EPR REVIEWER Complete Subject

- A subject with all its modifiers

Sentence – contain a subject and a verb.
Complete Predicate
Types of Sentence - A predicate with all its object and/or
modifiers
1. Declarative
- Covey a statement Sentence Fragment
2. Interrogative
- Does not express a complete thought due
- Ask a questions
to lack of subject or verb.
3. Exclamatory
- Express strong emotions Fragment
4. Imperative
- Can also be a phrase or dependent clause
- State a command or a request
that does not describe a word close to it or
Subject – an actor or the topic of the text in the main clause.
a. Subject as Actor ex: Phrase Fragments
Ana expressed doubts about the proposed fund. Ex: Through the door
b. Subject as Topic Dependent Clause Fragments
Gender Equality is essential to a peaceful Ex: When she left him.
societies.
Simple Sentence
Predicate – verb that express the subject, object
- 1 independent 0 dependent
and the modifiers that describe the verb.
- Pablo developed and used a style of
a. Verbs that express a state of being painting known as cubism.
Ex: is, did, seem
b. Verbs that express the action of the Compound Sentence
subject - 2 independent 0 dependent
Ex: stretches, made, leaned - She does not trust me, nor does she
c. Predicate at the beginning of an understand my life plans.
imperative sentence - Canada is my favorite country ; I plan to
Ex: Stop, Stand up, Go out spend 2 weeks next month
d. Predicate composed of a helping or - Can be separated by semicolon or
auxiliary verb and a main verb conjunctions
Ex: I have found nice book. - Coordinating conjunctions
e. Predicate before the subject
Ex: Never had I felt so lonely. For And Nor But Or Yet So

Simple Subject Complex Sentence

- 1 actor or 1 topic - 1 independent and 1 independent

- Ana can dance. - The first Greek dramatist was Aeschylus
who was considered the father of Greek
Compound Subject Tragedy.
- 2 or more topic with same verb. Compound-Complex Sentence
- Ana and Alexa can dance.
- 2 or more independent and 1 or more
Simple Predicate dependent
- 1 verb - The man was mean because he was
- It became the first popular movie. lonely, but his little attitude only made his
situation worse.
Compound Predicate
- 2 verb in 1 subject
- The jeepney start at bauan and end in
Lawas.
Types of Dependent Clause The Possible Condition
Noun Clause – used a s a subject, direct object , Conditional Sentence- consist if clause and a
indirect object, object of the proposition and a result clause
positive.
Ex: If I study really hard, (I will pass the test)
Adjective Clause – to modify a noun or noun
The Impossible Condition
substitute (pronoun) before or adjacent to it.
- Clue word would or might
Adverb Clause – answer the WH questions
- Ex: If she were the country’s President,
Achieving the consistency in Ideas she would eliminate corruption.
- Removed the irrelevant sentence that not The Mandative Subjunctive – used after the
support the main idea. verbs ask, decide, suggest, recommend, insist
and when verb followed by that .
Achieving Consistency in Verb Tensex
Ex: The lawyer asked that he be given more
Shift – a change in the time frame within a text.
time to prepare his case
Consistency – using the same verb tense
Achieving Consistency in Verb Voice
whenever necessary within the same sentence or
paragraph. Voice- refers to a form of a verb that indicates
when a grammatical subject performs the action
or is the receiver of the action.
Passive
- Indirect
- Acted ON by the object
- Tone is roundabout
- Ex: The apple was eaten by Ana.
Active
- Direct
- Subject directly acts on the object.
- Tone is clear and immediate.
- Ex: Ana ate the apple.
Achieving the Consistency in Language
Achieving the Consistency in Verb Mood - It is the requirement for effective
sentences, paragraphs, compositions.
Mood – indicates whether the verb expresses a
fact or question. Unity of Language Level
Indicative 1. Cultural Levels
A. Standard level
- It states a fact or something happening
- Used by cultured and educated people
- She is studying hard.
- Clear and grammatically correct
Imperative B. Sub-standard level
- Locally used, illiterate users,
- Command or request ungrammatical
- Do not forget to bring paper - Excessive slang and unique pronunciation
Subjunctive 2. Functional Levels
A. Familiar level
- Expressing a wish or possibility. - Used for friendly, familiar conversational
- If I were rich, I would build a business. activities and private correspondence
B. Formal language level
Were subjunctive – refers to a non factual and a
hypothetical situation. - Used in formal conversation, legal
writing,public speeches.
1. Standard Level (Cultural Level) Achieving Coherence by Avoiding Misplaced
and Dancing Modifiers
• Tagalog: "Nagpadala siya ng liham sa
akin." 1. Dangling Elliptical Clauses
• English: "She sent me a letter." • Example:
Explanation: This follows the correct o Incorrect: "After finishing the
grammatical rules and is accepted as the "proper" project, the deadline was met."
way to say it.
o Correct: "After finishing the project,
we met the deadline."
2. Formal Level (Functional Level)
• Tagalog: "Ipinadala niya ang liham sa 2. Dangling Prepositional Phrases
akin upang ipahayag ang kanyang
• Example:
pasasalamat."
o Incorrect: "In the morning, the birds
• English: "She sent me the letter to
were singing."
express her gratitude."
o Correct: "In the morning, I heard
Explanation: This is more formal and polished,
the birds singing."
often used in professional or respectful situations.

3. Dangling Participial Phrases

3. Substandard Level (Cultural Level)
• Example:
• Tagalog: "Pinadala niya 'yung sulat
sakin." o Incorrect: "Running down the
street, the flowers caught my
• English: "She sent me that letter."
attention."
Explanation: This version uses casual or
o Correct: "Running down the street,
incorrect grammar (e.g., "sakin" instead of "sa
I noticed the flowers."
akin" and informal word choice like "yung").

4. Dangling Infinitive Phrases

4. Familiar Level (Functional Level)
• Example:
• Tagalog: "Uy, pinadala niya yung sulat
sakin kanina!" o Incorrect: "To impress the
audience, the speech was well-
• English: "Hey, she sent me the letter
prepared."
earlier!"
o Correct: "To impress the audience,
Explanation: This is conversational and used in
the speaker prepared the speech
casual, everyday talk with friends or family.
well."
Achieving the Consistency in Person and
Achieving Coherence by Avoiding Faulty
Number
Parallelism
- Singular subject takes Singular Verb
Parallelism
- Plural subject takes Plural Verb
- Is the repetition of grammatical elements
in writing and speaking.
- One of the most well known parallelism is
featured by Neil Armstrong “That’s one
small step for man, one giant leap for
mankind”
- Ex: no pain,no gain, bible verse, poetry,
prose,quotations.
Achieving Coherence by Avoiding Unclear 4. Ambiguous Pronoun
Reference of Pronouns
• Definition: An ambiguous pronoun occurs
Pronouns when a pronoun can refer to two or more
antecedents, creating confusion about its
- Used to stand for a noun
meaning.
- Used to link or connect sentences
- Help writers avoid repeating noun • Example:
- Help readers track essential sentence
o Incorrect: "Sarah told Jessica that
elements
she won the lottery."
1. Pronoun and Antecedent Agreement
o Correct: "Sarah told Jessica that
• Definition: This error occurs when a Jessica won the lottery."
pronoun does not agree in number
Achieving Emphasis through sentence Variety
(singular/plural) or gender with its
antecedent (the noun it refers to). Ways to Achieve Sentence Variety
• Example: A. Vary Subject or Word Choice
o Incorrect: "Each student must Principles of Word Choice for Composition
submit their homework."
1. Choose understandable words
o Correct: "Each student must 2. Use specific , precise word
submit his or her homework." 3. Choose strong words
4. Emphasize positive words
5. Avoid overused words
2. Implied/Missing Pronoun 6. Avoid obsolete words

• Definition: This error happens when a B. Vary Sentence Length

pronoun is implied but not explicitly stated, C. Vary Sentence Type
leading to confusion about the subject. D. Vary Sentence Openings
• Example: Paragraph Writing
o Incorrect: "After finishing the Characteristics of an effective paragraph
game, went home."
A. Unified
o Correct: "After finishing the game, B. Coherent
I went home." C. Well Developed
Methods for developing Paragraph
3. Vague Pronoun 1. Cause and effect
• Definition: A vague pronoun does not 2. Problem and Solution
clearly refer to a specific antecedent, 3. Definition
causing uncertainty about what the 4. Analysis or Process Analysis
pronoun represents. 5. Example or Illustration
6. Comparison or Contrast
• Example: 7. Narration
o Incorrect: "When John and Mike 8. Description
went to the store, he bought 9. Classification
apples." 5 steps process o paragraph development
o Correct: "When John and Mike 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a
went to the store, John bought topic sentence
apples." 2. Explain the controlling idea
3. Give an example
4. Explain the examples
5. Complete the paragraphs idea or
transition into the next paragraph