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SECTION:

Chapter 4

Tissues and Membranes

This chapter describes the tissues, which are groups of cells with similar structure and functions. The
four major groups of tissues are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue.

Each of these groups has very specific characteristics and purposes.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE
1. The following diagrams depict some of the types of epithelial tissue.

Label each type with its complete name.

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2. Match each epithelial tissue with its proper structure (a letter statement) and functions in the body (one or
more number statements).

Use each letter and number once. Each answer line will have one correct letter and may have more than one
correct number.

1) Simple squamous epithelium Structure

2) Stratified squamous epithelium A. Many layers of cells; surface cells are flat

3) Transitional epithelium B. Columnar cells with cilia on their free surfaces

4) Cuboidal epithelium C. One layer of cells that are taller than they are wide

5) Columnar epithelium D. One layer of cube-shaped cells

6) Ciliated epithelium E. One layer of flat cells

F. Many layers of cells; surface cells are alternately

rounded or flat

Function

1. Forms the alveoli of the lungs and permits diffusion of

gases

2. Secretes the hormones of the thyroid gland

3. Forms the epidermis of the skin

4. Forms the stomach lining and secretes gastric juice

5. Forms capillaries to permit exchanges of materials

6. Permits stretching of the urinary bladder as it fills

7. Lines arteries and veins and is smooth to prevent

abnormal blood clotting

8. Forms the lining of the mouth and the esophagus

9. Lines the trachea and sweeps mucus and bacteria toward

the pharynx

10. Forms the lining of the small intestine and absorbs

nutrients

11. Lines the fallopian tubes to sweep an ovum toward the

uterus

12. May have microvilli to increase the surface area for

absorption

3. Glands are made of epithelial tissue, and there are several different categories. Match each type of gland with its proper
structure (letter statements) and an example in the body (a number statement).

Use each letter and number once. One answer line will have two correct letters.

1) Unicellular glands
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2) Exocrine glands Structure

A. Consist of only one cell

3) Endocrine glands
B. Have no ducts; their secretions enter capillaries

C. Have ducts to take their secretions to their site of action

D. Their secretions are called hormones

Example

1. The thyroid gland and pituitary gland

2. Goblet cells that secrete mucus

3. The salivary glands and sweat glands

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. Match each connective tissue with its proper structure (a letter statement) and functions in the body (one or
more number statements).

Use each letter and number once. Each answer line will have one correct letter and may have more than one
correct number.

1) Blood Structure

2) Areolar connective tissue A. Made primarily of elastin fibers

3) Adipose tissue B. Made of cells in the fluid matrix called plasma

4) Fibrous connective tissue C. Made of osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and

collagen
5) Elastic connective tissue
D. Made of cells specialized to store fat
6) Bone
E. Made of fibroblasts in a matrix of tissue fluid, collagen,
7) Cartilage and elastin fibers

F. Made of chondrocytes in a matrix that is smooth

and flexible

G. Made primarily of collagen fibers

Function

1. Beneath the skin and the epithelium of mucous

membranes; has white blood cells to destroy pathogens

2. Forms tendons that connect muscles to bones

3. Surrounds the alveoli of the lungs and contributes

to normal exhalation

4. Transports oxygen and nutrients and contains cells to

destroy pathogens

5. Supports the body

6. Provides a smooth surface to prevent friction on joint

surfaces

7. Stores excess energy in subcutaneous tissue

8. The cells are produced in red bone marrow

9. Forms ligaments that connect bone to bone

10. Forms rings to keep the trachea open

11. In the walls of the large arteries where it helps maintain

blood pressure

12. Protects some internal organs from mechanical injury

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2. The following diagrams depict some of the types of connective tissue.

Label each type with its complete name.

MUSCLE TISSUE
1. All three types of muscle tissue are specialized to contract and bring about movement of some kind.

Each of the following statements describes a structural or functional aspect of one of the three types of muscle
tissue. Indicate the type to which the statement applies by writing SK for skeletal muscle, SM for smooth
muscle, or C for cardiac muscle on the line before the statement.

1) The cells are tapered and have one nucleus each.

2) Attached to bones, moves the skeleton.

3) Enables arteries to constrict or dilate to maintain blood pressure.

4) The cells are branched and each has one nucleus.

5) Also called striated muscle tissue because the cylindrical cells appear to have striations.

6) Produces a significant amount of body heat.

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7) Forms the walls of the chambers of the heart; its function is to pump blood.

8) Also called visceral muscle because it is found in many internal organs.

9) Produces involuntary waves of contraction, called peristalsis, in the intestines.

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10) Each cell has several nuclei.

11) The cells contract by themselves; nerve impulses regulate only the rate of contraction.

12) Also called voluntary muscle because nerve impulses are required for contraction.

13) In the iris of the eye, it will constrict or dilate the pupil.

14) Has intercalated discs for rapid impulse transmission from cell to cell.

2. The following diagrams depict the three types of muscle tissue.

Label each type with its complete name.

NERVE TISSUE
1. The name for nerve cells is , and these cells are specialized to generate and
transmit .

2. The following diagram depicts a neuron.

Label the following structures: cell body, nucleus, axon, dendrites.

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3. a) The axon of a neuron carries impulses (toward or away from) the cell body.

b) The dendrites of a neuron carry impulses (toward or away from) the cell body.

4. a) In the peripheral nervous system, the specialized cells that form the myelin sheath are called

b) In the central nervous system, the specialized cells are called .

5. a) The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of the next neuron is called the

b) Here, the transmission of nerve impulses depends upon chemicals called .

6. Name two organs made of nerve tissue. and

7. State two general functions of nerve tissue in these organs or the nervous system as a whole.
and

MEMBRANES
1. Match each epithelial membrane with its proper locations and functions.

Use each letter once. One answer line will have seven correct letters, and the other will have five correct letters.

1) Serous membranes A. Line the respiratory and digestive tracts

B. Line closed body cavities

2) Mucous membranes
C. Made of simple squamous epithelium

D. Cover organs in closed body cavities

E. Line the urinary and reproductive tracts

F. Secrete serous fluid to prevent friction

G. Secrete mucus to keep the living surface cells wet

H. Include the pleural membranes

I. Line body tracts that open to the environment

J. Include the peritoneum and mesentery

K. May contain goblet cells

L. Include the pericardial membranes

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2. a) The serous membranes that are found in closed body cavities are shown in the following diagrams.

Label both membranes in each pair, and then complete the statements using proper terminology.

b) The pleura lines the chest cavity, and the pleura covers the
lungs.

c) The lines the abdominal cavity, and the covers the abdominal
organs.

d) The pericardium lines the fibrous pericardium, and the

pericardium covers the heart muscle.
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3. Match each connective tissue membrane with the statement that describes its location and function.

Use each letter once.

1) Superficial fascia A. Lines joint cavities and secretes fluid to prevent friction
when joints move

2) Deep fascia B. Forms a sac around the heart

C. Covers cartilage and contains capillaries

3) Synovial membrane
D. Covers the brain and spinal cord and
contains cerebrospinal fluid
4) Fibrous pericardium
E. Covers bone and contains blood vessels that enter the
bone
5) Perichondrium
F. Between the skin and the muscles; contains adipose tissue

6) Periosteum G. Covers each skeletal muscle and anchors tendons

7) Meninges

CROSSWORD PUZZLE

ACROSS 7. Protein fibers that are very strong

5. Chemicals that transmit impulses at synapses 10. Membranes that line body tracts open to the
environment
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11. Structural network of nonliving intercellular material DOWN

12. Nerve cell 1. Cardiac muscle

13. Membranes that line closed body cavities 2. A tissue that contains matrix and cells (two words)

16. Tissue found on body surfaces 3. Ductless glands

17. Tissue found on the joint surface of bones 4. Bone cells

18. Small space between two neurons 6. The tissue capable of contraction

19. Blood-forming tissue 8. Organs that produce secretions

20. Glands that have ducts 9. Cartilage cells

14. Protein fibers that are elastic

15. Matrix of blood

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CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
1. A 9-year-old boy has a simple fracture of the humerus, the bone of the upper arm. This fracture will heal relatively
rapidly because bone has a good to transport nutrients and oxygen to the site of repair.

2. A 26-year-old football player has torn cartilage in his knee joint. Such damage will be repaired slowly or not at all
because cartilage itself has no .

3. a) A victim of a diving accident has had his spinal cord severed in the lower cervical region, and no nerve impulses

pass below this level. As a result, the muscles below the neck are paralyzed because they
no longer receive nerve impulses to initiate contraction.

b) However, the continues to contract because cardiac muscle cells are able to contract
without the stimulus of nerve impulses.

4. A child with a ruptured appendix is receiving antibiotics to treat peritonitis. This serious infection involves the

, the membrane that lines the cavity.

5. An elderly man has arthritis of the knees. The joint pain that accompanies arthritis may be due to inflammation of the

membrane that lines the joint cavities or due to damage to the

(type of tissue) that covers the joint surfaces of bones.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST #1

Choose the correct answer for each question.

1. An endocrine gland has:

a) a duct b) no duct c) no secretion d) no blood supply

2. An example of an exocrine gland is the:

a) salivary gland b) thyroid gland c) pituitary gland d) adrenal gland

3. The type of epithelium in which the surface cells alternate from round to flat is:

a) cuboidal b) columnar c) stratified squamous d) transitional

4. The type of connective tissue with a liquid matrix called plasma is:

a) cartilage b) bone c) adipose d) blood

5. Axon, dendrite, and cell body are the three parts of:

a) the brain b) nerve tissue c) a neuron d) the central nervous system

6. The type of connective tissue with a solid matrix made of calcium salts is:

a) areolar b) bone c) cartilage d) fibrous

7. The type of muscle tissue also known as voluntary muscle is:

a) smooth b) cardiac c) visceral d) skeletal

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8. The membrane that lines the digestive tract is a:

a) serous membrane c) mucous membrane

b) synovial membrane d) fascia

9. The serous membrane that lines the thoracic cavity is the:

a) visceral pleura b) peritoneum c) parietal pleura d) mesentery

10. In the fallopian tube, an egg cell is moved toward the uterus by:

a) ciliated epithelium b) striated muscle c) nerve tissue d) cuboidal epithelium

11. To increase their surface area for absorption, columnar cells in the small intestine have:

a) microvilli b) cilia c) goblet cells d) ducts

12. The strong tissue that forms tendons and ligaments is:

a) skeletal muscle b) fibrous connective tissue c) bone d) elastic connective tissue

13. The type of epithelium that makes up the outer layer of skin is:

a) simple squamous b) stratified columnar c) stratified squamous d) simple columnar

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14. The tissue that is thin enough to form capillaries and permit exchanges of materials is:

a) smooth muscle c) areolar connective tissue

b) elastic connective tissue d) simple squamous epithelium

15. The type of muscle tissue that produces a significant amount of body heat is:

a) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac d) visceral

16. Cardiac muscle is found in:

a) the heart and arteries b) arteries only c) the heart only d) arteries, veins, and the heart

17. The membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord are the:

a) visceral cranial membranes b) periosteum c) synovial membranes d) meninges

18. The space between two neurons where a neurotransmitter carries the impulse is called a:

a) cell body b) matrix c) Schwann cell d) synapse

19. The unicellular glands that secrete mucus in the respiratory tract are:

a) goblet cells b) endocrine glands c) microvilli d) serous glands

20. The tissue that transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body is:

a) nerve tissue b) blood c) areolar connective tissue d) serous tissue

21. The type of muscle tissue that provides peristalsis in the intestines is:

a) skeletal b) voluntary c) striated d) smooth

22. The type of connective tissue that stores excess energy in the form of fat is:

a) fibrous b) cartilage c) elastic d) adipose

23. The membrane that lines a joint cavity and produces fluid is the membrane.

a) mucous b) synovial c) serous d) pleural

24. The tissue in the wall of the trachea that keeps it open is:

a) bone b) fibrous tissue c) cartilage d) areolar tissue

25. The type of connective tissue beneath mucous membranes that contains many white blood cells is:

a) areolar b) fibrous c) elastic d) cartilage

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST #2

Read each question and the four answer choices carefully. When you have made a choice, follow the instructions
to complete your answer.

1. Which tissue does NOT contribute to the functioning of the trachea?

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a) Ciliated epithelium sweeps mucus and pathogens to the pharynx.

b) Cartilage rings keep the trachea open.

c) Goblet cells produce mucus.

d) Columnar epithelium absorbs nutrients.

For your choice, state the correct location of the tissue with this function.

2. Which tissue does NOT contribute to the functioning of an artery?

a) Simple squamous epithelium forms the lining and prevents abnormal clotting.

b) Cardiac muscle pumps blood.

c) Elastic connective tissue helps maintain normal blood pressure.

d) Smooth muscle tissue helps maintain normal blood pressure.

For your choice, state the correct location of the tissue with this function.
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3. Which epithelial membrane is NOT paired with its proper location?

a) peritoneum—lines the thoracic cavity

b) mucous membrane—lines the urinary tract

c) mesentery—covers the abdominal organs

d) visceral pleura—covers the lungs

For your choice, state its correct location.

4. Which of the following does NOT contribute to the structure and function of bones?

a) The periosteum is a membrane that covers the bone.

b) Calcium salts in the bone matrix provide strength.

c) Cartilage on joint surfaces is smooth to prevent friction.

d) Bones are moved by smooth muscle.

Reword your choice to make it a correct statement.

5. Which statement is NOT true of glands?

a) Exocrine glands have ducts to transport their secretions to other sites.

b) The secretions of endocrine glands are called hormones.

c) Endocrine glands have no ducts, and their secretions enter capillaries.

d) An example of an exocrine gland is the thyroid gland.

Reword your choice to make it a correct statement.

6. Which statement is NOT true of muscle tissue?

a) Skeletal muscle in the iris of the eye changes the size of the pupil.

b) Cardiac muscle forms the heart and pumps blood.

c) Smooth muscle provides peristalsis in the intestines.

d) Skeletal muscle moves the skeleton.

For your choice, name the muscle tissue that does have this function.

7. Which statement is NOT true of nerve tissue?

a) Transmission of impulses at synapses depends upon chemicals called neurotransmitters.

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b) Nerve tissue makes up the peripheral nerves, spinal cord, and brain.

c) Schwann cells produce the myelin sheath for peripheral neurons.

d) The axon of a neuron carries impulses toward the cell body.

Reword your choice to make it a correct statement.

8. Which statement is NOT true of blood?

a) White blood cells destroy pathogens and provide immunity.

b) Nutrients and waste products are transported by red blood cells.

c) Red blood cells contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

d) Platelets are important for clotting to prevent blood loss.

Reword your choice to make it a correct statement.

9. Which statement is NOT true of the connective tissues?

a) Adipose tissue stores protein as a potential energy source.

b) Fibrous connective tissue makes up tendons that connect muscle to bone.

c) Areolar connective tissue is found between the skin and the muscles.

d) Elastic connective tissue around the alveoli contributes to normal exhalation.

Reword your choice to make it a correct statement.

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10. Which statement is NOT true of the epithelial tissues?

a) Transitional epithelium permits expansion of the urinary bladder.

b) Simple cuboidal epithelium in the salivary glands secretes saliva.

c) Stratified squamous epithelium of the outer layer of skin has living cells on the surface.

d) Simple squamous epithelium in the alveoli permits exchange of gases.

Reword your choice to make it a correct statement.

MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST #3

Each question is a series of statements concerning a topic in this chapter. Read each
statement carefully and select all of the correct statements.

1. Which of the following statements are true of epithelial tissues?

a) Cuboidal epithelium is found on the skin surface as dead cells.

b) Simple squamous epithelium lines the heart; its smoothness prevents abnormal blood clotting.

c) Transitional epithelium permits the lining of the urinary bladder to stretch.

d) Stratified squamous epithelium forms the lining of the stomach.

e) Columnar epithelium lines the small intestine and forms capillaries.

f) ) Epithelial tissues have capillaries only if they are on an inner body surface.

g) Both unicellular and multicellular glands are made of epithelial cells and tissues.

h) The function of ciliated epithelium is to sweep materials across a surface.

2. Which of the following statements are true of connective tissues?

a) Fibrous connective tissue forms ligaments that connect bone to bone.

b) Adipose tissue is an important storage site for glycogen.

c) Excess calcium is stored in bone tissue.

d) The blood cells that contribute to clotting are the platelets.

e) Areolar connective tissue is found subcutaneously and

contains white blood cells.
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f ) Elastic connective tissue enables the diaphragm to expand

and contract.

g) Blood plasma transports most nutrients and oxygen.

h) Cartilage forms smooth surfaces on many joints.

i) Brown fat is a heat-producing tissue.

j) The major supporting tissue of the body is fibrous connective tissue.

3. Which of the following statements are true of muscle tissues?

a) Arteries contain smooth muscle that contributes to maintaining blood pressure.

b) Only skeletal muscle can be called voluntary muscle.

c) Cardiac muscle must receive nerve impulses in order to contract.

d) The iris of the eye has smooth muscle fibers that focus light rays on the retina.

e) Cardiac muscle forms the walls of the chambers of the heart.

f) ) A significant amount of body heat is produced by cardiac muscle.

4. Which of the following statements are true of nerve tissue?

a) The electrical nerve impulse is carried by the neuron’s cell membrane.

b) The myelin sheath assists impulse transmission across synapses.

c) Neurotransmitters are produced by dendrites.

d) The cell body of a neuron contains the nucleus.

e) A synapse is the space between two axons.

f) ) Schwann cells are found only in the peripheral nervous system.

5. Which of the following statements are true of membranes?

a) The meninges cover the brain and spinal cord.

b) The visceral pleura covers the lungs.

c) The periosteum is fibrous connective tissue that covers a bone.

d) The heart has both serous and fibrous pericardial layers.

e) The membrane that lines joint cavities is

the synovial membrane.

f ) The peritoneum lines the abdominal

cavity.
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