Devenires Feministas Sargasso
Devenires Feministas Sargasso
2018-19, I & II
Local Editors
Don E. Walicek, Editor
Katherine Miranda, Contributing Editor
Lowell Fiet, Founding Editor
María Cristina Rodríguez, Book Review Editor
Editorial Board
Jessica Adams, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras
Sally Everson, University of the Bahamas
Mary Ann Gosser-Esquilín, Florida Atlantic University
Edgardo Pérez Montijo, University of Puerto Rico, Arecibo
Peter Roberts, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill
Ivette Romero, Marist College
Felipe Smith, Tulane University
UPR Administration
Jorge Haddock Acevedo, President of the University of Puerto Rico
Luis A. Ferrao, Chancellor, Río Piedras Campus
Agnes M. Bosch Irizarry, Dean of Humanities, Río Piedras Campus
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Opinions and views expressed in Sargasso are those of the individual authors and are not necessarily
shared by the editors or its Editorial Board members. All rights return to authors. This journal is indexed
by HAPI, Latindex, MLA, and the Periodical Contents Index. Copies of Sargasso 2018-19, I & II, as well
as previous issues, are on deposit in the Library of Congress. Filed September 2019. ISSN 1060-5533.
SARGASSO 2018-19, I & II
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION IX
Katherine Miranda
ESSAYS
Maritza Pérez Otero 3
Reflecciones sobre pedagogía
Rosanna Cerezo 5
Abrapalabra: A Project for Children’s Agency
Laëtitia Saint-Loubert 47
“Cari-beans”: Teaching Caribbean Literature in the Indian Ocean
Carmen M. Martínez-Roldán 71
Prácticas pedagógicas después del huracán María: Colaboración
de familias y maestros como agentes de cambio en una escuela
elemental en Puerto Rico
Katherine Miranda 97
Instituto Nueva Escuela and Montessori Education Reform
in Puerto Rico: “We Count in a Different Way”
Michel DeGraff y Glenda S. Stump, traducido por Marcela Otero Costa 129
Kreyòl, pedagogía y tecnología para brindar educación de calidad en
Haití: Cambios en las actitudes metalingüísticas de los maestros como los
primeros pasos de un cambio paradigmático
PHOTO ESSAY
BEMBA PR 185
Arte callejero y participación política como pedagogía
pública en la colonia de Puerto Rico
REVIEW ESSAY
Melissa Lee García Vega 213
Tulipán and Tulipán Thinks about Grades by Ada Haiman
Sofi and the Magic Musical Mural by Raquel Ortiz
Works Cited
Rosanna Cerezo
Independent Consultant
Abstract
This personal narrative details the author’s experience in the creation and
implementation of the Abrapalabra project, a community-based after-
school program implemented in Puerto Rico in 2011. The project worked
with twenty 3rd to 5th grade students from the Bolivar Pagán elementary
school in a public housing project to instill skills that would build agency.
Storytelling was used as the vehicle to explore the children’s individual and
community goals and ways in which they could achieve them. After a nar-
ration of the project’s development, the author concludes by summarizing
the most important lessons she learned from the process, including the im-
portance of a truly student-centered approach and the flexibility to depart
from students’ needs.
Keywords: developing children’s agency, afterschool community-based
projects, collective storytelling
Resumen
Esta narrativa personal detalla la experiencia de la autora en la creación e
implementación del proyecto Abrapalabra, un programa extracurricular de
comunidad implementado en Puerto Rico en el 2011. El proyecto trabajó
con veinte estudiantes de 3er a 5to grado de la escuela primaria Bolívar
Pagán, ubicada en un residencial público, en el desarrollo de competencias
para promover la autogestión. Las técnicas de cuenta cuentos y la narrativa
colectiva se utilizaron como vehículos para explorar las metas individuales y
comunitarias de los niños y las formas en que las podrían lograr. Después de
narrar el desarrollo del proyecto, la autora concluye resumiendo las lecciones
más importantes que aprendió del proceso, incluyendo la importancia de un
acercamiento verdaderamente centrado en el estudiante y la flexibilidad de
basarse en las necesidades de los estudiantes.
Palabras clave: el desarrollo de autogestión en niños, proyectos comunitarios
extracurriculares, narración colectiva
*Article submitted September 30, 2018; revised version accepted on December 27, 2018.
1 To maintain confidentiality, I have changed the student’s real name and used a
pseudonym that honors his essence.
workers documenting his trajectory until the fifth grade hinted at any
special talent. But Pablo’s deeply introspective and reflective self-portrait
demonstrated that he understood the work of self-portrait master Pablo
Picasso and, in turn, felt understood by him. His portrait, rather than a literal
depiction of his face, used geometrical forms to express a more essential
portrait of his existence.
Pablo the elementary school student “got” Pablo the adult painter’s
objective of using art to break past explicit manifestations of reality to reach
deeper, more profound meaning. Pablo the student understood the self-
portrait assignment as a prompt, not to literally draw his face, but to portray
his existence: him – a boy alone, a desert the place he lives, dunes – the
obstacles he faces. If there was only one question I could try to respond to in
this article, it would be: what insights might guide us to create a space where
such potential is identified and nurtured?
Pablo was one of twenty participants in Abrapalabra, an afterschool
program in the Manuel A. Pérez housing project in San Juan, the second
largest in Puerto Rico. I founded Abrapalabra as the sister project to Aula
Verde, an environmental education program where ex-prisoners managed
an urban forest and a butterfly garden based in the same community. Both
the adult and the children’s programs were financed by the Civil Action and
Education Corporation (Corporación de Acción Civil y Educación or CACE),
a non-profit legal firm that represented prisoners and maintained a research
and education division devoted to the prevention of crime.2
2CACE was a non-profit organization funded with money obtained from a federal class
action lawsuit brought against the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico for its violation of
prisoners’ rights. Some of these funds were used to provide legal services for prisoners
and to address the social causes of crime and imprisonment.
the German philosopher and scientist Friedrich Schiller and gave me carte
blanche to be creative. Schiller maintained that it was imperative to offer an
aesthetic education that would balance a strictly rational one. An aesthetic
education would allow for the exploration of different art forms in a playful
and creative way, providing a powerful space for the deep transformation of
human sensibility. This philosophical tenet proved to be fundamental to the
implementation of our project.
It took me one whole year to come up with a proposal for a pilot project.
The participants were students from a rural community in the town of
Juncos who took classes with Aula Verde’s existing program to learn how
to make their own butterfly garden. In exchange for their participation
in the pilot project, CACE offered these students and their teachers free
workshops during the whole semester. The pilot project, which would serve
as the basis for the design of the long-term collective storytelling project,
consisted of a semester-long storytelling workshop for fifteen students. The
students that participated in this pilot project were chosen by their teachers
because they faced emotional challenges that affected their performance in
the classroom, either with regards to academics or in their interactions with
other students and teachers. The goal of the pilot project was to explore
the students’ emotional relationships to reading and writing. I designed a
storytelling workshop where we would read stories and tell stories orally.
The final project was to collectively write and illustrate a comic book, as
well as to create a small butterfly garden in the students’ school in Juncos.
Through this process, the teachers and I were able to identify obstacles and
incentives for students’ self-expression. The workshops were designed with a
very open structure through which the children themselves set many of the
objectives and the means to reach them. The documentation of this process
and our observations and questions would later be the generators for a formal
proposal to CACE. It became evident that this formal proposal would have
to be based not only on pedagogical theory but also on psychological research
on the emotional aspects of children’s learning processes.
Once the pilot project concluded, CACE requested that I submit a formal
proposal for the full-term program and assigned a student intern, Odette
Escobar, to assist me in the research and drafting of the proposal. Odette was
a doctoral student in psychology at the University of Puerto Rico and proved
to be an indispensable ally, both in developing the theoretical justification for
the program as well as in ensuring its successful implementation. For instance,
when faced with the obvious obstacle that our budget limitations would not
allow us to hire the assistants we needed to maintain an ideal student-teacher
ratio in the classroom, Odette knocked on the doors of several distinguished
psychology professors. They eventually created practicums that allowed their
graduate students to do their work-study in our project. Soon, we went from
having no assistants to having so many that they almost equaled the number
of student participants. Given our new access to skilled human resources, we
were able to add additional services to the proposal, including psychological
evaluations and clinical support for the children and their families. Securing
psychological support was important since our students faced emotional
challenges that could affect both their academic performance as well as their
interpersonal relationships.
My practical experience, including over a decade of providing storytelling
workshops in Puerto Rico’s public schools, was supported by a theoretical
framework steeped in the liberation theology of Paulo Freire and the
decolonizing tenets of Frantz Fanon. Our goal was to implement Freire’s
proposition that critical and participatory dialogue should be the cornerstone
of praxis, action geared towards enhancing community, social capital, and
fairness. Attempting to reach this goal, we would inevitably face ourselves
what Fanon identified as the psychology of colonization. As working-class
residents of public housing projects, our students were at the receiving end
of many forms of violent colonization: economic, cultural, linguistic, and
political. Our goal was to provide a space for the students to explain their
reality authentically, but also transcend it through the affirmation of their
critical and freethinking voices. As Fanon sustained, a multidisciplinary
approach was needed in order to cut through all the layers of self-doubt
instilled by a colonized mentality. Therefore, our proposal was strengthened
by new perspectives from the discipline of psychology, including Vygostky’s
theory of the zone of proximal development, wherein peer interaction
is seen as fertile ground from which to attain autonomy, and Bowlby’s
developmental psychology regarding attachment. These theories allowed us
to better understand the need to provide emotional support when students
faced frustrating academic challenges.
This multidisciplinary effort, which was launched in 2009, developed into
Abrapalabra: Proyecto de autogestión en la niñez, which we later implemented
as the afterschool program in an urban school within the Manuel A. Pérez
Housing Project, located in San Juan. The Escuela Bolívar Pagán was the
gether more socially skillful children with those who are socially marginal-
ized.3
The teachers asserted that such a balance would create a classroom in
which peers could support each other both academically and socially. Given
the teachers’ familiarity with the students, it was not difficult to identify the
children according to their academic achievement and their socio-emotional
skills. However, the school had no statistics on children of incarcerated par-
ents. A confidential survey was developed with the help of university col-
laborators, and it revealed an alarming number of children of incarcerated
parents. In one of the grades surveyed, a third of the students had one or
both parents either incarcerated or recently released from prison. Together
with the teachers, we formed two groups of ten students each, attempting to
create the balance identified in our selection criteria.
The pilot project and the subsequent theoretical research allowed us to
name the pillars upon which we wished to implement the project. The three
fundamental principles of the program were: (i) emotional-academic sup-
port, (ii) orality, and (iii) collective work. These principles would provide the
practical framework to develop the skills for children’s individual and collec-
tive agency. Below I use class anecdotes to attempt to explain the rationale
behind these principles and their role in achieving the ultimate goal of creat-
ing a student-centered program guided by their needs and dreams.
dialogue between students and teachers of course seems like the natural
antidote to rote learning. However, creating such student-centered demo-
cratic classrooms is not as simple as wishing it to be so. It of course takes
much more than arranging seats in circles and earnestly inviting students
to participate.
The one challenge that repeatedly cropped up in my experience and
that of my colleagues was students’ resistance to dialogue, and their lack
of enthusiasm for creative work that involved “traditional” academic skills
like reading and writing. However, our experience demonstrated that such
resistance is often simply a façade for hidden emotions. Like a false floor
upon which you knock and hear empty space underneath, students’ resistance
to engagement in creative tasks may belie deep insecurities. Some students
resist reading or writing for the simple reason that it is a deeply frustrating
process that tends to provoke embarrassing red marks on notebooks and bad
grades on report cards. In the best of cases, our highest achieving students,
when asked to engage in creative work, would respond to the invitation
by quickly spewing out commonplace phrases or repeating formulas from
popular media, with little or no content revealing their own voices and
unique life experiences. I suspect that another reason for their hesitancy to
engage in true dialogue and creative work is simply that it is unfamiliar, as
students are not often asked to do it.
It quickly became evident that if we truly wanted to hear the student’s
authentic voices we would have to deal with their emotional relationships
with academic tasks. We had to address their frustrations, fear of judgment,
and anxiety about pleasing adults. Clearly, in order to implement the
Freirean educational model and motivate them to seek out and express their
own voices, we had to dismantle many of the affective associations they had
with the learning process. Nothing could be a “must” in our classroom if
it produced frustration or anxiety. Very early on, we realized that we were
attempting to offer a storytelling workshop with children that, for the most
part, did not seem to enjoy reading and writing. In order to engage them it
appeared we would have to discard reading and writing exercises, at least
those that students were used to. Our first attempts to have the students
tell stories had to be on their own terms. We spent our first month playing
games, drawing for enjoyment, laughing, and getting to know each other.
Playing with the children revealed many cues about how to use their games
(and the rules of their games) to create our student-centered democratic
classroom. While playing, even the shyest of kids talked and participated.
When there were fights among them, they relied on various strategies to
organically bring order back to the game: rock-paper-scissors, flipping coins,
and the spontaneous formation of mediating committees in which wise third
parties would rule on the fair solution to a conflict, and achieve surprisingly
quick consensus.
After playing hard and long, the student’s perception of me as a
“traditional” teacher waned. They never stopped seeing me as an authority
figure; I was certainly the adult in the room, but one that seemed happy
to share authority with them. Once I instinctively felt that shift, I started
proposing storytelling games–hot potato storytelling and the funny “blind”
stories4 were sprinkled with some traditional games like “secretito” where we
explored the idea of gossip. Later, I proposed that each student think of
a personal symbol that we could draw. They quickly suggested we make a
tattoo design workshop, and so we talked about the meaning of symbols,
which led them to want to draw flags that represented each group. Magically,
just as in Laura Numeroff ’s classic children’s story If You Give a Mouse a
Cookie, the students went down a slippery slope of storytelling with no other
purpose than the joy of telling itself.
The games created a space of freedom where the children felt comfortable
threading personal stories, fantastical stories, and stories of their communities.
They never stopped playing and telling stories, they did so naturally and
orally. The key to accessing the student’s authentic voices was orality.
Matching reading and writing with orality proved to be the segue needed
to reintroduce the skills into the classroom with a new affective relationship
to them. In this way we started our “oral-writing” tradition, whereby the
students narrated their stories orally to a “scribe,” one of the facilitators, who
would commit the story to paper. Through this process, the creative act of
developing their personal narratives was prioritized over the mechanical
act of writing. The students were encouraged to keep diaries any way they
chose, writing or drawing in a journal, or recording their stories and thoughts
4 In “blind stories” a person starts writing a story and after writing four to six sentences,
covers all but the last sentence and then passes it to the next person, who must continue
the story. Each person in the circle writes a portion of the story. Often, when read in its
entirety, the story takes absurd and funny turns; but some are remarkably coherent. The
end result is always a fun surprise, and the idea of writing collectively is accepted as an
interesting and fruitful exercise.
red-haired man and the other half wanted it to be a dragon. In that case,
the negotiation was Solomonic, and the character turned out to be half red-
haired man, half dragon. At other times, one student’s idea was discarded by
the majority in favor of another. On these occasions, several students cried
or threatened to leave the classroom. The concept of an “Idea Bank” helped
a lot to lower the frustration for the person whose idea had not been used.
Instead of discarding the unchosen idea, it was written up by one of the
scribes and entered into a vault, which was designated as the classroom’s idea
bank where ideas were as valuable as money and kept safe for later use.
Frequently, the first draft of the collective story lacked some of the
important elements found in written stories, coherence and descriptions,
for example. We found it useful to talk about the creative process, so we
paused to learn about the creative process of various artists, writers, painters,
and musicians. We learned how Pablo Picasso’s masterpieces started from
scraggly sketches in notebooks, how songwriters wrote, discarded, and re-
wrote songs. By talking about the importance of drafts and sketches and re-
writes, the creative process was understood and valued in all its complexity,
taking away much of the stress of producing “perfect” results without mistakes
in the creative process.
The students were in charge of illustrating as well as writing their story.
It was common for them to get frustrated with a drawing, crumple it up into
a tight ball, and throw it angrily at the floor. As facilitators, our role was to
protect their affective relationship to the task at hand by lowering their level
of frustration. Therefore, each tight ball of paper was rescued from the floor,
flattened out and placed in each student’s artist portfolio as evidence of the
ups and downs inherent in the creative process.
Each storytelling or drawing session finished with a circle discussion in
which we discussed the obstacles they had faced that day and reflected on
solutions to them. The circle also served to talk about discipline problems that
arose and about how to engage them constructively. Many, many solutions
to daily challenges came out of these circle discussions. For example, when
students all talked over each other–and made the environment chaotic–I
asked them how they felt when they weren’t heard (were they mad, frustrated,
slighted?) and to propose solutions to the problem. This is how the scepter
entered the classroom. One student proposed that we create a royal scepter
and only the person with the scepter could talk. Students worked together to
formulate rules as to the length and frequency of turns. The scepter, which
Me: Are you sure you want to kill all the enemies?
Choir of boys: Yeahhhhh!!
Me: OK, why would you like to kill all those characters?
And so the group reached a consensus that led to a resolution: the story
would not end on a happy note, but rather with a profound warning from the
children about violence. The moment we dared to enter a dark zone together
and light the darkness with questions and truths, I saw the bud of critical
thinking flower in their nine-year-old eyes.
It took us a whole year to meet our first goal of writing stories that could
be published. Along the way, many more things happened that were deeply
important but perhaps invisible at first glance. By giving the necessary space
and time for the children to play and to talk as well as to trust and to make
proposals, the student-teacher relationship had transformed from one of
vertical hierarchy to a horizontal relationship of collaboration and mutual
guidance. Many things had to be “un-learned”: their uneasy relationship
with written language, words, and grammar; their self-image as “failing”
students, people that “hated” school, or mere teacher pleasers. Too many
unexpected wonders happened to lay them out in the limited space of this
article. The essence of what we created together was a truly student-centered
space where trusting relationships allowed for a diversity of voices to flourish.
As suggested above, the new order never implied that I abdicated my
role as a guide; instead, it meant that I shared it, allowing all to bring their
talents and capacities for the benefit of the group. Thus, many new practices
that had not been contemplated in the original proposal submitted to CACE
developed organically in
our space. Mindfulness was
one of these. I proposed
that we start each workshop
with mindfulness exercises,
hoping that it would help
rowdy students calm down.
I shared my techniques
for quiet meditation
and visualization, and
a university student
collaborator shared her
way of meditating while
walking and even playing
basketball. The kids loved
our meditations so much
that the majority started
practicing mindfulness in their homes before doing homework or going to
sleep. The practice proved to be hugely effective in helping them to focus on
the task at hand and to regulate their emotions. As we played games and told
stories, students would suggest ways of maintaining discipline and focus,
so we decided to draft our own Constitution as well as another document
called Rules and Regulations. The use of the scepter is an example of those
rules. Also included were anti-bullying norms that they took very seriously.
These prohibited ridiculing anyone for having different opinions and the
use of foul language. We engaged in frank discussions about how good it
felt to impulsively vent anger, how terrible it felt to be the target of such
venting, and how to prevent aggressive impulses. My background as a lawyer
helped a lot in articulating why it made sense to create those rules together
if we wanted to reach our individual and collective goals. As time passed,
discipline problems became less frequent, which meant that facilitators
intervened less. In addition, students were able to better self-regulate their
emotions, and discipline problems were increasingly resolved among the
students themselves.
While our first goal of finishing our collective story was completed at the
end of the first year, the second goal of developing a community project had
been postponed for the second year. The same twenty children continued
with us to develop the community project that they had already voted on.
It consisted of creating an ecological space in the back of the school. In this
space, they proposed we could design an outdoor classroom, a small stage to
bring our stories to life in plays, a butterfly garden, a vegetable patch, and
even a student-run snack kiosk where they could generate profits to re-invest
in our projects.
For the sake of brevity, I will share just a summary of our second year. The
return to school turned out to be bittersweet. The afterschool workshops ran
like a well-oiled machine of a democratic and student-centered classroom.
More collaborators from the University of Puerto Rico and the community
joined our venture to help build the Abrapalabra garden with all the
components that students had envisioned. We also created an alliance with
the Community Workshop of the University of Puerto Rico’s School of
Architecture and added another day to the program’s schedule during which
students took classes with the young architects on design, 3D perspective,
aesthetics, and functionality. By that time, our project was so popular among
university students that we had a surplus of volunteers. The local supermarket
provided us with snacks and beverages for all of our workshops; the school
donated boxes of notebooks, pencils, crayons, and more audio recorders.
In the second year, we combined architecture, storytelling, gardening, and
science in a coherent package. In addition, we finished the digital architectural
blueprints for all the components of the ecological space. We wrote stories
about it to visualize how it could help the community. Students from the
regular school classes constantly approached me, begging to be included in
Abrapalabra. Our homework was to figure out how to expand the program
to include more students without compromising its quality and our ability to
provide students individual attention.
Finally, we convened parents, grandparents, teachers, and neighbors,
bringing them together at an assembly where the students would present
the project with their architect mentors. The large library space was filled to
capacity with adults and children from the school and the community who
were eager to listen to the upcoming plans for “Abrapalabra 20.” The students
presented their mentors and explained their blueprints and work plans. The
proposal was met with effervescent enthusiasm. Since the students couldn’t
wait to start the project, we decided to offer summer camp classes during the
month of June after the academic year was over to start preparing the land
and laying down the design.
The first Abrapalabra summer camp was a success. It also proved to be
the last time we would congregate and work together as a team. In July
of 2011, an administrator from our non-profit funder CACE called me to
deliver terrible news. The organization had suddenly lost all of its funding
and would be unable to continue supporting us in the next academic year.
The organization had been solely funded by money generated through the
collection of fines imposed on the Government of Puerto Rico by the U.S.
federal court system. For legal and political reasons, the U.S. District Court
stopped collecting these fines and thus abruptly cut the funding that made
CACE’s education and rehabilitation programs possible. In the blink of an
eye, the land we had toiled together became overrun with weeds, and our
promise of bringing our grand community project to fruition was shockingly
aborted. Even worse, we lost our storytelling space, our sanctuary, and each
other.
I would like to end this story with how it began, thinking of that one moment
when Pablo, a student diagnosed with a borderline intellectual disability,
drew his self-portrait as a hunchback in a desert. That moment encapsulates
both the successes and the failures of our project. Pablo felt free enough to
express himself in his own unique way because our program disrupted the
way a conventional system labeled him deficient. We had the audacity and
the courage to modify, put on hold, and scrap carefully designed plans when
they proved to not suit our students. We also had the audacity to defend
certain quixotic principles that proved to be the basis of our success. The
details of said norms could be the subject of a separate article. However, if
I had to identify just a few fundamental principles that allowed us to create
a space of trust and freedom for the development of a student-centered
autogestión project, they would be the following:
must be built. Their strengthened voices are at the heart of their self-
esteem and their belief in themselves as agents of their own well-
being. The means to reach the Value must never be more important
than the Value itself. From said principle flow the rest of the guiding
norms.
2. Our starting point must always be where the student is, not where one
expects him or her to be. No matter how beautiful a lesson plan is, it
cannot be successfully carried out until we ensure that all students
have the necessary skills to engage in the learning process with con-
fidence and the joy of learning. Even though this might seem a self-
evident truth, it was disheartening to see how many students had been
barely passing grades without ever grasping the most basic skills of
earlier grades.
The bureaucracy of education too often privileges accountability
measures such as filling out forms and checking boxes (to assure the
Department of Education that its curriculum has being followed to
a tee), to the detriment of children’s authentic education. Teachers
at Escuela Bolívar Pagán school were expected to implement the
Department of Education’s curriculum within strict timelines, which
left barely any wiggle room to accommodate for their students’ needs.
In contrast, in Abrapalabra we had the flexibility to suspend or
rearrange work plans when we realized that they assumed conditions
that proved not to exist in the classroom. This flexibility also allowed
us to acknowledge and explore unexpected realities that never made it
into the plans.
For example, I remember many days where I expected to jump into
storytelling exercises with specific objectives for the day and had
to suspend the lesson plan–in one instance, a boy had witnessed a
shooting while playing outside of his home and saw the dead body of
the victim next to him; another boy had a breakdown when writing a
story about his family; a different time two students got into a brawl
where they yelled profanities and threatened to hit each other. The
river of violence the students navigated inevitably seeped into the
classroom. Time and time again it threatened to become an obstacle
to learning; preventing that from happening required addressing both
its immediate and long-term manifestations.
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context of our country’s colonial status, the exercise of that most essential
birthright, freedom of expression, proved to be a most subversive act.
As a result of this recreation of our experiences, I was able to reconnect
with three of the twenty project participants. One of them, who was selected
for Abrapalaba based on her combination of leadership and low academic
performance, just graduated with honors from nursing school, and today
she dreams of becoming a doctor. Another boy, who, when meditating, used
to visualize himself studying at the University of Puerto Rico’s Río Piedras
campus, is now a proud student of that institution majoring in business
administration. The third student, a petite and shy girl chosen to participate
because of her combination of high academic performance and weak social
skills, has become a national wrestling champion, representing Puerto Rico
in international competitions. They have pledged to help me locate the rest of
the Abrapalabra 20 so we can have an alumni meeting in July 2019, eight full
years after the conclusion of the project. While I don’t claim that the success
of these three graduates is due solely to their participation in Abrapalabra,
I can affirm that the seeds of agency that we planted–together with their
own drive as well as the support of their grandparents, parents, teachers, and
community–made them persevere against many odds to attain their dreams.
Works Cited
Bowlby, John. Una base segura. Aplicaciones clínica de una teoría de apego.
Paidós, 1989.
Fanon, Frantz. Pedagogía del oprimido. Siglo XXI, 1970.
Freire, Paolo. La educación como práctica de la libertad (19na ed.). Paz e Terra,
1989.
hooks, bell. Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom.
Routledge, 1994.
Numeroff, Laura. If You Give a Mouse a Cookie. Harper Collins, 1985.
Vygotsky L. S. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological
Processes. Harvard UP, 1978.
Resumen
Este ensayo presenta reflexiones iniciales acerca del uso de la narra-
tiva personal académica en un curso de género y literatura puertorri-
queña. Subraya la urgencia de pensar, desde la literatura feminista y
el feminismo interseccional y decolonial, una pedagogía universitaria
que aborde el trauma y la austeridad después del Huracán María.
Aboga por la necesidad de dar espacio a la multiplicidad de voces y
subjetividades y ampliar los registros de inclusión a través de tareas
centradas en el estudiantado.
Palabras clave: estudios de género en Puerto Rico, narrativa per-
sonal académica, literatura puertorriqueña, respuestas pedagógicas
después del Huracán María
Abstract
This essay offers initial reflections on the use of personal academ-
ic narrative in a course on Gender and Puerto Rican Literature. It
highlights the urgent need to conceive, through the lenses of femi-
nist literature and intersectional and decolonial feminism, under-
graduate pedagogy that addresses trauma and austerity in the wake
of Hurricane María. In so doing, it advocates making space for a
multiplicity of voices and subjectivities, and broadening the param-
eters of inclusion through student-centered assignments.
Keywords: gender studies in Puerto Rico, personal academic narrative,
Puerto Rican literature, pedagogical responses after Hurricane María
I. Orígenes
Otra de las razones que me movió a crear el curso fue la necesidad de tener
un espacio para discutir, contrarrestar y cuestionar la violencia y la misoginia
de la academia. Los #allmalepanels, los prontuarios allmale, las antologías
allmale, la aversión al lenguaje inclusivo y los caminos canónicos de lectura.
Claro, no estaba ajena a los problemas de armar el corpus: todo prontuario
implica un escogido. ¿Cuáles serían las escritoras puertorriqueñas? ¿Qué es
ser mujer? ¿Qué ideas de la cultura y la identidad puertorriqueñas se estu-
diarían? Reconocía también que las categorías son escurridizas... todas estas
preguntas eran buenos puntos de partida, cuestionar el mismo archivo a es-
tudiar sería parte del curso. Desde los límites que imponían las categorías y
el escogido ya se configuraba la discusión: trabajar e idear un nuevo entendi-
miento de la literatura puertorriqueña.
Era también importante dedicar tiempo suficiente a los textos, pues la
forma apresurada con la que se discuten las obras también me parecía cues-
tionable. La idea de “cubrir el material” –lo que se cubre no se ve, pensaba–
limita la discusión de lo que el texto detona, las preguntas que surgen... no
podía ser un corpus excesivo.
La primera versión del curso se inició durante el primer semestre del
2017-18. Aunque no lo sabíamos en el momento, el acercamiento del curso
cobraría más relevancia tras el paso del Huracán María. Para el 20 de sep-
tiembre de 2017, solo nos habíamos reunido una vez y discutido el prontua-
rio del curso. Después del embate del huracán no volveríamos a encontrarnos
hasta el 31 de octubre.1
A medida que se aproximaba el regreso a clases durante los días después
de la tormenta que se hacían interminables, y con la pobre señal de Internet y
la escasa energía eléctrica, leía y buscaba respuestas a la pregunta, ¿cómo sería
enseñar después de un desastre político-natural? Comencé a encontrar tex-
tos que detonaban reflexiones. Lo primero que hallé fue el libro Reclaiming
School in the Aftermath of Trauma: Advice Based on Experience, editado por Ca-
1 Antes de las tormentas la Universidad de Puerto Rico enfrentó una huelga que se
extendió desde abril del 2016 a junio del 2017 en contra de un recorte de 512 millones–
de una asignación gubernamental de 833–que decretó la Junta de Supervisión Fiscal
impuesta por el gobierno de los Estados Unidos en contubernio con el gobierno de
Puerto Rico. En septiembre del 2017 Puerto Rico sufrió el embate de dos huracanes,
Irma y María. La devastación dejó a todo Puerto Rico sin luz y en muchas pueblos,
sin agua. La respuesta del gobierno estatal y federal fue casi nula lo que causó más de
4,000 muertes.
rolyn Lunsford Mears, una maestra que vivió el tiroteo de la Escuela Colum-
bine que dejó trece muertos y más de veinte heridos. En el primer capítulo de
este texto subrayé: “Only by becoming aware of what trauma looks like in a
classroom and how adjustments can be made to instruction, curriculum, and
environments, will educators be able to help students resume their learning”
(5). Sin embargo, el trauma en la Universidad y en Puerto Rico era y sigue
siendo continuo, como nos detalla Naomi Klein en La batalla por el paraíso:
Puerto Rico y el capitalismo del desastre, respecto al desmantelamiento de la
educación pública en nuestro archipiélago:
Ese shock, explica Klein, “es la velocidad: impulsar una oleada de cambios
radicales de una manera tan veloz que es casi imposible seguirle el paso” (51).
Me preguntaba y me pregunto constantemente, cómo pensamos una peda-
gogía universitaria que aborde el trauma y el shock, cómo logramos que, como
decía la colega Mara Negrón, “la universidad suceda” bajo estas condiciones
distópicas, cómo resistir.
Después de María, en una reunión en el vestíbulo del Edificio Jaime Be-
nítez (todavía no había luz eléctrica en el Recinto) la administración univer-
sitaria nos llamó a ser flexibles y sensibles a las necesidades del estudiantado.
Tal discurso resultaría vacuo porque desde esa convocatoria se han implanta-
do una serie de medidas que amenazan directamente la accesibilidad de los
estudios pos-secundarios de nuestra institución: los costos de matrícula han
aumentado más del doble, las exenciones de matrícula van en camino a des-
aparecer, se propone eliminar recintos enteros. El masivo recorte de fondos
que sigue enfrentando la Universidad de Puerto Rico afecta adversamente
la operación del proyecto educativo y de movilidad social más importante
de nuestro país. Todo esto deviene fundamentalmente de la renuencia del
gobierno de Puerto Rico de declarar la Universidad como servicio esen-
cial. Esta era, y sigue siendo, la Universidad que nos esperaba después del
Huracán. Volver era entonces reencontrarnos las unas con las otras, dar con
palabras para nombrar todo esto acompañadas de las escritoras, acceder a
otras lecturas que nos ayudaran a pensar nuestro habitar en este Puerto Rico
pos-María, más violento contra las mujeres.2
The first time I heard two women, a Puerto Rican and a Cuban,
say the word “nosotras,” I was shocked. I had not known the word
existed. Chicanas use nosotros whether we’re male or female. We are
robbed of our female being by the masculine plural. Language is a
male discourse. (76)
turce era una bicicleta . . . de pensar que parte de las horas contacto podían, y
en muchos casos, por las condiciones, se tenían que completar fuera del salón
de clase y con otras tareas.
El curso por ser panorámico—que, reconozco, adolecía del exceso de
lecturas que quería evitar—se había transformado. A finales de octubre, con
libros y papel, estudiaríamos a tres autoras cuyos libros eran fáciles conseguir
(abundaban los ejemplares usados en Río Piedras por precios módicos):
Rosario Ferré, Ana Lydia Vega y Mayra Santos Febres. Recuerdo haberles
dicho: no es un curso inferior, sino diferente.3
Dividí el curso en tres partes. La primera fue el encuentro, conversar
acerca de nuestra precaria situación de estudio después del huracán y la
reconfiguración del corpus. La segunda fue reflexionar acerca de las condiciones
de la escritura bajo el signo de mujer en el contexto colonial y estudiar el arte
poética de las escritoras, el canon y la ciudad letrada, el cuestionamiento de
lo universal del sujeto femenino (decolonial), un acercamiento interseccional
(raza, clase y género) que ya cuestionara de entrada cómo se forman estas
escritoras y cómo dan forma a su escritura. Y finalmente, la lectura de una
muestra de cuentos (la brevedad de la lectura seguía siendo clave, el semestre
culminó en febrero) y el espacio para trabajar un libro de las autoras de su
predilección para una tertulia final.
Al principio empezamos a leer y a discutir los textos en clase, era muy
difícil asignar tareas. Pude conseguir copias de una publicación de Beatriz
Llenín Figueroa, “Quiso ser un diario de huracán, pero no pudo”, que apare-
ció en el portal ahoralaturba. Pensé que este escrito con diez entradas breves
de un diario pos-María—duro de llevar porque, según explicaba la autora
en las primeras líneas, “tenía que buscar agua en el pozo del negocio del que
arregla lavadoras” porque “El oasis del municipio no había estado disponible
en las tres ocasiones en que había intentado recoger allí”—consignaba ya
nuestra precaria situación de estudio y escritura en la universidad después
del huracán. El texto, por fragmentado y escueto, descarnado, a propósito
incompleto, que a pasitos intentaba ofrecer algún orden al caos, por su re-
flexión sobre el lugar y el tiempo, por sus reclamos y su frustración, no eva-
día nuestra vida colonial, nuestro encuentro, no ya en la fila de la gasolina o
3No se podía contar con las bibliotecas. En el momento en el que edito este ensayo (28
de enero de 2019), la Biblioteca de Estudios Generales no ha abierto sus puertas. Solo
existe, en un salón relativamente pequeño del Edificio Jaime Benítez Rexach, un espacio
de reserva de libros.
. . . escribo por desafiar a la letra, por verle el forcejeo con los mensajes
que quiero transmitir, ésos que muy pocas veces han sido escritos. Pero
eso mismo lo han dicho tantas otras personas al explicar y localizar
el lugar desde el cual escriben (homosexualidad, marginalidad
ideológica, etc.). A la palabra siempre hay que forcejearla, porque
está unida a toda una estructura de poder que reconoce o desacredita
lo que se haga con ella. (67)
Era preciso que nos posicionáramos, en nuestro contexto, para poder trazar
una ruta de conocimiento, para reflexionar acerca de cómo escribiríamos
desde este lugar, el espacio que teníamos.
Sentadas en círculo, ese semestre pos-huracán, discutiríamos las ideas
acerca de la escritura de Rosario Ferré, Ana Lydia Vega y Mayra Santos
Febres, poco a poco, sin olvidar el contexto. Leímos gran parte de los ensayos
de Vega de Esperando a Loló y otros delirios generacionales. Comenzamos a
discutir cuáles eran los problemas a los que se enfrentaba y puede enfrentarse
la escritora puertorriqueña desde finales de los 70, cuáles eran sus propuestas,
temáticas y estéticas, fondo y forma. Los ensayos principales de esta
discusión fueron “Sálvense quien pueda: la censura tiene auto” y “De bípeda
desplumada a Escritora Puertorriqueña (Con E y P machúsculas)”. Con el
primero, discutimos la propuesta lúdica para pensar nuestro dialecto con
su irreverente relación de los usual subjects de la literatura puertorriqueña.
Explica la autora, con afán descolonizador que es punto de partida para mi
pedagogía y para la escritura del primer trabajo del curso,
relata cómo se constituye en escritora. Nos presenta una honda reflexión del
lugar de la escritura, en la cual plantea que no tiene que darse una oposición
entre lo privado y lo público. La lucha interna para escribir su primer cuento,
“La muñeca menor”, es una discusión esencial para las feministas jóvenes,
porque trata de escribirlo siguiendo a quienes llamó “sus evangelistas de ca-
becera”, Virgina Woolf y Simone de Beauvoir, y solo cuando logra abando-
narlas y entender que la experiencia de una tía lejana es el verdadero motivo
para escribir algo pertinente y significativo, puede pasar la noche escribiendo.
Esta lectura suscitó una discusión importante en clase: que leemos, no para
convertirnos en seguidoras sino para seguir elaborando nuestras propias ideas
feministas, inspirándonos, pero no para sustituir un evangelio por otro. El
ensayo de Ferré también dio pie a discutir el miedo a la palabra y las auto-
censuras, a identificar los policías que llevamos dentro, a pensar nuestras pro-
puestas subversivas y antipatriarcales para hablar de la sexualidad y del deseo.
A partir del análisis minucioso y certero del cuento ‘Pequeña Flor’ de
Clarice Lispector en el ensayo “Más mujer que nadie” de Mayra Santos
Febres, ya nos situábamos en una perspectiva explícitamente interseccional y
decolonial al trabajar la mirada al cuerpo de la mujer negra y la experiencia de
quien escribe. También el texto presentó un modelo de cómo escribir acerca
de cuento. Explica Santos Febres:
Comprender las estrategias del poder para silenciar la voz de una mujer
migrante, y por otro lado, que nuestra manera de pensar, la idea que tenemos
de nosotras mismas y nuestras búsquedas de conocimiento se enmarcan en
paradigmas patriarcales que es preciso cuestionar y subvertir. Ese percatarse
de un mundo que coarta y violenta la expresión de las mujeres era el punto de
partida para tomar la palabra, colocar al centro nuestra historia y desde allí
teorizar con otras.
La propuesta de escritura estaba sobre la mesa, inspirada en los ensayos
de estas autoras que guiaban a las y los estudiantes a reflexionar acerca de
sus censuras a la hora de escribir, al examinar la escritura de Ferré, Vega y
Santos Febres. Esta propuesta de escritura se unía a la de Robert Nash, la
narrativa personal académica, que ya había trabajado en otro de mis cursos
comprobando el potencial que albergaba.4
Para Nash, la narrativa personal académica establece conexiones entre lo
investigado y el relato de vida del alumno. El académico entiende que: “your
own life tells a story (or a series of stories) that, when narrated well, can
deliver to your readers those delicious aha! moments of self and social insight
that are all too rare in more conventional forms of research” (24). Además, es
una propuesta que se abre a las posibilidades:
con el análisis inicial del curso y con las condiciones pedagógicas pos-María.
La propuesta del primer ensayo fue: “Escriba una narrativa personal
teórica y crítica de su devenir feminista en diálogo profundo con el corpus
trabajado en clase. Tome en cuenta: Su experiencia universitaria, dos a
tres citas o referencias relevantes del corpus estudiado, libros, autorxs o
personajes literarios feministas, sucesos históricos y familiares pertinentes
de su niñez o adolescencia y otras referencias que usted considere que
iluminarán su ensayo”. A manera de preparación, discutimos, junto a temas
de formato y estrategias de escritura, las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las
concepciones de la escritura de estas autoras y cómo dialoga usted con ellas?
¿Qué significa para usted leerlas, con cuáles se identifica más, por qué? ¿Qué
reflexiones suscitan y qué significa la lectura de las concepciones de escritura,
sus proyectos teóricos, artísticos y literarios? ¿Cómo los diversos feminismos
(interseccional/decolonial) de estas escritoras dialogan con sus propias ideas
acerca de la escritura y su subjetividad?
La afirmación del yo de esta tarea fue lo que más les cautivó y también
lo que resultó más difícil para la mayoría de las estudiantes. Reflexionamos
en grupo acerca de la experiencia de escribir en primera persona para la Uni-
versidad y lo que se devela mientras se redacta este tipo de ensayo. Muchas
alumnas destacaron que fue una liberación el no tener que borrarse del texto,
que pudieron consignar su presencia en el papel y avalar su historia por medio
de la escritura. Hablamos de la forma y el fondo, de los registros discursivos
y lingüísticos que consideraron adecuados para poder escribirse. Escuchamos
textos que nos deslumbraron con su escritura, nos reímos, nos conmovimos,
nos percatamos de los puntos de contacto con nuestras propias historias (la
profesora incluída) y muchas reflexionaron acerca de la autocensura y verba-
lizaron lo que podían haber añadido a la narrativa de su devenir.
La figura de la feminist killjoy de Ahmed, la que se convierte en el
problema cuando lo señala y arruina la cena familiar porque con sus preguntas
feministas no puede llevar la fiesta en paz, junto a la irreverencia de Vega y
los cuestionamientos interseccionales de Santos Febres, fueron claves para
escribir acerca de las experiencias de acoso callejero, las imposiciones de
género y sexualidad de la familia y la iglesia, las barbies, la rabia, la ira y
los dolores de la educación formal. El ensayo “Esperando a Loló” de Vega,
acerca de la escritora-madre que no puede dormir y que se burla de su papel
de Mater dolorosa mientras espera a su hija que ha salido al Viejo San Juan
con las amistades universitarias, fomentó profundas reflexiones acerca de la
Muchas veces el trabajo que se escribe para cumplir con un requisito del curso
queda como una comunicación individual entre la profesora y la estudiante,
limitando así las posibilidades de conocimiento que traen todas al aula.
Cuando ese devenir feminista de la narrativa académica personal se discute
en clase, aprendemos acerca del proceso de escritura, de la duda y del miedo
de escribir en primera persona, de la necesidad que tenemos de apalabrarnos,
de los peligros de la escritura y del riesgo mayor de la invisibilidad, de
los privilegios y los dolores de nuestra educación formal, de los diálogos
intergeneracionales con nuestras madres y abuelas, de cómo ya no podemos
estar solas para pensar el feminismo, de cómo aprendemos con y de nuestras
compañeras de clase, pero también de aquellas páginas y libros manoseados
y subrayados, palabras feministas que nos acompañaban. La necesidad de
nombrar, de escribirnos ya se convierte en tarea necesaria e impostergable.
La práctica pedagógica feminista pos-María es urgente, precisa de textos
que entretejan el análisis literario con reflexiones profundas y vitales, forma
y fondo, cosido y cocido, literatura y autorreflexión. Un corpus literario
feminista ofrece un espacio de libertad que avala diversidad de voces y
ofrece otros paradigmas posibles. Por esa razón, ese cuerpo de lecturas se va
Obras citadas
Abstract
This essay discusses the uses of and responses to pedagogical methodolo-
gies developed during an introductory course on contemporary Caribbean
literature taught to undergraduate English majors at the Université de La
Réunion. Offering a brief overview of La Réunion and the context of the
course, it discusses students’ responses to a transversal approach adopted
for the teaching of Caribbean literature. Trans-local readings of Caribbean
and Indian Ocean histories invited students to analyze intersecting narra-
tives of key topics such as resistance to enslavement. The parallel teaching
and integration of translation seminars allowed for further exploration of
the situatedness of Creole and non-Creole languages and generated strate-
gies to transpose Caribbean and Indian Ocean specificities for various audi-
ences. Student responses surfaced lingering legacies of (neo)colonialism in
La Réunion, and suggest how the teaching of trans-pelagic connections can
create spaces for their analysis and critique.
Keywords: translation, Caribbean literature, trans-pelagic, Indian Ocean,
trans-colonial legacies
Resumen
Este ensayo analiza los usos de y las respuestas a metodologías pedagógicas
desarrolladas durante un curso introductorio sobre literatura caribeña con-
temporánea que se enseñó a estudiantes subgraduados de inglés en la Uni-
versité de La Réunion. Comienza por ofrecer una breve descripción de La
Reunión y el contexto del curso, y luego discute las respuestas de los estu-
*Article received September 30, 2018; revised version accepted January 31, 2019. This
article is based on a paper presented at the UK Society for Caribbean Studies 42nd annual
conference held at the University of London on 5-7 July 2018.
1 This has been observed by Reunionese writer Axel Gauvin, a strong advocate of a unified
orthography for kreol rényoné, what he calls “la nécessaire unité graphique” (Gauvin, 17).
2 The course was part of a broader module on Anglophone literature (not including
British and American literatures) offered by the Department of English Studies. In
compliance with department policies, during seminars, students discussed and analyzed
a set of texts originally written in English as practice for their final exam, which consisted
of writing a commentary, in English, on a given English text of prose or poetry.
3 Data was collected in the form of a vote here. Students were asked if they knew anything
about the two Caribbean thinkers and when their answer was positive, they were invited
to specify what they knew about them. In the case of Césaire, he was mostly associated
with Négritude and Martinique. Students did not know specifics about Glissant.
Research I was conducting at the time on transversal modes of publishing Indian Ocean
and Caribbean literatures revealed that local publishers involved in commemorative
and cultural events celebrating thinkers from various Francospheres published works on
Césaire and less so on Glissant. See for instance ARS Terres Créoles’ Les Noces avec
le monde: Camus et Césaire à l’épreuve de l’identité (Saint Denis de La Réunion, 2013),
which celebrates the bicentenary of Césaire’s birth (alongside Camus’) and various
performances of Debout dans les cordages, a musical reading of Césaire’s Cahier d’un
retour au pays natal staged in various theaters of the island. See http://www.ipreunion.
com/culture/reportage/2018/10/04/culture-debout-dans-les-cordages-aime-cesaire-en-
chanson-a-la-reunion,91596.html accessed on 28 Jan. 2019.
4 My teaching experience at the Université de La Réunion suggests that second-year
students have not necessarily acquired sufficient background knowledge of the Caribbean
or the analytical tools necessary to grasp the geo-political complexities of the region.
This appears to be related to the fact that first-year literature courses focus on British
and American literatures.
La Réunion is a small island in the Indian Ocean of about 970 square miles
with a growing population of approximately 870,000 inhabitants. Together
with Mauritius and Rodrigues, La Réunion forms part of the Mascarene
Islands, a string of small islands located east of Madagascar. La Réunion is
home to a population of mixed origins, including people of Malagasy and
African ancestry known as Kaf who are descendants of those formerly en-
slaved by the French, people of Indian and Chinese descent whose ances-
tors arrived as indentured laborers after slavery was abolished (and who are
5 Specific historical experiences were studied in connection with this topic, such as the
Middle Passage, the kala pani, and the 1937 Parsley Massacre, when Haitians living on
the border of the Dominican Republic fled to escape execution during dictator Trujillo’s
regime. These traumatic—at times impossible—crossings were explored through the
ways contemporary Caribbean writers articulate the complex relationship between
history and myth.
Fig. 1: Map 1
Fig. 2: Map 2
Based on the early responses collected from students, it appears that, to some,
the Caribbean was synonymous with the sun, sand, and sea model. Consider,
for example, student production 1.6
6 I thank all of the students who took an active part in the lectures and seminars
devoted to Caribbean literature and those whose contributions have been anonymously
reproduced in this article.
Fig. 4: Student
production 2
The sense of continuity between Caribbean islands and the “mainland” sug-
gested in this student production was used to illustrate a sense of shared his-
tories and realities in the circum-Caribbean. It was contrasted with student
production 2 to indicate that despite commonalities, each Caribbean nation
still has its own identity. The introductory lecture on contemporary Carib-
bean literature consisted of further questioning seemingly fixed forms of the
region’s representation, including those that divide the Caribbean into four
main linguistic areas. The aim was to show from the start that the identifica-
tion of and strict adherence to these categories provide us with a problematic
structure.7
I took the example of the so-called Francophone Caribbean—which I
assumed the students might have been more familiar with given the status of
La Réunion as an overseas department of France and the media coverage of
2017’s hurricanes making landfall in St. Martin and St. Barthelemy. When
looking at a particular map of the French West Indies (with the names of
the French islands in bold letters),8 the following questions were raised: if St.
Martin is identified as “French-speaking,” what about the other half of the
island, St. Maarten, which constitutes a Dutch territory in the Caribbean?
Also, if the two overseas departments of Martinique and Guadeloupe are
represented on this map, why has Guyana been left out? And what of the
presence or traces of French in the vernacular languages spoken in Dominica
and Saint Lucia, two sovereign states that appear on the map but are not in-
cluded in what is presented here as “French”? Needless to say, these questions
left the students rather puzzled. Some of them nevertheless intuited that
the Caribbean Sea may be considered one of the binding elements uniting
the archipelago and providing Caribbean people with a sense of “share[d]
identity” and “mix[ed] culture”, beyond the region’s political and linguistic
differences, as suggested by Student production 4.
7 Similarly, Nair argues, “one must keep in mind that neatly fencing in Caribbean litera-
ture is difficult, if not impossible, because of the range of countries, languages, historical
conditions, and literary traditions involved, all of which are complicated by patterns of
migration.”
8 See https://i.pinimg.com/originals/01/7d/a3/017da32c2a342abe6afebfda0e8f468b.
9 Derek Walcott’s “The Sea Is History” (Selected Poems, p. 123) was used to introduce
the importance of the sea in Caribbean literature, and a parallel was later drawn with
Mauritian Khal Torabully’s poetics of the sea (and his concept of “coolitude” more
specifically) to suggest trans-oceanic continuities between the Caribbean and the Indian
Ocean.
10 A notable exception is Véronique Bragard’s Transoceanic Dialogues: Coolitude in
Caribbean and Indian Ocean Literatures. Elizabeth De Loughrey establishes links between
the Caribbean and the Pacific in Routes and Roots: Navigating Caribbean and Pacific Island
Literatures.
enrolled for this course, not a single one of them knew of Mauritian poet
Khal Torabully’s work or his concept of coolitude, which he coined in refer-
ence to Négritude and described as “l’alter ego de la créolité,” adding an Indian
element to the experience of creolization.11
The corpus chosen for discussion during our seminars included poetry,
extracts from novels and short stories, as well as performance pieces. This
selection of texts sought to give more visibility to the interconnectedness of
oral and scribal traditions found in Caribbean literatures, something that
the majority of students felt was also true of what they knew of Reunionese
and, to a larger extent, Indian Ocean literatures.12 As noted before, when it
came to language itself, the syllabus also included works for which English
was used as an intermediary language, a choice that further served to expose
the limits of conceptualizing Caribbean literature along clear-cut, (mono)
linguistic lines and to resituate original textual productions in vernacular lan-
guages within the Anglophone Caribbean.13
When addressing the topic of Caribbean writing and the politics of rep-
resentation more specifically, students showed a particular interest in Shara
McCallum’s poem “Race” from her collection Madwoman, which led to an
animated debate around issues of social visibility and invisibility, as the open-
ing lines of the poem feature “the whitest black girl you ever saw” (in italics in
the original), also described as “the original incognito” and “[t]ransparent”
(17). Small group discussions on the question of race led the students to
draw parallels between their own experiences in La Réunion, a society that
most of them saw as a place where race was perhaps less of an issue (or less
debated) than it seemed to be in the Caribbean. Their observations were
after we discussed some of the call and response strategies (including “eh kwik! eh kwak!”
and its many variants) used by storytellers.
13 Some of David Dabydeen’s poems from his collection Slave Song, which was self-
translated by the author from Guyanese Creole into English, were presented to the
students in both languages. An audio version of some poems read by the author in Creole
was also used in class to stress the oral dimensions of the texts.
based on the poem under study, a text in which race was discussed in a more
confrontational way.
The issue of race also came up in a translation class. As we worked on a
French translation of the incipit of Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea, some stu-
dents thought it inappropriate to translate “the black people” as “les Noirs”—
the standard term for the adjective or noun “Black” in French—as they felt it
was not “politically correct,” since some believed that the term underscored
ethnicity rather than on the characters’ humanity. Their solutions to this
problem ranged from “les personnes de couleur noire,” literally “people of Black
color,” to the Reunionese Creole term for people of African descent, “les
Cafres.” The latter we decided did not work as it naturalised the term and
transplanted the novel onto a local setting.14 We agreed on the phrase “la
communauté noire” as a translation of “the Black people,” as it contrasted with
the opening line of the novel (“They say when trouble comes close ranks, and
so the white people did.”) and further contributed to the idea that the narra-
tor’s mother was excluded from both communities. One student in particular
privileged this translation on the grounds that it insisted on a collective and
further “re-humanized” Black people.
The empirical data collected from students’ responses during these trans-
lation seminars greatly enriched our class discussions and my own approach
to translation and its theorizing.15 For example, when discussing various
English translations of Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal with MA
students during a seminar on “Postcolonial Translation Theory and Prac-
tice,” the translation of “nègre” prompted similar reflections on the English
distinction between the words “negro” and “nigger.” Here, we worked from
Mireille Rosello’s “Translator’s Note” from the 1995 Bloodaxe bilingual edi-
tion of the poem to identify and reflect on the type of dilemma the translator
may be faced with when translating racially-loaded words.16 These discus-
MA students, a course for which I have chosen to include texts by Reunionese authors
that tackle issues of multiculturalism on the island (among which excerpts from Axel
Gauvin’s novel Faims d’enfance), as well as theoretical texts that directly address issues
of race and/in translation (including Robert Stam and Ella Shohat’s Race in Translation:
Culture Wars around the Postcolonial Atlantic).
16 “One potential problem is the translation of old-fashioned epithets used to refer to
Black people. In French, the distinction between ‘negro’ and ‘nigger’ does not exist,
which renders the translation of the French ‘nègre’ extremely delicate. English readers
and translators of Césaire’s poetry are faced with a dilemma. Should one use “nigger,”
assuming that the text denounces racism in its most obvious manifestations or should
one prefer “negro” to indicate that the poem operates a positive reappropriation of the
word “nègre”?” (Rosello, 139).
17 In the student body, representation of the Mahorais population (from Mayotte)
remains rather low, for example. Among faculty members, non-whites tend to be
underrepresented, at least in the department with which I have been affiliated, although
that is not necessarily the case among administrative staff.
18 Various studies including doctoral dissertations have been conducted on the historical
social construction of the island. These are available at the university’s library as well as
on their online database (https://bu.univ-reunion.fr/).
or mother tongue was kreol rényoné or another vernacular spoken in the In-
dian Ocean. One student from Mauritius expressed her concerns about “not
being fluent enough” in French to translate at an academic level, let alone a
literary text. She also shared feelings about having to translate from English,
a source language that she did not identify as her mother tongue (which
was Mauritian Creole in her case), which contributed to turning the act of
translation into a form of double estrangement. Beyond linguistic issues, the
same student took the discussion further and admitted to struggling with the
ways that academic practices and conceptualizing methods differ from one
(post)colonial space to another, arguing that she had never learned how to
write a dissertation “the French way” in her native Mauritius, where schools
tend to adhere to British conventions. This student’s comments bring to
light some of the linguistic challenges students of the region face within
formal academic structures. Addressing these through the inclusion of Ca-
ribbean and Indian Ocean Creoles in the classroom would require instructor
proficiency in multiple languages and language continuums, and, better yet,
greater transdisciplinary cooperation between departments.
19 Following its colonization by the French in 1665, a sugar plantation economy was
developed on La Réunion, for which slave labor from Madagascar and Africa was
imported. Slavery was abolished in 1848. For details of La Réunion’s colonial history, see
Yvan Combeau, Prosper Eve, Sudel Fuma and Edmond Maestri, Histoire de La reunion.
De la colonie à la région (Paris and Réunion: SEDES and Université de La Réunion,
2001), 12-48, and Sudel Fuma (ed.) Mémoire orale et esclavage dans les îles du Sud Ouest
de l’océan Indien: silences, oublis, reconnaissance- actes du colloque international organisé du
25 au 27 mai 2004 à l’Université de La Réunion (Saint Denis de La Réunion: CRESOI,
Université de La Réunion, 2005).
During group discussions of the text “History and Myth,” students noticed
the conflation of myth and history by the end of the poem, but they also
commented on the use of different languages, in particular the indigenous
name used for Jamaica (“Xaymaca”). Their observations led to a brief com-
parative study of toponyms in La Réunion. Interestingly, the students came
to the realization that indigenous place names of Malagasy origin (such as
Takamaka, Cilaos, Mafate, and Salazie), all of which are located in les hauts,
a rural mountain area to which runaway slaves escaped. If students had never
been to Jamaica’s Cockpit Country, they certainly could now imagine Nanny
roaming through the local cirques of Cilaos, Mafate and Salazie, which his-
torical studies of the island have determined to be the birthplace of Reunio-
nese marronnage.20
I sought to fortify the trans-local connections between distinct legacies of
marronnage in the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean by taking our discussion
of Nanny and maroon communities outside the classroom and inviting stu-
dents to attend an international documentary film festival on slavery, history,
and memory held in Saint Denis.21 One of the films focusing on slavery in
La Réunion, Terre marronne by Lauren Ransan (Nawar, 2015), established
direct links between marronnage and the most rugged, mountainous parts of
the island. It offered an analysis of toponyms of Malagasy origins in les hauts,
while Roy T. Anderson’s Queen Nanny: Legendary Maroon Chieftainness (Ac-
tion4, 2016) allowed us to expand our classroom discussion of Nanny as a
mythical/historical Jamaican figure.22
To further engage students in trans-local literary and artistic histories, I
also infused our fairly “standard” reading list for an introduction to Carib-
bean literature course with work by local presses. Here, my area of research
of students attended, which did not allow me to collect sufficient data on their perception
and assessment of these documentaries as well as on the extent to which they could
connect them to our class discussions.
chapters from Chantal Zabus’s Tempests After Shakespeare suggested as further reading.
the Indian Ocean. Neverthless, some poems proved more difficult to ac-
cess. Unsurprisingly perhaps, students experienced difficulty with an extract
from Kamau E. Brathwaite’s X/Self, which we looked at in connection with
techniques of “writing back” and the creation of Caribbean Calibans.24 After
sharing their initial impressions of the text’s opacity, students discussed the
type of language used in the extract. Some simply defined it as “bad” or even
“not normal” English. When prompted to define what they meant by “bad”
or “not normal,” students referred more explicitly to “an incorrect grammar”
and a “weird structure” with little or “strange” punctuation. Several who were
double-majors in Creole studies reacted in a less indicting tone, comment-
ing that it was “a bit like Creole” and simply “a different variety of English.”
Students’ mixed reactions to Brathwaite’s poem—which they mostly found
very difficult to understand—were addressed further when we explored Lin-
ton Kwesi Johnson’s dub poem “Di Great Insohreckshan,” which we studied
in its written form alongside its stage version, which students seemed to find
more palatable.25
Students’ responses to the specificities of the Caribbean soundscape en-
couraged me to add texts written in vernacular languages to our reading lists.
Their responses to the corpus chosen for our translation seminars revealed
genuine interest in the presence of vernacular and oral features in the source
texts that they translated and subsequently transposed. They were particular-
ly receptive to linguistic issues during our translation seminars, refusing, for
example, to transplant or smooth over local geographies. They rejected the
idea of turning a Reunionese “piton” or a Guadeloupean “morne” into more
mainstream English terms such as “peak” or “hill,” as they felt this would
erase some of the originals’ specificities.26 The majority of students therefore
decided to keep the French “piton” or “morne” in their translations, some of
them using italics to flag the term as foreign, others preferring a regular font
to have the term blend into the rest of their translated text. They also agreed
that the context of the text provided sufficient information for the reader to
petit feu sans consequence” into English and to comment upon choices made in my own
translation of the text. See Saint-Loubert, Laëtitia. “‘A Little Fire of No Consequence’,
A Translation of “Un petit feu sans conséquence” by Gisèle Pineau,” Vernacular: New
Connections in Language, Literature, & Culture, vol. 2, article 5, 2017.
understand that “morne” and “piton” referred to inclines, and therefore did
not opt for cushioning strategies, such as footnotes or in-text translations
of the French terms. Beyond these particular translation issues, the theme
of indentureship and the crossing of dark waters known in Hindi as the kala
pani served as a starting point for them to establish further trans-colonial
connections between the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean (more specifi-
cally, Mauritius and La Réunion). This is something that some students had
intuited from the beginning of the course, in their responses to possible rep-
resentations of the Caribbean, and it inspired this paper’s title (see student
production 5). While some students identified a sense of regional continuity
within the Caribbean (this can be seen in student productions 3 and 4), oth-
ers established explicit trans-oceanic connections in their representations of
the region. Choosing to distance the (institutional) maps provided in our
introductory lecture (maps 1 and 2), another student production re-situated
the Caribbean Sea within the latitudes of his or her own imaginary and ev-
eryday experiences, linking it at the same time to Indian Ocean Creole reali-
ties. The sketch in question is presented as student production 5.
27 This year, part of the syllabus focused on Ramabai Espinet’s The Swinging Bridge
and more specifically on its opening pages, in which the main character/narrator, Mona,
is assailed by culinary terms of patois and Hindi origins. See Ramabai Espinet, The
Swinging Bridge (HarperCollins, 2003), p. 5.
28 I am referring to Mimi Sheller’s Consuming the Caribbean: From Arawaks to Zombies
(Routledge, 2003).
Works Cited
Resumen
En este estudio de caso cualitativo se analizan las narrativas y prácticas
pedagógicas de una comunidad escolar en una escuela elemental pública
en Puerto Rico después del huracán María, un desastre que causó el cierre
de la escuela por dos meses. Partiendo de un marco teórico sociocultural
y usando análisis crítico de discurso, se exploran los retos que enfrentó la
comunidad y cómo los superó. El análisis de 71 narrativas de las maestras y
madres entrevistadas revela perspectivas sobre eventos del contexto micro-
social (el salón de clase, la mediación de la familia en el aprendizaje de los
estudiantes) y del contexto macro-social (instituciones, protestas de padres
en la comunidad abogando por la reapertura de la escuela). También se
analizan trabajos de estudiantes de tercer grado como parte de un currículo
emergente basado en un proceso de inquirir. El análisis demuestra cómo
estas prácticas pedagógicas y la colaboración de las familias movilizaron
los fondos de conocimiento de la comunidad educativa, promoviendo la
autogestión y la solidaridad. Dichas prácticas posicionaron a las madres
y las maestras como agentes de cambio social en defensa del derecho a la
educación pública, amenazada por la respuesta del gobierno ante la crisis
post-huracán.
Palabras clave: Puerto Rico y educación pública, respuestas al huracán
María, currículo emergente, fondos de conocimiento, autogestión en la
educación pública, teoría sociocultural
* Article submitted November 16, 2018; revised version accepted January 31, 2019.
Abstract
In this qualitative case study, the researcher analyzes narratives and
pedagogical practices of a public elementary school community in Puerto
Rico after Hurricane María, a catastrophe that led to the closing of the
school for two months. Drawing on sociocultural perspectives and using
critical discourse analysis, the study explores the challenges the school
community faced and how they overcame them. The analysis of 71
narratives produced during interviews of teachers and students’ mothers
reveal responses addressing events at the micro-social context level (the
classroom, the family mediating student learning), and events at the macro-
social context level (institutions, community protests advocating for the
re-opening of the school). Examples of student work produced by third
graders as part of an inquiry-based curriculum are analyzed. The analysis
shows how pedagogical practices and the parents’ collaboration and actions
mobilized the funds of knowledge of the educational community and
promoted agency and solidarity.
Keywords: Puerto Rico and public education, responses to Hurricane
María, inquiry-based emergent curiculum, funds of knowledge, agency in
education, sociocultural theory
Introducción y trasfondo
Perspectivas socioculturales
que aprenden valores y normas culturales. Como señala Moll, los estudiantes
no se definen solo por el trabajo que hacen en la escuela sino por su partici-
pación en una vida social amplia, aprendiendo los fondos de conocimiento
en las redes sociales de sus comunidades (119). Partiendo de este marco so-
ciocultural, propongo los conceptos micro y macro para describir cómo el
estudiante aprende y se desarrolla en interacción con otros en diferentes con-
textos en el nivel micro-social (el contexto inmediato de su familia y del salón
de clase donde se intercambian fondos de conocimientos), además de otros
factores en el nivel macro-social (instituciones del gobierno en la comunidad,
la escuela) que también influyen en su educación.
Los estudios de fondos de conocimiento reconocen la autogestión de
las comunidades de clase trabajadora y la participación de los niños en estos
procesos de agencia social. Complementa esta perspectiva la propuesta re-
ciente de Stetsenko, la cual sitúa transformación y agencia al centro de una
teoría crítica sociocultural de la mente, con implicaciones para la educación.
El concepto de “agencia” es definido, desde esta perspectiva, como una habi-
lidad situada y colectiva que tienen los seres humanos para proyectar hacia el
futuro, retar el estatús quo y comprometerse con alternativas de cambio que
crean nuevas realidades y contribuyen al desarrollo humano (84).
Recogí los datos nueve meses después del huracán, durante el último mes
de clases. Para establecer la credibilidad del estudio, entre otras medidas,
triangulé los datos usando varias fuentes. Realicé entrevistas individuales
semi-estructuradas a dos maestras, quienes hablaron de los retos y expli-
caron las prácticas pedagógícas que culminaron con los trabajos produci-
dos por los estudiantes. Ambas maestras tienen extensa experiencia como
docentes: maestra Nydia, de tercer grado, tiene 32 años de experiencia y
maestra Elena, del segundo grado, tiene 26. Las dos tienen un caudal de
conocimientos sobre la escuela. Entrevisté también a la directora escolar y a
tres madres del tercer grado. Fotocopié, con el consentimiento de los padres,
los trabajos escritos de diecinueve estudiantes de un tercer grado durante el
año escolar en la clase de Artes del lenguaje que incluían cuentos, poemas,
respuestas a literatura infantil, autobiografías y noticias redactadas por ellos.
También documenté la divulgación de proyectos de la escuela, una actividad
de fin de año en la cual cada grado compartió un proyecto de investigación
con los padres.
3 Entrevista de la autora con maestra Nydia, 5 de junio del 2018. Todos los nombres de
los participantes son seudónimos para proteger su identidad.
4Se incluyen como anejo al artículo las tablas 1 y 2, que contienen una lista de narrativas
por participante con las fechas de las entrevistas, e identificadas con títulos que reflejan
su foco. Cito el número de las narrativas según identificadas en las tablas en la discusión
de los hallazgos.
Las políticas del DEPR y del gobierno limitaron el rol que pudo haber
desempeñado la escuela en los esfuerzos de recuperación. Maestra Nydia
añadió que el rol de la escuela “fue bien limitado y no porque los maestros
no tuvieran la disposición, no porque no hubiese la facilidades, no porque
no hubiese formas de ayudar, sino porque el gobierno no estaba bien
Pues uno trata de que vayan lo mejor preparados para coger esas pruebas
en tercer grado. Este año para mí fue una sorpresa de verdad porque
yo entendía que no las iban a dar, pero las dieron. Y leí que cuando
hubo [la tormenta] Katrina, allá no dieron unas pruebas porque estás
bregando con una situación de emergencia. Y aquí no lo hicieron [no las
cancelaron] . . . Yo creo que los van a tomar para muchas cosas porque
con el cierre de escuelas que están haciendo, cada vez más . . . Vamos a
ver cómo van a salir en las pruebas. Yo entiendo que… lo van a tomar
para otras cosas como lo de las escuelas charter. (narrativa 53)
A pesar de todas estas preocupaciones por los efectos del huracán y las
políticas educativas, las maestras estaban deseosas de recibir a los niños,
de poder atenderlos, escucharlos (narrativa 58). Dada la pérdida de tiempo
lectivo, tuvieron que realizar una reestructuración del currículo en medio
de extraordinarias limitaciones. Aunque preocupadas por los exámenes
estandarizados y la limitación de tiempo, las maestras se organizaron e
hicieron adaptaciones para poder facilitar las investigaciones que querían
llevar a cabo los estudiantes como parte del currículo emergente.
Se hicieron asambleas desde que regresamos del huracán para ver cómo
todos sentíamos lo que había pasado. . . En nuestra primera asamblea
de estudiantes ellos presentaron sus ideas, sus preocupaciones, de ahí
seleccionamos cual iba a ser el problema con el que íbamos a trabajar.
Los estudiantes querían encontrar soluciones para la falta de actividades
recreativas que pudieran usar durante el recreo e hicieron muchas
sugerencias… Luego que regresamos [dos meses después del huracán],
dijimos: ‘a ver qué podemos hacer’, y ellos dijeron ‘pero es que aquí no
hay nada, y ahora hay menos maestra, no hay biblioteca’, porque antes
ellos podían ir allá, ahora no hay nada, nada, nada. La biblioteca era uno
de los lugares que ellos podían visitar durante ese tiempo pero sabemos
que la biblioteca la perdimos durante el huracán, así que necesitábamos
buscar otras alternativas. ‘Ok, pero ¿qué cosas a ustedes les gustaría que
hubiese?’ Hicimos una lluvia de ideas de cosas que nosotros podíamos
hacer (Figura 1). Empezaron a mencionar que querían juegos de mesa
que ellos pudieran tomar prestados y jugar, áreas donde pudieran pintar,
donde se pudieran reunir que no fuera así como que al sol, que tuvieran un
área para leer, que pudieran escribir. Ellos estaban hablando, como tengo
la pizarra, yo fui escribiendo según ellos iban mencionando (narrativa 47).
Fig. 1: Lluvia de ideas con los estudiantes sobre alternativas para hacer durante el
tiempo libre
Los estudiantes querían saber si era su grupo nada más el que tenía
esa inquietud o si había otros estudiantes en la escuela que también se
sentían igual, así que hicieron una encuesta entre los estudiantes de la
escuela sobre qué cosas quisieran que ocurriera durante esa hora de re-
creo. Recogieron esa información, tabulamos los datos, hicimos gráficas
y analizamos los datos. Ellos se involucraron en esa parte de la investi-
gación para tomar decisiones. (narrativa 47)
ción de ciertas áreas de la escuela con pintura de pizarra donde ellos pudieran
jugar, dibujar y escribir. El conocimiento que poseían los estudiantes sobre el
juego –parte de los fondos de conocimiento culturales de la niñez– se convir-
tieron en objeto de análisis para ellos. Más allá del beneficio académico indi-
vidual, el impacto de la pedagogía de la investigación del currículo emergente
se extendió más allá del plano del salón al plano de la escuela fomentando no
solo la autogestión de los estudiantes sino el desarrollo de solidaridad entre
ellos al preocuparse por investigar si otros estudiantes en la escuela tenían
el mismo problema; autogestión y solidaridad que humanizan los procesos
educativos.
Los proyectos de investigación del currículo emergente que caracteriza
a esta escuela, además de incorporar contenido académico, busca que se en-
tienda la realidad de la comunidad y promueve en el estudiante el deseo de
trabajar por mejorar la calidad de vida de la sociedad, como explica maestra
Elena: “Yo creo que nosotros en tiempos de crisis, y no crisis, debemos ser
agentes de cambio en la comunidad, o sea, no sólamente lo que aprendamos,
sino llevarlo a la comunidad” (narrativa 61), postura que refleja los postulados
de una pedagogía crítica (Freire; McLaren; Medina y Costa).
Las madres reconocieron el valor de estas pedagogías. La Sra. Fernán-
dez comentó durante la entrevista que los maestros escucharon a los estu-
diantes y los ayudaron a ser agentes de cambio, facilitando el que los niños
sintieran que podían resolver parte de sus problemas y en el proceso ayudar
a otros:
Una vez empezaron los nenes, para mí fue bien importante el que se
les diera la oportunidad de desplegar esos sentimientos, todo eso, in-
volucrarlos a ellos, porque ellos tuvieron un proyecto también en el que
se preguntaron qué podemos hacer ahora por la escuela. De ahí es que
viene el proyecto hacia el área de los libritos, que también es darles esa
herramienta de que también ellos pueden ser un agente de cambio den-
tro de su comunidad y su escuelita. (narrativa 6)
Redacción de la noticia:
16/febrero/2018
Alba T.
Encontramos un Huerto Escolar
Las plantas medicinales son variadas. Pude ver: savia, menta, poleo,
sábila, etc. Hay una planta de menta impresionante y tiene un olor
exquisito, también la de poleo.
Conclusión
Obras citadas
Anejos
Tabla 1
Narrativas y Reflexiones de las Madres sobre los Temas de Retos y Respuestas
Mamá 1: Sra. Fernández Mamá 2: Sra. Alomar Mamá 3: Sra. Mendoza
Entrevista con la autora el Entrevista con la autora el Entrevista con la autora el
6 de junio del 2018 6 de junio del 2018 6 de junio del 2018
#1 Impacto económico #14 Año fuerte: Al no haber #20 El cierre de la escuela: El gobierno
energía eléctrica, todo se atra- los ató mucho; les puso mucha tranca
#2 Nos llegó la luz a finales só y no hubo clases
de febrero o en marzo #21 Tuve que irme a TX unos meses:
#17 El estrés de que no había Causas: razones económicas y enferme-
#7 El printer conectado al escuela dad de la niña
carro
#13 Cierre de la escuela: Los #32 Respuesta de la escuela de TX:
#10 Union de vecinos maestros querían dar clase. El Tenían recursos, enfermero. Eso aquí
problema es más el Departa- no pasa.
#11 La casa que cogía a los mento que las escuelas
nenes #26 Los maestros movieron palas [perso-
#16 Un poquito complicado nas de influencia], llamaron
#12 Hija requirió atención cubrir el material, y con todo
médica y eso hacían muchos trabajos #25 Acá siempre las maestras eran co-
creativos municativas
#5 Respuesta inicial: Papás
y maestros limpiaron la #15 Las maestras eran comu- #23 Los padres crearon un Chat
escuela nicativas
#22 Regresó con la nena: Yo sé que la ley
#3 Manifestación en pro- #18 Para el poco tiempo que me protege
testa por el cierre hubo de clases de verdad las
maestras se excedieron; no me #24 Harvey vs Puerto Rico. Me frustra-
#4 Había compromiso puedo quejar ba: Aquí cerraban las escuelas
dentro de la escuela. Del
gobierno no se vio ese com- #19 La enseñanza era mil #27 Escuela especializada vs escuela
promiso veces mejor aquí que en el pública
colegio en que estaban
#8 Falta de materiales y #30 La comunidad se afectó mucho:
tiempo (de otros padres) Abusivo (la falta de alimentos y de se-
guridad)
#6 Los maestros escucha-
ron a los estudiantes y los #31 La comunidad se ayudó mucho: Isla
ayudaron a ser agentes de hermosa, gente cálida, pero alto costo
cambio de vida.
Tabla 2
Narrativas y Reflexiones de las Maestras y Directora sobre los
Temas de Retos, Respuestas y Pedagogías
Maestra Nydia Maestra Elena Directora escolar
Entrevista con la autora el 5 de Entrevista con la autora el 14 de junio Entrevista con la autora el 5
junio del 2018 del 2018 de junio del 2018
#46 El huracán fue bien fuerte #48 Pudimos haber abierto antes: #63 Año bien difícil: Lo que
en Puerto Rico. El desastre ma- Maestras y directora entre la espada hizo que las cosas fueran
yor fue el manejo: ¿Cuánto tiem- y la pared; los padres comenzaron a posible fue el empeño de los
po te toma reparar un semáforo? desesperarse. maestros, las ganas de hacer
las cosas.
#41 El area de la escuela no su- #55 Limpiamos lo más que pudimos
frió mucho daños pero en otros #64 La burocracia: A las dos
sitios sí. #56 Alianza con el Municipio de San semanas estábamos listos
Juan para comenzar, pero hubo
#34 Contexto del año: El gobier- que acatar la orden.
no no daba el visto bueno para #57 Ayuda con la limpieza: Padres,
comenzar maestras, municipio. Vino gente de #65 La escuela tiene que
afuera a dar la mano. ser el lugar más seguro. No
#42 El gobierno limitó el rol de sé qué pasó que se perdió el
las escuelas: Con escuelas cerra- #58 Estábamos locos por recibir a los norte. FEMA ayudó y no
das, ¿a quién vas a ayudar? niños, por atenderlos, por escucharlos ayudó…
#45 La comodidad del sistema: #62 Conflicto potencial entre padre #67 Recogiendo escombros:
Todo el mundo a abrir el mismo líder de sindicato y un representante La comunidad entera se unió
día. El Sistema tiene que dejar de un partido politico y trabajó
de ser uniforme. Tiene que ser
flexible. #51 Unión entre facultad y padres: el #68 Manifestación de padres
apoyo de los padres fue bien grande. para abrir la escuela
#35 Las maestras estamos ago-
tadas. #50 Año difícil. El rol de la escuela: #66 Muchas iniciativas a la
Atender el aspecto emocional de los vez: No era el momento
#39 Una maestra perdió su casa: niños
La apoyamos #69 Arte y cuentos para
#53 Las pruebas META-PR, el cierre ayudar a los estudiantes a
#43 Se abrió la escuela para ofre- de escuelas y la creación de chárters procesar
cer comida
#54 Escuelas chárter: Pérdida de be- #70 Logramos muchas cosas
#44 Protesta: Tuvimos que hacer neficios
fuerza; Los papás tuvieron que #71 La calidad del elemento
hacer fuerza #52 El poder de los padres humano: Pueden venir miles
de María, no nos va a detener
#37 Haciendo ajustes al currículo #59 Tema generador del agua: Tomó nada.
más sentido.
#40 Escuchando a los niños:
Abordando el aspecto emocional #60 Comunicándose con los papás:
Página en el internet
#47 Estudiantes: Maestra, ¿qué
vamos a hacer? Un currículo #61 El rol de la escuela: Ser agentes de
emergente cambio en la comunidad
#36 Completamos muchos pro-
yectos.
Abstract
This article examines the trajectory of a public Montessori education
movement in Puerto Rico, which has grown the largest concentration of
public Montessori schools in the Caribbean and the U.S. and legally es-
tablished a Montessori Education Secretariat within the public system,
a groundbreaking precedent for public Montessori education worldwide.
For almost three decades, a grass-roots movement led by the non-profit
organization Instituto Nueva Escuela has been implementing a school
transformation model built on the cornerstones of collective governance,
family engagement, and Montessori pedagogy. This study explores how the
movement has unleashed the agency of disenfranchised school communi-
ties to radically reform traditional public education in Puerto Rico. In the
wake of Hurricane María and facing extreme austerity measures, the move-
ment empowered collective resistance to fight for and win some of its most
significant achievements, and offers innumerous lessons for the future of
education reform in the Caribbean and beyond.
Keywords: education reform in Puerto Rico, public Montessori education,
grassroots school transformation, Hurricane María and school closings, In-
stituto Nueva Escuela
Resumen
Este artículo examina la trayectoria de un movimiento de educación pública
Montessori en Puerto Rico, que ha creado la concentración más grande de
escuelas públicas Montessori en el Caribe y los EE.UU. y estableció legal-
mente una Secretaría Auxiliar de Educación Montessori dentro del sistema
*Article submitted May 20, 2019; revised version accepted June 10, 2019.
this U.S. Caribbean territory of 3.2 million inhabitants in which close to 60%
of children live in poverty,3 a grassroots Montessori movement led by the
non-profit organization Instituto Nueva Escuela (INE) has been radically
reforming public education for the nation’s most marginalized populations.4
Built on a model of school transformation that centers collective gover-
nance and the empowerment of disenfranchised communities, the movement
has put Montessori pedagogy in the service of Puerto Rico’s most vulnerable
students to grow the largest concentration of public Montessori schools any-
where in the Caribbean or the U.S.5 and institutionalize Montessori within
a public education system that is chronically underfunded, centralized, and
highly bureaucratic.
The Puerto Rican Department of Education (PRDE) is responsible for
the education of 75% of Puerto Rico’s school-aged children, serving over
340,000 students in 857 public schools. The agency is accountable to the
United States Department of Education (USDE) from which it receives al-
most 40% of its total funding, which constitutes a per-pupil expenditure of
roughly $7,600–35% less than the U.S. average of $11,600. The students
PRDE serves are Puerto Rico’s most impoverished: close to 80% live below
the poverty line.6 While data is limited and difficult to substantiate, student
achievement is consistently low: PRDE reports a 15.39% drop out rate for
students in the 9th through the 12th grades and finds that barely half of
its students score proficient on standardized tests system-wide.7 Results in
Vieques (pop. 9,000) and Culebra (pop. 1,800). Vieques has three Montessori public
schools.
5 The National Center for Montessori in the Public Sector has the most reliable census
data on Montessori public and private schools worldwide, and as of June 2019 reports
508 public and 2,132 private programs in the U.S., and ten private schools in the Carib-
bean (www.public-montessori.org).
6 PRDE reports on school and student data (www.de.pr.gov/edata) and the National
8 See Villalón and Disdier for a study of PRDE data on K-3rd grade student outcomes
from 2011-15.
9 See Instituto Nueva Escuela’s presentation, “Escuela por escuela, un mejor Puerto
Rico,” based on data collected and tabulated from all participating schools in its network.
See López Alicea for data on META standardized tests.
10 To read the complete law, see www.lexjuris.com/lexlex/Leyes2018/lexl2018277.htm.
Affairs and stipulates that the Montessori Secretariat, under the leadership
of an auxiliary secretary, has the authority and autonomy to make decisions
regarding curriculum and planning, school organization, teacher and staff
training, family engagement, and community participation for all Montes-
sori schools operating within PRDE. Its creation institutionalizes the con-
tinuity and operational mechanisms necessary to assure sustainability of the
Montessori project within the public infrastructure, and it sets a ground-
breaking precedent for public Montessori education worldwide. What’s
more, this reform occurred at a moment when extreme top-down austerity
measures dominated PRDE decision-making and policy—in conflict with
Montessori’s focus on building learning environments that address and ad-
just to individual children’s specific needs, styles, and intrinsic motivations.
The legal establishment of the Montessori Secretariat is one of the most
significant milestones of almost thirty years of work led by the non-profit
organization Instituto Nueva Escuela (INE), a Montessori training and
support center that guides public schools in the process of transforming to
Montessori methodology, certifies Montessori guides, and provides on-go-
ing professional development to these guides and schools.11 INE’s network
spans forty-five public schools that serve a total of 14,000 students in twen-
ty-six of Puerto Rico’s seventy-eight municipalities. Within these schools,
5,500 students are served in Montessori environments that employ a total
of 249 Montessori guides and 219 assistants. Thirty additional schools have
applied to become a part of the network, and the organization’s goal is to
reach 100 schools by 2025, which would be roughly 10% of PRDE’s total.12
The path that led to the legal establishment of the Montessori Secre-
tariat, SAEM, has been paved at the grassroots level through school-by-
school transformation in which collective governance, Montessori pedagogy,
and deep family engagement are the cornerstones of change. Over the last
decade, INE has worked strategically with and within PRDE to pool and
channel existing resources for the project at the same time it has pushed
for and built additional mechanisms to facilitate its operations within the
11 In Montessori methodology, the terms teachers and classrooms are not used. Guides
facilitate student learning in carefully prepared environments in which students interact
with materials. Students learn in multi-age environments: infantes/andarines (children
from 1-3 year olds), casa de niños (3-6 year olds), Taller 1 (6-9 year olds), Taller 2 (9-12
year olds), Taller 3 (12-15 year olds) and Taller 4 (15-18 olds).
12 All data provided by INE.
system. As if flying a plane while building it, the public Montessori move-
ment in Puerto Rico grew from one public school’s community-based orga-
nizing and adoption of Montessori pedagogy to a handful of sister schools
guided by peer-to-peer mentoring, to a loose network of schools united in
Montessori training, to the creation of the non-profit organization INE that
now, in tandem with SAEM, guides holistic school transformation and sus-
tained Montessori implementation. By exploring the history of INE’s most
recent achievement, we uncover that the foundations for this reform have
been deeply laid through a profound commitment to and investment in
people: Puerto Rico’s most disenfranchised students, teachers, and school
communities. Jacqueline Cossentino of the U.S.-based National Center for
Montessori in the Public Sector observes that the scope and significance of
Puerto Rico’s movement are unique because it has “put Montessori pedagogy
in the service of the underserved and mostly marginalized school communi-
ties.”13 How did it all start?
What is today INE began as a refusal to give up on students. In 1987,
Juan Domingo was a poor neighborhood on the verge of erasure by gentrifi-
cation. Middle- and upper-class commercial development projects and gated
residential communities were spreading across the municipality of Guayna-
bo, which borders the capital of San Juan. Citing budgetary constraints and
a need for greater administrative efficacy, PRDE was implementing reforms
to promote large urban schools over smaller community ones. Juan Ponce
de León, the local elementary school in Juan Domingo, was typecast in the
typical language of education departments as “failing.” Dr. Ana María García
Blanco, currently INE’s executive director and an integral member of the
movement, was the school’s principal. Recalling the scenario at the time she
offered this snapshot of the conditions:
only fifty kids in the school. There was very low academic progress and
very high levels of illiteracy in the community . . . 45% percent dropout
rate, 40% unemployment in the community, zero participation of the
parents, and we had high percentages of kids involved in drugs and
gang activities. So, they closed down the school and argued that there
were not enough children to reopen the school. But the community of
Juan Domingo is very conscious that education and schooling is very
important, so they resisted (Pahara presentation).
13 Personal interview.
were in Mexico and the U.S., so teachers had to physically relocate for weeks
or months at a time to be certified. To mediate this need, García Blanco es-
tablished links with Montessori professionals in local private schools and the
U.S., such as the renowned experts Michael and D’Neal Duffy, and began to
piece together trainings that took place in Puerto Rico.
Within ten years of reopening, Juan Ponce de León had built a team
of Montessori educators and offered all levels of Montessori environments
from infantes/andarines (infants/toddlers) through Taller 2 (upper elemen-
tary).
Members of several other school communities took note of the transfor-
mation. Juan Ponce de León’s faculty members were interested in support-
ing other communities to replicate their successes. A network of four sister
schools was established that convened peer-to-peer learning communities
to offer support and insight into Montessori methodology. The educators
named their collaborative professional development alliance Instituto Nueva
Escuela, and INE was born. Relationships with Montessori training cen-
ters such as the Montessori Accreditation Council for Teacher Education
(MACTE) continued to develop, funds were raised for additional guides to
be certified, and as INE cultivated greater expertise and capacity, it created
a small office on Juan Ponce de León’s second floor to offer professional
development.
As additional school communities became increasingly interested in
adopting Montessori methodology, it became clear that a training institute
in Puerto Rico would be critical to assure continued growth and sustain-
ability of the project. PRDE did not have the capacity, funding, or expertise
to orchestrate Montessori certification or on-going support to schools. In
2008, INE was incorporated as a non-profit organization with the mission
of certifying guides in Montessori methodology, guiding schools’ transfor-
mation to Montessori, and supporting the schools in its network. García
Blanco transitioned from school principal to INE’s executive director, the
organization relocated to larger headquarters with space that allowed it to
simulate ideal Montessori environments, and it began a formal accredita-
tion process through the American Montessori Society and MACTE. INE
also built collaborations with a local institution of higher education, Sacred
Heart University (Universidad de Sagrado Corazón), to bridge traditional
teacher training and INE’s Montessori training programs. In addition to
certifying guides, INE provided resources and continuous support to school
activities, funding for materials, and human resources (primarily via salaries
for classroom assistants) beyond the scope of what PRDE could provide.
Although the establishment of the Montessori Secretariat was an enor-
mous feat, the public policy that decreed its existence was a flimsy mecha-
nism; in the same way every secretary of education could decree a carta cir-
cular, he or she could also repeal it. This meant a newly appointed secretary
would have the authority to override SAEM. A long-term mechanism for
the Secretariat’s sustainability was still necessary.
15 Personal interview.
metaphor and operational model for the three elements that guide and drive
the process.16
16 Comment shared at a grupo mixto (mixed group) meeting of school communities con-
vened by INE in Juana Colón high school in Comerío on April 24, 2019.
17 Personal interview, my translation from Spanish.
18 Keleher resigned abruptly from her post in April 2019. On July 10, she was arrested
on federal charges of money laundering, wire fraud, and conspiracy during her tenure
as secretary of education, along with five other Puerto Rican government agents and
consultants.
tion that converting to charter status offers an advantage over other public
schools profoundly contradicts the public Montessori movement’s philoso-
phy. “Our communities say, how can I be a fantastic, modern school in Patil-
las when other schools are going to be closed down so that we can survive?”
(García Blanco, Pahara presentation).
Charter status would also inherently compromise the critical interac-
tions among INE’s pillars of transformation. Collective governance prac-
tices would change under the charter system, which calls for the creation of
an educational agency to administer all schools in a charter network. This
scenario would make INE an authority, not a part of a collective. INE’s dec-
laration asserted that the existing Montessori Secretariat within PRDE was
both the best option for the movement’s optimal implementation within the
public system and the model which would best allow for collective decision-
making among schools, the school network, INE, and SAEM. In the midst
of creating this collective response to PRDE’s push to charter conversion,
Hurricane María struck.
In September 2017, within two weeks of each other, Hurricanes Irma and
María leveled Puerto Rico’s infrastructure; left millions without access to
water, electricity, and telecommunications for months; and caused the deaths
of thousands of people.19 While students and school communities reeled
from the physical and emotional impacts of the storms and received little to
no aid from government agencies, Keleher declared “a real opportunity to hit
the restart button” (qtd. in Chavez and Cohen par. 8). Two key pieces of her
administration’s reorganization of PRDE rapidly accelerated in the after-
math of the storms: the passing of an education reform law and the massive
closing of schools. While this response to disaster is not unique to Puerto
Rico, Naomi Klein describes this quick succession of reforms as “shock af-
ter shock after shock doctrine . . . in the most naked form seen since New
Orleans’s public school system and much of its low-income housing were
dismantled in the immediate aftermath of Hurricane Katrina” (45).
Signed into law on the heels of the hurricanes in March 2018, Educa-
tion Reform Law 85 (Ley de Reforma Educativa 85-2018) replaced all laws
governing public education and ushered in charter schools and vouchers for
the first time in Puerto Rico’s history. PRDE’s centralized concentration of
19 For detailed information on the death toll, see the Harvard University commissioned
study by Kishore et al.at www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1803972
20 PRDE did not directly contact schools to inform them of the closings. I spoke with a
school director of a San Juan Montessori slated for closure about the moment he received
a text message from a colleague informing him that his school was on the list. He told me
he felt so sick he had to abruptly excuse himself from a meeting he was attending. His
calls to the regional office of San Juan regarding the announcement were not answered
for days, and his school community received no information as to why their school had
been chosen for closure.
21 See Eve L. Ewing’s Ghosts in the Schoolyard: Racism and School Closings on Chicago’s
South Side for an informed account of the nefarious implications of these closings on
Chicago’s most marginalized students. The racist parallels with colonial Puerto Rico
should be noted.
22 The schools listed for closure were: Antonio Paoli, Bernarda Robles de Hevia, Ino-
cencio Cintrón, Rexford Tugwell, Jesus T. Piñero, Juanita Rivera Albert, Playa Grande,
Guillermo Riefkohl, Jaime C. Rodríguez, República del Perú, Eduardo J. Saldaña, Her-
minia Díaz Aponte, Fair View, and Adrianne Serrano.
By the end of the year, the movement had successfully lobbied to as-
sure that all fourteen schools remain open. Keleher accepted the proposed
nomination committee. From the ranks of forty-five school communities,
Rosa Recondo, principal of Luis Llorens Torres elementary Montessori pub-
lic school, which is located in San Juan’s largest public housing project, was
nominated and appointed as auxiliary secretary of SAEM. Recondo describes
her appointment through a collective, participatory nomination process as a
gift to PRDE and the secretary of education. Because she was chosen by the
community that she serves, Recondo feels more directly accountable for the
quality of her service. She also believes her commitment to the public Mon-
tessori movement is significantly greater than that of a political appointee.24
Paradoxically, the legal establishment of SAEM through the passage of
Law No. 277—the movement’s greatest achievement at a time of adver-
sity—was not directly impelled by the movement itself. As daily battles were
waged to keep schools open, children learning, and the project alive, local
senator Migdalia Padilla, a member of Puerto Rico’s Congressional Educa-
tion Commission, visited a public Montessori school. Impressed with what
she saw, she revived a proposed bill for the legal establishment of SAEM
that had been lying dormant for over a year. García Blanco read about the
senator’s efforts in the newspaper, and forwarded the news to INE’s school
network. Primed by their experience in lobbying for a new SAEM secre-
tary and against school closures, the entire community rallied once again.
The movement activated community leaders, families, teachers, and local
politicians in strong support of the bill. As it made its way through legis-
lature, Keleher proposed to include INE’s charter status as part of the law.
The active network of supporters lobbied politicians and her proposal was
rejected. The bill made its way to the governor’s desk for final approval. For
days, thousands of students, families, teachers, school directors, INE staff,
and community leaders sent messages to the governor’s office in support of
SAEM and the public Montessori movement. Roselló signed the bill into
law on December 28, 2018.
Over twenty-five years ago in 1990, García Blanco and Colón Morera
observed that “the experience of the people of Juan Domingo illustrates how
community-based activism is responding to mediocre schooling” (159). In the
aftermath of Hurricane María, during one of the most devastating periods in
24 Personal interview.
the history of Puerto Rico, communities deeply invested in the public Mon-
tessori movement fought and won against proposed education reform that
opposed their collective goals. The most recent victories of the public Mon-
tessori movement in Puerto Rico evidence the ways communities continue to
successfully defend the well-being of Puerto Rico’s children, on their terms.
Counting Differently
Works Cited
Yuu tingk yu wait, na! Yuu tingk yu wait! Wel, le mi tel yu. Yu een wait jos
biikaaz yu doz taak so! Yu iz a Potagii! [Do you really think you’re white?
Do you think you’re white? Well, let me tell you. Talking like that doesn’t
make you white. You are a Portuguese.]
In the second memory, I am twelve years old. My British cousins are visit-
ing from England and we are all sitting around the dining table after dinner
chatting and laughing about everything and nothing when my otherwise
gentle and loving Creole-speaking mother suddenly says to our cousins in
her best English and in a deeply apologetic tone, “My children don’t speak as
well as you, you know!”
There is a momentary silence at the table, but the talking quickly starts
again. I would never ever forget the slap in the mouth I felt that evening, as
real as though it were a brutal physical slap. And yet it was “forgotten,” and
life went on, the moment disappearing into the beautiful mess that is life. Yet
I can say that it was those two memories sitting side by side across the years
that contributed to the emergence of the language activist, the “Afro-Asian-
Euro-Indigenous” Guyanese1 who eventually came to master the “White
language” that the primary school child was singled out for and that her
mother was in awe of.
The scientific detachment that often accompanies matters of “policy”
and “human rights” clearly cannot alone drive the validation of Guyanese
Creole and the further inclusion of all of Guyana’s languages as valid lan-
guages for teaching and learning in the school system. For the language-
aware teacher, being powerless in the face of language discrimination can be
soul-destroying. Nowadays it is fashionable to give the condescending nod
to Guyanese Creole and those Amer-indigenous languages that are still the
mother tongues of many of our students, “Use them to facilitate compre-
hension.” But generally, teachers in today’s Guyana deliver an English-only
curriculum.
The rage for English in Guyana has resulted in a nationwide school cur-
riculum from nursery school through the university level that patently denies
the linguistic genius of the nation. This denial further eclipses the various
traditional knowledges of the people, relegating them to “folk customs” that
may be studied as objects of anthropological consideration at the university
and paraded during national cultural events.
A third memory, from many decades later, at New York University during
the 1990s, stands out, and accentuates those two childhood memories. I was
enrolled at the PhD level in a programme called Educational Theatre. The
course in question was called Drama in Education. One of our tasks was to
design a set of drama structures to teach any topic in the school curriculum.
The details are vague but what looms up, and again is informed by a series of
related memories and experiences all the way from childhood to adulthood,
is the power of drama to transform. Drama structures can provide the oppor-
tunities for both students and teachers to liberate the voices trapped inside
the English-only curriculum. Can we envision a curriculum where the focus
on English becomes more tightly concentrated on teaching it as a language
1In a personal conversation with Carinya Sharples, creative writer and freelance jour-
nalist, I was made aware of the ethnic description “Afro-Indigenous.” In some amuse-
ment, I labelled my own ethnicity thus.
2 When Lawrence Carrington did a short spell–three years–as Vice Chancellor of the
University of Guyana from 2009-2012 he described our task of reconstruction in these
terms.
Resumen
Sostenemos que los idiomas locales, en conjunto con la pedagogía
moderna y la tecnología, son ingredientes necesarios pero no sufi-
cientes para el acceso universal a una educación de calidad. Nues-
tro estudio de caso es Haití, donde el francés es el idioma primario
de instrucción escolar, a pesar de que tan sólo lo habla una porción
pequeña de la población; mientras que el creole haitiano (kreyòl),
el idioma que hablan con fluidez todos los haitianos en Haití, se
excluye en su mayoría del discurso formal y de los documentos es-
critos que crean y transmiten conocimiento (y poder) en las escue-
las, cortes, oficinas estatales, etcétera. Comenzamos por describir
los trasfondos históricos, políticos, lingüísticos y socioculturales de
dichos impedimentos a la educación de calidad en Haití. Luego pre-
sentamos y analizamos los datos que comienzan a responder a las
* Este artículo fue publicado inicialmente en inglés en la revista Language (vol. 94, núm.
2, junio 2018). La traducción del artículo al español realizada para este número de Sar-
gasso busca extender su alcance a hispanoparlantes. El artículo fue sometido para ser
traducido el 25 de abril del 2019 y la traducción fue aceptada el 31 de mayo del 2019.
Muchas gracias a Emilio Travieso por su aporte a la edición final de esta traducción.
Abstract
We argue that local languages, coupled with modern pedagogy and
technology, are necessary, though not sufficient, ingredients for uni-
versal access to quality education. Our case study is Haiti, where
French is the primary language of school instruction, though it is
spoken by only a small percentage of the population, while Haitian
Creole (aka “Kreyòl”), the language fluently spoken by all Haitians
in Haiti, is mostly excluded from the formal discourse and writ-
ten documents that create and transmit knowledge (and power) in
schools, courts, state offices, and so forth. We first describe the his-
torical, political, linguistic, and sociocultural backgrounds to such
impediments to quality education in Haiti. We then present and
analyze data that begin to answer these two questions: (i) What does
change look like in complex postcolonial contexts, especially change
in educators’ attitudes toward the use of stigmatized languages (such
as Kreyòl) in formal education? (ii) How can local languages such as
Kreyòl serve to enhance the promotion and dissemination of mod-
ern pedagogy and technology for STEM education, and vice versa—
namely, how can STEM education, in turn, serve to enhance the
promotion of stigmatized languages such as Kreyòl?
Keywords: Haitian Creole, Creole languages, mother-tongue educa-
tion, active learning, educational technology, human rights, STEM,
social change
Introducción1
vean un modelo para otras comunidades que han sido empobrecidas a través
de barreras lingüísticas y educativas.
Hoy día, la tecnología educativa (tal como las susodichas plataformas en
línea MITx y EdX) promete la posibilidad de sobrepasar las divisiones di-
gitales y socioeconómicas, haciendo accesible la educación de alta calidad a
miles de millones de estudiantes en el mundo entero. Sin embargo, en este
artículo evocamos también la división (META)LINGÜÍSTICA y pregunta-
mos cómo esta división particular puede superarse con cambios en el uso de,
y las actitudes hacia, el o los idiomas LOCALES hablados por los estudian-
tes, sus padres y sus pares, en sus hogares y comunidades.
Nuestra preocupación más amplia es que, si los diseñadores de los recur-
sos educativos habilitados para la tecnología no prestan la debida atención a
la diversidad lingüística mundial (incluyendo a los idiomas “locales”4 como
el kreyòl), la educación de calidad no estará, NI PODRÁ estar, disponible
para todos o beneficiar a todos en la misma medida. Es más, al ignorar la
diversidad lingüística (y cultural) mundial, también perdemos la oportuni-
dad de comprender diferentes formas de aprendizaje y la oportunidad de
incorporar dicha diversidad en nuestros esquemas dirigidos a mejorar los
recursos educativos y la pedagogía. En efecto, el aprendizaje en línea ofrece
una gran oportunidad para “un laboratorio para el aprendizaje riguroso sobre
el aprendizaje” (en las palabras del Presidente de MIT Rafael Reif ),5 y di-
cho laboratorio puede enriquecerse enormemente por la diversidad cultural
mundial–una oportunidad adicional que no debe desperdiciarse (Iiyoshi &
Kumar).
Ante las preocupaciones anteriores, este artículo aborda el asunto de la
enseñanza de la lingüística desde una perspectiva más amplia de lo usual–
una perspectiva que también se enfrenta a los temas de idioma y política
pública. Nuestro enfoque aquí no es (tan solo) la enseñanza de la lingüísti-
ca, sino que es un llamado más amplio para que la lingüística se utilice en
4 Colocamos “locales” entre comillas para señalar el hecho de que idiomas como el kreyòl
pueden, hasta cierto punto, verse como “internacionales”. De hecho, en el contexto es-
pecífico del Caribe, el kreyòl es más internacional que el francés. En efecto, el kreyòl se
habla a través del Caribe y en algunas ciudades de Norteamérica (Miami, Nueva York,
Boston, Montreal). El kreyòl también tiene una presencia fuerte en los medios sociales.
Por ejemplo, su uso en tuits provenientes de Haití supera el del inglés y el francés (De-
Graff 2016c, Scannell, Ladouceur 2017b).
5 Véase web.mit.edu/communications/dev/facts/focus.html.
• ¿Cómo pueden los idiomas locales como el kreyòl servir para au-
mentar la promoción y diseminación de la pedagogía moderna y
la tecnología para la literacidad y la educación CTIM, y vicever-
sa—a saber, cómo pueden la literacidad y la educación CTIM, a
su vez, incentivar la promoción de idiomas estigmatizados como el
kreyòl? ¿Cómo pueden contribuir los lingüistas a dichos procesos?
Es importante enfatizar que el objetivo final de nuestra interven-
ción, aunque se basa en hallazgos lingüísticos fundamentales sobre
la naturaleza y el rol de los idiomas en la educación, va más allá del
tema lingüístico como tal: nuestra meta final es un sistema educativo
mejorado a través de la pedagogía del aprendizaje activo y el uso
de la tecnología. Pero el uso sistemático de la lengua materna es
un ingrediente NECESARIO para el acceso óptimo a la pedagogía
eficiente y la tecnología, y a eso se debe el enfoque en el kreyòl y
las actitudes de los docentes hacia ello como el primer paso en este
proceso de cambio. En efecto, la experiencia y las actitudes metalin-
güísticas de los docentes, junto a la disponibilidad y la calidad de los
recursos educativos, son factores que determinan en gran parte cómo
los estudiantes podrán beneficiarse de la pedagogía y la tecnología
correspondientes a través de su lengua materna.
El lema nacional haitiano es L’union fait la force, que significa “En la unión
está la fuerza”, evocando el proverbio en creole haitiano, Men anpil, chay pa
lou (“Muchas manos hacen ligero el trabajo”). Este lema de L’union fait la
Perspectivas socioculturales y lingüísticas: Yon lekòl tèt anba nan yon peyi tèt anba
“Una escuela al revés en un país al revés”
Aunque el artículo antes mencionado del Boston Globe señala algunas de las
correlaciones raciales de diferencias de clase en Haití, no son tan sólo “los
descendientes de franceses, a menudo de piel clara” quienes han puesto ba-
rreras ante las masas.6 Las barreras han sido creadas por las élites en gene-
ral—ya sean de piel clara u oscura, y sin importar de dónde provengan sus
antepasados. Los haitianos influyentes de diversos trasfondos étnicos y ra-
ciales continúan colocando barreras ante las masas, a menudo sin quererlo y
como resultado de un “habitus” social (en el sentido de Pierre Bourdieu) que
se ha transmitido eficientemente a lo largo de los siglos en los hogares, y muy
especialmente, en las escuelas. Como resultado de este “habitus” heredado, el
francés es de facto el único idioma legítimo para el éxito académico y socioe-
conómico en Haití, y a los haitianos que sólo hablan kreyòl con frecuencia se
les considera inferiores a los haitianos que saben hablar francés. Para estos úl-
timos, la fluidez en el francés usualmente se gana con inmersión en el idioma
desde el útero, como efecto secundario de nacer en familias francoparlantes,
o a través del trabajo arduo en las pocas escuelas que pueden costear materia-
les educativos francófonos adecuados y los relativamente pocos educadores
que hablan el francés con presteza.
Un problema fundamental surge cuando se les obliga a los niños haitia-
nos que no hablan francés en casa (el caso más común estadísticamente), a
aprender EN francés desde el comienzo, frecuentemente con maestros que
de por sí no hablan el idioma con fluidez. Datos demográficos y sociolingüís-
ticos bien documentados revelan que la mayoría de los niños en Haití tie-
6 En Haití, la interacción entre la raza, el color de piel y la clase social puede resultar
sumamente sutil y complicada. Al líder revolucionario campesino Jean-Jacques Acaau,
del Haití decimonónico, se le cita a menudo por su perspicacia en este asunto: Nèg rich
se milat, es decir, “Un negro rico es un mulato”, lo cual implica a su vez que un mulato
pobre es negro (véase p.ej., Trouillot). Para Acaau, la riqueza (o la falta de la misma) era
más importante que el color de piel en la distinción del estatus entre “mulato” vs. “negro”.
En efecto, el análisis de Acaau es hasta más complejo (¡y más interesante para nuestros
propósitos aquí!), ya que incluyó a la EDUCACIÓN como otro factor determinante del
estatus de “mulato”. Creía que los haitianos analfabetas, independientemente del color de
su piel, no serían percibidos como mulatos y quería la educación para todos los campesi-
nos, independientemente de su color de piel (Trouillot). Acaau comprendía el fuerte lazo
entre la educación y el progreso socioeconómico.
7 La forma correcta de escribirlo es êtres non-vivants con una “s” plural tanto en el sus-
tantivo êtres “seres” y en el adjetivo non-vivants “no-vivientes”.
8 Alternativamente, podríamos imaginar que el maestro intentaba engañar a los estudian-
tes con los cognados falsos “faux amis”, para poder eventualmente corregirlos y que com-
prendieran las diferencias léxicas relevantes entre el francés y el kreyòl. Pero el maestro
no trajo esto a colación en la discusión con el primer autor sobre esta prueba de selección
multiple, y por lo tanto es imposible determinar si esta alternativa es probable.
la iglesia, con sus amigos y demás. Era un niño de una comunidad donde la
mayoría sólo habla kreyòl, una comunidad en la cual la palabra vivan se usa
para describir a la GENTE, no los árboles.
La situación antes descrita ilustra el hecho de que en gran parte de Hai-
tí, los maestros—y los estudiantes—demuestran un conocimiento limitado
del francés. En este caso y en muchos otros, tanto los maestros como los
estudiantes usan su conocimiento de la única lengua que hablan con flui-
dez (kreyòl) para diseñar ejercicios o responder a estos ejercicios, aún si los
mismos están escritos en alguna variante del francés (véase Dejean 2006 y
Jean-Pierre para más data y análisis de paradojas similares).
En su libro del 2006 escrito en kreyòl, Dejean hace dos comentarios su-
mamente importantes que son relevantes a nuestra reflexión. Primero, cuan-
do miramos a los países que han sido independientes por más de cien años,
Haití es uno de los pocos con un idioma nacional (kreyòl) hablado por todos,
más ese idioma no se utiliza en las escuelas como la lengua principal para la
instrucción y examinación. Esta exclusión del idioma nacional innegable-
mente socava cualquier acceso sostenible a nivel nacional a la educación de
calidad (UNESCO 2006). Segundo, Dejean explica que este uso “al-revés”
del francés en Haití le pone trabas al desarrollo del país (véase Walter 2008,
Hebblethwaithe 2012).
Entre los múltiples documentos publicados por el gobierno haitiano lue-
go del terremoto de 2010, uno de ellos resalta por su meta de disminuir la
inequidad y promover los valores culturales y la herencia haitiana a través de
la educación. En el Plan Operacional 2010-2015 del Ministerio de Educa-
ción Nacional y de Formación Profesional, el gobierno anunció la meta del
“bilingüismo equilibrado”, en el cual todo el país llegaría a dominar tanto el
francés como el kreyòl.
Ahora, consideremos el hecho de que LA VASTA MAYORÍA EN HAI-
TÍ SÓLO HABLA KREYÓL. Dado este perfil sociolingüístico, juntado
con los niveles de pobreza extrema y otras barreras serias al desarrollo, con-
vertir a Haití en un país donde TODOS DOMINAN DOS IDIOMAS
parece una tarea insuperable. El reto sólo empeora cuando el idioma prima-
rio de instrucción, examinación y administración (el francés) es uno que la
mayoría de los haitianos no habla con soltura. Desafortunadamente, a pesar
de múltiples planes, documentos y comunicados oficiales promoviendo el
uso del kreyòl, por lo general las escuelas haitianas continúan imponiendo
el francés como LA lengua de enseñanza desde el kindergarten en adelante,
en los cursos donde aprenden sobre el kreyòl. Esta práctica, que refleja actitu-
des anti-kreyòl muy arraigadas, interfiere con las habilidades y la creatividad
de los estudiantes haitianos, especialmente los que llegan a la escuela sólo
hablando kreyòl. Investigaciones han demostrado que de diez niños que en-
tran al primer grado, sólo uno (10%) terminará la escuela superior (GTEF).
Interesantemente, 10% es uno de los porcentajes que se han reportado refi-
riéndose a la proporción de haitianos en Haití que habla francés, en algu-
na medida, además del kreyòl (Dejean 2010). Esta correspondencia entre el
porcentaje reportado de estudiantes (hasta cierto punto) bilingües y aquellos
que terminan la escuela sugiere que el sistema educativo haitiano juega un rol
poderoso en producir y reproducir las inequidades socioeconómicas a través
de los prejuicios lingüísticos.
En Haití, el uso del francés entre la élite como estrategia para mantener
su poder (“elite closure” en la terminología de Myers-Scotton) es una de las
razones para el subdesarrollo, al igual que en muchos otros países con situa-
ciones similares en Asia y África—países en los cuales las escuelas no hacen
uso sistemático de los idiomas locales hablados por la población (véase Baba-
ci-Wilhite 2014b). Estudios han demostrado una superposición significativa
entre el grupo de países subdesarrollados y el grupo de países en los cuales
las lenguas habladas en el hogar por los estudiantes no son las mismas usadas
como idioma primario de instrucción en las escuelas (UNESCO, Walter,
Hebblethwaithe). La exclusión de las lenguas nativas en las escuelas (como
sucede con el kreyòl en Haití) también se considera una violación de los de-
rechos humanos en varias convenciones de las Naciones Unidas (véase Baba-
ci-Wilhite 2014b). Una declaración ante el Alto Comisionado de los Dere-
chos Humanos de las Naciones Unidas (DeGraff 2016a, 2017a) argumenta
que el uso de las lenguas natales en la educación es una condición necesaria
para la protección de los derechos del niño y para el desarrollo sustentable
(también véase DeGraff 2010 y DeGraff y Ruggles 2014).
mente que los países que no usan los idiomas nativos de su población como
medio generalizado de educación son aquellos con el peor aprovechamiento
académico y los peores niveles de desarrollo nacional (Walter). Así surge en
Haití el potencial transformador del aprendizaje activo en kreyòl habilitado
por la tecnología.
En sus raíces, dicha transformación requiere un cambio de actitudes entre
los docentes—un cambio que es necesario para modificar las creencias rela-
cionadas al idioma y la enseñanza que probablemente se inculcaron durante
su propia educación. Las próximas dos secciones (‘Resumen de las contribu-
ciones al proyecto de libros en la lengua materna’ y ‘La iniciativa MIT-Haití’)
representan una secuencia cronológica de dos intervenciones educativas en
Haití del 2010 al 2016. La primera intervención, en el 2010-2011, sirve para
documentar la importancia crucial del kreyòl nativo de los estudiantes para
lograr avances en el aprendizaje de la lecto-escritura y las matemáticas. Esa
intervención inicial, en la que trabajamos directamente con estudiantes de
una escuela primaria, también subrayó la importancia de focalizar directa-
mente a los maestros y sus formadores a nivel universitario para comprender
mejor y ayudar a mejorar sus actitudes metalingüísticas y prácticas pedagógi-
cas. Luego describimos la segunda intervención en el 2012-2016, junto con
los datos y el análisis del 2013-2016 que rastrean cambios en las actitudes
metalingüísticas de los maestros y en el uso de la pedagogía de aprendizaje
activo.
11 Véase https://youtu.be/CU3NuFcK8D0.
La iniciativa MIT-Haití
13
Una muestra de estos recursos está disponible en línea en la página de la Iniciativa
MIT-Haití: haiti.mit.edu/resources.
Marco Teórico. Desde una perspectiva del desarrollo profesional, nuestro tra-
bajo con los docentes haitianos fue guiado por el marco conceptual de Desi-
mone, que describe los efectos de los esfuerzos de desarrollo profesional en el
cambio pedagógico. Desimone postula que los elementos clave del desarrollo
profesional efectivo son: (i) enfoque de contenido; (ii) aprendizaje activo;
(iii) coherencia con las actitudes y creencias individuales así como con el
contexto, por ejemplo con las políticas locales o nacionales; (iv) duración; y
(v) participación colectiva, o la oportunidad de interactuar en colaboración
con pares. Ella propone que, cuando estos atributos se incluyen en las ex-
periencias de desarrollo profesional, el conocimiento, las habilidades y/o las
actitudes y creencias de los maestros cambiarán, y que entonces utilizarán su
nuevo conocimiento, habilidades y creencias para mejorar su pedagogía o su
contenido de instrucción, o ambos, y que a estos cambios le siguen cambios
en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes.
tivo haitiano, y servir como modelo para otras comunidades en las cuales las
lenguas nativas aún se excluyen de las aulas.
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8-:>,@?:=0>.:/4G.,=:97,/,?,7;=:?:.:7:/0.:/4G.,.4v9>0=0G9v SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO 2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,II&&I II&II II
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8-:>,@?:=0>.:/4G.,=:97,/,?,7;=:?:.:7:/0.:/4G.,.4v9>0=0G9v SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO
SARGASSO 2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,
2018-19,
III&I&II&&I&III&II&II&IIIIIIIIII
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Kreyòl, pedagogía y tecnología para brindar educación de calidad en Haití
Nota: Respuestas codificadas responden a la pregunta, “¿Cuáles son los aspectos po-
sitivos o negativos de recibir el contenido de este taller en kreyòl?”. N = número de
respuestas de participantes al ítem.
mos que, dado que la exclusión del conocimiento y el poder ha existido por
200 años debido a la división francés-kreyòl, es natural que cualquier cambio
sistémico para reducir o cerrar esa división progrese lentamente. Una mirada
más descriptiva de las actitudes de los participantes de los talleres puede
obtenerse al estudiar el contenido específico de sus respuestas a las preguntas
planteadas. Las Tablas 2 y 3 presentan ejemplos de respuestas codificadas
como positivas o mixtas.14
Mwen menm mwen wè se yon gwo bagay le fè ke atelye a an kreyol li pèmèt plis
deba fèt nan atelye yo. Epi tou lè nou pral itilize yo nan klas lap pi paske ak gen plis
entèaksyon nan kou a.
“Para mi, el hecho de que el taller se condujo en kreyòl es un paso importante;
permitió más interacciones. Y también cuando vamos a usarlos en la clase habrán
más interacciones durante la instrucción.”
Li pi bon paske kreyol se lang manman nou epi tou mwen pi byen konprann
“Es mejor porque el kreyòl es nuestra lengua materna y entiendo mejor”.
14Los ejemplos en kreyòl se citan como escritas originalmente en las encuestas en línea,
incluyendo los errores ocasionales de ortografía o puntuación.
Mwen te resevwa yon fomasyon pou mwen al anseye nan langaj matenel nou. men
nan lekol yo se pa tout ki dako yon pwofese ansenye an kreyol.
“Recibí un entrenamiento para enseñar en kreyòl. Pero no todas las escuelas per-
mitirán que los maestros enseñen en kreyòl”.
Aspe pozitif la mwen rive konprann tout sa ki fet yo e m ap ka transmet yo tre byen
Aspe negatif la sèke mwen jwenn li an kreyol lekol yo m ap anseye yo p ap kite m
transmet yo an Kreyol.
“Del lado positivo, puedo entender todo y poder transmitirlo muy bien a mis
estudiantes. Aspectos negativos: Esto se me proveyó en kreyòl y las escuelas en
las que trabajo no me permitirán enseñarlo en kreyòl”.
Aspè pozitif la, sèke nou wè vrèman tout ilistrasyon an kreyol ka fasilite timoun yo
konpran. Aspè negatif la sèke jiska prezan nan inivèsite, yo atann ke profesè anseye
an fransè.
“El aspecto positivo es que verdaderamente vemos que todas las ilustraciones en
kreyòl pueden facilitar la comprensión de los niños. El aspecto negativo es que
todavía se espera que los profesores universitarios enseñen en francés”.
M pa gen kwak pwoblem ak anseyman kreyol la, sa k pral enpotan se rive fe etidyan
yo konpran itilite l nan travay pa yo - Paske jiska prezan gen gwo stigmat sou lang
kreyol la an Ayiti
“No tengo ningún problema con enseñar en kreyòl. Lo que será importante es
convencer a los estudiantes de entender la importancia del kreyòl en su propio
trabajo. Todavía hay estigma asociado al kreyòl en Haití”.
Aspè positif lan: mwen menm m’ pale franse, men m’ pi byen konpwann tout sa yo
te di yo paske yo te di yo nan lang pa m’ nan ki se kreyòl, sa m’ pale pi byen an Aspè
negatif la: anpil moun ap gen pwoblèm ak lide sa a paske yo gen tandans panse yo
siperyè ke lòt yo paske yo pale franse.
“Aspecto positivo: hablo francés pero entendí todo mejor porque todo se dijo en
kreyòl, mi lengua materna, el idioma que hablo mejor. Aspecto negativo: Mucha
gente tendrá problemas con esta idea porque mucha gente piensa que son supe-
riores a los demás porque hablan francés”.
El poder del francés para “silenciar” hasta puede observarse entre oficiales
gubernamentales haitianos, muchos de los cuales se preocupan de que sus
errores en francés les dañe la imagen. Los debates parlamentarios en francés
excluyen a la mayoría de los senadores y diputados. Recientemente, a un
senador muy conocido que es usualmente muy prolijo en kreyòl le fue impo-
sible contestar una pregunta sencilla en francés que le hizo un periodista, y
finalmente se marchó de la entrevista sin poder terminar su frase, que había
comenzado varias veces, tartamudeando irremediablemente. Este fenómeno
lo ha analizado Bourdieu (1982) en términos del “capital lingüístico” (o la
falta del mismo) en un brutal “mercado lingüístico” en el cual ciertas variantes
devalúan sin remedio por un “habitus” que se transmite a través de las estruc-
turas sociales, especialmente en el sistema escolar. En Haití, el sistema escolar
es el locus principal donde el francés tiende a callar la participación infantil.
Las observaciones en este artículo muestran cómo el kreyòl es indispensable
para la expresión de la inteligencia y la creatividad de los estudiantes.
Estas anécdotas–desde los talleres de MIT-Haití hasta el Parlamento hai-
tiano–hacen eco de las implicaciones del proverbio haitiano que describe al
francés como un “idioma que se compra” (un idioma que se adquiere a un alto
costo), en contraste con el kreyòl, que es la “lengua raíz” (el idioma común
ancestral): Frans se lang achte. Kreyól se lang rasin (“El francés es una lengua
comprada. Kreyòl es una lengua ancestral”).
Con esto en mente, la tecnología digital en kreyòl para el aprendizaje ac-
tivo desarrollado por el equipo de MIT-Haití no solo lleva a los estudiantes
a una pedagogía que rompe con la tradición de ponencias y memorización
que existe no sólo en Haití sino en muchos otros lugares, sino que también
le añade al “capital” del kreyòl en el mercado lingüístico haitiano. Adicional-
mente, este uso sistemático del kreyòl como parte de una pedagogía basada en
el aprendizaje activo y la tecnología educativa interactiva también expande las
fronteras del conocimiento para los maestros haitianos, dado que la mayoría
de los mismos han aprendido su oficio de acuerdo a la anticuada tradición de
memorización. Esta es una razón fundamental por la cual los esfuerzos de la
Iniciativa MIT-Haití se han enfocado en docentes CTIM en las universida-
des: para poder crear el cambio sistémico en las prácticas educativas a nivel
universitario. Son estas universidades quienes deben estar entrenando a maes-
tros CTIM a todos los niveles—primario, secundario y educación superior.
Además de mejorar los resultados del aprendizaje de los estudiantes, ade-
más de contribuir al capital cultural del kreyòl, y además de ayudar a fortale-
15 Véase www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?docid=3ae6b3c0.
16 Véase www.ohcchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc/aspx.
18 Véase www.boursorama.com/actualites/france-haiti-martelly-evoque-un-partena-
riat-pour-l-education-ae69f38cb59bf8a08f286a1949fc4165.
Conclusión y recomendaciones
Una de las posibilidades más importantes que nuestra Iniciativa abre para el
futuro de Haití y más allá concierne a los millones de personas en el mun-
do que hablan idiomas “locales” como la lengua criolla de Haití y que más
directamente se beneficiarían del acceso libre a una educación de calidad ha-
bilitada por la tecnología. En muchas partes del mundo aún hay poblaciones
que necesitan lograr el dominio real de las ciencias, y que necesitan acceder
a materiales en sus propios idiomas para poder aprender mejor. La Iniciativa
MIT-Haití puede servir de ejemplo para ellos también. Estamos facilitando
el desarrollo de mejores métodos de enseñanza en Haití, y al mismo tiempo,
demostrando los elementos básicos de un modelo innovador para abrir el
acceso a la educación de calidad a escala global. Estos logros yacen sobre tres
principios centrales: el uso del kreyòl como idioma de instrucción, el uso de la
pedagogía basada en el aprendizaje activo, y el uso de la tecnología apropiada
(digital y no digital).
El uso del kreyòl hace verdaderamente ACTIVO el aprendizaje para el
estudiantado haitiano. Involucrarse activamente en el aprendizaje de CTIM
requiere destrezas elevadas de razonamiento, colaboración y comunicación.
Esto no se puede hacer en francés o inglés o cualquier otro idioma que no
19 Véase www.facebook.com/BicFanClub/videos/931991360286441.
de estos esfuerzos rara vez obedece una fórmula fácil que le quepa a todos.
Las alianzas, las prioridades y el apoyo financiero deben y pueden cambiar
con el tiempo. El camino también variará caso por caso dependiendo de
las contingencias locales y geopolíticas. La persistencia y la flexibilidad son
características clave para traer a fruición este tipo de cambio paradigmático.
Concluimos regresando al objetivo de democratizar la educación ha-
ciéndola accesible a todos, sin barreras. Específicamente, queremos hacer un
llamado a los diseñadores y productores de las tecnologías digitales relacio-
nadas a la educación, y a otras empresas relacionadas como las compañías
de telecomunicaciones. Siendo realistas, solamente cuando le prestemos la
debida atención a la diversidad lingüística y a los idiomas locales podremos
visualizar un mundo en el cual el acceso a la educación de calidad sea verda-
deramente democrático. En un discurso reciente sobre el rol de la cultura en
el desarrollo sustentable, Irina Bokova, directora de la UNESCO, enfatizó
la importancia del aprendizaje en el idioma nativo: “Los currículos cultural-
mente sensibles pueden mejorar la literacidad, la calidad de la educación y en
última instancia los resultados educativos. [Es]… particularmente relevante
cuando a los estudiantes se les enseña en su lengua materna” (5 de mayo,
2014). Postulamos que el uso de los currículos culturalmente sensibles en
idiomas locales es también particularmente relevante cuando pensamos en
democratizar la educación y promover la igualdad de oportunidades para
todos. El uso de los idiomas locales en la educación puede aumentar dra-
máticamente la cantidad de individuos con acceso a recursos de alta calidad.
En el caso de la Iniciativa MIT-Haití, este nuevo grupo ahora incluye a
docentes y estudiantes que de otro modo no habrían tenido acceso al tipo de
recursos de vanguardia que actualmente sólo se ofrecen en idiomas interna-
cionales como el inglés, francés o español. Esperamos que este artículo ayude
a asegurar que la educación facilitada por la tecnología pueda, al menos en
principio, tener un alcance realmente GLOBAL en la medida en que haga
posible dialogar con y aprender de grupos social –y lingüísticamente diversos,
de modo que se incorporen distintos métodos de aprendizaje a la enseñanza
en línea. Esta iniciativa promueve la diversidad e inclusión hacia un impacto
profundamente transformador para todas las partes involucradas. Este nuevo
paradigma ayudará a educar a un mundo diverso, y a la vez, esa diversidad del
mundo con el que nos comprometemos nos va educando a nosotros.
Obras Citadas
Jean Baptiste, Juno. “Les sénateurs mettent les bâtons dans les roues des
homosexuels.” Le Nouvelliste, August 1, 2017, lenouvelliste.com/arti-
cle/174212 /les-senateurs-mettent-les-batons-dans-les-roues-des-ho-
mosexuels.
Jean-Pierre, Marky. Language and Learning in a Post-colonial Context: A Cri-
tical Ethnographic Study in Schools in Haiti. Routledge, 2016.
Ladouceur, Rosny. “BIC, invité à parler dans une grande université américai-
ne.” LOOP, 16 sep. 2017a, www.loophaiti.com/content/bic-invite-dans
-une-grande-universite-americaine-parler-du-creole.
-----. “Pami lang lokal yo, se kreyòl Ayiti a ki pi popilè sou Twitter.” LOOP,
28 oct. 2017b, www.loophaiti.com/content/pami-lang-lokal -yo-se-lang-
kreyol-ayiti-ki-pi-popile-sou-twitter.
LOOP. “Google et MIT s’associent pour promouvoir le créole haïtien.”
LOOP, 3 nov. 2017, www.loophaiti.com/node/267464.
Louis-Charles, Mandaly, Bémol Telfort and Michel DeGraff. “Chante alfa-
bè kreyòl la.” Video recording, 2015, youtu.be/6F6yK1HOhWI.
Manigat, Nesmy. “Diskou Minis Edikasyon Nasyonal ak Fòmasyon Pwofes-
yonèl nan okazyon siyati akò ak Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen an.” Le Nou-
velliste, 13 julio 2015, lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/147050/
Diskou-Minis-Edikasyon -Nasyonal-ak-Fomasyon-Pwofesyo-
nel-nan-okazyon-siyati-ako-ak-Akademi-Kreyol -Ayisyen-an.
Marton, Ference and Roger Säljö. “Approaches to Learning.” The Experience
of Learning: Implications for Teaching and Studying in Higher Education,
2ndo edición, editado por Ference Marton, Dai Hounsell y Noel J. En-
twistle, Scottish Academic Press, 1997, pp. 39–58, www.docs.hss.ed.ac.
uk/iad/Learning_teaching/Academic_teaching/Resources/Experience_
of_learning/EoLChapter3.pdf.
Mazur, Eric. Peer Instruction: A User’s Manual. Prentice Hall, 1997.
Miller, Haynes. “The MIT-Haiti Initiative: An International Engagement.”
MIT Faculty Newsletter, vol. 29, num. 1, sept./oct. 2016, web.mit.edu/fnl/
volume /291/miller.html.
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dinary Differential Equations course: Development, implementation,
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2, 2008, pp. 124–37, DOI: 10.1007/s10956-007-9058-2.
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oct. 2017, nickm.com/post/2017/10/sentaniz-nimerik/.
Resumen
Este foto ensayo documenta el trabajo reciente del colectivo de arte BEMBA
PR que moviliza el arte callejero político en medios mixtos, incluyendo
con grafiti, carteles, plantillas, murales e instalaciones multimedios, como
vehículo para la participación política y la crítica del estatus colonial de
Puerto Rico.
Palabras clave: arte callejero en Puerto Rico, participación política y
colonialismo, BEMBA PR
Abstract
This photo-essay documents recent work by the arts collective BEMBA
PR, which mobilizes political street art in mixed mediums, including
grafitti, postering, stenciling, muraling and multimedia installations, as
a vehicle for political participation and critique of Puerto Rico’s colonial
status.
Keywords: street art in Puerto Rico, political participation and colonialism,
BEMBA PR
“Santo Patrono de los políticos corruptos y capitalistas del desastre. Álabalo mien-
tras él te estafa, no es necesario rezarle/ofrendarle para que te bendiga con su co-
rrupción. Recita el evangelio de San Chullo para que te traiga riquezas a ti y
austeridad a todos los demás; <<Hoy por mí, mañana por mí por los siglos de los
siglos, amén>>” —The Stencil Network
Todos los personajes estaban atados juntos por un tejido de cables que los
conectaban. En la construcción de cada uno individualmente, se le añadie-
ron detalles de juicios, códigos y frases con las que crecemos en Puerto Rico
como sujetos coloniales. Fueron colocados frente a un televisor que proyecta-
ba imágenes de distracciones mediáticas utilizadas en Puerto Rico y progra-
mas de farándula y enajenación de social.
Cerca de 300 escuelas fueron cerradas en el 2018. Usuaria 210 diseñó y creó
la habitación dedicada al tema, una de las partes más intensas de la Isla Can-
celada. El público en tono de vigilia por la educación prendía velas y las colo-
caba en los pupitres de los estudiantes desplazados y cancelados.
…y vivienda.
Junio 2019, junto con Poncili Creación, BEMBA PR realizó una inter-
vención pública en la 62 edición del “National Puerto Rican Day Parade” en
la 5ta avenida en la ciudad de Nueva York. Poncili Creación es un colectivo
de arte callejero puertorriqueño, que a través de sus años de trabajo ha man-
tenido un compromiso artístico político con la isla y que lleva un mensaje
descolonizador. Juntamos técnicas, ideas, discursos y contenido para crear un
contingente llamado “Nada Que Celebrar” diseñado para crear un impacto
fuerte, incluso grotesco, que fuera una contra-propuesta de todo lo demás
que se manifiesta en ese espacio de celebración ese día.
T ulipán (2013) and Tulipán Thinks about Grades (2016) by Ada Haiman
and Sofi and the Magic Musical Mural (2014) by Raquel Ortiz are three
picture books for young readers that explore the world through the eyes of
Puerto Rican children who are navigating identities informed by island life
as well as the diasporic experience. In his 1999 essay “Literacy and the Imag-
ination–A Talk,” Wilson Harris observed, “there are many levels of society in
which it appears that people are quite competent–they read within a uniform
kind of frame. But their imaginations may be illiterate.” (77) Countering this
illiteracy requires an ability to read that goes beyond “a uniform kind of way,
a uniform kind of narrative, a uniform kind of frame.” (77) Both Haiman
and Ortiz contribute to the type of change that Harris calls for given that
these works invite readers to wander alongside their protagonists, Tulipán
and Sofi, as they reflect on their real worlds via their imaginations. The au-
thors use simple, poetic language to address various aspects of culture: geog-
raphy, landscape, language, music, and dance. Through these modern stories
for kids, people of the Caribbean and others who are interested in the region
may view aspects of Caribbean culture that are being sustained for younger
generations as well as better understand how new cultural perspectives are
being created.
Readers meet a young Nuyorican giraffe named Tulipán in the two books
in Haiman’s series (several more stories in the series have also been pub-
lished). Tulipán is curious and poses many questions about identity in the
first book. In the second, we see the giraffe contemplate how one acquires
knowledge. Positioned alongside the young giraffe, readers have access to
multiple points of entry from which to explore the world. For example, Tu-
lipán thinks about how others love her, how she learns best, and how she
enjoys her everyday activities. Her vocabulary and life perspective paint a
picture of what it means to be a child today living in Puerto Rico and its
stateside diaspora.
When told, “You don’t look Puerto Rican,” Tulipán is puzzled and con-
siders many reasons why others perceive her this way. She concludes, “what
was really and truly important was that she had lived…” Haiman describes
Tulipán’s encounters through a sensory world that is illustrated with modern
graphics and bold colors. Tulipán also thinks about her favorite words includ-
ing “chévere” and “revolú,” words that splash across the page in a large font.
Haiman’s narration concludes, “there can be more than one you.” In the end,
Tulipán has “lived loving and being loved,” and that is what matters most.
In the second book, Tulipán Thinks about Grades (2016), readers go to
school with the young giraffe. Again, we get to hear what she thinks, where
she likes to sit in her classroom, and how she enjoys working in groups. Tu-
lipán also reflects on what she does not like–exams! Haiman prompts readers
to question what “correct thinking” is. The self-reflective question “How do
you know that you know?” engages readers in their own processes of meta-
cognition. When reflecting on how grades are earned and given for specific
types of knowledge, Tulipán is also probing how school is relevant (or not) to
everyday life and whether grades reflect a learner’s worth. In a series of ques-
tions regarding a test about Columbus and the story of the Tainos, Tulipán
asks, “Why isn’t learning to question as important as learning to answer?”
After helping a swimmer caught in an ocean riptide, Tulipán is puzzled by
the ways different types of knowledge are nuanced. In other words, Haiman
questions what and how content becomes curriculum. In many Western cul-
tures, education has its foundation in national projects of preparing a future
workforce. In colonial contexts, knowledge concentrated in and transmitted
through books has often removed or disregarded local realities, needs, and
interests. For example, knowledge of the ocean and coastal water patterns,
such as the riptide, were not incorporated into an island classroom curricu-
lum. Often the few island citizens with knowledge about water were–and to
a large extent this continues to be the case today–either local fishermen who
earn their living on the water or those who pursue water sports. Haiman’s
confrontation with learning reflects the immediate world of many children.
Tulipán questions the limited input learners have in their classroom worlds.
One way children can engage in shaping their learning is in choosing what
books they would like to read. Inherent in this practice is a school and class-
room culture committed to providing rich and diverse collections of books
and other print material from which young people can exercise self-directed
choice. Intellectual habits such as the selection of books serve as a cognitive
and social base for the autodidacted to feel connected within a society.
There are two different illustrators for the Tulipán series: Atabey Sánchez-
Haiman illustrated Tulipán and Roberto Figueroa illustrated Thinking About
Grades. Through clever graphic design, sophisticated images of modern
Puerto Rican life, and the use of playful font to support the text, these pic-
ture books establish a sense of safety, care, and attention to everyday habits
such as eating favorite local foods. The familiar ending “and they lived hap-
pily ever after,” often internalized by children through exposure to popular
fairy tales such as The Three Little Pigs and Goldilocks and the Three Bears, is
reflected in Tulipán’s security and optimism. Using this phrase, she draws a
link between the popular genre of fairy tales and the modern, realistic world.
Tulipán uses this link between fantasy and realism to locate herself within
the Puerto Rican community and negotiate others’ perceived notions of be-
ing Puerto Rican with her own experience.
Sofi and the Magic Musical Mural (2014) uses the mural art form in a story
that engages all readers. Sofi is a familiar child “soooo bored” and protected
by adults. She is sent to the corner bodega for milk while her mom watches
from their apartment window. As Sofi crosses the street, the magic musi-
cal mural transfixes her. While the cultural wealth represented by customs,
folklore, figures, geography, and music is obvious in this lovely picture book,
what most captured the attention of my eight-year-old and her friends was
Sofi’s response to fear. Vejigantes are traditional Carnival characters intended
to frighten. As Lowell Fiet reminds us in “Masked Enigmas–the Vejigante
of the Fiestas of Santiago Apóstol in Loíza, Puerto Rico” (2014), the veji-
gante is “a mythical and dynamic anthropomorphic face that scares children
and acts as a source of energy, strength, and courage. With slightly different
names, costumes, and masks, vejigantes appear as devil-heroes of cultural
performance throughout the Hispanic Caribbean and littoral Central and
South America.”
When Sofi encounters the character in the mural, she is at first cautious,
but soon she dances in a celebration that invokes a Carnival atmosphere
and embraces the persona of the vejigante. Perhaps even more central to
the storyline is how Sofi soon enacts an energy completely opposite of cau-
tion. Through her becoming the vejigante, her cultural identity empowers
her sense of self and serves as metaphor for embracing her culture. Vejigantes
represent the complexity of Puerto Rican history. Raquel Ortiz blends these
strands of culture and experience to connect readers with Sofi.
This picture book is written in third person narrative and features clear
illustrations by the well-established artist Maria Domínguez. The original
community mural “El Pueblo Cantor” (1994) in the Bronx, NY, was a col-
laborative effort between students from New York City Public School I.S.
193 and Domínguez, who created and designed the painting. The mural is
central to Ortiz’s story and the individual illustrations that serve as close-
up images in the book support emergent readers’ textual comprehension.
According to the exhibit pamphlet, “A Brief History of the Vejigantes Ex-
hibition” (2013), curated by Rafael Damast at the Lorenzo Homar Gallery
in Philadelphia, for Maria Domínguez and other artists, “the vejigante has
evolved into something much more than a playful festival figure–it has be-
come the living incarnation of the Puerto Rican spirit with all its vigor, re-
silience, and jubilant ferocity.” The tapestry of multiple perspectives available
for the reader to connect with Sofi confirms this as she at one point melds
with the vejigante. These elements distinguish Sofi and the Magic, Musical,
Mural from other books likely to be classified in the public library as diverse,
multicultural, or folkloric.
Sofi is a modern child, engaged in understanding the world around her.
By stepping into the mural and embracing the adventure, she is grounded
within culture and family, school community, and neighborhood. Sofi and
all that she comes from and represents is current rather than frozen in a
euphoric capsule of nostalgia. Creating murals is an opportunity for build-
ing knowledge. Creativity and collaboration are both present while students
complete a task that involves all key components of a rich curriculum: arts,
math, science, social studies, and language.
Both Haiman and Ortiz juxtapose their text with graphics that have vi-
brant colors and details that will allow children to interpret each image in
relation to their immediate experiences in the world. Tulipán and Sofi offer
a counter-narrative to established perceptions of Puerto Rican childhood.
Works Cited
Rosanna Cerezo is a lawyer. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Brown University
in literature and French history, with a specialization in the French Caribbean and
a master’s degree from Stanford University in Latin American literature. She is a
believer in the transformative power of the story and personal narrative. Her back-
ground in literature and law have allowed her to develop educational projects that
integrate the arts and literature to impact public policy.
Melissa Lee García Vega, born in Brooklyn, NY, completed her bachelor’s degree
at Queens College (CUNY ) in English literature. She holds a doctorate from UPR-
Río Piedras and her research that examines postcolonial and global contexts in Ca-
ribbean children’s literature, she is currently co-editing a collection of essays on chil-
dren’s and young adult literature. García Vega teaches courses in English literature
as well as curriculum and instruction at UPR-Aguadilla.
in women and gender studies. She is the author of the book Negociaciones culturales:
los intelectuales y el proyecto pedagógico del estado muñocista (Ediciones Callejón 2009).
Maritza Pérez Otero directs the theater group Jóvenes del 98 (1998-present) and
offers theater workshops for diverse communities. She holds a BA in Secondary
Education from UPR-Río Piedras and an MA in Hispanic literature from the Na-
tional Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). Across her career, she has of-
fered numerous courses on a variety of subjects at a range of educational institutions.
Charlene Wilkinson has been a teacher of language and literature for most of her
career. Between 1977 and 1983 she pursued tertiary studies in English (BA, MA)
at John Carroll University, Ohio, USA and Windsor University, Ontario, Canada,
respectively. She pursued further postgraduate studies in educational theatre at New
York University from 1989 to 1991. She has taught at all levels of the education sys-
tem and is currently a lecturer in the Department of Language and Cultural Studies
at the University of Guyana where she coordinates the Guyanese Languages Unit.
She has also taught in the U.S. Virgin Islands, New York City, and Jamaica, and has
experience in amateur theatre directing.
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http://humanidades.uprrp.edu/ingles/index.htm
Telephone (787) 764-0000 ext. 89611, 89612, 89654