AMAS TRAINING

#Food-Source of energy for Man,

#Constituent of food and
#Balanced Diet.

Food-Source of energy for Man

o Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for
the body.
o It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients,
such as fats, proteins, vitamins, or minerals.
o The substance is ingested by an organism and assimilated by the
organism's cells to provide energy, maintain life, or stimulate growth.
o Food energy is energy that humans derive from their food, through
the process of cellular respiration.
o Unit of energy :Calorie. (it is equal to the 1gm of water by
1degree celsius,at a pressure of 1atm.
  Nutrition is the entire process by which organisms obtain energy and
nutrients from food for health and growth and well being.


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  Nutrients are substances that are essential for the nourishment i.e.
maintenance of life and for growth of an organism.

#CLASSIFICATION OF FOOD:-
 Energy yielding food (carbohydrate and fats).
 Bodybuilding foods (proteins but also carbohydrate and fats)
 Protective foods (vitamins and minerals)
 Fibres (they act as roughage and help in getting rid of undigested food.

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#COMPONENTS/CONSTITUENT OF FOOD:-

1.Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Fats
4. Vitamins
5. Mineral salts
6. Water
7. Roughage

CARBOHYDRATES (CH2O):- (60-80%)The carbohydrates are formed of

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
 It is the the main source of energy and stored food.
 They are grouped as monosaccharides(C6H12O6), oligosaccharides (as
disaccharides(C12H22O11), trisaccharides, etc.) and polysaccharides.
 Source:wheat,rice,potato,sugarcane etc.

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PROTEINS:- (term given by Brijilious 1938)
 These are the nitrogenous substances which are called building blocks of
the body (Nitrogen along with C,H,O are present in protein.
 It help to developing genetic characteristics
 Act as enzymes
 Maintenance of body tissue.
 For growth of cells and tissue.
 Amino acids are the simplest unit (monomers) of proteins There are
about 20 types of amino acids (10 essential and 10 non-essential).
 Source: Dairy products ,Meat etc
Deficiency of protein lead to weakness and retardation of physical and
mental growth.

Remember point: Severe deficiency of proteins in children leads to a serious

disease called Kwashiorkor. Another disease Marasmus is caused due
caused to deficiency of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the diet. It usually
affects infants below the age of one year.

FATS:-
 Fats are the second best source of energy and are used as "fuel".
 They are an ideal material for the purpose of storage of food.
 Animal fats are found in meat, milk, butter and egg-yolk. Plant fats occur
in oils, e.g, mustard oil, groundnut oil, sunflower oil,etc
 Fats and oils are made up of fatty acids and glycerol.
 Excessive presence of fat can causes heart disease and high blood
pressure.

VITAMINS:-discovered by Hopkines ,Term given by C.Funk.

 act as catalysts or co-enzymes to regulate all the vital metabolic reactions
of the body that are essential for normal growth and good health.
 They also enhance our immunity and provide protection against diseases.
 Types:-

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Mneumonics (रथ पर एक टॉफ़ )
र Retinol (Vit.A)
थ Thiamine (Vit.B)
ए Ascorbic acid (Vit.C)
क Calciferol (Vit.D)
टॉ Tocophirole (Vit.E)
फ़ Phylliquinone (Vit.K)

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MINERALS/SALTS:-
 Minerals are inorganic substances needed in small quantities by the body
for several purposes, such as regulation of various chemical processes in
the body, formation of bones, teeth, blood cells, etc.
 They include salts of metals and non-metals such as chlorides,
sulphates, carbonates, phosphates of sodium, potassium, calcium,
magnesium and iron.
 iodine, cobalt, copper, manganese, zinc, fluorine, etc. are also needed-in
small quantity..
 Functions-
1. Sodium and Potassium: Essential for nerve impulse conduction,muscle
contraction, fluid balance.
Deficiency cause Muscle cramps.
2. Chlorine: main anion of extracellular fluid, help in synthesis of HCl in
alimentary canal.
Deficiency:Loss of appetite.
3. Magnesium:Components of bones and teeths, enzyme activator.
4. Sulphur: main constituent of many proteins,enzymes and Co-enzymes.
5. Cobalt: component of B12. Isotopes is used in cancer treatment.
6. Fluorine:maintain enamel and checks dental decay. Present in milk and
water.
7. Phosphorous: along with calcium ,it occurs in bones and teeth.
Deficiency:Rickets, reduce growth, metabolism etc

Note:- Lead,Metanil yellow, Mercury is harmful for health if present in food

items.

1.

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WATER:-
 It is an essential constituent of the diet for the body constitutes more than
70%-80% of body weight is water.
 main constituent of our body fluids.
 It performs many functions in the body, such as:-

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 1. a universal solvent in which most of the inorganic and organic
compounds and gases dissolve.
2. It helps to keep the body temperature constant.
3. It helps to maintain homeostasis, i.e., keeps the internal environment
constant.
4. If forms the transporting medium for digested food, gases, hormones,
excretory products, etc.
5. It helps in the excretion of soluble waste.

ROUGHAGE:-
Roughage is the indigestible portion of the diet. It mainly consists of cellulose
of plants
 Cellulose is fibrous and thus absorbs a lot of water and thus helps in
keeping the faecal matter soft and prevents® constipation.
 It helps in cleaning the alimentary canal.
Salads, green' vegetables, fruits, dalia, etc.

#BALANCED DIET
 A balanced diet provides all the necessary nutrients in the required
proportion to the body to maintain proper growth and normal functioning
of the body.
 single food item cannot provide us with all the necessary nutrients. Thus,
we need to take a combination of foodstuffs to create a balanced diet.
 All human beings have different nutritional needs. It varies with the age,
gender, state of physical condition (illness, pregnancy, etc.), the kind of
physical work one does, climatic conditions, etc
 Based on such factors, we need a different amount of energy to remain
healthy and active.
 A growing child needs more proteins while a manual labourer needs high
energy carbohydrates and fat-rich food.
 A balanced diet is expected to provide about 1600-3500 kcal per day.

MALNUTRITION and UNDERNUTRITION

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The lack of one or more nutrients from the regular diet or taking food with poor
quality of nutrients is called malnutrition
Cause:- Non-availability of a balanced diet, bad food habits, faulty cooking
methods, poor knowledge of balanced diet,
 Protein and energy deficiency in the body is called Protein Energy
Malnutrition(PEM). It is also known as Protein Calorie Malnutrition
(PCM) The two common forms of PEM are:
Kwashiorkor (pure protein deficiency).
Marasmus

#BMI (BODY MASS INDEX):- Body Mass Index (BMI) is a person’s weight in
kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.
The formula is BMI = kg/m2

PYQs:-
Which one of the following elements is needed in the human body to transfer electrical signals by nerve cells ?
1. Sodium
2. Rubidium
3. Caesium
4. Lithium
All life forms contain "molecules of life"these are
1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins

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 3. Nucleic acids
4. All of the above

Precursor of which one of the following vitamins comes from B-carotene ?

1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin D
4. Vitamin K
Which of the following substances are harmful for health if present in food items ?
1. Pesticide residues
2. Lead
3. Metanil yellow
4. Mercury
Select the correct answer using the code given below :
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b)1, 2 and 4 only
(c)3 and 4 only
(d)1, 2, 3 and 4.
Which one of the following element's isotope is used in the treatment of cancer ?
1. Uranium
2. Cobalt
3. Sodium
4. Iodine
Intestinal bacteria are main source of which one of the following vitamins
1. Vitamin E
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin B12
4. Vitamin A

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