1.

INTRODUCTION:
This circuit not only indicates the amount of water present in the
overhead tank but also gives an alarm when the tank is full. The
circuit uses transistor, buzzer to indicate the water level through
LEDs. When the water is empty the wires in the tank are open
circuited and the 330K resistors pulls the switch low hence opening
the switch and LEDs are OFF. As the water starts filling up, first the
wire in the tank connected to S1 supply are shorted by water. This
closes the switch S1 and turns the LED1 ON. As the water
continues to fill the tank, the LED’s 2, 3 and 4 light up gradually. The
number of levels of indication can be increased to 8 if 2 IC’ s are
used in a similar fashion. When the water is full, the base of the
transistor is pulled high by the water and this saturates the
transistor, turning the buzzer ON. The switch has to be opened to
turn the buzzer OFF. Remember to turn the switch ON while
pumping water otherwise the buzzer will not make sound.
2.APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A) RESISTOR 330ohm

B) CONNECTING WIRES

C) TRANSISTOR

D) LED BULBS

E) SOLDERING

F) BATTERY 6 OR 9V

G) BUZZER (optional)

H) BATTERY CAP

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3.ABOUT MATERIALS:
A. RESISTOR:
A resistor is a passive two – terminal electrical component that
implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In the
electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust
signal levels to divide voltages, bias active elements and terminate
transmission lines among other uses. High power resistors that can
dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be used as a
part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators.

Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with

temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be
used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or
chemical activity.

Resistors are common elements of electrical

networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic
equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be
composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also
implemented within integrated circuits.

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 B. CONNECTING WIRES:

The conducting wire is a component of a circuit that carries the

current in the circuit. It is made out of a current conducting material
like copper or tungsten.

The wire is covered by an insulating material like rubber

for protection as well as to avoid loss of current.

Conducting wires are represented by different colors in a

circuit to distinguish their function. Green is for grounding
wire, black is for neutral and red usually is for the live wire.

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C.TRANSISTOR:
A transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify
or switch electronic signals.

A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material,

with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's

terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much more
than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides
amplification of a signal. Some transistors are packaged individually
but most are found in integrated circuits.

The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern

electronic devices, and its presence Is ubiquitous to modern circuits.

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D.LED BULBS:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. LEDs
are used as indicator lamps in many kinds of electronics and
increasingly for lighting. LEDs work by the effect of
electroluminescence, discovered by accident in 1907.

The LED was introduced as a practical electronic component in

1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern
LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness.

LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is

forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the
energy gap of the semiconductor.

The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with

integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and
assist in reflection.

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E. SOLDERING:
Soldering is a process that joins two or more metal surfaces
together using a filler metal called solder. The solder is melted and
applied to the metal parts to be joined, and then allowed to cool and
solidify to create a strong and durable joint.

Here are some tips for soldering:

Prepare the surfaces: Use a solvent, steel wool, or fine sandpaper

to remove any oil, paint, or wax. Use a soldering iron: The soldering
iron is the most important tool for soldering. Clean the tip: Wipe the
tip of the soldering iron on a damp sponge to clean it. Apply the
solder: Touch the solder to the tip of the iron and make sure it flows
evenly around the tip. Then, touch the solder to the joint, being
careful not to touch the solder directly to the tip of the iron. Work in a
well-ventilated area: Soldering irons can heat to around 400°C,
which can burn you or start a fire. Wash your hands: Solder contains
lead, which is a poisonous metal.

Lead-based solders are increasingly being replaced with lead-free

solders, which may consist of antimony, bismuth, brass, copper,
indium, tin, or silver.

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F. BATTERY:
A battery is a self-contained, chemical power pack that can
produce a limited amount of electrical energy wherever it's needed.
Unlike normal electricity, which flows to your home through wires
that start off in a power plant, a battery slowly
converts chemicals packed inside it into electrical energy, typically
released over a period of days, weeks, months, or even years.

The basic idea of portable power is nothing new; people have

always had ways of making energy on the move. Even prehistoric
humans knew how to burn wood to make fire, which is another way
of producing energy (heat) from chemicals (burning releases energy
using a chemical reaction called combustion). By the time of the
Industrial Revolution (in the 18th and 19th centuries), we'd mastered
the art of burning lumps of coal to make power, so fueling things
like steam locomotives. But it can take an hour to gather
enough wood to cook a meal, and a locomotive's boiler typically
takes several hours to get hot enough to make steam.

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G.BUZZER:
The buzzer is a sounding device that can convert audio signals
into sound signals. It is usually powered by DC voltage. It is widely
used in alarms, computers, printers and other electronic products as
sound devices.

It is widely used in household appliances, alarm system,

automatic production line, low-voltage electrical equipment,
electronic toys, game machines and other products and industries.

Buzzers are small devices that convert electricity into a sound

signal. They are able to generate a sound in the range of human
audibility, which is a specific sound information. The sound of the
buzzer is so piercing that it can be heard even in a very noisy place.
Buzzers are usually used as sound signaling devices.

Magnetic buzzers operate using electromagnetic principles. When

power is applied, current runs through the coil of wire inside the
buzzer, which produces a magnetic field. The flexible ferromagnetic
disk is attracted to the coil when the magnetic field is activated, then
returns to rest when the magnetic field is off.

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H. BATTERY CAP:
One of the primary functions of a battery cover cap is to protect
against overvoltage. It acts as a barrier, preventing excessive
voltage from reaching the battery. This is essential because
overvoltage can lead to irreversible damage and even safety
hazards.

capacitor An electrical component used to store energy. Unlike

batteries, which store energy chemically, capacitors store energy
physically, in a form very much like static electricity.

Although most vehicles come with two battery terminal

covers, only the positive battery terminal needs to be covered.

The caps should be popped off to check the acid level for each
cell. If any of them are low you should top them off with water before
charging. You can leave the caps off if you want, but make sure to
turn the charger off before disconnecting it from the battery.

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4.USE OF A WATER LEVEL INDICATOR:
The water level alarm circuit is a simple mechanism to detect and
indicate the level of water in the overhead tank and also in the other
containers.

When the water is stored in the tank, no one can identify the level
of water and also, no one can know when the water tank will fill.
Hence there is an overflow of water in the tank, thus there is a
wastage of energy and water. To resolve this type of problems by
using the water level alarm circuit it helps and indicated the level of
water in the overhead tanks.

The cost of the water level alarm circuit is low and it is used in
overhead water tanks, swimming pool boilers, etc. The water level
alarm circuits are used in the factories, chemical plants, and
electrical substations and also in other liquid storage systems.

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5.WHAT IS A WATER LEVEL INDICATOR?
The water level indicator is defined as a system which gets the
information about the water level in reservoirs or in tanks which is
used in homes.

By using the water level indicator we can overcome the overflow

of water from the tankers.

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6.WORKING OF A WATER LEVEL INDICATOR:
1. When there is no water in the container there is no glow of LEDs

2. When the fill water in the container upto wire 1 the first LED glows
due to completion of circuit.

3. The same continues till the last led goes off.

4. After the last LED starts to glow the buzzer goes off and it
indicates that the container is filled and we can stop the water
supply.

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7.ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER LEVEL
INDICATOR:
➢ Easily Indicates when water level is full
➢ low maintenance
➢ compact and elegant design no need of checking water level
through roof
➢ ensure no overflow or empty running of pump
➢ fully automatic does not require human power
➢ electricity consumption is low
➢ suitable for every tank

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8.APPLICATIONS:
➢ water level indicator is used in applications like boilers and
storage tank
➢ can we use to measure underground storage of water
➢ used to calculate incoming and outgoing water in reservoir
➢ liquid level indicator in huge containers

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9.INDUSTRY BASED APPLICATION OF WATER
LEVEL INDICATOR:
The water level indicator circuits are used in factories, chemical
plants, and electrical substations and in other liquid storage
systems.

There are many possible uses for this simple system, examples
include monitoring a sump pit (to control pump activation), rainfall
detection, and leakage detection.

Electronic water level circuits have the capability of alerting if

there is a water leak somewhere in the factory. When the water level
is too high or too low or exceeds the higher limit, it can detect the
water level easily by hearing an alarm sound or from different colors
of a light bulb.

We can also measure the fuel level in motor vehicles and the
liquid level containers which are huge in the companies.

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10.PRECAUTIONS:
1. Make sure connection are neat and clean
2. Current must not be directly supplied to LED

11.SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Connections may not be proper

2. LED or transistor may be damaged

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12.CONCLUSION:
Water is one of the most important elements in our life. ALLAH
and his Prophet (PBUH) has great blessings for this world. We have
to save each and every drop of water. This is one of our efforts to
save water over flowing from the tank of your sweet house.
Overflowing of water can damage the walls of the building this is a
simple model water level indicator which can be made at your home.

This project is the solution to help the user to indicate water level in
reservoir or into the water tank that indicated check the availability of
water in the tank before operation the pump and the pump operates
only automatic Water level. Controller can be used in Hotels,
Factories, Homes Apartments, Commercial Complexes, Drainage,
etc..
Finally, the project has been successfully implemented & tested. I am
proud to express my delight as the project I embarked upon is
successfully finished in such a short span. The project gave us more
confidence that we will be able to put in practice, whatever the
theoretical knowledge we gained during the course of study till now. It
really persuades us to do more and more perhaps in better way in
future

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13.BIBILIOGRAPHY:
➢ www.wikipedia.com
➢ www.sciencejournals.com
➢ www.scribd.com
➢ www.makezine.com
➢ www.electroschematics.com

➢ www.easycircuits.com

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