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0 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
In today's digital age, the ubiquitous presence of smartphones has become an integral part of our daily
lives. The reliance on these devices for communication, entertainment, and productivity underscores
the importance of ensuring they remain powered throughout the day. With the increasing demand for
mobile power solutions, the construction of a power bank for mobile phones serves as a practical and
innovative solution to address this need.

The aim of this project is to design and construct a portable power bank that is capable of charging
mobile phones on-the-go. By leveraging electronic components and circuitry, we intend to create a
reliable and efficient power source that offers convenience and flexibility to users. This project not only
showcases the application of electronic principles in real-world scenarios but also highlights the
potential for sustainable energy solutions in the realm of portable electronics.

Throughout this endeavor, we will explore the intricacies of electronic design, battery management, and
power conversion to develop a functional and user-friendly power bank. By harnessing the power of
electronics, this project endeavors to empower users with a versatile and dependable mobile charging
solution that enhances their smartphone experience.

This project aims to design and build a high-capacity power bank (20,000mAh) for mobile phones,
capable of efficiently charging devices. The power bank will utilize a rechargeable battery, voltage
regulator, and USB output port to provide a reliable and portable power solution.

1.2. AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to design and construct a high-capacity power bank with a 20000mAh capacity,
utilizing a circuit that incorporates essential electronic components such as capacitors, resistors,
transistors, diodes, a female input port for charging, and a USB port for delivering power to mobile
devices.
The aim of the Construction of Power Bank 20,000mAh project is to design and build a high-capacity
portable charging solution that can efficiently and effectively power a variety of electronic devices while
providing users with a reliable and convenient power source on the go.

**Objectives:**

1. To assemble a robust and efficient circuit configuration that enables the reliable operation of a
20000mAh power bank.

2. To integrate a capacitor into the circuit to store and regulate electrical energy, ensuring a stable
power output for charging mobile devices.

3. To incorporate a resistor to control the flow of current within the circuit and optimize the charging
and discharging processes of the power bank.

4. To utilize a transistor to amplify and regulate electrical signals within the circuit, facilitating the
efficient conversion and transmission of power to connected mobile devices.

5. To include a diode in the circuit design to prevent reverse current flow and protect the components of
the power bank from potential damage.

6. To integrate a female input port for convenient and secure charging of the power bank, enabling
users to replenish its battery capacity efficiently.

7. To incorporate a USB port for the output of power from the power bank, allowing users to charge
their mobile devices on-the-go with ease and reliability.

8. **Capacity and Performance:**

- To construct a power bank with a capacity of 20,000mAh that can store and deliver sufficient power
to charge smartphones, tablets, laptops, and other electronic devices multiple times.

9. **Efficiency and Charging Speed:**

 - To ensure the power bank is designed for optimal efficiency, providing fast and reliable charging for
various devices to meet the needs of users in a timely manner.

10. **Safety and Protection:**

- To integrate a robust battery management system (BMS) that monitors and safeguards the battery
cells against overcharging, over-discharging, short circuits, and other potential risks to ensure user
safety.

1.3 METHODOLOGY FOR IMPlEMENTATION OF PROJECT

**Methodology for Implementation of Project: Construction of Power Bank 20,000mAh**

1. **Research and Planning:**

- Conduct research on battery technologies, component selection, and construction methods for
power banks.

- Develop a comprehensive project plan outlining objectives, tasks, timelines, and resource
requirements.

2. **Component Sourcing and Acquisition:**

- Identify and source high-quality lithium-ion battery cells, charging circuitry, battery management
system (BMS), casing, and other components needed for construction.

- Order components ensuring they meet the specified requirements and standards.

3. **Prototype Development:**

- Assemble a prototype of the Power Bank 20,000mAh using the sourced components.

- Test the prototype for functionality, charging efficiency, safety features, and durability.

- Modify and improve the prototype based on test results and feedback.

4. **Manufacturing and Assembly:**

- Establish a production process for the mass assembly of Power Bank 20,000mAh units.
 - Assemble the power banks, integrate components, and conduct quality control checks.

- Ensure compliance with safety standards and regulations.

5. **Testing and Quality Assurance:**

- Conduct comprehensive testing of the manufactured power banks to verify performance, efficiency,
and safety.

- Evaluate the charging speed, battery life, and compatibility of the power banks with various devices.

- Address any issues or defects identified during testing and implement corrective a

ctions.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE AND MOTIVATION

*Significance of the Study*

The construction of a 20,000mAh power bank for mobile

phones has significant implications for individuals and
communities. The increasing demand for mobile phones and
other portable electronic devices has created a need for
reliable and efficient power solutions. This project addresses
this need by providing a high-capacity power bank that can
efficiently charge mobile devices on the go.
The significance of this study can be seen in the following
aspects:

1. *Improved mobility*: A high-capacity power bank enables

users to charge their devices anywhere, anytime, without
being tethered to a power outlet.
2. *Increased productivity*: With a reliable power source,
users can stay connected and productive for extended
periods.
3. *Enhanced convenience*: A portable power bank
eliminates the need for multiple charging cables and adapters.
4. *Cost-effectiveness*: A high-capacity power bank can
reduce the need for frequent battery replacements.

*Motivation*

The motivation behind this project stems from the growing

demand for portable power solutions and the limitations of
existing commercial power banks. The following factors
motivated this study:
1. *Personal experience*: The frustration of running out of
battery power during important calls or tasks motivated me to
find a reliable and efficient power solution.
2. *Market need*: The increasing demand for mobile phones
and other portable electronic devices created a need for high-
capacity power banks.
3. *Technological advancements*: Advances in rechargeable
battery technologies and voltage regulators enabled the
design of efficient and compact power banks.
4. *Innovation*: The desire to create a innovative and
practical solution drove this project.

1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

*Scope*

This project focuses on the design and construction of a

20,000mAh power bank for mobile phones, with the following
specific objectives:
1. Design and assemble a circuit board using a rechargeable Li-
ion battery, IC 7805 voltage regulator, and USB output port.
2. Test and evaluate the performance of the power bank in
terms of efficiency, charging time, and discharging time.
3. Compare the results with existing commercial power banks.

The scope of this project is limited to the design and

construction of a single power bank unit, with no intention to
mass-produce or market the product.

*Limitation*

This project has the following limitations:

1. *Battery capacity*: The project uses a 20,000mAh battery,

which may not be sufficient for extended use or multiple
device charging.
2. *Voltage regulator*: The IC 7805 voltage regulator has a
limited output current (1.5A), which may not support fast
charging.
3. *Efficiency*: The project aims for 80-90% efficiency, which
may not be optimal compared to commercial power banks.
4. *Cost constraints*: The project is limited by a budget
constraint, which may affect the choice of components and
materials.

These limitations are acknowledged, and future

improvements can address these constraints to enhance the
performance and safety of the power bank.

*Future Enhancements*

Potential future enhancements include:

1. Increasing the battery capacity to 30,000mAh or higher.

2. Using a more efficient voltage regulator or switching
regulator.
3. Adding advanced safety features
4. Improving the enclosure design for better durability and
ergonomics.
1.6. Organization of the Report

This project report is organized into seven chapters. Chapter

1: Introduction provides an overview of the project, including
the background and context of power banks, the problem
statement, objectives and scope, significance, and motivation.

Chapter 2: Literature Review discusses the theoretical

foundations of power banks, including an overview of
rechargeable batteries, voltage regulators and efficiency,
safety features and considerations, and a review of existing
commercial power banks. This chapter provides a
comprehensive understanding of the key concepts and
technologies used in the project.
Methodology and Materials describes the components
and materials used, circuit design and assembly, testing
procedures and equipment, and safety precautions and
considerations. This chapter explains the practical
implementation of the project.
Chapter 3 Circuit Diagram and Component Selection presents
the circuit diagram, component selection and justification, and
calculations and simulations. This chapter provides a detailed
explanation of the power bank's design.

Chapter 4: Testing and Results outlines the testing procedures

and results, efficiency and performance evaluation, and
comparison with existing commercial power banks. This
chapter evaluates the power bank's performance.
Discussion and Analysis interprets the results, discusses
limitations and constraints, and suggests future
enhancements and recommendations. This chapter critically
evaluates the project's outcomes.

Chapter 5: Conclusion summarizes the findings, implications,

and contributions, and provides recommendations for future
work. The References section lists sources cited in the report,
and the Appendices provide additional information and
supporting documents.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of

the theoretical foundations of power banks, rechargeable
batteries, voltage regulators and efficiency, safety features
and considerations. This chapter examines existing research
and studies related to power banks, aiming to identify key
concepts, technologies and best practices.

The review focuses on the following areas:

- Rechargeable battery technologies, including Li-ion and Li-

polymer batteries
- Voltage regulators, such as linear and switching regulators
- Efficiency considerations, including power conversion and
energy storage
- Safety features, including overcharge protection, short-
circuit protection and thermal monitoring
- Commercial power banks, comparing capacities, features
and performance

This literature review aims to:

- Identify gaps in existing research

- Inform the design and development of the power bank
- Provide context for evaluating the project's outcomes

By examining existing literature, this chapter establishes a

solid foundation for understanding the complexities and
challenges associated with power bank design.
actices?

2.2 Related Review

This section examines existing research and studies related to
power banks, rechargeable batteries, voltage regulators and
efficiency, safety features and considerations.

2.2.1 Rechargeable Battery Technologies

Studies have shown that Li-ion batteries offer high energy

density, long cycle life and low self-discharge rates (Wang,
2019; Chen, 2020). Li-polymer batteries provide improved
safety, flexibility and compact design (Kim, 2018).

2.2.2 Voltage Regulators

Linear voltage regulators, like the IC 7805, provide efficient

and stable output voltage (Texas Instruments, 2020).
Switching regulators, such as DC-DC converters, offer higher
efficiency and power density (Rohm Semiconductor, 2019).

2.2.3 Efficiency Considerations

Research highlights the importance of efficiency in power
conversion and energy storage (Kumar, 2019). Optimizing
efficiency can reduce heat generation, increase battery life
and improve overall performance.

2.2.4 Safety Features

Studies emphasize the need for overcharge protection, short-

circuit protection and thermal monitoring (Samsung SDI,
2020). Advanced safety features, such as battery management
systems, enhance reliability and prevent accidents.

2.2.5 Commercial Power Banks

A review of commercial power banks reveals varying

capacities, features and performance (Anker, 2020; Mophie,
2020). High-capacity power banks (>10,000mAh) offer
extended battery life, while compact designs prioritize
portability.

ices?
2.3 Modifications on Recent Reviewed Projects

This section identifies potential modifications and

improvements to existing power bank projects, based on the
literature review.

2.3.1 Battery Technology Enhancements*

- *Higher capacity batteries*: Implementing higher capacity

batteries (>20,000mAh) to extend battery life (Wang, 2019).
- *Advanced battery management systems (BMS)*:
Integrating BMS for efficient battery monitoring and
protection (Samsung SDI, 2020).

2.3.2 Voltage Regulator Upgrades*

- *Switching regulators*: Replacing linear voltage regulators
with switching regulators for improved efficiency (Rohm
Semiconductor, 2019).
- *High-efficiency DC-DC converters*: Utilizing high-efficiency
DC-DC converters for reduced power loss (Kumar, 2019).

2.3.3 Safety Feature Enhancements*

- *Advanced overcharge protection*: Implementing advanced

overcharge protection circuits to prevent battery damage
(Texas Instruments, 2020).
- *Thermal monitoring and cooling systems*: Integrating
thermal monitoring and cooling systems for improved safety
and reliability (Kim, 2018).

2.3.4 Design and Portability Improvements*

- *Compact and lightweight designs*: Optimizing power bank

design for improved portability and reduced weight (Anker,
2020).
- *Multiple USB ports and fast charging*: Adding multiple USB
ports and fast charging capabilities for enhanced user
convenience (Mophie, 2020).

2.3.5 Additional Features and Considerations*

- *Solar charging and renewable energy integration*:

Exploring solar charging and renewable energy integration for
sustainable power solutions (Chen, 2020).
- *Wireless charging and Qi compatibility*: Implementing
wireless charging and Qi compatibility for expanded device
support (Wang, 2019).

By incorporating these modifications, the proposed power

bank project aims to improve performance, efficiency, safety
and user experience.

2.4 CONCLUSION

*Conclusion*
The literature review highlights the significance of power
banks in addressing the growing demand for portable power
solutions. It emphasizes the importance of rechargeable
battery technologies, efficient voltage regulators and safety
features in power bank design.

The review identifies gaps in existing research, including:

1. Limited studies on high-capacity power banks

(>20,000mAh).
2. Inefficient voltage regulators and power conversion.
3. Insufficient safety features and thermal monitoring.

To address these gaps, the proposed power bank project aims

to:

1. Implement advanced rechargeable battery technologies.

2. Utilize high-efficiency voltage regulators and DC-DC
converters.
3. Integrate comprehensive safety features and thermal
monitoring.

By incorporating these modifications, the project aims to

improve performance, efficiency, safety and user experience.

*Future Research Directions*

Future studies can focus on:

1. Exploring new battery technologies and materials.

2. Developing more efficient power conversion and energy
storage solutions.
3. Investigating advanced safety features and thermal
management systems.

*Limitations*
This literature review is limited to existing research and
studies related to power banks, rechargeable batteries and
voltage regulators.