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Chapter 9-11

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LAILANIE SABALBERO
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9 views

Chapter 9-11

Uploaded by

LAILANIE SABALBERO
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Reviewer: Elementary Surveying by La

Putt (Chapters 9-11)


Chapter 9: Measurement of Horizontal Distances

1. Correction Due to Slope


Concept: When measuring along a slope, the actual horizontal distance is shorter than the
slope distance. The slope correction adjusts the measured distance to a true horizontal
value.

Formula:
Cs = Ds * (1 - cos θ)
Where:
- Cs = Correction due to slope
- Ds = Slope distance
- θ = Slope angle

Problem Example:
- Given: Slope distance = 200 m, slope angle = 5°.
- Solution:
Cs = 200 * (1 - cos 5°) = 200 * (1 - 0.99619) ≈ 200 * 0.00381 = 0.762 m
The correction is 0.762 m, so the horizontal distance is 200 - 0.762 = 199.238 m.

2. Correction Due to Temperature


Concept: Steel measuring tapes expand or contract with temperature changes. A correction
must be applied if the temperature during measurement differs from the standard
temperature.

Formula:
CT = α * (Tm – T0) * D
Where:
- CT = Correction due to temperature
- α = Coefficient of expansion for steel (11.6 × 10⁻⁶/°C)
- Tm = Measured temperature (°C)
- T0 = Standard temperature (usually 20°C)
- D = Measured distance

Problem Example:
- Given: Measured temperature = 30°C, measured distance = 100 m.
- Solution:
CT = 11.6 × 10⁻⁶ * (30 - 20) * 100 = 11.6 × 10⁻⁶ * 10 * 100 = 0.0116 m
The correction is 0.0116 m, so the corrected distance is 100 + 0.0116 = 100.0116 m.

3. Correction Due to Tension


Concept: Tension on the measuring tape affects its length. When tension differs from the
standard, a correction is needed.

Formula:
CT = (Pm – P0) * L / (AE)
Where:
- CT = Correction due to tension
- Pm = Measured tension
- P0 = Standard tension
- L = Measured length
- A = Cross-sectional area of the tape
- E = Young’s modulus of elasticity

Problem Example:
- Given: Measured tension = 50 N, standard tension = 30 N, length = 100 m.
- Solution: Using appropriate values for area and modulus, compute the correction and
apply it to the measured distance.

Chapter 10: Correction Due to Sag and Normal Tension

1. Correction Due to Sag


Concept: When a tape is suspended between two points, it sags due to its weight, making
the measured distance longer than the true horizontal distance. This correction
compensates for the sag.

Formula:
Cs = w2 * L3 / (24 * P2)
Where:
- Cs = Correction due to sag
- w = Weight of the tape per unit length
- L = Distance between supports
- P = Applied tension

Problem Example:
- Given: Weight of tape per unit length = 0.1 N/m, length = 30 m, tension = 50 N.
- Solution:
Cs = (0.1)2 * 303 / (24 * (50)2) = 0.01 * 27000 / (24 * 2500) = 270 / 60000 = 0.0045 m
The correction is 0.0045 m.
2. Normal Tension
Concept: Normal tension is the tension at which corrections due to sag and stretch are equal
and opposite, minimizing the need for further adjustments.

Formula:
Pn = √(wL²E / 3A)
Where:
- Pn = Normal tension
- w = Weight of tape per unit length
- L = Span between supports
- E = Modulus of elasticity
- A = Cross-sectional area of the tape

Problem Example:
- Given: Weight of tape = 0.1 N/m, length = 30 m, modulus of elasticity and area given.
- Solution: Plug in the values to find the normal tension.

Chapter 11: Combined Corrections and Measuring Angles

1. Combined Corrections
Concept: When multiple corrections (slope, temperature, tension, sag) apply to a
measurement, they are combined to get the total corrected distance.

Formula:
Dc = Dm + Cs + CT + Cp + Cg
Where:
- Dc = Corrected distance
- Dm = Measured distance
- Cs, CT, Cp, Cg are individual corrections.

Problem Example:
- Given: Slope correction = -0.5 m, temperature correction = 0.01 m, sag correction = -0.003
m, measured distance = 100 m.
- Solution:
Dc = 100 - 0.5 + 0.01 - 0.003 = 99.507 m
The corrected distance is 99.507 m.

2. Measuring Angles with Tape


Concept: Using a tape to measure angles, particularly in cases where more precise
instruments (like a theodolite) are not available.

Method: Often involves laying out right triangles and applying trigonometric relationships
to calculate angles based on side lengths.
Problem Example:
- Given: A right triangle with sides measured as 3 m and 4 m.
- Required: Calculate the angle.
- Solution:
θ = tan⁻¹(3 / 4) = tan⁻¹(0.75) ≈ 36.87°
The angle is 36.87°.

3. Obstructed Distances
Concept: When obstacles prevent direct measurement, alternative methods such as
triangulation are used to compute the obstructed distance.

Method: Using auxiliary points and known angles/distances, compute the obstructed
distance using geometry and trigonometry.

Problem Example:
- Given: Points A and B cannot be directly measured. A third point C is used, and distances
AC = 50 m, BC = 60 m, and angle at C = 60°.
- Solution:
Apply the Law of Cosines to find the distance between A and B:
AB² = AC² + BC² - 2 * AC * BC * cos(60°)
AB² = 50² + 60² - 2 * 50 * 60 * 0.5 = 2500 + 3600 - 3000 = 1100
AB = √(1100) ≈ 33.17 m
The distance is 33.17 m.

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