UPSC MAINS

2024

GS-II
MODEL ANSWERS

9920613613 pwonlyias.com [email protected]

 UPSC MAINS 2024 GS II MODEL ANSWERS
Q1. Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular
reference to "one nation-one election” principle. 10M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees
• Discuss issues with one nation-one election principle
• Suggest suitable way ahead

Answer:
Electoral reforms are crucial for improving the democratic integrity and efficiency of India's electoral
process. The "One Nation, One Election" concept, recently endorsed by the Ram Nath Kovind
Committee, advocates simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and state assemblies. This reform
aims to reduce election-related expenditure, streamline governance, and foster political stability by
synchronising electoral cycles across the country.

Need for Electoral Reforms

• Strengthening Electoral Participation: Encouraging greater voter turnout and simplifying the
voter registration process is essential to fostering a more inclusive democracy.
For example: The Goswami Committee on Electoral Reforms suggested measures to increase
electoral participation, such as simplifying voter registration.
• Addressing Political Corruption: Tackling the nexus between criminals and politicians enhances
voter trust and engagement while encouraging accountability among the candidates.
For example: The Vohra Committee Report highlighted the link between criminals and
politicians, calling for electoral reforms as a remedy.
• Curbing Electoral Expenditure: Limiting the rising costs of elections is crucial to ensure a level
playing field and prevent undue influence on electoral outcomes by wealthy candidates or parties.
For example: The 2nd ARC emphasised the need to curb spiralling electoral expenses to maintain
the integrity of free and fair elections.
• Improving Election Integrity: Strengthening mechanisms that ensure transparency and prevent
manipulation in the electoral process is vital for upholding democracy.
For example: The Election Commission of India and the Law Commission have advocated for
reforms aimed at enhancing transparency and integrity in election funding especially electoral
bonds.
• Ensuring Inclusivity in Voting: Ensuring that marginalised groups have equal access to voting is
critical for a truly representative democracy.
For example: The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (NCRWC)
advocated for inclusive electoral practices to accommodate the needs of marginalised communities.

Significance of One Nation-One Election Principle

• Increase in GDP: Holding simultaneous elections can result in a notable increase in GDP by
enhancing economic stability and efficiency.
For example: The Kovind Committee report showed that India’s national real GDP growth with
simultaneous elections would be 1.5 percentage points higher in the immediate next year.
• Rise in Government Expenditure: Simultaneous elections lead to an increase in public spending,
particularly skewed towards capital expenditure, which promotes economic growth.
 For example: Data suggest that government expenditure rises by 17.67% post simultaneous
elections, with a greater focus on capital investment over revenue spending, boosting long-term
economic development.
• Impact on Investments: Frequent elections create uncertainty for investors, hampering long-term
investment decisions, while simultaneous elections foster a more stable investment environment.
For example: The national Gross Fixed Capital Formation to GDP ratio is estimated to be 0.5
percentage points higher during simultaneous election periods, encouraging sustained investment.
• Cost Efficiency: Simultaneous elections reduce the recurring costs incurred by the government,
allowing savings to be allocated for other developmental purposes.
For example: A Parliamentary panel estimated that the Election Commission spends over Rs
4,500 crore on conducting elections for the Lok Sabha and state Assemblies. Consolidating these
elections would significantly reduce such expenditures.
• Enhanced Governance and Administration: The frequent enforcement of the Model Code of
Conduct disrupts governance, but simultaneous elections can prevent these frequent interruptions.
For example: During the 2024 General Elections, governance was affected for nearly three
months due to the Model Code of Conduct. Simultaneous elections would help ensure the
government’s smooth functioning.
• Reduced Influence of Money in Politics: Simultaneous elections can reduce the role of money in
politics by limiting the frequency of election campaigns and related expenses.
For example: The estimated expenditure for the 2024 elections is projected to be Rs 1.35 lakh
crore. Conducting simultaneous elections would allow for better monitoring and control of
campaign spending.
• Mitigation of Divisive Politics: The 'One Nation-One Election' principle can shift the focus from
regional, caste-based, and communal politics to broader national issues, fostering unity.
For example: In the 2023 Karnataka Assembly Elections, caste-based mobilisation was heavily
employed by political parties. Simultaneous elections can help reduce such divisive tactics by
prioritising national issues and a unified agenda.

The implementation of One Nation-One Election holds the potential to strengthen India's democratic
process, ensuring efficient governance, cost savings, and enhanced voter participation. By fostering
national unity and streamlining elections, this vision aligns with India's goal of inclusive, sustainable,
and progressive development.

Q2. Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they
entertain civil as well as criminal cases? 10M

Core Demand of Question

• Distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals
• Discuss whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases
Answer:
Both Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals are alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms
aimed at resolving disputes outside of the traditional court system. However, they differ
significantly in their nature, formation, and procedures. Lok Adalats are designed to provide quick,
cost-effective solutions to disputes, especially for underprivileged citizens. On the other hand,
Arbitration Tribunals focus majorly on commercial and contractual disputes.

Distinction between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals

Aspect Lok Adalats Arbitration Tribunals

Deal primarily with minor civil, Primarily resolve commercial,

family, and petty criminal cases. contractual, and corporate disputes.
Nature of Disputes For example: Issues related to land For example: Arbitration Tribunals
disputes and matrimonial cases. were used in the Vodafone tax case
in India.

Governed by the Legal Services Governed by the Arbitration and

Authorities Act, 1987 to ensure Conciliation Act, 1996.
Legal Basis quick and accessible justice for For example: The Tata-Mistry
ordinary citizens. dispute used Arbitration Tribunals
to settle commercial differences.

Participation is voluntary, and both Participation is based on an

Voluntary Nature parties must agree to resolve agreement or contract between the
disputes here. disputing parties.

Chaired by a judicial officer, usually Arbitrators are chosen by the parties

a retired judge or sitting magistrate. involved, and they may be legal or
non-legal professionals.
Appointment of For example: In international
Judges/Arbitrators commercial arbitration cases like
Cairn Energy vs the Indian
Government, arbitrators were
appointed by both parties.

Generally, no court fees are required, Involves fees for arbitrators and legal
Cost Efficiency making it cost-effective. representation, making it more
expensive.

No appeal can be made once a Awards can be challenged under

settlement is reached. But they are certain conditions, especially on
free to initiate litigation under right to grounds of bias or procedural issues.
Appeal Process
litigate. For example: The Antrix-Devas
arbitration award was challenged in
Indian courts on procedural grounds.
 Aspect Lok Adalats Arbitration Tribunals

Lawyers are not necessary, but Lawyers or legal professionals are

parties can seek legal advice. often involved in representing the
For example: In Lok Adalats parties.
Role of Lawyers resolving petty disputes, many For example: In the Reliance vs
parties represent themselves without ONGC arbitration, high-profile
legal counsel, though they may seek legal teams were involved in the case,
advice from legal professionals. typical for arbitration disputes.

Disputes are resolved in a single Arbitration can be a longer process,

sitting or within a short period. depending on the complexity of the
Speed of
For example: Over 1.14 crore cases case.
Resolution
were settled at 3rd National Lok
Adalat (2024) organised by NALSA.

Civil and Criminal Case Jurisdiction

• Lok Adalats: Mainly cater to civil matters and minor criminal cases (compoundable offences).
For example: Cases like cheque bounce or motor accident claims are commonly resolved in Lok
Adalats.
• Arbitration Tribunals: Focuses strictly on civil matters, especially commercial disputes.
For example: Arbitration was used in the Ambani family dispute over assets and contracts, which
involved civil, commercial issues but no criminal cases.

Both Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals play vital roles in providing alternative legal remedies.
While Lok Adalats ensure accessible justice for all, Arbitration Tribunals focus on complex commercial
disputes. Both systems aim to reduce the punitive burden of formal courts.

Q3. "The growth of the cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of
parliamentary supremacy" Elucidate. 10M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss how growth of the cabinet system has practically resulted in the marginalisation of
parliamentary supremacy
• Discuss how role of the Parliament remains significant

Answer:
The growth of the cabinet system in India has significantly shifted power from Parliament to the
temporary executive, often raising concerns about the erosion of parliamentary supremacy. Recent
instances, such as the passing of key bills without extensive debate, reflect the growing dominance of
the executive. For example, the 2020 Farm Laws were passed without thorough parliamentary scrutiny,
raising questions about the weakening of Parliament's role.
Growth of the Cabinet System and Marginalisation of Parliamentary Supremacy
• Concentration of Power: The cabinet system centralised decision-making authority within a
small group of ministers, leading to a reduction in Parliament's role in critical policymaking,
undermining the principle of collective responsibility (Article 75 of the Constitution).
For example: The 2015 Land Acquisition Ordinance bypassed Parliament, highlighting the
growing executive dominance in decision-making without parliamentary involvement.
• Reduced Legislative Debate: The control exercised by the cabinet over the legislative agenda
limits Parliament's role in in-depth debates, undermining the essence of deliberative democracy
protected by Article 107 of the Constitution.
For example: The National Dental Commission Act, 2023 was passed with minimal debate,
reducing the scope for democratic scrutiny.
• Executive Control Over Legislation: The dominance of the executive in legislative processes,
reducing the scope for private members' bills, curtails Parliament’s independence in initiating
legislation.
For instance: Since 1952, only 14 private member's bills have become laws.
• Frequent Bypassing of Committees: Parliamentary Standing Committees, vital for scrutinising
bills, are often bypassed, undermining Article 118, which allows Parliament to make rules
regulating its procedures, including referring bills to committees.
For example: The Citizenship Amendment Bill, 2019, bypassed the standing committee,
reducing opportunities for in-depth review by Parliament.
• Ordinance Raj: The frequent issuance of ordinances by the executive under Article 123
undermines Parliament’s role in law-making, as ordinances are intended for emergencies.
For example: The Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi (GNCTD Amendment)
Ordinance, 2023 to “provide for a comprehensive scheme of administration of services.
• Reduced Parliamentary Sittings: The reduction in Parliament's working days limits its oversight
of the executive, conflicting with Article 85, which mandates regular sessions of Parliament to hold
the executive accountable.
For example: In 2020, Parliament sat for only 33 days, severely limiting opportunities for
legislative debate and scrutiny, particularly during critical events like the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Budgetary Control: The executive’s increasing control over the budget, with limited debate in
Parliament, undermines the intent of Article 112, which requires parliamentary approval of the
annual budget, ensuring financial accountability.
For instance: The 2024 interim budget saw large allocations passed with minimal parliamentary
scrutiny, highlighting the dominance of the executive over fiscal decisions.

Role of Parliament Remains Significant

• Legislative Function: Despite the cabinet's increasing dominance, Parliament retains its supreme
legislative authority, allowing it to pass, amend, or repeal laws, ensuring a balance between
executive actions and democratic checks.
For example: The RTI (2005) and GST (2017) were passed after extensive parliamentary debate,
demonstrating Parliament’s critical role in shaping national laws.
• Budget Approval: Parliament plays a key role in scrutinising and approving the national budget,
under Article 265, which ensures that no tax shall be levied or collected without parliamentary
approval, providing a key check on executive power.
 For example: The Parliamentary Budget Committee regularly reviews spending proposals, as
seen during the examination of the COVID-19 relief packages, ensuring transparency in
government expenditure.
• Question Hour: Through Question Hour, Parliament exercises its power under Article 105 to
question and hold the executive accountable, ensuring transparency in governance.
For example: The Pegasus spyware scandal was raised during Question Hour, holding the
government accountable for privacy violations and misuse of surveillance.
• Parliamentary Committees: Parliamentary Standing Committees, established under the authority
of Article 118, continue to scrutinise bills and executive actions, ensuring that laws are thoroughly
examined before being passed.
For example: The Consumer Protection Bill, 2019 was duly reviewed by the standing committee,
reflecting Parliament’s role in maintaining legislative scrutiny.
• Impeachment Powers: Parliament retains the authority under Article 124(4) to impeach judges of
the Supreme Court and under Article 61 to impeach the President, ensuring checks on constitutional
functionaries and maintaining the balance of power.
For example: The impeachment motion against Justice Soumitra Sen in 2011 was an exercise of
Parliament’s oversight powers over the judiciary.
• No Confidence Motion: The power to pass a No Confidence Motion remains one of Parliament’s
crucial tools to assess the performance of the executive, ensuring government accountability.
For example: The 2018 No Confidence Motion against the Union government, though
unsuccessful, showcased Parliament’s ability to challenge the executive's policies and decisions.
• Oversight of Foreign Policy: Parliament’s ability to debate and scrutinise foreign policy decisions
ensures that international actions are aligned with national interests and subject to democratic
review.
For example: The India-China border dispute in 2020 was widely debated in Parliament,
ensuring transparency and accountability in foreign policy.

As Walter Bagehot remarked, "The cabinet system is a hyphen which joins, a buckle which fastens
the legislative part of the state to the executive part." While the cabinet's role has expanded, a strong
and active Parliament remains essential for maintaining democratic accountability and balance in
governance, ensuring India’s democratic future is preserved.

Q4. "The duty of the Comptroller and Auditor General is not merely to ensure the legality of
expenditure but also its propriety." Comment. 10M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss role of CAG in ensuring legality of expenditure
• Discuss role of CAG in ensuring propriety of expenditure

Answer
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India's mandate, under Article 148 of the
Constitution extends beyond merely ensuring the legality of government expenditure to also examining
its propriety. It suggests that the CAG also has the responsibility of ensuring that public money is spent
not just legally (Legality of Expenditure) but appropriately, prudently, and for the intended purpose
(Propriety of Expenditure).
Ensuring Legality of Expenditure
• Constitutional and Statutory Mandate: The CAG is constitutionally mandated to audit
expenditures from the Consolidated Fund of India, ensuring they align with legal provisions under
Article 266.
• Audit Reports: The CAG publishes annual audit reports evaluating the financial and operational
integrity of government programs.
For example: The CAG’s audit of the MGNREGA highlighted gaps in implementation and
resource utilisation.
• Compliance with Laws and Regulations: Ensuring that government transactions comply with
statutory requirements, including tax laws like the Goods and Services Tax (GST).
For instance: The CAG audit of GST compliance in various government departments ensures
adherence to the tax regulations.
• Financial Oversight: Regular financial assessments by the CAG ensure that government sectors,
especially in sensitive areas like defence, manage their finances responsibly. It also plays a crucial
role in detecting mismanagement of public funds and bringing corruption to light
For example: The CAG’s audit of the Commonwealth Games (2010) uncovered procurement
irregularities, leading to high-profile investigations.
• Ensuring Public Accountability: CAG findings are often reviewed by the Public Accounts
Committee (PAC), ensuring that government actions are held accountable.
For example: The CAG’s findings in the 2G spectrum case led to significant PAC deliberations
and legal actions against involved parties.

Ensuring Propriety of Expenditure

• Value for Money Audits: The CAG ensures that government programs deliver value for public
money through effective audits of major projects.
For example: The audit of the Clean Ganga Mission assessed whether allocated funds were used
efficiently and yielded expected environmental outcomes.
• Ethical Standards: The CAG ensures that discretionary government expenditures, particularly
those by ministers, meet ethical standards.
For example: The CAG’s audit of discretionary spending by Ministers ensures that funds are
used ethically.
• Transparency in Spending: Ensuring transparency in government spending is one of the key roles
of the CAG, with audit results being made public for scrutiny.
For example: The CAG’s audit findings related to Delhi Metro Rail Corporation were
published online to ensure public access to transparency in spending.
• Advisory Role: The CAG offers advisory services to government bodies, helping them make better
policy decisions based on audit findings.
For example: The CAG’s recommendations to the Railway Board on fare pricing.
• Safeguarding Public Interest: The CAG ensures that public sector undertakings (PSUs) are
managed efficiently to prevent wastage of resources.
For example: The CAG’s audit of Air India identified financial mismanagement, ensuring
corrective measures were taken to avoid further losses.
• International Standards: The CAG adheres to International Standards of Supreme Audit
Institutions (INTOSAI), ensuring that its audits are in line with global practices.

The Comptroller and Auditor General plays a vital role in maintaining financial accountability and
ensuring that public funds are used lawfully and efficiently. As Dr. B.R. Ambedkar stated, "The CAG
is the most important officer under the Constitution of India," safeguarding public resources through
legal scrutiny and ethical audits to promote economic stability and transparency in governance.
Q5. Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the
pros and cons of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. 10M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Analyse role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level
• Discuss the pros of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies
• Discuss the cons of merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies

Answer

Local bodies form the backbone of decentralised governance in India, empowered by the 73rd and
74th Constitutional Amendments, which introduced Articles 243 to 243Z. These amendments have
transformed local bodies into key drivers of development and governance. Recently, in 2022, the
Supreme Court emphasised the importance of strengthening local bodies by mandating timely elections
in states like Maharashtra.

Role of Local Bodies in Providing Good Governance at the Local Level

• Decentralised Decision-Making: Local bodies enable autonomous decision-making that caters
to the unique needs of their communities, in line with Article 243G of the Constitution, which
empowers Panchayats to plan and implement economic development.
For example: Gram Panchayats in Maharashtra managed Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyan, a water
conservation initiative, improving water availability in drought-prone areas.
• Enhanced Community Engagement: As mandated by Article 243A, Gram Sabhas enable
citizens to participate in governance decisions.
For example: Ward Committees in Bengaluru and Gram Sabhas in Kerala empower citizens to
participate in local budgeting, fostering greater transparency.
• Accountability and Transparency Improvements: Regular monitoring of government programs
increases accountability, as encouraged by the RTI Act (2005), which promotes transparency.
For example: Social audits in MGNREGA, as mandated by Section 17 of the MGNREGA Act,
helped expose fund mismanagement in Andhra Pradesh.
• Local Economic Initiatives: Local bodies promote economic development under Article 243W,
which empowers municipalities to execute economic programs in urban areas.
For example: Under the NULM , municipalities in Gujarat have promoted micro-enterprises,
providing loans and training to urban poor women.
• Inclusion of Marginalised Sections: Local bodies reserve seats for women and SC/STs as per
Article 243D, ensuring political participation from marginalised sections.
For example: Elected women representatives constitute 45.6 percent of total Panchayati Raj
Institution (PRI) representatives in India in 2024, as per a RBI report.
• Resource Management Effectiveness: Local management of natural resources is enabled under
Article 243G, empowering Panchayats to handle resource management.
For example: Local bodies in Rajasthan’s Alwar district have successfully managed water
resources through community-led conservation efforts, improving groundwater levels.
• Service Delivery Localization: Municipalities, as per Article 243W, are responsible for delivering
essential services like health and education at the local level.
For example: Kerala’s local self-government departments manage primary health centres,
significantly contributing to the state's exemplary health outcomes.
Pros of Merging Rural Local Bodies with Urban Local Bodies
• Integrated Development Strategy: Merging rural and urban local bodies promotes unified
planning, which helps balance infrastructure development and harmonise growth across regions,
ensuring cohesive regional progress.
• Administrative Cost Reduction: Consolidating local bodies eliminates redundant
administrative functions, reducing overhead costs and improving the efficiency by streamlining
decision-making and resource management.
• Resource Allocation Equity: Merging rural and urban governance ensures equitable distribution
of resources, preventing disproportionate development in urban centres and ensuring rural areas
receive adequate funding for essential services.
• Disparity Reduction: Merging helps extend essential urban services, such as sanitation and water
supply, into rural areas, reducing the infrastructure gap and improving quality of life.
• Governance Simplification: A unified governance structure reduces bureaucratic hurdles,
making it easier for citizens to access services and simplifying administrative processes for projects
like real estate development and regional planning.
For example: The introduction of single-window clearance systems in Gurgaon facilitated
governance across both urban and rural regions, improving the ease of doing business.
• Service Efficiency Enhancement: By pooling resources and expertise, merged bodies can deliver
services more efficiently, ensuring that both rural and urban populations benefit from improved
access to public utilities and transportation.

Cons of Merging Rural Local Bodies with Urban Local Bodies

• Local Needs Overlook: Urban-centric policies may marginalise rural-specific issues, especially in
agriculture, as the merged body might prioritise urban infrastructure over rural economic needs,
such as farming and irrigation.
• Management Complexity Increase: Merging local bodies creates larger and more diverse
jurisdictions, making it difficult to address the distinct needs of urban and rural populations, which
vary significantly in socio-economic challenges.
• Political Representation Issues: Merging rural and urban bodies could dilute rural political
representation, with urban areas receiving more attention.
• Skewed Resource Distribution: Urban areas might receive a larger share of development funds,
leaving rural regions underfunded, which may further perpetuate inequality.
• Identity and Heritage Erosion: The cultural identity of rural areas may be eroded as urbanisation
pressures increase, leading to a loss of traditional practices and local heritage.
• Implementation Difficulties: Aligning the regulatory frameworks of rural and urban areas,
particularly in terms of land use and zoning laws, can be legally complex and slow down the
governance process.

The local body is the lowest tier of governance, but by no means the least. Merging the rural and urban
local bodies could streamline governance and foster uniform development, but this must be done with
careful consideration of local needs, cultural nuances, and equitable resource allocation to ensure
sustainable development.
Q6. Public charitable trusts have the potential to make India's development more inclusive as
they relate to certain vital public issues. Comment. 10M

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss role of public charitable trusts in making India's development more inclusive
• Examine various issues faced by public charitable trusts

Answer
Public charitable trusts operate under legal frameworks such as the Indian Trusts Act, 1882, focusing
on philanthropic initiatives aimed at education, healthcare, and social justice. These trusts (for
example, SEWA Trust, Tata Trusts etc.) play a crucial role in addressing public welfare needs and
promoting inclusive development across underserved communities in India.

Role of Public Charitable Trusts in Inclusive Development

• Educational Enhancements: Public charitable trusts play a crucial role in improving educational
access and quality, especially in underserved areas.
For example: The Azim Premji Foundation focuses on rural education, complementing Sarva
Shiksha Abhiyan, aimed at universalizing elementary education.
• Healthcare Accessibility: Trusts extend healthcare services to marginalised populations, aiding
the achievement of India's constitutional goals under Article 47.
For example: Tata Trusts supports health initiatives like cancer care hospitals and mobile medical
units, aligning with the Ayushman Bharat scheme.
• Skill Development: Trusts contribute to empowering women through skill development and
microfinance, promoting equality under Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution.
For example: The SEWA Trust enhances women's empowerment by providing skills training and
financial assistance for rural youth, particularly women.
• Legal Assistance and Advocacy: Trusts provide legal aid to rescue and protect marginalised
communities, supporting their fundamental rights under the Constitution.
For example: Bachpan Bachao Andolan offers legal aid to children suffering trafficking and child
labour, aligning with the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS).
• Environmental Conservation Efforts: Trusts play a critical role in environmental conservation,
focusing on biodiversity and sustainability in line with India's international commitments under the
Paris Agreement.
For example: The Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) leads biodiversity preservation
efforts, contributing to the National Mission for Green India, a government initiative to protect
and restore forest cover.
• Local Community Development: Trusts contribute to community infrastructure, such as
sanitation, water, and housing, in line with SDGs and government schemes like Swachh Bharat
Abhiyan.

Limitations of Public Charitable Trusts in Addressing Public Issues

• Funding Inconsistencies: Financial limitations often restrict the scale and sustainability of public
trust initiatives, as they rely on fluctuating donor contributions, making long-term projects
challenging.
• Complex Regulatory Environment: Diverse and cumbersome regulations across states create
operational inefficiencies for public charitable trusts, impeding their ability to work smoothly
across regions.
• Transparency and Accountability Concerns: Some trusts lack governance structures, leading
to issues in transparency and public accountability, reducing public trust in their operations.
• Impact Measurement Challenges: Trusts often face difficulty in measuring impact due to the
lack of standardised evaluation tools, making it harder to improve project effectiveness or scale
successful initiatives.
• Redundancy and Overlap: Multiple trusts working on similar issues can lead to resource wastage
and overlap in project objectives, reducing overall efficiency and effectiveness.
For example: Trusts working on education in the same region may duplicate efforts, highlighting
the need for coordination under a unified platform such as NITI Aayog's NGO Darpan.
• Political and Corporate Nexus: Political interventions, corporate monetary influence usually
impact the core objective of public charitable trusts.

Public charitable trusts are uniquely positioned to fill gaps in public service delivery, particularly in
areas where state initiatives may fall short. By addressing critical issues such as education, healthcare,
poverty, gender equality, and environmental sustainability, these trusts contribute to more inclusive,
equitable, and sustainable development in India.

ExtraEdge
Way Ahead for Enhancing the Role of Public Charitable Trusts
• Revised Legal and Regulatory Framework: A streamlined legal framework can improve the
operational efficiency of public charitable trusts across India.
For example: Implementing the Law Commission's recommendations for simplified compliance
can enhance trust operations, similar to how FCRA reforms improved foreign funding management.
• Regular Updates to Audit Techniques: Adopting modern audit techniques and leveraging digital
auditing platforms for social and environmental audits can ensure that trusts are accountable and
responsive to newer challenges.
• Government and Private Sector Collaboration: Collaborations between trusts, government
bodies, and the private sector can amplify trust initiatives by pooling resources and expertise for
greater impact.
• Standardised Impact Assessments: Developing uniform impact metrics will help trusts measure
success and guide future projects more effectively.
For example: Trusts could adopt Social Return on Investment (SROI) frameworks, similar to CSR
impact assessments, to better quantify the benefits of their projects.
• Innovative Funding Models: Trusts can explore sustainable funding options like social impact
bonds and crowd-funding platforms to secure consistent financial support.
For example: Social impact bonds could be replicated in other developmental areas to ensure
sustainable financing for trust projects.
• Community-Driven Project Design: Trusts should involve local communities in project planning
and implementation to ensure that interventions are aligned with actual needs, fostering ownership
and sustainability.
For example: Trusts could follow the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) model, used in
schemes like MGNREGA, to ensure better community-driven development.
Q7. Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation.
What steps can be taken to break the cycle? 10M

Core Demand of the Question

• Analyse how poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle adversely affecting human capital
formation
• Suggest steps can be taken to break the cycle

Answer
Poverty and malnutrition are interconnected in a vicious cycle where lack of access to nutritious food
results in undernourishment, reducing productivity, and perpetuating deprivation. India is ranked 111th
out of 125 countries in the 2023 Global Hunger Index, reflecting significant nutritional deficiencies
due to economic disparities.

How Poverty and Malnutrition create a Vicious Cycle Adversely affecting Human Capital
Formation:
• Economic Barriers to Nutrition: Economic limitations restrict access to nutritious food for
vulnerable populations, exacerbating malnutrition.
For example: As per FAO, 690 million people go to bed hungry due to economic disparities,
especially in rural and marginalised communities.
• Developmental Impacts of Malnutrition: Malnutrition in early childhood critically impairs both
physical and cognitive development, leading to lifelong negative effects on productivity and income
potential.
For example: As per the data of Poshan Tracker (June 2024), around 8.57 crore children under
6 years were measured, out of whom 35% were found to be stunted.
• Healthcare Costs of Malnutrition: Malnourished individuals, particularly children, face greater
susceptibility to diseases, increasing healthcare costs, draining family resources.
For example: A study by the Public Health Foundation of India showed that malnutrition
increases the risk of contracting diseases like tuberculosis, leading to higher healthcare costs and
economic strain.
• Educational Limitations Due to Cognitive Delays: Malnutrition-induced cognitive delays during
childhood reduce educational attainment, thereby limiting future employment opportunities and
perpetuating socio-economic disparities across generations.
• Productivity Loss and Economic Growth: A malnourished workforce contributes less to national
productivity, hindering overall economic growth and development.
For example: World Bank Report (2014), India loses 2-3% of its GDP every year due to
undernutrition in children under the age of two.
• Social Exclusion and Mobility: Nutritional inequalities are more pronounced in marginalised
groups, leading to both social exclusion and limited economic mobility, perpetuating
intergenerational poverty.

Steps to Break the Cycle

• National Nutrition Strategies: Strengthen Poshan Abhiyan which targets the reduction of
stunting, undernutrition, and anaemia in children under six by 2% annually, impacting over 100
million people.
• Enhanced Public Distribution System: Strengthening the Public Distribution System (PDS)
ensures consistent access to food grains and nutrition for the economically vulnerable, playing a
vital role in food security, especially during crises.
For example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the PDS distributed 5 kg of food grains per
person per month to over 800 million people, ensuring food security.
• Mid-Day Meal Program Enhancement: The Mid-Day Meal Scheme improves child nutrition by
providing daily meals and fills hidden hunger gaps in schools, which simultaneously increases
attendance rates and enhances educational outcomes for children from low-income families.
• Empowerment through Education and Employment: Women’s education and employment are
crucial for improving family nutrition and health outcomes, as educated and employed women play
key roles in household decision-making.
For example: Kerala’s Kudumbashree program, promoting women's self-help groups, has
empowered women, leading to better family health, reduced malnutrition, and increased incomes.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Strengthening public-private partnerships ensures better food
storage, processing, and distribution, particularly for perishable goods, thus reducing food wastage
and improving market access for farmers.
For example: The Amul model integrates 3.6 million small dairy farmers into cooperatives,
ensuring better market prices, enhanced incomes, and reduced post-harvest losses.
• Community Nutrition Education: Community-driven education programs on nutrition and
sustainable agriculture can lead to better dietary practices and reduced malnutrition through
grassroots participation and awareness.
For example: Brazil’s Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) program reduced child malnutrition through
community-driven education focused on better nutrition and agricultural sustainability.

To tackle poverty and malnutrition, a multifaceted approach is essential, combining immediate

nutritional support and long-term socio-economic reforms. Aligning with SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) and
SDG 3 (Good Health), India can enhance human capital, ensuring inclusive growth and lasting
prosperity.

Q8. The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the
integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss. 10M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss why Doctrine of Democratic Governance requires positive public perception of civil
servants
• Analyse challenges in ensuring positive perception of civil servants
• Suggest suitable way ahead

Answer
The Doctrine of Democratic governance relies heavily on the integrity and commitment of civil
servants. Article 311 of the Indian Constitution ensures their protection, underscoring the significance
of their role in upholding the trust and accountability necessary for effective administration.
Components of Democratic Governance:
• Participation, Representation, Fair Conduct of Elections: Ensuring inclusive participation in
decision-making processes promotes legitimacy and reflects the will of the people.
• Responsiveness : Addressing issues in a timely and appropriate manner ensures public services
meet societal demands.
• Efficiency and Effectiveness : Governance must prioritise efficient public service delivery,
minimising resource wastage while ensuring services effectively achieve policy goals and
development outcomes.
• Openness and Transparency : Public decision-making must be transparent and accessible,
enabling citizens to scrutinise actions and promoting trust and accountability through informed
oversight.
• Rule of Law : Governance must be grounded in clear, fair, and consistently enforced laws ,
ensuring that all individuals, institutions, and government actors are subject to and accountable
under the law .
• Ethical Conduct : Ethical Conduct by leaders and officials upholds the public interest over
personal gain, ensuring a moral framework for governance.
• Competence and Capacity : Well-trained, skilled, and knowledgeable personnel capable of
making informed decisions and implementing policies allow effectively to meet governance
challenges.
• Innovation and Openness to Change : Governments openness to change and innovation ensures
that governance remains dynamic and relevant in a changing world.
• Sustainability and Long-Term Orientation : Policies designed with a focus on long-term
impact and sustainability ensures economic, social, and environmental needs are met without
compromising future generations' ability to meet their own.
• Sound Financial Management : Management of public resources with financial prudence,
transparency, and accountability , ensuring optimal use of funds, proper budgeting, and
avoidance of corruption.
• Human Rights, Cultural Diversity and Social Cohesion: Democratic governance respects and
protects human rights , promotes cultural diversity , and encourages social cohesion by promoting
inclusion, equality, and justice for all sections of society.
• Accountability : Government accountability ensures that public officials are answerable to
citizens and legal authorities regarding their decisions, resource utilisation, and performance results.

DDG making Public Perception positive about integrity and commitment of civil servants:
• Trust and Governance: Public trust in civil servants is essential for the legitimacy of governance
and in turn strengthens the foundation of democratic systems.
For example: The Election Commission's perceived neutrality during elections guarantees public
confidence, as evidenced during the 2024 General Elections, where the results were widely
accepted without significant disputes.
• Compliance and Law Enforcement: The public’s faith in the credibility of civil servants is key
to ensuring compliance with laws and regulations, particularly during crises or emergencies, where
adherence is vital for public safety.
For example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, public trust in the guidelines issued by the
Ministry of Health resulted in greater compliance with safety measures.
• Cooperative Public Policy Implementation: Positive public perception encourages public
participation and cooperation for effective policy implementation, driving national progress.
For example: The success of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan relied on mass public participation,
made possible by the public's trust in the civil servants implementing the program.
• Corruption Deterrence: The perceived integrity of civil servants plays a critical role in deterring
corruption within the system, as trust in their honesty encourages accountability across various
levels of governance.
For instance: The 2nd ARC emphasised the importance of civil service integrity in preventing
corruption, urging reforms to promote ethical governance.
• Public Interest and Service: Esteemed civil servants who are viewed as committed to public
service elevate the perception of the entire bureaucracy, fostering a sense of pride in civil
institutions.
For example: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam's contributions at DRDO and ISRO are often cited as
examples of dedication to public service, enhancing public trust in government institutions.
• International Diplomatic and Economic Relations: The global perception of a country’s civil
service affects its international standing, especially in diplomatic and economic contexts,
impacting foreign investment and diplomatic ties.
For instance: India's rank in the World Bank's Doing Business Report (DBR) improved from
142nd in 2014 to 63rd in 2019, registering a jump of 79 ranks in a span of 5 years, partly attributed
to the integrity of its civil services

As emphasised in Kautilya's Saptanga Theory, the Amatya (civil servants) play a crucial role in state
governance. A positive public perception of civil servants is vital for effective democratic governance.
By implementing reforms, enhancing transparency, and improving training, India can foster a trusted,
accountable, and efficient bureaucracy, essential for maintaining the integrity and success of its
democratic framework.

Q9. The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China's supply chain
and as a strategic ally to counter China's political and economic dominance. Explain this
statement with examples. 10M

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss how West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China's supply
chain
• Discuss how West is fostering India as a strategic ally to counter China's political and economic
dominance

Answer
In an ongoing polarisation around the world and amidst rising geopolitical tensions, the West is
increasingly seeking to reduce its dependence on China’s supply chain. India is emerging as a key
alternative, supported by its economic potential, strategic location, efficient human resource power and
growing global influence. Recent initiatives such as the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF)
underscore this shift.
Ways in which the West is Fostering India as an Alternative to Reduce Dependence on China’s
Supply Chain
• Supply Chain Diversification: The West is encouraging India’s manufacturing sector to replace
China in global supply chains by increasing investments in India.
For example: Apple's decision to manufacture iPhones in India is a significant step toward
reducing dependence on Chinese factories.
• Strategic Trade Agreements: By establishing trade and technology councils, the West is
promoting closer trade ties with India, facilitating collaboration in technology and trade to make
India a global manufacturing hub.
For example: The India-EU Trade and Technology Council (TTC) aims to enhance
technological collaboration, driving investment in India's growing industrial sectors.
• Resilient Supply Chains: Western countries are working with India through multilateral initiatives
like the Quad to establish resilient and diversified supply chains.
• Infrastructure Development: The West is investing in Indian infrastructure to support enhanced
production and logistics capabilities, making India more reliable as a manufacturing base.
For example: The Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative, led by the US, aims to improve
infrastructure, offering an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Technological Collaboration: India’s growing technological prowess is being supported by
Western nations to build capabilities in semiconductors, telecommunications, and emerging
technologies, thereby reducing dependency on Chinese tech supply chains.
For example: The US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology (iCET) seeks to
develop India's semiconductor production, providing a key alternative to China.

Ways in which the West is Fostering India as a Strategic Ally to Counter China’s Political and
Economic Dominance
Political Dominance:
• Indo-Pacific Strategy: The West is building India’s role in the Indo-Pacific region as part of
efforts to counter China’s growing influence by ensuring a free and open sea-lane for trade and
military cooperation.
For example: The Quad naval exercises, such as Malabar, showcase the growing military
cooperation between India, the US, Japan, and Australia to secure the Indo-Pacific against Chinese
expansion.
• Defence Cooperation: The West is enhancing defence partnerships with India to balance China’s
assertiveness.
For example: The US-India Defense Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI) fosters defence
technology cooperation, strengthening India's military capabilities.
• Diplomatic Engagement: India is viewed as a key partner in multilateral forums where the West
seeks to counter China’s influence in global governance, emphasising India's role in diplomacy
and geopolitical stability.
For example: India’s presidency of the G20 in 2023 provided a platform to strengthen its role in
global governance.
• Space Cooperation: The West is collaborating with India to develop its space capabilities, which
can serve as a counterbalance to China’s growing dominance in space exploration and satellite
technology.
For example: NISAR, a joint Earth-observation mission by NASA and ISRO, exemplifies the
strengthening space collaboration between India and the U.S.
Economic Dominance:
• Trade Diversification: The West is increasingly focused on diversifying trade away from China,
turning to India as a reliable partner for sourcing goods, services, and investments.
For example: US-India bilateral trade reached a record $128 billion in 2023, signalling the
West’s growing economic engagement with India to reduce reliance on China.
• Investment in Technology: The West is fostering India’s role as a leader in emerging technologies
like AI, 5G, and clean energy, positioning it as a key partner in reducing China’s dominance in
high-tech industries.
• Collaboration in Energy: Through investments, the West is helping India reduce its reliance on
China for solar panels and batteries, particularly in the context of growing climate change
concerns.
For example: India’s participation in the International Solar Alliance (ISA) positions it as a
global leader in renewable energy.
• Multilateral Trade Engagement: India’s involvement in Western-backed multilateral trade
agreements is a strategic move to foster partnerships that promote open and fair trade.
For example: India’s engagement in the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) strengthens
its role in global trade agreements that challenge China’s economic dominance.

The West’s focus on fostering India as an alternative to China in both supply chains and strategic
alliances is crucial for rebalancing global power dynamics. As former US President Barack Obama
once said, “India is not just a rising power; India is a responsible global power,” signalling a shared
vision for a more stable, multipolar world.

Q10. Critically analyse India's evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the
Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global
geopolitics. 10M

Core Demand of the Question

• Analyse India's evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian
Republics (CARs)
• Discuss various challenges in India-CAR Relations

Answer
India's evolving relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) have gained prominence due to
their strategic importance in regional security, energy resources, and connectivity projects. India, being
a rising power, seeks to enhance its footprint in such regions. Like re-emerging views on TAPI pipeline
and INSTC for regional integration.

India's evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics
(CARs)
Diplomatic Relations
• Strategic Partnerships: To bolster defence cooperation, counter-terrorism efforts, and regional
stability, aligning its interests with their security needs.
For example: India’s military base in Tajikistan underscores its commitment to securing its
regional interests, particularly concerning Afghanistan.
• Cultural Diplomacy: Through soft diplomacy, India fosters long-term relations with CARs by
promoting cultural exchange programs, educational initiatives, and people-to-people ties.
• Regional Cooperation: India actively engages with CARs through multilateral forums like the
SCO, focusing on regional security and cooperation, especially against terrorism and extremism.
For example: India’s participation in SCO-RATS allows it to collaborate on anti-terrorism
initiatives critical to securing Central Asia and India's security interests.

Economic Relations
• Energy Security: CARs are vital to India's energy security, providing opportunities to diversify
natural gas, oil, and uranium sources.
For example: India imports uranium from Kazakhstan and is exploring the TAPI pipeline for
natural gas to reduce reliance on traditional energy suppliers.
• Trade and Investment: Despite the relatively low trade volume, India is working to boost bilateral
trade with CARs by encouraging investments in pharmaceuticals, IT, and other sectors.
For example: India's trade with Central Asia is currently around $2 billion per year, highlighting
the growth potential in their economic relations.
• Connectivity Projects: India aims to enhance regional connectivity with CARs through
infrastructure projects like the INSTC, promoting trade, reducing costs, and increasing mutual
economic benefits.

Strategic Relations
• Afghanistan Factor: CARs are crucial to India's security strategy, especially after the Taliban's
takeover of Afghanistan, as regional instability threatens India's security and economic interests.
• Counterbalancing China: India seeks to counterbalance China’s growing influence in CARs by
offering alternatives through development projects, defence cooperation, and economic
engagement, positioning itself as a regional partner.
For example: India’s push for greater infrastructure investment and trade in CARs offers an
alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).
• Defence Cooperation: India is deepening its defence cooperation with CARs through joint
military exercises, training programs, and defence equipment support.
For example: Joint military exercises like Dustlik with Uzbekistan focus on counterterrorism
operations, strengthening India’s defence ties with CARs.

Challenges in India-CAR Relations

• Limited Connectivity: India's engagement with CARs is hindered by lack of direct access, making
it dependent on infrastructure projects like Chabahar Port and INSTC to ensure reliable
connectivity.
For example: The Chabahar-Zahedan railway project faces delays, limiting India’s ability to
access Central Asian markets efficiently.
• Terrorism and Instability: The instability in Afghanistan and the presence of terrorist groups in
CARs create security risks, complicating India’s strategic engagement and its efforts to ensure
regional peace and security.
For example: Terrorist networks linked to ISIS and Al-Qaeda pose a threat to the stability of
CARs and by extension, to India’s regional interests.
• Economic Barriers: Despite efforts to increase trade, non-tariff barriers and logistical
challenges hamper India’s economic relations with CARs.
For example: Trade between India and CARs remains modest, while in 2023, China's trade with
Central Asian countries surged to $89.4 billion.
• Energy Competition: India faces stiff competition from China and Russia for securing long-term
access to CAR energy resources, which limits its influence in the energy sector and delays critical
projects like the TAPI pipeline.
• Political Uncertainty: The internal political instability makes it difficult for India to develop long-
term diplomatic strategies and partnerships.
For example: The political unrest in Kazakhstan in 2022 highlighted the fragility of these
governments, complicating India's diplomatic engagement.

Way Ahead
• Strategic Energy Partnerships: India should accelerate negotiations for securing long-term
energy agreements with CARs, especially to ensure energy security for its growing needs.
For example: Faster completion of TAPI pipeline remains crucial for India’s gas supply
diversification and energy independence.
• Enhancing Cultural Diplomacy: India needs to expand its cultural diplomacy in CARs to build
stronger people-to-people ties.
For example: Establishing more Indian Cultural Centers in major CAR cities can help solidify
India’s cultural presence in the region.
• Expanding Defence Cooperation: India should deepen its military cooperation with CARs by
conducting more joint exercises and enhancing counterterrorism capabilities.
For example: India’s participation in joint counterterrorism drills like Khanjar with Kyrgyzstan.
• Multilateral Engagement: India must continue to play an active role in regional forums like the
SCO, enhancing its influence and countering China's growing presence.
• Counterterrorism Cooperation: India needs to strengthen counterterrorism collaborations with
CARs, focusing on intelligence-sharing and joint security operations to combat growing extremist
threats in the region.

India's engagement with the Central Asian Republics offers great potential to enhance strategic,
economic, and defence partnerships, strengthening ties that will boost regional security and
development. As India's present Prime Minister stated, "Central Asia is at the heart of India's vision
of an integrated and stable extended neighbourhood” underscoring India's vision for deeper
integration with Central Asia.
Q11. What are the aims and objectives of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination
(Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024. Whether University/State Education Board
examinations, too, are covered under the Act? 15M

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss aims and objectives of recently passed and enforced, The Public Examination
(Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024
• Discuss whether University/State Education Board examinations, too, are covered under the Act

Answer
The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, was introduced to uphold the
integrity of public examinations amids rising instances of cheating, with recent reports indicating that
India registered at least 4 paper leak cases in 2024 alone.

Aims and Objectives of The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024
• Preserve Academic Integrity: To safeguard the sanctity of examination processes, deterring
practices that compromise the fairness and credibility of exams.
For example: All offences under this Act, shall be cognizable, non-bailable and non-
compoundable.
• Standardise Examination Protocols: The Act seeks to establish uniform guidelines and
procedures for conducting examinations, ensuring consistency across various educational
institutions.
For example:Section 3 of the Bill lists at least 15 actions that amount to using unfair means in
public examinations for monetary or wrongful gain.
• Legal Framework for Action: It provides a legal basis to penalise the use of unfair means, with
punishments ranging from fines to imprisonment, ensuring strong deterrents against malpractice.
For example: An officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police or Assistant
Commissioner of Police shall investigate any offence under this Act.
• Promote Transparency and Fairness: The Act enforces stringent measures against cheating,
ensuring that all candidates are evaluated fairly and on a level playing field.
For example: Provisions for random invigilation and spot checks create a transparent and fair
examination environment.
• Empower Authorities: The Act empowers examination boards and universities to take decisive
actions against offenders and enforce preventive measures.
For example: Any person or persons resorting to unfair means and offences under this Act, shall
be punished with imprisonment for a term not less than three years and with fine up to ten lakh
rupees.
• Educational Outreach and Awareness: The Act includes provisions for educational campaigns
to raise awareness among students and educators about the legal consequences of cheating.
For example: Schools are mandated to run orientation programs explaining the penalties and
risks of unfair practices.

The Act does not explicitly prescribe coverage for University or State Education Board
Examinations. However, the Act includes “public examinations” conducted by a “public
examination authority” listed in the schedule. The schedule lists five public examination authorities,
the UPSC, SSC, Railway Recruitment Boards, Institute of Banking Personnel Selection and the
National Testing Agency. The section 2(k) of the act defines “public examination” as,
• Public Examination: Refers to any examination conducted by the public examination authority
as specified in the Schedule, or any other authority notified by the Central Government. This
ensures standardisation across institutions and upholds the integrity of examination processes.

The Public Examination (Prevention of Unfair Means) Act, 2024, is a landmark step in ensuring
transparent and fair educational assessments across India. By covering both university and state
board exams, it aligns with India’s vision of transforming its education system into one that fosters
merit and accountability, setting a global benchmark for exam integrity.

Q12. Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under
Article 21 of the constitution. Explain. In this reference, discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing
of a child in the womb to establish its paternity. 15M

Core Demand of Question

• Discuss how Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected
under Article 21
• Discuss law relating to D.N.A. testing of child in the womb to establish its paternity
• Analyse the conflict between the right to privacy and the need for DNA testing in paternity cases
• Suggest ways to balance the right to privacy with other interests, such as the child's right to know
their parentage

Answer
The right to privacy gained significant attention after the landmark Puttaswamy judgement in 2017,
where the Supreme Court of India declared privacy as a fundamental right under Article 21. In the
context of DNA testing for paternity determination, recent cases have sparked debates on balancing the
right to privacy with the child's right to know their biological parentage.

Right to Privacy as Intrinsic to Life and Personal Liberty under Article 21:
• Interconnected with Other Fundamental Rights: The right to privacy is essential for the
enjoyment of various other fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and expression (Article
19) and freedom of religion (Article 25). Without privacy, individuals cannot exercise their choices
regarding personal beliefs, relationships, and preferences freely.
• Protection of Individual Autonomy: Privacy is central to individual autonomy, which includes
decisions about family life, reproductive choices, and personal information. The right to privacy
empowers individuals to make decisions regarding their body, health, and private life, free from
unnecessary state intervention or public scrutiny, ensuring a dignified existence.
• Preventing Arbitrary State Action: It acts as a safeguard against arbitrary state actions, such as
mass surveillance, unlawful data collection, or invasions into personal space. It compels the state
to justify any encroachment upon personal privacy on reasonable grounds and ensures such actions
follow principles of proportionality and legality.
• Constitutional Protection: The Supreme Court of India, in its Puttaswamy v. Union of India
(2017) case, affirmed that the right to privacy is an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal
liberty guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
• Reproductive Autonomy: Individuals have the right to make decisions regarding reproduction
and family life, ensuring personal privacy and control over intimate matters.
• Evolution of Privacy in the Digital Age: In the modern digital world, the right to privacy has
evolved to include the protection of personal data and digital information.
Law Relating to DNA Testing of Child in the Womb to Establish Paternity
• Section 112 of Indian Evidence Act: This provision presumes that a child born within a marriage
is legitimate unless a DNA test becomes essential to disprove paternity, protecting the family’s
privacy and reputation from unnecessary disputes.
For example: In Goutam Kundu vs. State of West Bengal, the court stressed that DNA tests
should be used sparingly.
• DNA Technology (Use and Application) Regulation Bill, 2019: This bill aims to regulate the use
of DNA testing for legal and forensic purposes, ensuring that privacy concerns are addressed while
allowing the establishment of paternity when legally required.
• Constitutional Security: Any form of DNA testing must comply with constitutional protections
under Article 21, ensuring that the right to privacy is respected unless there is a compelling legal
reason for testing.
• Preservation of Family Privacy: Courts protect family privacy by ensuring that DNA testing is
only ordered when absolutely necessary to resolve legal disputes or paternity issues, preventing
undue interference in family matters.
• Consent Requirement: The legal framework mandates informed consent from individuals before
conducting a DNA test, ensuring respect for personal liberty and privacy, especially in cases of
sensitive family disputes.

Conflict Between Right to Privacy and DNA Testing in Paternity Cases

• Personal Liberty vs. Truth: There is often a conflict between the individual’s right to privacy
under Article 21 and the legal need to uncover the biological truth through DNA testing,
particularly in paternity disputes.
For example: The Rohit Shekhar vs. The Narayan Dutt Tiwari case illustrated this conflict,
where DNA testing was crucial despite privacy concerns.
• Family Privacy: Ordering DNA tests can interfere with the sanctity of family life, potentially
disrupting existing family relationships and creating public exposure, thus conflicting with the right
to privacy.
• Right to Know Parentage: The child’s right to know their biological parent can clash with the
parent’s right to privacy, leading to a complex balancing of competing rights.
For example: In ABC vs. State (NCT of Delhi), the court balanced the child’s right with the
mother's privacy.
• Judicial Oversight: Courts must exercise caution in ordering DNA tests, ensuring they do not
infringe on privacy rights unless absolutely necessary for legal purposes, such as establishing
paternity.
For example: Courts have often rejected DNA tests when privacy concerns outweigh the legal
necessity, as in Banarsi Dass vs. Teeku Dutta.
• Voluntary Consent: Ensuring voluntary consent for DNA testing is crucial in upholding the right
to privacy, as forcing a test without proper consent could lead to undue violations of personal
liberty.

Balancing Right to Privacy with Other Interests

• Informed Consent: Informed consent is crucial for any DNA testing, as it ensures that the privacy
of individuals is respected while addressing the legal need for paternity determination.
• Judicial Scrutiny: Courts must evaluate the necessity of DNA tests on a case-by-case basis,
ensuring that privacy is only compromised when legally justified, particularly in sensitive family
matters.
• Case-by-case Basis: Resolving conflicts between the right to privacy and paternity determination
should be approached individually, ensuring that decisions are based on the specific facts of each
case.
• Respect for Dignity: In all paternity disputes involving DNA testing, it is important to ensure that
the dignity of all parties, especially the mother, is preserved. This involves avoiding unnecessary
public disclosure of sensitive family matters.
• Alternative Dispute Resolution: Encouraging the use of mediation or alternative dispute
resolution in family disputes can help resolve paternity issues without requiring DNA tests, thereby
safeguarding privacy and maintaining familial harmony.

As Kerala High Court held, “Privacy is the ultimate expression of the sanctity of the individual.”
This vision urges the creation of ethical and legal frameworks that uphold both privacy and the right
to truth. In reconciling the right to privacy with the legal need for DNA testing in paternity cases,
courts must adopt a careful, case-by-case approach

Q13. What changes has the Union Government recently introduced in the domain of Centre-State
relations? Suggest measures to be adopted to build the trust between the Centre and the States
and for strengthening federalism. 15M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss recent changes introduced by the Union Government in the domain of Centre-State
relations
• Discuss measures to build the trust between the Centre and the States and for strengthening
federalism

Answer
The Centre-State relations in India have undergone significant changes, in recent years, especially
with the rise of debates around cooperative federalism and fiscal devolution. The 15th Finance
Commission's recommendations on state allocations and the growing tension over issues like GST
compensation and farm laws have brought attention to the need for reforms in this dynamic
relationship.

Recent Changes Introduced by the Union Government (Centre-State Relations)

• 15th Finance Commission’s Recommendations: The Centre implemented Commission's

recommendation of reducing the states' share in taxes from 42% to 41%
For instance: The reduction in states share acknowledges the fiscal challenges while balancing the
needs of Jammu & Kashmir as a Union Territory.
• Introduction of GST: Goods and Services Tax (GST) unified India’s market, yet it has led to
financial stress for states, straining federal relations.
For example: Several states have raised concerns over GST compensation delays.
• Farm Laws and Agriculture: The farm laws passed by the Centre, while aimed at reforming
agriculture, caused significant unrest, with several states arguing that agriculture is a State
subject.
For example: Punjab and Haryana led protests, claiming the laws infringed on their legislative
domain.
• Establishment of NITI Aayog: The dissolution of the Planning Commission and the
establishment of NITI Aayog was a step toward cooperative federalism, yet some states feel that
decision-making is still too centralised in certain areas.
• Increase in Centrally Sponsored Schemes: This has reduced financial autonomy of states, as
they are often required to contribute funds, limiting flexibility in local developmental priorities.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is one such scheme where states must
contribute to funding.
• Implementation of the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Scheme: By centralising welfare
disbursement through the DBT Centre has reduced state control over social welfare programs,
which could lead to a lack of responsiveness to local conditions.
For instance: Schemes like MGNREGA and LPG subsidy now rely on direct transfers from the
Centre.
• One Nation, One Election Proposal: The proposal for simultaneous elections across Lok Sabha
and State Assemblies has sparked debate, with several states arguing that this undermines the
federal structure.

Measures to Build Trust and Strengthen Federalism

• Strengthening the Inter-State Council: Revitalising the ISC as a consultative platform
encourages dialogue on policy decisions and disputes to ensure inclusiveness and transparency in
governance.
For instance: The Sarkaria Commission recommended strengthening ISC for better coordination.
• Timely GST Compensation: This ensures fiscal stability and trust between the Centre and States,
allowing states to plan their budgets without uncertainty.
• More Autonomy in Centrally Sponsored Schemes: This would empower them to tailor schemes
according to their local needs, ensuring more efficient and effective execution.
• Cooperative Federalism through NITI Aayog:Transforming NITI Aayog to include states in key
decisions would enhance cooperative federalism and ensure shared ownership of national
development goals.
For instance: States should have a more active role in the Aspirational Districts Program to
cater to local development needs.
• Resolving Disputes through Consensus: Adopting a collaborative and consensus-based
approach to resolve issues like river water-sharing disputes would reduce Centre-State friction.
For instance: The Cauvery water dispute could benefit from dialogue-based solutions involving
both Tamil Nadu and Karnataka.
• Constitutional Clarity on State Subjects: Clearly defining the powers and responsibilities of state
governments ensures effective governance and minimises conflicts with central authorities,
thereby securing cooperative federalism.
For instance: Agriculture, being a state subject, should involve more consultation with states
before reforms are enacted.
• Fiscal Empowerment of States: Revisiting the recommendations of the 15th Finance
Commission and providing states with greater fiscal autonomy would ensure balanced
development and reduce financial dependency on the Centre.
• Collaborative Policy Formulation: Engaging states in the initial stages of policy formulation,
rather than imposing centrally made decisions, would build a sense of ownership and cooperation,
leading to better implementation.

India’s federal structure requires constant nurturing through mutual trust and cooperation. As Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar emphasised, "Federalism is not a matter of administrative convenience but one of
political necessity." Strengthening Centre-State relations through cooperative dialogue, financial
autonomy, and constitutional clarity will enhance the foundation of Indian democracy.

Q14. Explain the reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India. As a result of it, has
the Indian Supreme Court emerged as the world's most powerful judiciary? 15M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Explain reasons for the growth of public interest litigation in India
• Discuss the emergence of Supreme Court of india as the world's most powerful judiciary as a
result of PILs
• Suggest suitable way ahead

Answer
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has fundamentally reshaped the judicial system in India by empowering
courts to champion the rights of marginalised communities. Rooted in Articles 32 and 226 of the
Indian Constitution, PIL enables individuals or groups to file petitions in the High Courts and Supreme
Court on behalf of those whose rights are under threat, expanding judicial reach.

Reasons for the Growth of Public Interest Litigation in India

• Judicial Activism: The Supreme Court, particularly under Chief Justice P.N. Bhagwati,
expanded locus standi to empower disadvantaged groups to seek justice, marking a shift towards
judicial activism.
For example: The Hussainara Khatoon vs. State of Bihar (1979) case highlighted judicial
activism in addressing the rights of undertrial prisoners.
• Protection of Marginalised Groups: PILs have played a vital role in safeguarding the rights of
vulnerable populations and the environment, often stepping in where government actions have been
inadequate.
For example: The Bandhua Mukti Morcha vs. Union of India (1984) case addressed the plight
of bonded labourers, leading to significant social reforms.
• Simplified Access to Justice: By relaxing locus standi, PILs have enabled NGOs and activists to
represent marginalised groups, ensuring that those who cannot approach the court directly have
their issues addressed.
For example: The PUCL vs. Union of India (2001) case allowed NGOs to act on behalf of starving
citizens, leading to the Right to Food campaign.
• Media Influence: The media has played a significant role in raising awareness about key PIL
cases, shaping public opinion and influencing more litigations focused on public welfare.
 For example: The Narmada Bachao Andolan case (2000) garnered massive media attention,
raising awareness about dam displacement issues.
• Legal Aid Movements: Legal aid movements and the provision of free legal services have enabled
more citizens to approach the courts for justice, boosting the number of PILs filed.
For example: The Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 provided a framework for free legal aid,
allowing underprivileged citizens to seek judicial intervention through PILs.
• Judicial Response to Executive Inaction: PILs have often been used as a tool to compel
government action where the executive has fallen short of addressing critical public concerns.
For example: In the Vishaka vs. State of Rajasthan (1997) case, the Supreme Court established
guidelines to prevent sexual harassment in the workplace, compelling the government to take
action.
• Technological Advancements: The digitization of court records and accessibility of legal
resources online has enabled citizens to file PILs with greater ease, broadening public engagement
with the judiciary.
For example: The introduction of e-filing by the Supreme Court has increased accessibility to legal
services, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Supreme Court emerging as the World’s Most Powerful Judiciary:

• Expansive Interpretation of Rights: The Indian Supreme Court has used PIL for broad
interpretation of constitutional rights broadly, addressing social issues through its judgments,
sometimes influencing legislative domains.
For example: In the MC Mehta vs. Union of India (1986) case, a PIL prompted the Supreme
Court to broaden the interpretation of the right to a healthy environment under Article 21.
• Intervention in Governance: Through PIL, the Supreme Court has often ventured into policy-
making, traditionally the domain of the executive, thereby influencing governance in critical areas.
• Scope of Judicial Review: The Indian Supreme Court’s broad judicial review powers allow it to
examine the constitutionality of legislative and executive actions, giving it immense influence over
national policies.
For example: In the Kesavananda Bharati case (1973), the Supreme Court asserted its right to
review amendments to the Constitution.
• Decentralised Judicial Powers: The Supreme Court exercises original, appellate, and advisory
jurisdiction, allowing it to handle a wide range of matters, including PILs that directly affect
national and state governance.
For example: The Shah Bano case (1985) demonstrated the court’s ability to intervene in matters
of personal law, influencing national debates.
• Global Recognition: The proactive use of PIL in India has gained international recognition, with
legal scholars citing it as an example of how judicial power can advance social reforms.
For example: The decriminalisation of homosexuality (2018) was lauded internationally for its
recognition of rights of homosexuals.

How Public Interest Litigation in India can be made more effective:

• Stricter Admissibility Criteria: The Supreme Court could implement stricter criteria for admitting
PILs to filter out frivolous cases and focus on genuine public interest matters.
For instance: The U.S. Supreme Court follows a stringent standard for hearing public interest
cases, which could serve as a model for India.
• Specialised Benches: Establishing specialised benches for handling specific PIL issues like
environment, health, and education could enhance judicial efficiency and ensure better-informed
judgments.
For example: The Green Bench in the Kolkata High Court serves as a model for handling
environmental cases.
• Enhanced Legal Framework: Developing a clear legal framework for PIL cases would reduce the
ambiguity and prevent their misuse.
For instance: The Law Commission of India could propose guidelines to clarify what constitutes
a public interest case.
• Encouraging Self-Regulation: Promoting self-regulation among legal professionals can help curb
the misuse of PILs by ensuring lawyers file cases only in genuine cases.
For instance: The American Bar Association’s Model Rules can serve as a guideline for India’s
legal professionals.
• Public Awareness and Participation: Enhancing public awareness about the proper use of PIL
would ensure more meaningful litigation, ensuring responsible judicial engagement.
For example:The Legal Services Authorities, through legal education and public awareness
campaigns can play a crucial role in empowering citizens with knowledge about their legal rights.

The Supreme Court of India, through the innovative use of PIL, has become a powerful force for social
justice and legal reform. As Justice P.N. Bhagwati noted, the judiciary must become the "last resort
for the oppressed and the bewildered." To ensure its efficacy, reforms to the PIL process must
prioritise public interest while maintaining judicial balance.

Q15. Discuss India as a secular state and compare it with the secular principles of the US
Constitution. 15M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss India as a secular state
• Discuss similarities between Indian secularism and the secular principles of the US constitution
• Discuss differences between Indian secularism and the secular principles of the US constitution

Answer
Secularism is fundamental to modern democratic governance, guaranteeing the separation of religion
from the state. This principle promotes equal treatment of all religions, safeguards individual rights,
and nurtures social harmony. In India, secularism is constitutionally enshrined, ensuring that no religion
is favoured by the state, as seen in the 42nd Amendment (1976), which officially added the term
‘secular.’

India as a Secular State

• Constitutional Guarantee: The Indian Constitution emphasises secularism, ensuring religious
freedom, equality, and the state’s neutrality toward all religions to cultivate a balanced, inclusive
society.
For example: Articles 25-28 of the Indian Constitution ensure the right to freedom of religion and
the right to manage religious affairs.
• Pluralistic Society: India’s secular state embodies pluralism by embracing diverse religious
communities thus promoting equality, respect for individual beliefs, and strengthened national
unity.
• Personal Laws: India respects the religious autonomy of its citizens by allowing separate personal
laws based on religious customs, guiding civil matters like marriage, divorce, and inheritance.
For example: The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, and the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat)
Application Act, 1937, regulate family matters according to religious customs.
• Judicial protection: Key legal cases in India highlight the ongoing tension between religious
customs and civil rights, showcasing the judiciary's role in balancing secularism and personal faith.
For example: The Shah Bano case (1985) and the Sabarimala Judgment (2018) reflect conflicts
between religious practices and constitutional rights.
• Secular Policies: Indian government programs ensure equitable access to education, health, and
welfare services, irrespective of religion, supporting the nation’s secular commitment.
For example: The Midday Meal Scheme (1995) and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (2001) deliver
benefits to all religious communities without discrimination.

Similarities with the US Secular Principles

• Constitutional Enshrinement and Political Neutrality : Both India and the US emphasise the
separation of religion from state through their constitutions, reinforcing the state’s neutral position
in religious affairs.
For example: The First Amendment in the US and Articles 25-28 in India prohibit the
establishment of a state religion.
• Freedom of Religion: Both countries guarantee the protection of individual religious freedoms
through constitutional safeguards, ensuring citizens can freely practise their religion without
interference.
For example: In India, Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees individuals the right to freely
practice and propagate their religion, paralleling the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution,
which safeguards religious freedom for all citizens.
• Judiciary’s Role: Courts in both India and the US play a critical role in upholding secular values
and resolving conflicts between religion and constitutional principles.
For example: The US Supreme Court's Engel v. Vitale (1962) and India’s Kesavananda Bharati
(1973) reaffirm secularism in governance.
• Protection Against Discrimination: Both India and the US have legal frameworks that protect
citizens from religious discrimination in public life, ensuring equal rights irrespective of religious
beliefs.
For example: The Civil Rights Act in the US and various provisions in the Indian Constitution
like Article 14 & 15 protect citizens from discrimination based on religion.

Differences with the US Secular Principles

Aspect India United States

Explicit The term ‘Secular’ was explicitly Secularism is implied through the First
Mention of added to the Constitution through the Amendment, but the word ‘secular’ is
Secularism 42nd Amendment (1976). not explicitly mentioned.

Separation of India practises a more flexible model The US maintains a strict separation of
State and where the state sometimes sponsors church and state, preventing state-
Religion religious festivals. sponsored religious activities.

Religious Religious symbols are commonly Restriction on religious symbols in

Symbols in seen in public institutions and public and government establishments.
Public government offices.

Religious teachings can be included The US prohibits religious education

Religious
in private and minority institutions in public schools and ensures the
Education
under specific circumstances. secular nature of public education.

Religion has a strong influence on The US enforces a more rigorous

Political
politics and elections, with visible separation, limiting the overt influence
Influence
religious undertones in campaigns. of religion on political campaigns.
As Sarva Dharma Bhava emphasises, "equal respect for all religions" is key to maintaining
harmony. India's model of secularism seeks inclusivity, while the US focuses on strict separation.
Together, these approaches highlight the diverse paths to achieving a balanced state-religion
relationship.

Q16. The Citizens' charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric
administration. But it is yet to reach its full potential. Identify the factors hindering the realisation
of its promise and suggest measures to overcome them. 15M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss how Citizens' charter has been a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric
administration
• Identify the factors hindering the realisation of its full potential
• Suggest measures to overcome them

Answer:
The Citizen's Charter is a formal document that delineates the services and standards an
organisation pledges to provide to its citizens. Introduced to improve accountability and service quality
in public administration, it represents a significant advancement in citizen-centric governance by
promoting transparency, timeliness, and efficiency in public services.

Citizens' charter as a landmark initiative in ensuring citizen-centric administration

• Quality of Service: The Citizens' Charter aims to deliver high-quality public services through
transparent communication and accountability, allowing public trust and satisfaction in
government operations.
For example: Indian Railways’ commitment to timely train services and clean facilities reflects
its dedication to quality service.
• Transparency: It mandates that citizens receive clear information about services, including
expected standards and associated costs, ensuring trust and accountability in public service delivery.
For example: The Passport Seva Project provides detailed information on passport processing,
making the system transparent and user-friendly.
• Accessibility: The Charter emphasises that services should be easily accessible to all citizens,
particularly vulnerable groups, ensuring inclusivity in public administration.
For example: The Income Tax Department’s introduction of online services makes filing returns
and tracking refunds accessible to everyone, enhancing user convenience.
• Promptness and Timeliness: Timely delivery of services is a key commitment, aiming to meet
user expectations and improve operational efficiency in government functions.
For example: The 'Tatkal' booking system by Indian Railways addresses last-minute travel needs
promptly, ensuring customer satisfaction.
• Redress of Grievances: A clear mechanism for addressing complaints is essential to ensure
accountability and user trust in public services.
For example: Consumer Courts in India allow citizens to file complaints about deficiencies in
public services, promoting a culture of accountability.
• Feedback Mechanism: Encouraging citizen feedback is vital for continuous improvement of
services, enabling adaptation to changing public needs effectively.
For example: The MyGov.in platform allows citizens to provide direct feedback on various
government policies, influencing future enhancements.

Factors Hindering the Realisation of its Promise

• Lack of Awareness: Many citizens remain unaware of their rights and the standards of service
promised by the Citizen's Charter, hindering its effectiveness in promoting accountability.
For instance: Despite the Right to Information Act (2005), many citizens struggle to utilise these
tools to their advantage.
• Inadequate Implementation: Discrepancies between promised service standards and actual
delivery persist, eroding public confidence in the Charter’s effectiveness.
For instance: Complaints regarding delays in the delivery of driving licences highlight this
implementation gap despite established timelines.
• Lack of Enforceability: The absence of legal backing for the Citizen’s Charter limits its
effectiveness undermining its accountability.
For instance: Without penalties, citizens have limited recourse to demand accountability from
public service providers.
• Ineffective Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: Existing mechanisms often fail to inspire trust
among citizens, leading to a lack of confidence in the system's responsiveness.
For instance: The Public Grievance Portal (CPGRAMS) has numerous long-pending cases,
reflecting inefficiencies in timely grievance resolution.
• Resource Constraints: Limited resources can impede departments' abilities to meet the high
service standards outlined in the Charter, affecting service delivery quality.
For instance: Rural healthcare often suffers from inadequate staffing and infrastructure, despite
established health service charters.
• Lack of Regular Updates: The Charter's failure to keep up with changing services and procedures
can result in outdated information that may confuse citizens.
For example: Many government department websites contain outdated contact details
complicating citizens' interactions.

Measures to Overcome Them

• Legal Enforcement: Granting legal status to the Citizens' Charter could ensure compliance and
accountability, enhancing its impact on public service delivery.
For example: The Right to Services Act in states like Haryana and Kerala provides legal backing
for timely service delivery.
• Regular Updates and Evaluations: Continuously updating and assessing the Charters ensures
they remain relevant and effective in meeting citizens’ needs.
For example: The Karnataka Sakala Mission guarantees services to citizens within stipulated
time limits, serving as a model for regular evaluations.
• Incentives and Accountability: Establishing incentives for departments meeting service standards,
alongside penalties for failures, can drive compliance and improve service quality.
For instance: The performance-linked pay system proposed in the 7th Central Pay Commission
could reward efficient public service delivery.
• Public Awareness Campaigns: Conducting ongoing campaigns to educate citizens about their
rights under the Citizen’s Charter can empower them to demand better services.
 For example: The Government of India’s ‘Jago Grahak Jago’ campaign effectively raises
awareness about consumer rights.
• Stakeholder Engagement: Involving citizens in the drafting and periodic review of the Citizen’s
Charter can make it more responsive to public needs and expectations.
For example: Participatory budgeting initiatives in Pune invites citizen input in municipal
governance, enhancing transparency.
• Quality Management Systems: Implementing quality management systems can help improve
service quality and reliability in public administration.
For example: The ISO 9001 certification of the Delhi Metro has significantly enhanced its
operational efficiency and service quality.

The Citizen’s Charter has brought significant advancements in public service delivery,
however, addressing its current limitations and implementing robust revitalization measures is crucial.
The aforesaid mentioned efforts can significantly enhance service efficacy, ensuring that the Charter
evolves to meet the dynamic needs of the Indian citizenry.

Q17. In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system the Indian State should play a vital
role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through
which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level. 15M

Core Demand of Question

• Discuss role played in by state in enhancing public healthcare system
• Analyse adverse impact of marketisation of public healthcare system
• Suggest measures address these adverse impact of marketisation

Answer
Recognizing healthcare as an essential fundamental right for every citizen is must for welfare of
the society. The Indian Constitution, through Directive Principles (Article 47), underscores the State's
responsibility in ensuring the health of its population. Recently, the Supreme Court reaffirmed this,
emphasising universal healthcare access in light of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting
the need for stronger public health systems.

Adverse Impact of Marketisation of the Public Healthcare System

• High Costs (Out of Pocket Expenditure): A market-driven healthcare system raises treatment
costs, making healthcare unaffordable and inaccessible to economically weaker sections,
undermining the principle of equitable healthcare.
• Inequality in Access: Market-driven healthcare often results in advanced medical facilities being
concentrated in urban areas, leaving rural regions underdeveloped and lacking essential
healthcare services.
For example: More than 80 percent of doctors, 75 percent of dispensaries, 60 percent of
hospitals are concentrated in urban India as per Bharat Health Index (BHI) 2023.
• Resource Allocation: Marketisation leads to the uneven distribution of healthcare resources,
concentrating advanced facilities in profitable urban sectors, while rural regions face a shortage of
basic medical infrastructure.
• Regulatory Challenges: Weak regulations in private healthcare can lead to overcharging and
breaches in care quality, putting patients at risk of exploitation by providers focused on profit.
Role Played by State in Enhancing Public Healthcare
• Primary Healthcare Reinforcement: Strengthening infrastructure and resources in Primary
Healthcare Centers (PHCs) is essential to ensuring accessible and equitable healthcare, especially
in rural areas, following the Bhore Committee’s recommendations.
• Leveraging Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborating with private entities helps improve
healthcare efficiency and access, particularly for specialised treatments in underprivileged areas,
enhancing the reach of public health services.
For example: The Rajiv Aarogyasri Scheme in Andhra Pradesh expanded access to specialised
healthcare for economically weaker sections.
• Integrating Telemedicine Services: Telemedicine bridges the healthcare gap between urban and
rural areas by facilitating remote consultations and enhancing access to medical expertise.
For example: The National Telemedicine Taskforce has played a key role in expanding
telemedicine services across rural India.
• Ongoing Training for Healthcare Workers: Regularly updating healthcare workers' skills
ensures quality healthcare delivery that meets evolving medical standards.
For example: The National Rural Health Mission regularly organises training programs for rural
health workers.
• Empowering Community Health Workers: Strengthening community health workers like
ASHAs is pivotal for primary healthcare delivery and health education at the grassroots level.
For example: ASHAs were instrumental in raising COVID-19 awareness and conducting
screenings in rural communities.
• Enhanced Public Health Financing: Increasing government healthcare spending to 2.5% of GDP
as per the National Health Policy 2017 ensures affordable, robust healthcare services, preparing
the system for future public health challenges.

Measures to Contain the Adverse Impact of Marketisation

• Implementing Treatment Cost Caps: Setting maximum price limits for essential healthcare
services ensures that treatment remains affordable and prevents exploitation by private providers.
For example: India can implement cost caps on treatments like cardiovascular surgeries to
prevent overcharging by private hospitals.
• Availability of Subsidised Medications: Ensuring the availability of affordable medicines through
government initiatives like Jan Aushadhi stores can make essential drugs accessible to lower-
income groups.
For example: Ensuring widespread availability of affordable medications in Jan Aushadhi
stores helps reduce out-of-pocket expenditure on healthcare.
• Quality Assurance in Private Healthcare: Enforcing stringent quality standards and conducting
regular audits in private healthcare facilities would ensure that treatments meet ethical and national
standards.
For example: Periodic audits of private hospitals in metro cities would ensure adherence to
ethical practices and prevent over-commercialization.
• Conducting Extensive Health Literacy Campaigns: Raising public awareness about
government-supported healthcare programs and services can help reduce dependency on expensive
private care.
For example: Health literacy campaigns focusing on the benefits of Ayushman Bharat could
reduce reliance on private healthcare services.
• Generic Drug Supply: Increasing the availability of generic drug for various disease may lessen
the impact of marketization in public health sector, as it will cater to majority of population within
a limited price range.

Going ahead, the State must ensure that its interventions in the healthcare sector align with
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3—ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at
all ages. This includes universal health coverage, reducing inequalities (SDG 10), and building resilient
healthcare infrastructure (SDG 9).
Q18. e-governance is not just about the routine application of digital technology in the service
delivery process. It is as much about multifarious interactions for ensuring transparency and
accountability. In this context evaluate the role of the 'Interactive Service Model’ of e-governance.
15M
Core Demand of the Question
• Discuss role e-governance for ensuring transparency and accountability, beyond the routine
application of digital technology in service delivery.
• Discuss the role of the 'Interactive Service Model of e-governance’
• Analyse issues associated with the 'Interactive Service Model of e-governance’
• Suggest suitable way ahead

Answer:
E-governance initiatives like UPI & Digilocker are revolutionising the relationship between the
government and citizens, by going beyond basic conventional norms. On similar lines the Interactive
Service Model of e-governance enables two-way communication between citizens and the
government, using ICT to enhance access to services and promote active citizen participation in
governance.

Exploring multifarious interaction of E-Governance for ensuring Transparency and

Accountability:
• Public Access to Information: Open access to government data enables citizens to scrutinise and
engage with governmental functions, promoting an accountable governance environment.
For example: National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NSDAP) offers access to a wide
range of governmental data, including information on demographics and public resources.
• Real-time Monitoring: Empowering citizens with tools to track the progress of government
projects, ensures transparent and timely delivery of services and infrastructure development.
For example: The Integrated Government Online Directory (IGOD) enables citizens to monitor
the progress of projects like Swachh Bharat Mission and Smart City Mission.
• Discourages corruption: Conducting public auctions online reduces corruption by creating a
transparent, accountable process for awarding government tenders and disposing of assets.
For example: MSTC E-Commerce has successfully conducted transparent e-auctions for coal
blocks and government assets, reducing scope for corruption.
• Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: Empowering citizens to lodge and track complaints ensures
accountability of public officials towards grievance resolution effectively and in a timely manner.
For example: The Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS)
allows citizens to lodge complaints, including those related to pensions and public distribution
systems.
• Social Audit Tools: Allowing communities to audit local projects ensures that funds are used
appropriately and that project outcomes meet public needs and improve standards of living.
For example: The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(MGNREGA) mandates social audits to monitor project implementation at the village level.
• E-Procurement Systems: Ensuring accountability in procurement by recording and making all
transactions publicly available for review and audits, reducing corruption.
For example: The Government e-Marketplace (GeM) ensures transparency in the procurement
of goods and services for government departments, making procurement data available for review.
• Financial Transparency: Tracking and publishing the flow of government funds ensures
accountability in spending and helps prevent financial mismanagement.
 For example: The Public Financial Management System (PFMS) tracks central government fund
disbursements in schemes like Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana and Ayushman Bharat.

Role of the Interactive Service Model of E-Governance:

• Enhanced Citizen Engagement: Promotes citizen participation in governance by offering
platforms for feedback, improving accountability and tailoring services to public needs.
For example: Platforms like MyGov allow citizens to share ideas and suggestions on varied
government policies.
• Improved Service Delivery: It streamlines government services to be more efficient and
accessible, reducing bureaucratic delays and making services user-friendly.
For example: The Digital India Portal enables easy access to services like passport renewals,
PAN card applications, and tax filings.
• Transparency in Operations: Providing real-time data on government services ensures
transparency and allows citizens to monitor performance thereby improving public trust.
For example: The e-Taal portal provides real-time statistics on the number of e-transactions
conducted across various government services, including public distribution systems.
• Accountability through Feedback Mechanisms: Enables citizens to provide feedback on
government services and tracks the resolution of complaints ensuring public officials are held
accountable.
For example: RailMadad (for Indian Railways) allow citizens to lodge complaints and track
their resolution.
• Customization of Services: Using adaptive technology to tailor government services to
individual needs improves efficiency and accessibility for citizens.
• Decentralisation of Information: Decentralised access to government information ensures
that citizens, even in remote areas, can engage with government services.
For example: Common Service Centers (CSCs) under Digital India provide rural citizens
access to services like Aadhaar enrollment and banking.
• Education and Awareness: Promoting public awareness of available digital tools and services
improves engagement and participation in governance processes.
For example: The Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA) educates
rural citizens on how to use digital platforms to access government services.

Issues with the Interactive Service Model of E-Governance

• Digital Divide: Despite advancements, significant portions of the population, particularly in
rural areas, lack access to digital technology, limiting the reach of e-governance initiatives.
• Data Privacy Concerns: The large-scale collection and use of personal data by government
platforms raise privacy concerns, requiring stronger protection and oversight mechanisms.
For example: The Pegasus Spyware controversies highlighted serious privacy concerns and
the need for stronger safeguards.
• Dependency on Technology: Over-reliance on digital solutions risks alienating non-tech-
savvy citizens, particularly older populations or those in areas with poor digital infrastructure.
• Cybersecurity Risks: As more government services move online, they become vulnerable to
cyberattacks, risking the security of citizen data and governmental operations.
• Bureaucratic Resistance: Traditional bureaucratic structures may resist digital transformation
due to lack of digital literacy or reluctance to adopt new methods.
Way Ahead
• Bridging the Digital Divide: Implementing comprehensive digital inclusion policies will
ensure equitable access to digital infrastructure, enabling all citizens to participate in e-
governance.
For example: BharatNet aims to connect rural India with high-speed internet to enhance
digital inclusion.
• Enhancing Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthening security protocols will protect the
integrity of e-governance platforms and safeguard sensitive citizen data from cyber threats.
• Promoting Digital Literacy: Launching nationwide digital literacy campaigns will help
educate the public, particularly in rural areas, about e-governance platforms and their benefits.
For example: The Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (DISHA) program trains individuals in rural
areas to use digital platforms and services.
• Robust Data Protection Laws: Enacting comprehensive data protection legislation will
safeguard citizen privacy and prevent misuse of personal data by government platforms.
For instance: The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, based on the Justice B.N.
Srikrishna Committee's recommendations, aims to strengthen data privacy regulations.
• Continuous Feedback and Adaptation: Establishing mechanisms for real-time feedback and
continuous adaptation ensures that e-governance platforms remain responsive and efficient.
• Foster Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborating with private technology firms will
leverage their expertise to innovate and improve service delivery in e-governance systems.
For example: Partnerships between the government and companies like Tata Consultancy
Services (TCS) have improved the efficiency of platforms like GeM.
• Legislative Backing: Strengthening e-governance initiatives through robust legislative
frameworks will ensure their long-term sustainability and effectiveness.

E-governance, particularly through the Interactive Service Model, holds the potential for transforming
public service delivery by promoting inclusivity and transparency. As the current Indian Prime
Minister emphasised, "E-governance is easy, effective, and economic governance."

Q19. "Terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security.' Evaluate the
effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council's Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) and
its associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat at the international level. 15M

Core Demand of the Question:

• Discuss how terrorism has become a significant threat to global peace and security
• Discuss effectiveness of the UN Security Council's Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) and
associated bodies in addressing and mitigating this threat
• Analyse the challenges faced in counter terrorism efforts
• Suggest suitable way ahead

Answer:
Terrorism is one of the most pressing challenges to international peace, destabilising nations and
regions. It destabilises economies, displaces populations, and erodes social cohesion. Tackling this
multifaceted issue demands swift and coordinated global action to build resilience, strengthen
collaboration, and create effective counter-terrorism strategies for enduring stability.

Terrorism as a Global Security Threat

• Global Threat: Terrorism destabilises regions and threatens international stability causing large-
scale human suffering. This triggers responses that reshape global politics and security strategies.
• Economic Disruption: Terrorism inflicts severe economic damage leading to long-term financial
losses, unemployment, and diminished investor confidence in affected regions.
For example: The 2008 Mumbai attacks caused significant disruptions in India’s financial sector,
halting trade and tourism, and impacting global markets.
• Political Instability: Terrorist activities can weaken governments, disrupt governance, and
prolong conflicts, leaving nations vulnerable to further instability and external interference.
For example: The rise of ISIS in Syria and Iraq destabilised the region.
• Social Cohesion: Terrorism undermines social unity by introducing fear, suspicion, and division
within societies, often along ethnic and religious lines, exacerbating tensions and conflict.
For example: Attacks like the Paris bombings (2015) intensified xenophobia and anti-immigrant
sentiment across Europe, straining social cohesion.
• Recruitment through Radicalization: The internet serves as a key tool for terrorists, enabling
cross-border radicalization and recruitment through social media and encrypted platforms that
disseminate extremist ideologies.
• Human Rights Violations: Terrorist organizations commit widespread human rights abuses,
including kidnappings, torture, and killings, disproportionately impacting women, children, and
marginalized communities.
For example: Boko Haram’s kidnapping of schoolgirls in Nigeria led to global outrage,
exemplifying how terrorism targets vulnerable groups.
• Security Overreach: Governments’ counter-terrorism responses often result in expanded
surveillance and security measures, which may infringe on civil liberties.

Effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC) & associated
bodies:
• Legal Frameworks: The CTC assists countries in developing robust legal frameworks to combat
terrorism, focusing on areas like border security and the prevention of terrorist financing.
For example: UN Resolution 1373 mandates member states to take stronger measures to prevent
terrorist financing and support global efforts to combat terrorism.
• International Collaboration: The CTC encourages nations to cooperate on intelligence sharing
and joint law enforcement efforts to disrupt and dismantle terrorist networks operating across
borders.
For example: Collaborative efforts between Interpol and EU nations have disrupted several major
terror plots, showcasing the benefits of international cooperation.
• Capacity Building: The CTC helps countries, especially those with limited resources, strengthen
their institutional capacity to fight terrorism through targeted training and resource allocation.
For example: In the Sahel region, CTC programs have provided training to local forces to counter
extremist threats.
• Sanction Measures: The CTC enforces sanctions on individuals and entities linked to terrorism,
freezing their assets and restricting their ability to move across borders.
For instance: UN sanctions have targeted the financial networks of groups like Al-Qaeda and
ISIS, significantly hampering their global operations.
• Monitoring and Compliance: The CTC ensures that member states adhere to international
counter-terrorism resolutions, regularly reviewing compliance to maintain global security
standards.
• Adaptation to New Threats: The CTC continuously updates its strategies to respond to evolving
terrorist tactics, including the use of advanced technology such as drones and cyber-attacks.
• Addressing Financing: The CTC works closely with international bodies to dismantle the financial
networks that support terrorism.
For example: FATF's collaboration with the UN has led to freezing the assets of entities involved
in funding terrorist activities, such as Hamas and Hezbollah.

Challenges in Counter-Terrorism Efforts

• Political Constraints: Geopolitical interests and national sovereignty often hinder international
collaboration, creating fragmented responses to global terrorism threats.
For instance: Disagreements within the UNSC over intervention in Syria have impeded a unified
approach to combating ISIS and Al-Qaeda in the region.
• Resource Limitations: Many developing countries lack the financial and technical resources to
implement effective counter-terrorism measures, leaving them vulnerable to extremist groups.
For instance: Nations like Niger and Mali face significant challenges in funding counter-terrorism
initiatives despite rising threats in the Sahel.
• Civil Liberties: Governments face challenges in balancing national security with protecting
individual rights, as counter-terrorism measures often result in restrictions on civil liberties.
For example: The mass surveillance programs of the NSA post-9/11 have been criticised for
infringing on citizens' privacy and rights.
• Non-State Actors: Terrorist organisations often operate without direct state support, making it
difficult for governments to dismantle their decentralised, cross-border networks.
For example: Al-Qaeda and ISIS use decentralised cells that allow them to operate globally,
complicating traditional military and law enforcement responses.
• Rapid Technological Changes: Terrorists quickly adapt to new technologies making it difficult
for authorities to track and disrupt their activities.
For example: Use of encrypted messaging apps has allowed terrorist groups to communicate
securely, evade surveillance, and coordinate attacks without detection by authorities.
• Implementation Gaps: Inconsistent application of counter-terrorism strategies across different
nations weakens the overall effectiveness of global efforts to combat terrorism.
For example: While some nations fully implement UN sanctions, few others nations that are slow
or inconsistent allow terrorist networks to continue operations.
• Root Causes: Counter-terrorism efforts often focus on immediate military and legal measures,
without addressing underlying socio-economic drivers such as poverty and inequality that
contribute to radicalization.
For instance: Poverty and unemployment in Yemen have fueled recruitment efforts by groups
like Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).

Way Forward
• Strengthening Legal Instruments: This will encourage cross-border cooperation and ensure
terrorists can be extradited and prosecuted efficiently facilitating global counter-terrorism efforts.
• Building Resilience: Building community resilience through education and economic
opportunities addresses radicalization's root causes and aids in reintegrating extremists,
preventing future violence.
 For example: Denmark’s Aarhus Model focuses on reintegrating former extremists through
education and community support to reduce the risk of re-radicalization.
• Technological Adaptation: Investing in advanced technologies can help governments monitor and
analyse terrorist activities online, allowing for quicker responses.
For instance: AI-based monitoring systems can analyse extremist content on platforms like
YouTube, disrupting terrorist recruitment.
• Comprehensive Strategy: A holistic strategy that incorporates socio-economic development,
education, and security measures is key to addressing the long-term roots of terrorism.
For instance: UNDP programs in fragile states focus on improving education and economic
opportunities to counter radicalization and recruitment by extremist groups.
• Regular Policy Updates: Counter-terrorism policies need to be regularly updated to address
evolving threats, such as new terrorist tactics, technology, and geopolitical dynamics.
For example: The European Union frequently revises its counter-terrorism strategies to account
for technological advancements used by terrorist groups.
• Global Partnerships: Strengthening partnerships between governments, NGOs, and international
organisations promotes a united global response to terrorism and enhances coordination in
counter-terrorism operations.
For instance: Collaboration between the United Nations, African Union, and NGOs has been
instrumental in addressing terrorism in Africa’s Sahel region.
• Addressing Root Causes: Committing to long-term strategies that address socio-economic and
political inequalities help prevent radicalization and terrorist recruitment.
For example: Soudi Arabia’s de-radicalization strategy, known as “Prevention, Rehabilitation,
and Aftercare,” emphasises education, vocational training, and psychological support for
individuals who have previously embraced extremist ideologies.

The global fight against terrorism must combine stringent security measures with efforts to address
socio-economic disparities and political grievances. As it is said, "We will not defeat terrorism unless
we also tackle the conditions that breed it." Strengthening global partnerships and promoting justice
are key to eradicating terrorism and building a safer world.

Q20. Discuss the geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on
global trade and energy flows. Further also discuss how this relationship affects India's maritime
security and regional stability amidst international competition? 15M

Core Demand of the Question

• Discuss geopolitical and geostrategic importance of Maldives for India with a focus on global
trade and energy flows
• Discuss how this relationship affects India's maritime security and regional stability amidst
international competition
• Suggest suitable way ahead

Answer:
The strategic location of the Maldives along vital maritime routes underscores its significance for
India, particularly in securing global trade and energy flows. During current Indian External Affairs
Minister recent visit, India and the Maldives signed an agreement on Unified Payments Interface
(UPI), strengthening financial ties and highlighting the growing importance of their economic and
strategic partnership in the region.

Geopolitical and Geostrategic Importance of Maldives for India with a Focus on Global Trade
and Energy Flows
Geopolitical Importance:
• Major Trade Route Security: Ensuring the safety of critical maritime routes that facilitate global
trade is crucial for India’s economic and strategic interests, especially since 70% of India's oil
imports transit through these waters.
For example: Monitoring shipping lanes near the Eight Degree Channel, located between the
Maldives and India, is critical for securing India's oil imports from the Middle East.
• Energy Security: Stability in the Maldives is crucial for safeguarding energy transit routes
essential for India's economic stability.
For example: India has been collaborating with the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF)
to enhance maritime surveillance, ensuring the protection of vital energy shipment lanes from the
Middle East.
• Influence on Regional Trade Policies: Stability in the Maldives contributes to promoting
favourable trade policies and regional economic integration, helping India maintain its influence
in the South Asian region.

Geostrategic Importance:
• Counter to Chinese Influence: India’s strategic engagement with the Maldives is essential to
counterbalance China's growing presence in the Indian Ocean region, particularly through the Belt
and Road Initiative (BRI).
For example: India has invested in key infrastructure projects like the Greater Male Connectivity
Project (GMCP) to strengthen its foothold in the Maldives and counter China’s influence.
• Surveillance and Monitoring: The geographic proximity of the Maldives enables India to enhance
its maritime surveillance capabilities, especially in the Southern Indian Ocean, crucial for tracking
trade routes and security threats.
For example: India helped set up radar systems on the Maldivian islands as part of the Coastal
Surveillance Radar System (CSRS), allowing better monitoring of maritime traffic and potential
threats.
• Access to Deep-Sea Resources: Collaborating with the Maldives offers India opportunities to
explore and exploit underutilised deep-sea resources, including fisheries and oceanic minerals.

Ways in which This Relationship Affects India's Maritime Security and Regional Stability Amidst
International Competition
Maritime Security:
• Enhanced Naval Capabilities: Strengthening naval cooperation with the Maldives enhances
India's maritime defence.
For example: Joint naval exercises like Ekuverin have been conducted annually since 2009
between India and the Maldives.
• Intelligence Sharing and Joint Exercises: Sharing intelligence and conducting joint military drills
helps India and the Maldives enhance their ability to respond quickly to security threats in the
maritime domain.
• Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA): By enhancing MDA with the Maldives, India gains better
insight into the region’s maritime activities, enabling faster response times to any emerging threats.
For example: India’s integration of Maldivian coastal surveillance data into its national coastal
security network improves real-time monitoring of maritime movements across the Indian Ocean.

Regional Stability:
• Deterrence Against Non-State Actors: Collaborative security measures between India and the
Maldives help deter piracy, smuggling, and terrorism in the Indian Ocean, securing maritime trade
routes.
For example: India and the Maldives regularly coordinate joint patrols to intercept illegal
activities in the Indian Ocean, reducing risks posed by non-state actors.
• Balancing Regional Power Dynamics: India’s proactive engagement with the Maldives allows it
to maintain influence in regional power dynamics and mitigate the rise of external powers, such
as China.
For instance: Diplomatic engagements during the 2021 Maldivian political crisis demonstrated
India's commitment to ensuring regional stability and supporting democratic governance in the
Maldives.
• Economic Stability through Regional Cooperation: India’s economic cooperation with the
Maldives boosts regional resilience and ensures economic stability through development projects
in key Maldivian sectors like tourism and fisheries.
For example: India invested and assisted with the Addu Tourism Project, supporting the
Maldives' critical tourism sector.

Ways to further strengthen ties:

• Strengthening Multilateral Regional Frameworks: Strengthening regional cooperation
platforms like IORA ensures collective maritime security and economic growth, enabling all
members to benefit from regional stability.
• Sustainable Development Cooperation: Promoting sustainable development in the Maldives
through joint initiatives can foster long-term stability and resilience against climate change and
energy insecurity.
• Enhancing People-to-People Ties: Strengthening educational and cultural exchanges between
India and the Maldives fosters goodwill, which further strengthens the diplomatic relationship.
• Technological and Infrastructural Investments: Investing in technology and infrastructure
development enhances both countries’ connectivity and strategic capabilities, benefiting economic
and defence sectors.
For example: India’s $1.4 billion assistance package (2018) for infrastructure in the Maldives
focuses on building airports, roads, and ports to improve connectivity and trade.

India’s proactive engagement with the Maldives remains crucial for ensuring regional stability and
fostering mutual growth, especially in maritime security and economic collaboration. As the Prime
Minister emphasised, “A strong, prosperous, and stable Maldives is in the interest of every nation
in the Indian Ocean region,” reflecting India’s long-term vision of cooperation and stability in the
region.