s. When the green appears when they are distance d from it. The intersections
velocities of the particles match, what is their velocity? are separated by distances D23 and D12. (a) What should be the
time delay of the onset of green at intersection 3 relative to that at
Additional Problems
intersection 2 to keep the platoon moving smoothly?
71 In an arcade video game, a spot is programmed to move Suppose, instead, that the platoon had been stopped by a red
across the screen according to x ⫽ 9.00t ⫺ 0.750t 3, where x is dis- light at intersection 1. When the green comes on there, the leaders
tance in centimeters measured from the left edge of the screen and require a certain time tr to respond to the change and an additional
t is time in seconds. When the spot reaches a screen edge, at either time to accelerate at some rate a to the cruising speed vp. (b) If the
x ⫽ 0 or x ⫽ 15.0 cm, t is reset to 0 and the spot starts moving again green at intersection 2 is to appear when the leaders are distance d
according to x(t). (a) At what time after starting is the spot instan- from that intersection, how long after the light at intersection 1
taneously at rest? (b) At what value of x does this occur? (c) What turns green should the light at intersection 2 turn green?
is the spot’s acceleration (including sign) when this occurs? (d)
Is it moving right or left just prior to coming to rest? (e) Just after? 77 SSM A hot rod can accelerate from 0 to 60 km/h in 5.4 s.
(f) At what time t ⬎ 0 does it first reach an edge of the screen? (a) What is its average acceleration, in m/s2, during this time? (b)
How far will it travel during the 5.4 s, assuming its acceleration is con-
72 A rock is shot vertically upward from the edge of the top of a stant? (c) From rest, how much time would it require to go a distance
tall building. The rock reaches its maximum height above the top of of 0.25 km if its acceleration could be maintained at the value in (a)?
the building 1.60 s after being shot. Then, after barely missing the
edge of the building as it falls downward, the rock strikes the ground 78 A red train traveling at 72 km/h and a green train traveling
6.00 s after it is launched. In SI units: (a) with what upward velocity at 144 km/h are headed toward each other along a straight, level
is the rock shot, (b) what maximum height above the top of the track. When they are 950 m apart, each engineer sees the other’s
building is reached by the rock, and (c) how tall is the building? train and applies the brakes. The brakes slow each train at the rate
of 1.0 m/s2. Is there a collision? If so, answer yes and give the speed
73 At the instant the traffic light turns green, an automobile
of the red train and the speed of the green train at impact, respec-
starts with a constant acceleration a of 2.2 m/s2. At the same instant
tively. If not, answer no and give the separation between the trains
a truck, traveling with a constant speed of 9.5 m/s, overtakes and
when they stop.
passes the automobile. (a) How far beyond the traffic signal will
the automobile overtake the truck? (b) How fast will the automo- 79 At time t ⫽ 0, a rock
bile be traveling at that instant? climber accidentally allows a
piton to fall freely from a high
74 A pilot flies horizontally at 1300 km/h, at height h ⫽ 35 m
point on the rock wall to the
above initially level ground. However, at time t ⫽ 0, the pilot be-
y

valley below him. Then, after a

gins to fly over ground sloping upward at angle u ⫽ 4.3° (Fig. 2-41).
short delay, his climbing part-
If the pilot does not change the airplane’s heading, at what time t
ner, who is 10 m higher on the
does the plane strike the ground?
wall, throws a piton down- 0 1 2 3
ward. The positions y of the t (s)
θ
pitons versus t during the Figure 2-43 Problem 79.
h falling are given in Fig. 2-43.
With what speed is the second piton thrown?
80 A train started from rest and moved with constant accelera-
Figure 2-41 Problem 74. tion. At one time it was traveling 30 m/s, and 160 m farther on it
75 To stop a car, first you require a certain reaction time to be- was traveling 50 m/s. Calculate (a) the acceleration, (b) the time re-
gin braking; then the car slows at a constant rate. Suppose that the quired to travel the 160 m mentioned, (c) the time required to at-
total distance moved by your car during these two phases is 56.7 m tain the speed of 30 m/s, and (d) the distance moved from rest to
when its initial speed is 80.5 km/h, and 24.4 m when its initial speed the time the train had a speed of 30 m/s. (e) Graph x versus t and v
is 48.3 km/h. What are (a) your reaction time and (b) the magni- versus t for the train, from rest.
tude of the acceleration? 81 SSM A particle’s acceleration along an x axis is a ⫽ 5.0t, with t
76 Figure 2-42 shows part of a street where traffic flow in seconds and a in meters per
is to be controlled to allow a platoon of cars to move smoothly second squared. At t ⫽ 2.0 s, a (m/s2)
along the street. Suppose that the platoon leaders have just its velocity is ⫹17 m/s. What is as
its velocity at t ⫽ 4.0 s?
ONE WAY
82 Figure 2-44 gives the ac-
celeration a versus time t for
a particle moving along an x
axis. The a-axis scale is set by
as ⫽ 12.0 m/s2. At t ⫽ ⫺2.0 s, t (s)
1 2 3 –2 0 2 4 6
the particle’s velocity is 7.0
D12 D23
m/s. What is its velocity at t ⫽
Figure 2-42 Problem 76. 6.0 s? Figure 2-44 Problem 82.
38 CHAPTE R 2 M OTION ALONG A STRAIG HT LI N E

83 Figure 2-45 shows a simple device for measuring your the acceleration of the particle at t ⫽ 5.0 s? (d) What is the average ve-
reaction time. It consists of a cardboard strip marked with a scale locity of the particle between t ⫽ 1.0 s and t ⫽ 5.0 s? (e) What is the
and two large dots. A friend holds the strip vertically, with thumb average acceleration of the particle between t ⫽ 1.0 s and t ⫽ 5.0 s?
and forefinger at the dot on the right in Fig. 2-45. You then posi- 91 A rock is dropped from a 100-m-high cliff. How long does it
tion your thumb and forefinger at the other dot (on the left in take to fall (a) the first 50 m and (b) the second 50 m?
Fig. 2-45), being careful not to touch the strip. Your friend re-
leases the strip, and you try to pinch it as soon as possible after 92 Two subway stops are separated by 1100 m. If a subway train
you see it begin to fall. The mark at the place where you pinch the accelerates at ⫹1.2 m/s2 from rest through the first half of the dis-
strip gives your reaction time. (a) How far from the lower dot tance and decelerates at ⫺1.2 m/s2 through the second half, what
should you place the 50.0 ms mark? How much higher should are (a) its travel time and (b) its maximum speed? (c) Graph x, v,
you place the marks for (b) 100, (c) 150, (d) 200, and (e) 250 ms? and a versus t for the trip.
(For example, should the 100 ms marker be 2 times as far from 93 A stone is thrown vertically upward. On its way up it passes
the dot as the 50 ms marker? If so, give an answer of 2 times. Can point A with speed v, and point B, 3.00 m higher than A, with speed
1
you find any pattern in the answers?) 2 v. Calculate (a) the speed v and (b) the maximum height reached
by the stone above point B.
Reaction time (ms)
94 A rock is dropped (from rest) from the top of a 60-m-tall
building. How far above the ground is the rock 1.2 s before it
reaches the ground?
0
50

100

150

200

250

95 SSM An iceboat has a constant velocity toward the east when

a sudden gust of wind causes the iceboat to have a constant accel-
Figure 2-45 Problem 83.
eration toward the east for a period of 3.0 s. A plot of x versus t is
84 A rocket-driven sled running on a straight, level track is shown in Fig. 2-47, where t ⫽ 0 is taken to be the instant the wind
used to investigate the effects of large accelerations on humans. starts to blow and the positive x axis is toward the east. (a) What is
One such sled can attain a speed of 1600 km/h in 1.8 s, starting the acceleration of the iceboat during the 3.0 s interval? (b) What
from rest. Find (a) the acceleration (assumed constant) in terms of is the velocity of the iceboat at the end of the 3.0 s interval? (c) If
g and (b) the distance traveled. the acceleration remains constant for an additional 3.0 s, how far
does the iceboat travel during this second 3.0 s interval?
85 A mining cart is pulled up a hill at 20 km/h and then pulled
back down the hill at 35 km/h through its original level. (The time 30
required for the cart’s reversal at the top of its climb is negligible.)
25
What is the average speed of the cart for its round trip, from its
20
original level back to its original level?
x (m)

15
86 A motorcyclist who is moving along an x axis directed to- 10
ward the east has an acceleration given by a ⫽ (6.1 ⫺ 1.2t) m/s2
5
for 0 ⱕ t ⱕ 6.0 s. At t ⫽ 0, the velocity and position of the cyclist
0
are 2.7 m/s and 7.3 m. (a) What is the maximum speed achieved 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
by the cyclist? (b) What total distance does the cyclist travel be- t (s)
tween t ⫽ 0 and 6.0 s? Figure 2-47 Problem 95.
87 SSM When the legal speed limit for the New York Thruway
96 A lead ball is dropped in a lake from a diving board 5.20 m
was increased from 55 mi/h to 65 mi/h, how much time was saved
above the water. It hits the water with a certain velocity and then
by a motorist who drove the 700 km between the Buffalo entrance
sinks to the bottom with this same constant velocity. It reaches the
and the New York City exit at the legal speed limit?
bottom 4.80 s after it is dropped. (a) How deep is the lake? What
88 A car moving with constant acceleration covered the distance are the (b) magnitude and (c) direction (up or down) of the aver-
between two points 60.0 m apart in 6.00 s. Its speed as it passed the age velocity of the ball for the entire fall? Suppose that all the wa-
second point was 15.0 m/s. (a) What was the speed at the first ter is drained from the lake. The ball is now thrown from the diving
point? (b) What was the magnitude of the acceleration? (c) At board so that it again reaches the bottom in 4.80 s. What are the
what prior distance from the first point was the car at rest? (d) Graph (d) magnitude and (e) direction of the initial velocity of the ball?
x versus t and v versus t for the car, from rest (t ⫽ 0).
97 The single cable supporting an unoccupied construction ele-
89 SSM A certain juggler usually tosses balls vertically to vator breaks when the elevator is at rest at the top of a 120-m-high
a height H. To what height must they be tossed if they are to spend building. (a) With what speed does the elevator strike the ground?
twice as much time in the air? (b) How long is it falling? (c) What is its speed when it passes the
90 A particle starts from the ori- vs halfway point on the way down? (d) How long has it been falling
gin at t ⫽ 0 and moves along the when it passes the halfway point?
v (m/s)

positive x axis. A graph of the veloc- 98 Two diamonds begin a free fall from rest from the same
ity of the particle as a function of the height, 1.0 s apart. How long after the first diamond begins to fall
time is shown in Fig. 2-46; the v-axis will the two diamonds be 10 m apart?
scale is set by vs ⫽ 4.0 m/s. (a) What 99 A ball is thrown vertically downward from the top of a 36.6-
is the coordinate of the particle at 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 m-tall building. The ball passes the top of a window that is 12.2 m
t ⫽ 5.0 s? (b) What is the velocity of t (s)
above the ground 2.00 s after being thrown. What is the speed of
the particle at t ⫽ 5.0 s? (c) What is Figure 2-46 Problem 90. the ball as it passes the top of the window?
 PROB LE M S 39

100 A parachutist bails out and freely falls 50 m. Then the para- top speed. What must this distance be if he is to achieve a time of
chute opens, and thereafter she decelerates at 2.0 m/s2. She reaches 10.0 s for the race?
the ground with a speed of 3.0 m/s. (a) How long is the parachutist 112 The speed of a bullet is measured to be 640 m/s as the bullet
in the air? (b) At what height does the fall begin? emerges from a barrel of length 1.20 m.Assuming constant accelera-
101 A ball is thrown down vertically with an initial speed of v0 tion, find the time that the bullet spends in the barrel after it is fired.
from a height of h. (a) What is its speed just before it strikes the 113 The Zero Gravity Research Facility at the NASA Glenn
ground? (b) How long does the ball take to reach the ground? Research Center includes a 145 m drop tower.This is an evacuated ver-
What would be the answers to (c) part a and (d) part b if the ball tical tower through which, among other possibilities, a 1-m-diameter
were thrown upward from the same height and with the same ini- sphere containing an experimental package can be dropped. (a)
tial speed? Before solving any equations, decide whether the an- How long is the sphere in free fall? (b) What is its speed just as it
swers to (c) and (d) should be greater than, less than, or the same reaches a catching device at the bottom of the tower? (c) When
as in (a) and (b). caught, the sphere experiences an average deceleration of 25g as its
102 The sport with the fastest moving ball is jai alai, where speed is reduced to zero.Through what distance does it travel during
measured speeds have reached 303 km/h. If a professional jai alai the deceleration?
player faces a ball at that speed and involuntarily blinks, he 114 A car can be braked to a stop from the autobahn-like
blacks out the scene for 100 ms. How far does the ball move dur- speed of 200 km/h in 170 m. Assuming the acceleration is constant,
ing the blackout? find its magnitude in (a) SI units and (b) in terms of g. (c) How much
103 If a baseball pitcher throws a fastball at a horizontal speed of time Tb is required for the braking? Your reaction time Tr is the time
160 km/h, how long does the ball take to reach home plate 18.4 m you require to perceive an emergency, move your foot to the brake,
away? and begin the braking. If Tr ⫽ 400 ms, then (d) what is Tb in terms of
Tr, and (e) is most of the full time required to stop spent in reacting
104 A proton moves along the x axis according to the equation
or braking? Dark sunglasses delay the visual signals sent from the
x ⫽ 50t ⫹ 10t 2, where x is in meters and t is in seconds. Calculate (a)
eyes to the visual cortex in the brain, increasing Tr. (f) In the extreme
the average velocity of the proton during the first 3.0 s of its motion,
case in which Tr is increased by 100 ms, how much farther does
(b) the instantaneous velocity of the proton at t ⫽ 3.0 s, and (c) the
the car travel during your reaction time?
instantaneous acceleration of the proton at t ⫽ 3.0 s. (d) Graph x
versus t and indicate how the answer to (a) can be obtained from the 115 In 1889, at Jubbulpore, India, a tug-of-war was finally won af-
plot. (e) Indicate the answer to (b) on the graph. (f) Plot v versus t ter 2 h 41 min, with the winning team displacing the center of the
and indicate on it the answer to (c). rope 3.7 m. In centimeters per minute, what was the magnitude of
the average velocity of that center point during the contest?
105 A motorcycle is moving at 30 m/s when the rider applies the
brakes, giving the motorcycle a constant deceleration. During the 3.0 s 116 Most important in an investigation of an airplane crash by the
interval immediately after braking begins, the speed decreases to U.S. National Transportation Safety Board is the data stored on the
15 m/s. What distance does the motorcycle travel from the instant airplane’s flight-data recorder, commonly called the “black box” in
braking begins until the motorcycle stops? spite of its orange coloring and reflective tape. The recorder is engi-
neered to withstand a crash with an average deceleration of magni-
106 A shuffleboard disk is accelerated at a constant rate from rest tude 3400g during a time interval of 6.50 ms. In such a crash, if the
to a speed of 6.0 m/s over a 1.8 m distance by a player using a cue. At recorder and airplane have zero speed at the end of that time inter-
this point the disk loses contact with the cue and slows at a constant val, what is their speed at the beginning of the interval?
rate of 2.5 m/s2 until it stops. (a) How much time elapses from when
117 From January 26, 1977, to September 18, 1983, George
the disk begins to accelerate until it stops? (b) What total distance
Meegan of Great Britain walked from Ushuaia, at the southern tip
does the disk travel?
of South America, to Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, covering 30 600 km. In
107 The head of a rattlesnake can accelerate at 50 m/s2 in striking meters per second, what was the magnitude of his average velocity
a victim. If a car could do as well, how long would it take to reach a during that time period?
speed of 100 km/h from rest?
118 The wings on a stonefly do not flap, and thus the insect cannot
108 A jumbo jet must reach a speed of 360 km/h on the runway fly. However, when the insect is on a water surface, it can sail across
for takeoff. What is the lowest constant acceleration needed for the surface by lifting its wings into a breeze. Suppose that you time
takeoff from a 1.80 km runway? stoneflies as they move at constant speed along a straight path of a
109 An automobile driver increases the speed at a constant rate certain length. On average, the trips each take 7.1 s with the wings
from 25 km/h to 55 km/h in 0.50 min. A bicycle rider speeds up at a set as sails and 25.0 s with the wings tucked in. (a) What is the ratio of
constant rate from rest to 30 km/h in 0.50 min. What are the magni- the sailing speed vs to the nonsailing speed vns? (b) In terms of vs,
tudes of (a) the driver’s acceleration and (b) the rider’s acceleration? what is the difference in the times the insects take to travel the first
2.0 m along the path with and without sailing?
110 On average, an eye blink lasts about 100 ms. How far does a
MiG-25 “Foxbat” fighter travel during a pilot’s blink if the plane’s 119 The position of a particle as it moves along a y axis is given by
average velocity is 3400 km/h? y ⫽ (2.0 cm) sin (pt/4),
111 A certain sprinter has a top speed of 11.0 m/s. If the sprinter with t in seconds and y in centimeters. (a) What is the average veloc-
starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate, he is able to ity of the particle between t ⫽ 0 and t ⫽ 2.0 s? (b) What is the instan-
reach his top speed in a distance of 12.0 m. He is then able to main- taneous velocity of the particle at t ⫽ 0, 1.0, and 2.0 s? (c) What is the
tain this top speed for the remainder of a 100 m race. (a) What is average acceleration of the particle between t ⫽ 0 and t ⫽ 2.0 s?
his time for the 100 m race? (b) In order to improve his time, the (d) What is the instantaneous acceleration of the particle at t ⫽ 0,
sprinter tries to decrease the distance required for him to reach his 1.0, and 2.0 s?