[FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM]

• Internal framework of body

• Supports body
• Protects internal organs
• Point of attachment for muscles
• Produces blood cells
• Stores minerals

ORGANS OF SKELETAL SYSTEM: Bones of the Skeleton & Joints

[ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SKELETAL SYSTEM]
- Bones are body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
- Bones are connected to each other to form skeleton
● Framework for the body
● 206 bones in total

Red Bone Marrow - produces blood cells within bones

BONES - Also protects vital organs and stores minerals

- One of the hardest materials in the body
- Also called osseous tissue (tissue that give strength and structure to
bones)

JOINT - Place where two bones meet

- Held together by ligaments (connect bones to other bones to form joints)
- Gives flexibility to skeleton

Flexible Tissue - Gradually replaced by Osteoblasts (Immature Bone Cells)

- In adult bones, osteoblasts mature into Osteocytes
(Maintains bone tissue)
- if they break down, they are referred to as osteoclasts
- 4 types of bone cells: osteogenic cell, osteoblasts,
osteocytes, osteoclasts

Formation of Strong Bones - dependant on adequate supply of minerals

Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones

- Longer than wide - Roughly as long - Plate-shaped - Irregular shaped
as wide
Ex. Ex. Ex. Ex.
Femur Carpals Sternum Vertebrae
Humerus Tarsals Scapula
Pelvis
 [LONG BONE]

Long Bones - Majority of bones in body

- Divided into: Diaphysis and Epiphysis

Diaphysis - Central shaft of the bone

Medullary Cavity - Open canal within diaphysis

- Contains Yellow Bone Marrow
- Mostly contains fat

Epiphysis - Wide ends of long bone

- Distal Epiphysis (distal: away from origin)
- Proximal Epiphysis (proximal: near from origin)

Articular Cartilage - Covers epiphysis

- Prevents bone rubbing onto another bone / no friction

Periosteum - Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage

- Thin connective tissue membrane
- Contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels

Compact Bone (also called Cortical Bone)

- Very dense and hard
- Outer layer of bone
- Found in both epiphysis and diaphysis

Cancellous Bone
(also called as Spongy Bone)
- Found inside bone
- Has spaces containing
Red Bone Marrow
- Manufactures
Red Blood Cells
Bone Projection/Processes and Depressions
- Projection from the surface of a bone
- Rough processes provide place for muscle attachment
- Smooth rounded processes articulate with another bone in a joint
- Named for shape and location

[PROJECTIONS/PROCESSES]

Trochanter - Large rough process

Tuberosity - Large rough process

Tubercle - Small rough process

Head - Large, smooth ball-shaped end of a long bone

Condyle - Smooth rounded portion at end of bone

Epicondyle - Projection above or on a condyle

(epi-: prefix meaning above, on, upon)

[DEPRESSIONS]

Sinus - Hollow cavity within bone

Fossa - Shallow cavity or depression

within a bone

Foramen - Smooth opening for nerves

and blood vessels

Fissure - Deep grooves or slit like

opening
SKELETON - Has two divisions:
- Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

Axial Skeleton includes bones in:

- Head
- Neck
- Spine
- Chest
- Trunk

The Skull divides into 2 parts:

- Cranium and Facial Bones
- Protects brain, eyes, ears,
Nasal cavity and oral cavity
- Attachment for muscles of
chewing and turning the head

[CRANIUM]
• Frontal – 1
- Forehead
• Parietal – 2
- Upper sides and
roof of skull
• Temporal – 2
- Sides & base of skull
• Ethmoid – 1
- Part of eye orbit,
Nose, & floor of skull
• Sphenoid – 1
- Part of floor of skull
• Occipital – 1
- Back & base of skull
[FACIAL BONES]
• Mandible – 1
- Lower jawbone
• Maxilla – 1
- Upper jawbone
• Zygomatic – 2
- Cheek bones
• Vomer – 1
- Part of nasal septum
• Palatine – 1
- Hard palate and floor
of nose
• Nasal – 2
- Part of nasal septum and
nose bridge
• Lacrimal – 2
- Inner corner of eye

[HYOID BONE]
- Single U-shaped bone

- In neck between mandible and larynx

- Attachment point for swallowing and

speech muscles.
[TRUNK] - Vertebral Column, Sternum, & Ribcage

[Vertebral Column] - Divided into five (5) sections

- Cervical
- 7 vertebrae of neck
- Thoracic
- 12 vertebrae of chest
- Lumbar
- 5 vertebrae of low back
- Sacrum
- 5 fused vertebrae at base of spine
- Coccyx
- 3-5 small vertebrae attached to sacrum

[RIB CAGE]
- 12 pairs , 24 in total
- Attached to the vertebral column at back
- Provides support for lungs and heart
- 1-7 True ribs (Directly attached to sternum)
- 8-10 False ribs (Indirectly attached to sternum)
- 11-12 Floating ribs (Indirectly attached to sternum but is attached to the
thoracic vertebrae)
[APPENDICULAR SKELETON]
• Pectoral Girdle
• Upper Extremity
• Pelvic Girdle
• Lower Extremity

[PECTORAL GIRDLE]
- Attaches upper extremity to
Axial skeleton
- Articulates with:
• Sternum
• Vertebral Column Posteriorly
- Consists of:
• Clavicle - collar bone
• Scapula - shoulder blade

[UPPER EXTREMITY]
- Arm
- Consists of:
• Humerus - upper arm
• Ulna - part of forearm
• Radius - part of forearm
• Carpals - wrist bones
• Metacarpals - hand bones
• Phalanges - finger bones
[PELVIC GIRDLE]
- Also called as os coxae, innominate bone, or hipbone
- Attaches Lower Extremity to Axial Skeleton
- Articulates with Sacrum posteriorly
- Consists of:
• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubis

[LOWER EXTREMITY]
- Leg
- Consists of:
• Femur - thigh bone
• Patella - knee cap
• Tibia - shin bone
• Fibula - lower leg bone
• Tarsals - ankle bones
• Metatarsals - foot bones
• Phalanges - toe bones

[JOINT]
- Formed where two bones meet
- Also called an articulation
- Three types based on movement
allied between the two bones;
• Synovial
• Cartilaginous
• Fibrous

[SYNOVIAL JOINTS]
- Freely moving joints
- Most common type of joint
- Example is ball-and-socket joint
- Bones are held together by ligaments
• Strong bands of connective tissue
- Some contain a Bursa
• Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane
- Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule
- Contains Synovial Fluid
- lubricant secreted by synovial membrane
- End of bones are covered with articular cartilage

[CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS]
- Allow slight movement
- Hold bones firmly in place by solid piece of cartilage
- Ex. Pubic Symphysis

[FIBROUS JOINTS]
- Allow almost no movement
- Joined by thick fibrous tissue
- Ex. Sutures of the skull

[ADDITIONAL COMBINING FORMS]

• cutane/o ← skin • myel/o ← bone marrow
• erythr/o ← red
• path/o ← disease
• system/o ← system
[ADDITIONAL SUFFIXES]
• -ac ← pertaining to • -plasty ← surgical repair
• -al ← pertaining to • -scope ← instrument for viewing
• -ar ← pertaining to • -scopy ← process of visually examining
• -ary ← pertaining to • -stenosis ← narrowing
• -eal ← pertaining to • -trophy ← development
• -ory ← pertaining to • -rrhexis ← rupture
• -ous ← pertaining to • -rrhaphy ← suture
• -tic ← pertaining to • -opsy ← view of
• -algia ← pain • -dynia ← pain
• -tome ← instrument used to cut • -centesis ← puncture to withdraw fluid
• -ectomy ← surgical removal
• -metry ← process of measuring [ADDITIONAL PREFIXES]
• -oma ← tumor • anti- ← against
• -osis ← abnormal condition • bi- ← two • tri - three
• -otomy ← cutting into • ex- ← external, outward
• -pathy ← disease • inter- ← between
[ADDITIONAL PREFIXES] • intra- ← within
• per- ← through • brady- ← slow
• sub- ← below, under • dys- ← abnormal, difficult
• epi- ← above, on top • hyper- ← excessive
• a- ← without • hypo- ← insufficient
[ANATOMICAL TERMS] • poly- ← many
• Articul/ar ← pertaining to a Joint • pseudo- ← false
• Carp/al ← pertaining to the Carpus (wrist)
• Cervic/al ← pertaining to the Neck
• Clavicul/ar ← pertaining to Clavicle (collar bone)
• Coccyg/eal ← pertaining to the Coccyx
• Cortic/al ← pertaining to the outer portion
• Cost/al ← pertaining to the Ribs
• Crani/al ← pertaining to the Skull
• Femor/al ← pertaining to the Femur
• Fibul/ar ← pertaining to the Fibula
• Humer/al ← pertaining to the Humerus
• Ili/ac ← pertaining to the Ilium
• Intervertebr/al ← pertaining to between Vertebrae
• Intracrani/al ← pertaining to inside the Skull
• Ischi/al ← pertaining to the Ischium
• Lumb/ar ← pertaining to the low back
• Mandibul/ar ← pertaining to the mandible (Lower jaw)
• Maxill/ary ← pertaining to the Maxilla (Upper Jaw)
• Medull/ary ← pertaining to the inner portion
• Metacarp/al ← pertaining to the Metacarpus (Hand)
• Metatars/al ← pertaining to the Metatarsus (Foot)
• Patell/ar ← pertaining to the Patella (Knee Cap)
• Pelv/ic ← pertaining to the Pelvis
• Phalang/eal ← pertaining to the Phalanges (fingers/toes)
• Pub/ic ← pertaining to the Pubis
• Radi/al ← pertaining to the Radius
• Sacr/al ← pertaining to the Sacrum
• Scapul/ar ← pertaining to the Scapula(Shoulder Blade)
• Stern/al ← pertaining to the Sternum (Breast Bone)
• Synovi/al ← pertaining to the Synovial Membrane
• Tars/al ← pertaining to the Tarsus (Ankle)
• Thorac/ic ← pertaining to the Thorax (Chest)
• Tibi/al ← pertaining to the Tibia
• Uln/ar ← pertaining to the Ulna
[MEDICAL SPECIALTIES]
• Orthopedics - Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of
conditions of the musculoskeletal system; also called orthopedic surgery. Physician is
an ORTHOPEDIST or ORTHOPEDIC SURGEON. Name derived from straightening
(orth/o) deformities in children (ped/o).

• Chiropractic - Healthcare profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of

malalignment conditions of the SPINE and musculoskeletal system with the intention
of affecting the nervous system and improving health. Healthcare professional is a
CHIROPRACTOR.

• -iatry - medical treatment

• Podiatry - Healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders

of the FEET AND LOWER LEGS. Healthcare professional is a PODIATRIST.

• Orthotics - Healthcare profession specializing in making orthopedic appliances such

as BRACES AND SPLINTS. Person skilled in making and adjusting these appliances is
an ORTHOTISTS.

• Prosthetics - Healthcare profession specializing in making ARTIFICIAL BODY

PARTS. Person skilled in making and adjusting prostheses is a PROSTHETIST.

[SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS]

• arthr/algia ← joint pain

• burs/itis ← inflammation of a bursa

• callus ← mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture site during healing

• chondro/malacia ← softening of the cartilage

• crepitation ← noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together

• synov/itis ← inflammation of synovial membrane

• oste/o/myel/itis - inflammation of bone and bone marrow

[FRACTURES]
• Closed Fracture
- fracture with no open skin wound, also called as Simple Fracture

• Compound Fracture
- fracture with an open skin wound; also called an Open Fracture

• Colles Fracture
- common wrist fracture

• Comminuted Fracture
- fracture where bone is shattered, splintered or crushed

• Compression Fraction
- fracture with loss of height in vertebral body; often from osteoporosis

• Fracture (FX, Fx)

- broken bone

• Greenstick Fracture
- incomplete break; one side of bone is broken, the other is bent; common in children

• Impacted Fracture
- bone fragments are pushed into each other

• Oblique
- fracture at an angle to bone

• Pathologic Fracture
- fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

• Spiral Fracture
- fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often slower to heal

• Stress Fracture
- Slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running

• Transverse Fracture
- Fracture is straight across bone
[BONE PATHOLOGY]
• Chondroma
- tumor in cartilage; usually benign

• Ewing’s Sarcoma
- cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; spread through periosteum; amputation is
necessary to prevent metastasis

• Exostosis
- bone spur

• Myeloma (myel- ← bone marrow)

- tumor forming in bone marrow tissue

• Osteochondroma
- tumor consisting of bone and cartilage tissue; usually benign

• Osteogenic Sarcoma
- Most common type of bone cancer; begins in osteocytes

• Osteomalacia
- softening of bones caused by calcium deficiency; caused in children with insufficient
sunlight and vitamin D

• Osteopathy
- general term for bone disease

• Osteoporosis
- decrease in bone mass; result in thinning and weakening of bones; porous bone
easily fractures

• Paget’s Disease
- metabolic disease of bone; unknown cause; results in bone destruction and
deformity

• Rickets
- caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency; results in bone deformities like bowed
legs
[SPINAL COLUMN PATHOLOGY]
• Ankyl/osing Spondyl/itis
- inflammatory condition resembles rheumatoid arthritis; gradual stiffening and
fusion of vertebrae

• Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)

- protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ruptured disk

• Kyphosis
- Abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback

• Lordosis
- Abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback

• Scoliosis
- Lateral curve of spine

• Spina Bifida
- congenital anomaly, vertebra
Fails to fully form around Spinal
Cord

• Spinal Stenosis
- narrowing of spinal canal; causes
pressure on spinal cord and nerves

• Spondyl/o/listhesis
• listhesis - medical treatment
- forward sliding of lumbar vertebra
over vertebra below it

• Spondylosis
- general term for degenerative vertebral column condition

• Whiplash
- cervical muscle and ligament sprain
[JOINT PATHOLOGY]
• Bunion
- inflammation of bursa at base of great toe

• Dislocation
- bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment

• Osteoarthritis (OA)
- results in degeneration of bone and joints, bone rubs against bone

• Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

- autoimmune inflammation of joints with swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint
deformities

• Sprain
- damage to ligaments around joint due to overstretching; no dislocation or fracture

• Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

- autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems including joints;
looks like rheumatoid arthritis

• Talipes
- congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot

[DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING]
• Arthrogram - x-ray record of a joint

• Arthrography - visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint

• Bone Scan - nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bones;
useful for identifying Stress fractures and Metastasis.

• Dual-Energy Absorptiometry (DXA)

- measures bone density using low dose X-ray; detects Osteoporosis

• Myelography - Study of spinal column after injecting opaque contrast medium;

useful for identifying Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
• Radiography - uses X-rays to study internal structure of body; especially useful for
visualizing bones and joints

• Arthroscope - Instrument used to view inside a joint

• Arthroscopy - Examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiber optic camera;

view of joint interior appears on monitor during procedure

[MEDICAL TREATMENTS]
• Arthro/centesis - insertion of needle into joint cavity to remove fluid
-centesis - surgical puncture to withdraw fluid

• Orthotic - brace or splint used to prevent or correct deformities

• Prosthesis - artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged body part

-thesis - placement, condition, state

[SURGICAL PROCEDURES]
• Amputation - removal of a limb for reasons like tumors, gangrene, or crushing injury

• Arthroclasia - forcibly break loose a fused joint

-clasia - surgical breaking/fracturing

• Osteoclasia - intentional breaking of a bone

• Arthrodesis - stabilize joint by fusing bones together

-desis - surgical binding/fusion

• Arthroscopic Surgery
- performing surgery while using an arthroscope to view inside joint

• Arthrotomy - cutting into a joint

• Bone Graft
- bone from another source used to replace bony defect in another location

• Bunionectomy - removal of bursa at base of great toe

• Bursectomy - removal of a bursa

• Chondrectomy - removal of cartilage

• Chondroplasty - repair of cartilage

• Craniotomy - cutting into a skull

• Laminectomy
- removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve

• Osteotome - instrument used to cut bone

• Osteotomy - cutting into a bone

• Percutaneous Diskectomy - tube is inserted into intervertebral disk to suck out

ruptured disk; may also be done with a laser

• Spinal Fusion - surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae

• Synovectomy - removal of a synovial membrane

• Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) - implanting a prosthetic hip joint (pelvis)

• Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) - implanting a prosthetic knee joint (patella)

[FRACTURE CARE]
• Cast - solid material to immobilize a fracture; may be made of plaster of paris or
fiberglass

• Traction - applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment

• Fixation - stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation includes: casts and
splints, internal fixation includes: pins, plates, and screws.

• Reduction - realigning bone fragments of fractures;

Closed reduction: is manipulation without surgery;
Open reduction: requires surgery.
[SKELETAL SYSTEM PHARMACOLOGY]
• Bone Reabsorption Inhibitors (Fosamax, Boniva)
- reduce the reabsorption of bone; treats Osteoporosis and Paget's disease

• Calcium Supplements & Vitamin D Supplements (Oystercal, Cal-Citrate)

- supplements that maintain bone density; treats Osteomalacia,
Osteoporosis, & Rickets

• Corticosteroids (Prednisone, Medrol, Decadron)

- have strong anti-inflammatory properties; treats Rheumatoid Arthritis

• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS) (Advil, Motrin, Aleve, Aspirin)

- provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits; treats Arthritis

[SKELETAL SYSTEM ABBREVIATIONS]

AE → Above Elbow CA → Calcium
AK → Above Knee DJD → Degenerative Joint Disease
BE → Below Elbow DXA → Dual-Energy Absorptiometry
BK → Below Knee FX, Fx → Fracture
BMD → Bone Mineral Density HNP → Herniated Nucleus Pulposus
BDT → Bone Density Testing JRA → Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
C1, C2, ETC. → 1st, 2nd Cervical Vertebra, etc. L1, L2, ETC. → 1st, 2nd Lumbar Vertebra
T1, T2, ETC. → 1st, 2nd Thoracic Vertebra, etc. Orth, Ortho → Orthopedics
LE → Lower Extremity UE → Upper Extremity
LLE → Left Lower Extremity LUE → Left Upper Extremity
RLE → Right Lower Extremity RUE → Right Upper Extremity
OA → Osteoarthritis THA → Total Hip Arthroplasty
RA → Rheumatoid Arthritis TKA → Total Knee Arthroplasty
SLE → Systemic Lupus Erythematosus TKR → Total Knee Replacement
ORIF → Open Reduction – Internal Fixation
NSAID → Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug
[MUSCULAR SYSTEM AT A GLANCE]
• Functions:
- Individual cells are able to contract or shorten in length
- Shortening produces movement
• Organs of Muscular System: Muscles
[MUSCULAR SYSTEM COMBINING FORMS]
• duct/o → to bring • myocardi/o → heart muscle
• extens/o → to stretch out • kinesi/o → movement
• fasci/o → fibrous band • plant/o → sole of foot
• fibr/o → fibers • rotat/o → to revolve
• flex/o → to bend • vers/o → to turn
• myos/o → muscle • ten/o → tendon
• muscul/o → muscle • tend/o → tendon
• my/o → muscle • tendin/o → tendon

[M.S. PREFIXES] [M.S. SUFFIXES]

• ab- → away from • -asthenia → weakness
• ad- → towards • -ion → action, condition
• circum- → around • -kinesia → movement
• e- → outward, without • -tonia → tone
• in- → inward, without

[ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY]

- Bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers
- Fibers contract:
• Shorten in length • Push food through digestive system
• Produce movement • Pump blood through blood vessels
• Move bones closer together

[TYPES OF MUSCLES]
• Skeletal Muscle (Voluntary)
• Smooth Muscle (Involuntary)
• Cardiac Muscle (Involuntary)

[VOLUNTARY MUSCLE]
- Consciously choose to contract
the muscle
• Skeletal Muscle

[INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE]
- Under control of subconscious
brain
• Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
[SKELETAL MUSCLES]
- Attached to bones
- Produce voluntary movement of skeleton
- Also referred to as Striated Muscle
• Looks stripped under microscope
- Muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue
• Called Fascia
• Tapers at the end to form Tendon
• Inserts into periosteum to attach muscle to bone
- Are stimulated by Motor Neurons
• Point of contact with muscle fiber
is called Myoneural Junction

[SMOOTH MUSCLES]
- Also called Visceral Muscle
• Stomach
• Respiratory Airways
• Blood Vessels
- Called Smooth because it has no stripes
- Produces involuntary movement of these organs

[CARDIAC MUSCLE]
- Also called Myocardium
- Makes up walls of the heart
- Involuntary contraction of heart to pump blood
[MUSCLE NAMES]
• Rectus Abdominis ← Location
- Straight Abdominal Muscle

• Sternocleidomastoid ← Origin and Insertion

- Named for its two origins: Sternum and Clavicle

• Gluteus Maximus ← Size

- Large Buttock Muscle

• Flexor Carpi ← Action

- Muscle that bends the Wrist

• External Oblique ← Fiber Direction

- Abdominal with fibers running on an angle

• Biceps ← Number of attachment points

- Muscle with two heads

[SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIONS]

- Skeletal muscles attach to two different bones and overlap a joint
- When muscle contracts, both bones move but not equally.
• Origin : Less movable of 2 bones
• Insertion : more moveable of 2 bones
Action:
- Type of movement produced by the muscle
Antagonistic Pairs:
- Pair of muscles arranged around a joint
- Produce opposite actions

[MOVEMENT TERMINOLOGY]
• Abduction → movement away from midline of body • Eversion → turning outward
• Adduction → movement toward midline of body • Inversion → turning inward

• Flexion → act of bending, or being bent • Pronation → palm downward

• Extension → brings limb into a straight condition • Supination → palm upward

• Dorsiflexion → backward bending of foot • Elevation → to raise

• Plantar Flexion → bending sole of foot; pointing toe • Depression → to drop down
[DIFFERENT CIRCULAR MOVEMENTS]
• CIRCUMDUCTION
- Movement in circular direction from a central point

• OPPOSITION
- Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of other fingers

• ROTATION
- Moving around a central axis

[ANATOMICAL TERMS]
• Fasci/al → pertaining to the fascia
• Muscul/ar → pertaining to muscles
• Myocardi/al → pertaining to heart muscle
• Skelet/al → pertaining to the skeleton
• Tendin/ous→ pertaining to tendons

[MEDICAL SPECIALTY]
• KINESIOLOGY
- The science that studies movement, how it is produced, and the muscles involved.

[SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS]

• Adhesion - scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle movement difficult

• Atrophy → poor muscle development; result of muscle disease or lack of use, muscle
wasting
• Hypertrophy → increase in muscle bulk from using it

• Dyskinesia → difficult or painful movement

• Bradykinesia → slow movement
• Hypokinesia → insufficient amount of movement
• Hyperkinesia → excessive amount of movement

• Contracture → abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons or fascia

• Dystonia → abnormal muscle tone
• Hypotonia → insufficient muscle tone
• Hypertonia → excessive muscle tone

• Intermittent Claudication
→ attacks of severe pain and lameness caused by muscle ischemia;
usually in calf muscles.

• Myalgia → muscle pain

• Mya/sthenia → muscle weakness

(-asthenia → weakness)

• Myo/tonia → muscle tone

(-tonia → tone, tension)

• Spasm → sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction

• Tenodynia → tendon pain (-dynia → pain)

[MUSCLE PATHOLOGY]
• Fasci/itis → inflammation of Fascia

• Fibro/myal/gia → widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue

• Lateral Epicondyl/itis → inflammation of elbow muscles; caused by Strong Gripping

; tennis elbow
• Muscular Dys/trophy (MD) → inherited disease with progressive muscle atrophy.

• Myo/pathy → General term for Muscle Disease

• Myorrhexis → Tearing a muscle

• Poly/myos/itis → inflammation of two or more muscles

• Pseudo/hyper/throphic Muscular Dys/thropy

→ One type of inherited muscular dystrophy, also called Duchenne's Muscular Atrophy

• Torticollis → severe neck spasms pulling head to one side; wryneck or crick in neck
[PATHOLOGY OF TENDONS, MUSCLES, AND/OR LIGAMENTS]
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
- Repetitive motion disorder; compression of finger tendons and median nerve as
they pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist

• Ganglion Cyst
- Cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand, wrist, or ankle.

• Repetitive Motion Disorder

- Chronic disorders involving tendon, muscles, joints, and nerve damage; tissue is
subjected to pressure, vibration, or repetitive movements

• Rotator Cuff Injury

- Joint capsule of shoulder joint is reinforced by tendons; high degree of flexibility
puts rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing

• Strain
- Damage to muscle, tendons or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching

• Tendinitis
- Inflammation of a tendon

[CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS]

• Creatine Phosphokinase (CPK)
- Muscle enzyme found in skeletal and cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels
indicate muscle damage; seen in muscular dystrophy and heart attack

[MUSCULAR SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES]

• Deep Tendon Reflexes
- Muscle contraction in response to stretch; used to determine if muscles are
responding properly

• Electromyogram - Hard copy record produced by EMG

• Electromyography (EMG)
- Study of strength and quality of muscle contraction in response to electrical
stimulation

• Muscle Biopsy - removal of muscle tissue for examination

[SURGICAL PROCEDURES]
• Carpal Tunnel Release - cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve pressure caused by
carpal tunnel syndrome.

• Tendoplasty - surgical repair of a tendon

• Tenoplasty - surgical repair of a tendon

• Tendotomy - to cut into a tendon

• Tenodesis - surgical stabilization of a joint by anchoring down tendons of muscles

that move the joint

• Tenorrhaphy - to suture together a tendon

• Myoplasty - surgical repair of a muscle

• Myorrhaphy - to suture together a muscle

• Fasciotomy - surgically cutting into Fascia

[MUSCULAR SYSTEM ABBREVIATIONS]

• CTS → Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• CPK → Creatine Phosphokinase
• DTR → Deep Tendon Reflexes
• EMG → Electromyogram
• IM → Intramuscular
• MD → Muscular Dystrophy

Practice !! :D
1. Duct/o a. bend
2. Extens/o b. muscle
3. Flex/o c. turn
4. My/o d. stretch
5 Vers/o e. bring