A.

METALS
Those elements which form ions by losing electrons are called metals.

Physical Properties of Metqls

Metals are malleable that is metal beaten into thin sheets
Malleability: The property which allows the metal to be hammered into thin sheets.It is
important characteristic of metal.
Eg: Gold and silver metals are best malleable metals.
Eg: Aluminium and Copper metal are also highly malleable metals.
Aluminium Foils are used for decorating sweets and for packing food items like
biscuit, namkeens etc.

Metals are good conductor of Heat

Metal allows heat to pass through them easily.
Silver metal is the best conductor of heat.It has highest conductivity.
Copper and aluminium metal are also very good conductors of heat.
The cooking utensil and water boilers are usually made of copper or aluminium
because they are good conductors of heat.
Poorest conductor of heat- Lead and Mercury

Metals are good conductor of Electricity

Metal allows electricity to pass through them easily.
Silver metal is the best conductor of electricity.

Metals have high meting and boiling point

Iron metal has high melting point of 1535°C, this means that solid iron melts and
turns into liquid on heating to a high temp.
Copper metal has high melting point of 1083°C.
Exceptions:
Sodium and potassium metal has Low melting point of 98°C and 64°C.
Gallium and cesium metal also has low melting point 30°C and 28°C.

Metals are solid at room temperature

Metals like iron, copper , silver, gold etc are solids at room temperature.
Only one metal, i.e. Mercury is in liquid state at room temperature.
 Metals are Sonorous
Sonorous means capable of producing a deep or ringing sound.
Metals make sound when hit an object.
The property of metals of being sonorous is called sonority.
It is due to the property of sonorousness that metals are used for making bells
and strings of musical instrument like sitar and violin.

Metals are Strong

Metal can hold large weight without snapping (without breaking) .
Iron Metal used in construction of bridges buildings and railway line.
Exception- sodium and potassium metal are not strong enough.

Metals are Ductile

Ductility- The property which allows the metal to be drawn into thin wire
Gold is the most ductile metal and silver are among the best ductile metal.
Copper and aluminium metals are very ductile and drawn into thin copper and
Aluminium wires.
Magnesium metals are used in experiment in the laboratory and Tungsten metal
are used for making the Filament of electric bulb.

Chemical Properties of Metqls

Reaction of Metals with Oxygen

( metal + oxygen →
metal oxide)
4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s)
sodium oxygen sodium oxide
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)
(Aluminium oxide)
2 Cu (s) + O2 (g)→ 2 CuO (s)
( copper oxide)
Zn(s) + 2HCl --> ZnO
Zinc Oxide
3Fe(s) + 2O2(g) --> Fe3O4(s)
Iron(II, III) oxide

L.P. : Why Potassium and sodium metal are stored under Kerosene oil?
• The potassium and sodium metal are so reactive that they react vigorously with
Oxygen (of air).
• They catch fire and start burning when kept in air.
So, it is kept in Kerosene to prevent their reaction with the O2 moisture and CO2 of air.
Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :
Upar Vali Reactions me hume product Metal Oxides mile, to chalo thoda metal
oxides ke baare me padh lete hai ;)
REACTIONS OF METAL OXIDES
1. Most of the metal oxides are insoluble in water. But some of the metal oxides
dissolve in water to form alkalis.
Sodium oxide 16 a basic oxide which react with water to form an alkali called
sodium hydroxide.
Na2O(s) + H2O(l) --> 2NaOH(aq)
Due to formation of NaOH alkali, a solution of sodium oxide in water turns red
litmus to blue
Potassium oxide is also a basic oxide which reacts with water to form an alkali
called potassium hydroxide.
K2O(s) + H2O(l) --> 2KOH(aq) {Turns red litmus to blue}

2. Those metal oxides which shows basic as well as acidic behaviour are called
Amphoteric oxide. Aluminium metal and Zinc metal form amphoteric oxide, aluminium
oxide and zine oxide are amphoteric in nature.
Aluminium oxide reacts with Hydrochloric acid to form aluminium chloride and
water.
Al2O3(s) + 6HCl(aq) --> 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
In this reaction aluminium oxide behave as basic oxide
Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydrate to form sodium aluminate (salt) and
water.
Al2O3(s) + 2NaOH(aq) --> 2NaAlO2(aq) + H2O(l)
In this reaction aluminium oxide behave as acidic oxide

3. Zinc Oxides Reactions:

Zinc Oxides reacts with hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and water.
ZnO(s) + HCl --> ZnCl2 + H2O
In this reaction, zinc oxide behaves as basic oxide.
Zinc Oxides reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium zincate and water.
ZnO(s) + HCl --> ZnCl2 + H2O
In this reaction, zinc oxide behaves as acidic oxide.
 Reaction of Metals with Water
( metal + oxygen→ metal hydroxide + hydrogen)
Metals react with water and produce a metal oxide and hydrogen gas metal oxides
that are soluble in water dissolve in it to further form metal hydroxide
➢ For Na and K reaction is violent even with cold water and so exothermic that
hydrogen immediately fire.
2 Na + 2H20 → 2NaOH + H2 + Heat
2 K + 2 H20 → 2KOH + H2 + heat
➢ For Ca , reaction is less violent for hydrogen to catch fire
Ca + 2H20 → Ca (OH)2 + H2
➢ Al , Fe don’t form hydroxide as their oxides are not soluble.They do not react with
the hot water but with steam.
→
2 Al (s) + 3H20 (g) Al2O3 (s) + 3H2(g)
→
3 Fe (s) + 4H20 (g) Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

NCERT ACTIVITY
(AASAN BHASHA MEI)
Reaction of metals with Steam

Chalo Ab Ise AASAN BHASHA MEI Samajhte hai :

A lump of glass wool soaked in water is placed at bottom of tube. The water
in glass wool will form steam on heating .
The Sample of metals placed in the middle of the horizontally kept boiling
tube. The boiling tube containing water, soaked glass wool and metal sample
is arranged in apparatus.
To start the experiment, the metal sample is heated by using a burner when
the metal gets hot, then the glass wool is heated by using other burner.
The water present in glass wool forms steam on heating . This steam then
passes over the hot metal. The metal react with steam to form the metal oxide
and H2 gas.
The H2 gas come out of the boiling tube and it is collected over water when a
lighted match stick is applied to gas collected jar, the gas burns with a "pop"
sound, indicating that it is hydrogen. The metal oxide formed remains behind
in the boiling tube.
 This experiment is performed by taking magnesium, aluminium, zinc and iron as
metal sample.
It is found that the reaction of steam with magnesium is most vigorous
followed by reaction with aluminium and zine but reaction with iron is slowest.
Magnesium is very reactive whereas the iron is least reactive.
Decreasing order Mg › Al › Zn > Fe
Metals like lead, silver and gold do not react with water or even steam.
Only those metals displace hydrogen from water which are hydrogen in the
reactivity series.

Reaction of Metals with Acids

➢ All metals (except less reactive like copper , Hg ,Ag , Au, Pt) reacts with dilute HCl
and dilute H2SO4 to produce salt and hydrogen gas.
→
Metal + dilute acid salt + Hydrogen
→
e.g. Zn + 2HCl (aq) ZnCl2 + H2(g)
➢ Two gases not evolved when a metal reacts with nitric acid(HNo3) as it is a strong
oxidising agent .It oxidises H2 produced to H2O and itself gets reduced to any of the
nitrogen oxides.
But Mg and Mn reacts with very diluted at HNO3 to evolve to H2 gas.
Metal + HNO3 → Salt + NO2/ N20 + H20
For Mn and Mg = Mn/Mg + HNO3 ( dil.) → Salt + H2

Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :

Aqua-Regia: Aqua regia is freshly prepared mixture of 1 part of conc. nitric acid
and 3 part of conc. HCl.
- Ratio- conc. HN03 : conc. HCL- 1:3 ,it is a highly corrosive fuming liquid.
- Aqua-regia can dissolve all metals.
- Aqua-regia can dissolve even gold and platinum metals.

Reaction of Metals with Other Metal Salts

Only more reactive metals can displace a less reactive metal from compound.
Fe + CuSo4 →
FeSo4 + Cu
Cu + FeSo4 →X

Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K B) :

REACTIVITY SERIES OF
METAL: Arrangement
of metal in a vertical
column in order of
decreasing reactivities.
 L.P. :

Answers:
1. Sodium is highly reactive element, that reacts with oxygen when comes in contact
with air and burns. Therefore, it is kept immersed in kerosene for prevention.
2. (i) 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(l) -> Fe3O4 + H2
(ii) Calcium with water: Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) -> Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)
Potassium with water: 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) -> 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + Heat
3. (i) B- It gives displacement reaction with iron(II) sulphate.
(ii) Displacement reaction will take place , blue colour of Copper(II) Sulphate
solution will fade and red-brown deposit of copper will form on B.
(iii)B,A,C,D
4. Hydrogen gas is produced. {Fe+H2SO4->FeSO4+H2}
5. When zinc is added in the solution , the colour of iron sulphate solution changes.
As zinc is more reactive than iron, so it displaces iron from its solution and a grey
precipitate of iron and a colourless zinc sulphate is formed.
Zn + FeSO4 -> ZnSO4 + Fe
 B. NON-METALS
Those elements which form negative ions by gaining electrons are called
non-metals.
Physical Properties of Non Metqls
Are solids or gases except bromine(liquid)
Except graphite, all are bad conductors of heat and electricity
Are non ductile
Have low melting and boiling points
Are brittle i.e. they breakdown when hammered or streatched.

Chemical Properties of Non Metqls

Non metals are electron acceptor and cannot supply electrons to H+ ions of acids
to reduce them to hydrogen gas. Therefore, non metals do not react with water
steam or dilute acid.
With O2 , C + O2 → CO2

C. METALS+NON METALS
When metals react with non-metals, they form ionic compounds and when non-
metal react with a non-metal, they form covalent compound.

Ionic Compounds
Formed when a metal and a non-metal react. Metal loses electron(s) which is gained
by non-metal in such a manner that octet of both is completely filled. These are also
called Electrovalent Compounds.

EX: Formation of Na2O:

EX: Formation of NaCl:

Properties of Ionic Compounds
• Solids and crystalline in nature due to strong force of attraction between
positive and negative ion.
• Soluble in water and insoluble in solvents such as kerosene and petrol.
• Good conductors of electricity in aqueous solutions and molten state state but do
not conduct in the solid state.
• Melting and boiling points are high.

OCCURANCE OF METALS
Earth's crust is major source of metals.
Seawater also contains soluble salts like sodium chloride, magnesium chloride etc.
The elements or compounds which naturally occur in the earth's crust are known as
minerals.
Those minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably are called ores.

Extraction of Metals from Ores

“Metallurgy is the process of extraction of metals in pure state from their
respective ores and refining them for use.”
The different techniques used for extraction of metals depends upon their
position in the activity series.
The highly reactive metals are generally extracted by ‘electrolysis’ due to
strong bonding they have with other components of ore. So, cannot be
reduced by heating with carbon.
Example: Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) etc.,
are extracted by electrolysis.
The moderately reactive metals are generally extracted by reduction
process. This reduction is done with reducing agents like coke (C) etc.
Example: Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb) etc., are extracted by this method.
Less reactive metals are extracted from their oxides by heating
alone(known as self reduction). Example: Copper (Cu), Mercury (Hg).
Very less reactive metals are present in free state in nature in the metallic
form.
Example: Silver (Ag), Gold (Au), Platinum (Pt).
Kuch Kaam Ki Baat (K3B) :
Concentration of Ores:
The undesirable impurities like soil, sand etc, found in ore are called gangue or
matrix. Removal of gangue from the ore is called enrichment or concentration of
ore.

(I) Extraction of Metals of LOW Reactivity:

By self-reduction- when the sulphide ores of less electropositive metals like Hg,
Pb, Cu etc., are heated in air, a part of the ore gets converted to oxide which
then reacts with the remaining sulphide ore to give the crude metal and sulphur
dioxide. In this process, no external reducing agent is used.

a. Cinnabar(HgS)-
→
2HgS(Cinnabar)+3O2(g)+heat 2HgO(crude metal)+2SO2(g)
→
2HgO(s)+heat 2Hg(l)+O2(g)

b. Copper Glance (Cu2S)

→
Cu2S(Copperpyrite)+3O2(g)+heat 2Cu2O(s)+2SO2(g)
→
2Cu2O(s)+Cu2S(s)+heat 6Cu(crude metal)+SO2(g)

c. Galena (PbS)
→
2PbS(Galena)+3O2(g)+heat 2PbO(s)+2SO2(g)
→
PbS(s)+2PbO(s) 2Pb(crudemetal)+SO2(g)

(II) Extraction of Metals of MEDIUM Reactivity:

These metals are usually preset as sulphides or carbonates in nature.
These sulphides or carbonates are first converted into oxides because it is
easy to extract metals from its oxides.
Sulphides are converted into oxides by roasting and carbonates are
converted into oxides by calcination.
Roasting: Roasting involves heating of ore lower than its melting point in the
presence of air or oxygen. Example of Zinc Sulphide ores.

Calcination: Calcination involves thermal decomposition of carbonate ores.

Example of Zinc carbonate ore:
The metal oxides thus obtained are then reduced to the corresponding
metals by reduction process. Depending upon the reactivity of metals,
reduction is done in different ways as:
Smelting(Reduction with Carbon): In this process, the roasted or
calcined ore is mixed with suitable quantity of coke or charcoal (which
act as reducing agent) and is heated to a high temperature above its
melting point. Zinc Example:

Thermite process: It is the technique, to reduce metal oxide using more

reactive metal powder as fuel. Aluminium, magnesium, titanium are some
metals which are used as fuel in thermite process. In this process, a
mixture of concentrated oxide ore and metal powder (i.e., thermite) is
taken in a steel crucible and kept on sand. A mixture of magnesium
powder and barium peroxide (called ignition mixture) is used to ignite
the reaction mixture. A large amount of hat is evolved during the
reaction which melts the metal. Example
Cr2O3(s) + 2Al(s) ----->. 2Cr(l) + Al2O3(s)
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) ----->. 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
{Gold-Schmidt aluminothermic reduction}
Electrolytic reduction: Highly reactive metals like Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, etc,
are reduced by electrolysis of their respective oxides, hydroxides of
chloride in molten state. On passing electric current into the molten
solution, metal is liberated at cathode while impurities are settled down
as anode mud generally. Example: Reduction of sodium from NaCl (by
electrolysis) as–
NaCl →Na+(l) + Cl–(l)
At cathode: reduction of 2Na+(l) + e– Na(l) →
At anode: oxidation of 2Cl–(l) →
Cl2(g) + 2e–
 Refining/Purification of Metal: The reduced metals obtained are
generally impure which may be associated with following types of
impurities as –
Uncharged (not reduced) ore.
Other metals that are produced by simultaneous reduction of their
compounds originally present in the ore
Non-metals like silicon, carbon, phosphorous etc.
Slag, flux etc., which is present in residual condition.
These impurities can be removed by “refining of metals”.
These Impurities are removed by "refining of metals"as:
Electrolytic Refining (Purification of copper): Process In this process, a
thick block of impure metal is used as anode and a thin strip of pure
metal is used as cathode. A solution of metal salt (to be refined) is used
as an electrolyte. When electric current is passed, metal ions from the
electrolyte are reduced as metal which get deposited on the cathode.
An equivalent amount of pure metal from the anode gets oxidised to
metal ion and goes into the electrolyte and from there it goes to
cathode and deposit.
At cathode: Cu2+ + 2e- →Cu
At anode: Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-

Corrosion
Gradual deterioration of material usually a metal by the action of moisture, air or
chemicals in the surrounding environment. Eg- Rusting of iron.

Prevention of Corrosion:
1. Coating with paints or oil or grease: Application of paint or oil or grease on metal
surfaces keep out air and moisture.
2. Alloying: Alloyed metal is more resistant to corrosion. Example: stainless steel.
 3. Galvanization: This is a process of coating molten zinc on iron articles. Zinc forms
a protective layer and prevents corrosion.
4. Electroplating: It is a method of coating one metal with another by the use of
electric current. This method not only lends protection but also enhances the metallic
appearance.
Example: silver plating, nickel plating.
5. Sacrificial protection: Magnesium is more reactive than iron. When it is coated
on the articles made of iron or steel, it acts as the cathode, undergoes reaction
(sacrifice) instead of iron and protects the articles.

Alloys
Alloys are homogeneous mixtures of metal with other metals or nonmetals. Alloy
formation enhances the desirable properties of the material, such as hardness, tensile
strength and resistance to corrosion.
Examples of a few alloys:
Brass: copper and zinc
Bronze: copper and tin