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TOPIC-To
investigate the
relation
between the
ratio of :-1.
Input and
output
voltage.2.
Number of
turnings in the
secondary coil
and primary coil
of a self made
transformer.
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TOPIC-To investigate the relation between the ratio of :-1. Input and output
voltage.2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self
made transformer.
1. SUBMITTED TO: MR. FAISAL SHAREEF SUBMITTED BY: CH.MURLIDHAR ( XIITH ‘A’) 1. Input and output voltage. 2.
Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made transformer. CH.Murlidhar
2. This is to certifythat CH MURLIDHAR of class 12th A has satisfactorilycompletedhis physicsInvestigatory Project as
prescribedby the CBSE courseduringthe academic year 2014-2015 I furthercertifiesthat thisis ownworkand not
submitted anywhere else. SIGNATURE (TEACHER) SIGNATURE (EXAMINER) SIGNATURE (PRINCIPAL) CH.Murlidhar
3. I hereby acknowledge my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my principal Mr. D. ASHOK and my physics
teacher Mr. FAISAL SHAREEF PGT (physics) whose immense help, genius guidance encouragement, necessary
suggestions initiations, enthusiasm and inspiration made this work a master art and a joint enterprise. CH.Murlidhar
4. CH.Murlidhar
5.  1. Input and output voltage.  2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self made
transformer. CH.Murlidhar
6. Transformer is a device which increase or decrease the voltage. It is based on the Principle of mutual induction.
According to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is
most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens
of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones. In a transformer, the electrical
energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which
increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-
down transformer. an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits. CH.Murlidhar
7.  When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good- transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of
the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the secondary
and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the transformer and dф / dt = rate of change of
flux in each, turnoff the coil at this instant we have, Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1) and CH.Murlidhar
8. Ep = -Np dф/dt …………………………….. (1) and, Es = -Ns dф/dt ……………………………….. (2) Since the above
relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1, we get, Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ………………………………… (3) As
Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p1, so the instananeous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance
o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by. Ip = E – Ep / Rp E – Ep = Ip Rp
CH.Murlidhar
9. When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore. E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E Thus back
e.m.f = input e.m.f Hence equation 3 can be written as Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K Where K
is constant, called turn or transformation ratio. CH.Murlidhar
10. CH.Murlidhar
11. Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant. And, Is = value of secondary
current at this instant, then, Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and, Output power at the same instant = Es Is If there
are no losses of power in the transformer. then, Input power = output power Or Ep Ip = Es Is Or Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
CH.Murlidhar
12. CH.Murlidhar
13. Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio. Similarly it can be shown,
that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio. Thus a step up
transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down transformer steps up the current. CH.Murlidhar
14. Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. i.e. η = output power / input
power = Es Is / Ep Ip Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there
are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is less than one. CH.Murlidhar
15.  Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:-  Copper loss:- Is the energy loss in the form of
heat in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.  Iron loss :-Is the energy
loss in the form of heat in the iron core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.  Hysteresis loss :- Is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it. CH.Murlidhar
16.  Leakage of magnetic flux:- Occurs inspite of best insulations. Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2.  Magneto
striation:- i.e. humming noise of a transformer. CH.Murlidhar
17. CH.Murlidhar
18. CH.Murlidhar
19. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step
down transformer. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2. Now connect s1and s2to
A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer. Repeat
all steps for other self made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil. CH.Murlidhar
20.  In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.  A step down transformer is used for
welding purposes.  A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.  A step up transformer is used for
the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.  Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized
power supplies.  Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.  Small transformers are
used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc CH.Murlidhar
21. SOURCES OF ERROR  Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.  Eddy current can change the
readings. CH.Murlidhar
22.  1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect
to the input voltage.  2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio
(Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage.  3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.
CH.Murlidhar
23. PRECAUTIONS Keep safe yourself from high voltage. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant. CH.Murlidhar
24. BIBLIOGRAPHY NCERT TEXTBOOK PHYSICS LAB MANNUAL www.wikipedia.com CH.Murlidhar

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