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Self Made Notes

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skjha4505
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CBSE Class 10 Science Notes Chapter 12 Electricity

Electricity: The concept of electric current, electric circuit, voltage or electric potential,
resistance, and Ohm’s law are discussed in this chapter.

Electric Current: Electric current is defined as the movement of electric charge through a
conductor. It is carried by moving electrons, and conventionally, the direction of electric current
is opposite to the movement of electrons.

Electric Circuit: An electric circuit refers to a continuous and closed path through which
electric current flows.

Expression of Electric Current: Electric current is represented by the symbol ‘I’ and is defined
as the rate of flow of electric charges through a specific area in a unit of time. The formula to
calculate electric current is I = Q/t, where I is the electric current, Q is the net charge, and t is the
time in seconds.

The standard unit of electric charge and current is coulomb (C) and ampere (A) respectively. One
coulomb is approximately equal to 6 × 10^18 electrons.

Small Quantity of Electric Current: Small amounts of electric current are measured in
milliamperes (mA) and microamperes (µA). 1 mA is equivalent to 10^-3 A, and 1 µA is
equivalent to 10^-6 A.

Ammeter: An instrument used to measure electric current in a circuit is called an ammeter.

Charge: Charge is a fundamental property of matter, and it exists in two forms - positive charge
and negative charge.

Properties of Electric Charge: Unlike charges attract each other, and like charges repel each
other. The force between two charges varies directly with the product of the charges and
inversely with the square of the distance between them.

Electric Potential and Potential Difference: Electric potential is the electric potential energy at
a point, while potential difference is the difference in electric potential energy between two
points in an electric circuit. Voltage is the term used to describe electric potential difference.

Voltmeter: A device used to measure the potential difference or electric potential difference
between two points in an electric circuit is called a voltmeter.

Galvanometer: A device used to detect current in an electric circuit is known as a galvanometer.

Ohm’s Law: Ohm’s Law states that the potential difference between two points in a conductor
is directly proportional to the electric current at a constant temperature. The formula V = IR
represents Ohm’s Law, where V is the potential difference, I is the electric current, and R is the
resistance.
Resistance: Resistance is the property of a conductor that opposes the flow of electric current.
The SI unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).

Combination of Resistors (Series and Parallel): Resistors can be combined in series or parallel
configurations to alter the total resistance in a circuit.

Heating Effect of Electric Current: When electric current flows through a resistor, the
electrical energy is dissipated as heat, resulting in the heating effect of electric current.

Joule’s Law of Heating: Joule’s Law states that the heat produced in a resistor is directly
proportional to the square of the current, the resistance, and the time for which the current flows
through the resistor.

Electric Power: Electric power is the rate at which electric work is done in a circuit. It is
measured in watts (W), and the formula for electric power is P = VI.

Conductor and Insulator: Conductors allow the flow of electrons, while insulators do not.
Conductors have a large number of free electrons and low opposition to current flow, whereas
insulators have fewer free electrons and high opposition to current flow.

Direction of Electric Current: The direction of conventional current is opposite to the flow of
electrons.

CBSE Class 10 Science Notes: Electricity


Electricity: Covers electric current, circuits, voltage, resistance, and Ohm’s law.

Electric Current: Movement of electric charge through a conductor.

Electric Circuit: Continuous path for electric current.

Expression of Electric Current: Represented by 'I' and calculated as I = Q/t.

Units: Coulomb (C) for charge, ampere (A) for current.

Small Currents: Measured in mA and µA.

Ammeter: Measures electric current.

Charge: Exists as positive and negative.

Properties of Charge: Like charges repel, unlike charges attract.

Electric Potential and Voltage: Electric potential and potential difference in circuits.

Voltmeter: Measures potential difference.


Galvanometer: Detects current.

Ohm’s Law: V = IR, where V is potential difference, I is current, and R is resistance.

Resistance: Property that opposes current flow, measured in ohms (Ω).

Combination of Resistors: Series or parallel configurations to change total resistance.

Heating Effect of Current: Dissipates electrical energy as heat.

Joule’s Law: Heat produced in a resistor is proportional to current, resistance, and time.

Electric Power: Rate of electric work done, measured in watts (W).

Conductor and Insulator: Conductors allow electron flow, insulators do not.

Direction of Current: Conventional current is opposite to electron flow.

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