‭UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK‬

‭FACULTY OF ENGINEERING‬
‭CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT‬

‭KNS 1451‬
‭CIVIL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1‬
‭LABORATORY REPORT‬

‭C1 - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF‬

‭Code & Title‬
‭FINE AGGREGATES‬
‭Date of Experiment‬ ‭28 OCTOBER 2024‬
‭Lecturer‬ ‭DR. FAISAL AMSYAR BIN REDZUAN‬
‭Group‬ ‭1F‬
‭1. CLAYMENT ANAK JAMES (103727)‬
‭2. ESTHER MELANIE SUM (104059)‬
‭3. NUR AZRAMADANY BINTI AZMAN‬
‭ roup Members‬
G ‭(105565)‬
‭4. SITI HAFAWATY BINTI MUHAMMAD‬
‭(106360)‬
‭5. ELIANA ANAKGEOFFERY (107603)‬

‭1‬
‭TABLE OF CONTENTS‬

‭NO.‬ ‭CONTENTS‬ ‭PAGE‬

‭1‬ ‭COVER PAGE‬ ‭1‬

‭2‬ ‭TABLE OF CONTENT‬ ‭2‬

‭3‬ ‭INTRODUCTION‬ ‭3‬

‭4‬ ‭OBJECTIVE‬ ‭4‬

‭5‬ ‭PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS‬ ‭8-18‬

‭6‬ ‭RESULTS‬ ‭19-31‬

‭7‬ ‭DISCUSSION‬ ‭32‬

‭8‬ ‭CONCLUSION‬ ‭33‬

‭9‬ ‭REFERENCES‬ ‭34‬

‭2‬
 ‭INTRODUCTION‬

‭●‬ F
‭ ine aggregate is a material, like natural sand or crushed stone, that is smaller than 4.75‬
‭mm. It is used in concrete to help bind cement and gravel, improving the concrete's‬
‭cohesion.‬

‭●‬ K
‭ ey physical properties of fine aggregate include‬‭:‬
‭-‬‭Shape and texture‬‭: Smooth, rounded aggregates improve‬‭workability, while rougher‬
‭ones create a stronger bond.‬
‭-‬‭Specific gravity‬‭: Measures the aggregate’s density‬‭compared to water at 23°C.‬
‭-‬‭Absorptio‬‭n : Shows how much water the aggregate‬‭can hold in its pores.‬
‭-‬‭Moisture content‬‭: Influences concrete’s strength,‬‭workability, and durability.‬

‭ ther physical properties of aggregates that are important to consider include: size gradation,‬
O
‭reactivity, soundness, and bulk unit weight. Properly selecting aggregates and testing their‬
‭properties is important for achieving high quality concrete.‬

‭3‬
‭‬
1 ‭OBJECTIVE‬
‭To determine the physical properties of fine aggregate required in concrete mix design.‬

‭‬
2 ‭SCOPE‬
‭The works to be carried comprise of:‬
‭a)‬ ‭Determine the fineness modulus of fine aggregate.‬
‭b)‬ ‭Identify the specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregate.‬
‭c)‬ ‭Specify the spilt content of fine aggregate.‬

‭4‬
‭‬
3 ‭ INENESS MODULUS OF FINE AGGREGATE‬
F
‭3.1‬ ‭Introduction‬
‭Fineness modulus of sand (fine aggregate) is an index number which represents‬
‭the mean size of the particles in sand. It is calculated by performing sieve analysis‬
‭with standard sieves. The cumulative percentage retained on each sieve is added‬
‭and subtracted by 100 gives the value of fineness modulus. Fine aggregate means‬
‭the aggregate which passes through 4.75mm sieve. Fineness modulus of fine‬
‭aggregate is lower than the fineness modulus of coarse aggregate. The optimal‬
‭range is 2.2 to 3.2 for concrete.‬

‭3.2‬ ‭ tandard‬
S
‭ASTM C136: Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse‬
‭Aggregates‬
‭ASTM C33-86: Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates‬

‭3.3‬ ‭Apparatus‬

‭Fine Aggregate Sample‬

‭Sieves‬

‭Mechanical Sieve Shaker‬

‭8‬
 ‭Digital Weigh Scale‬

‭Tray‬

‭3.4‬ ‭ rocedures‬
P
‭1.‬ ‭An empty tray is weighed on a digital weighing scale. Then, 2000 grams of‬
‭fine aggregate sample is put inside the tray and is weighed.‬

‭ .‬
2 ‭Each empty sieves and pan are weighed individually. The sieves are then‬
‭arranged in descending order from largest opening to smallest.‬

‭9‬
‭ .‬
3 ‭ he fine aggregate sample is poured into the sieve.‬
T
‭4.‬ ‭The sieve is shaken by a mechanical sieve shaker for 3 minutes.‬

‭ .‬
5 ‭The retained sample in each sieves and pan are recorded in the tabulation‬
‭data.‬

‭10‬
‭11‬
‭‬
4 ‭ pecific Gravity and Absorption of Fine Aggregate‬
S
‭4.1‬ ‭Introduction‬
‭Specific gravity is a crucial property of fine aggregate (such as sand) used in‬
‭construction and civil engineering. It measures the density of the material relative to‬
‭the density of water, providing insights into the material's quality and behaviour in‬
‭concrete and other applications.‬

‭4.2‬ ‭ tandard‬
S
‭ASTM C128: Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and‬
‭Absorption of Fine Aggregate‬
‭AASHTO T84: Standard Method of Test for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Fine‬
‭Aggregate‬

‭4.3‬ ‭Apparatus‬

‭Fine Aggregate Sample‬

‭Pycnometer‬

‭Mold and Tamper‬

‭Oven‬

‭12‬
‭Tray‬

‭Distilled Water‬

‭Glass Rod‬

‭Digital Weigh Scale‬

‭13‬
‭ .4‬
4 ‭ rocedure‬
P
‭1.‬ ‭An empty tray is weighed then filled with fine aggregate sample.‬

‭ .‬
2 ‭Distilled water is poured slightly onto the fine aggregate until the sample is partially‬
‭dry and wet.‬

‭ .‬
3 ‭The sample is filled inside the mold and tampered 25 times until the mold fully filled.‬
‭The mold is then lifted. Dry surface of fine aggregate is indicated through slight slumping of‬
‭the mold.‬

‭ .‬
4 ‭Empty pycnometer is weighed. Distilled water is filled inside the pycnometer until‬
‭full. The pycnometer is then weighed.‬

‭14‬
‭ .‬
5 ‭The pycnometer is next filled with 500 grams of partially dry fine aggregate sample.‬
‭After the pycnometer is weighed, the pycnometer is filled with distilled water until full.‬

‭ .‬
6 ‭With a glass rod, the pycnometer is stirred thoroughly to release air bubbles onto‬
‭the top of the pycnometer. After the lid is closed, the pycnometer is filled until air bubbles‬
‭inside are gone. Then, the pycnometer is weighed.‬

‭15‬
‭ .‬
7 ‭The tray filled with partially dry fine aggregate is left in the oven of 110 ± 5 °C for 24‬
‭± 4 hours. After dried, the tray is left to settle for 10 minutes. Then, the tray filled with fine‬
‭aggregate sample is weighed.‬

‭16‬
‭‬
5 ‭ ilt Content of Fine Aggregate‬
S
‭5.1‬ ‭Introduction‬
‭Silt content in fine aggregate refers to the proportion of fine particles present in the‬
‭aggregate. These particles can significantly influence the properties of concrete and‬
‭other construction materials.‬

‭5.2‬ ‭ tandard‬
S
‭ASTM D2419: Standard Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and Fine‬
‭Aggregate‬

‭5.3‬ ‭Apparatus‬

‭Fine Aggregate Sample‬

‭250 ml Measuring Cylinder‬

‭Saltwater Solution‬

‭5.4‬ ‭ rocedure‬
P
‭1.‬ ‭The measuring cylinder is filled with 50 ml of saltwater solution.‬
‭2.‬ ‭The cylinder is then filled with the fine aggregate sample until the mixture‬
‭filled to 100 ml level.‬
‭3.‬ ‭The cylinder is again filled with saltwater solution until the mixture meets the‬
‭150 ml level.‬
‭4.‬ ‭The mixture is stirred and mixed well and is settled for 10 minutes.‬

‭17‬
‭ .‬
5 ‭After settled, the water, fine aggregate and silt content are measured and‬
‭data collected is recorded on the tabulation data.‬

‭18‬
 ‭(A)‬‭Sieve Analysis‬

‭Data:‬

‭Sample weight of fine aggregates = 2000g‬

‭ ieve‬
S ‭size‬ W
‭ eight‬ ‭of‬ W ‭ eight‬ ‭of‬ S ‭ ample‬ ‭ ercentage‬
P ‭ umulative‬ P
C ‭ ercentage‬ ‭ ercentage‬
P
‭(mm)‬ ‭empty‬ ‭sieve‬ ‭sieve‬ ‭+‬ ‭retained (g)‬ ‭retained (%)‬ ‭percentage‬ ‭finer (%)‬ ‭passing (%)‬
‭(g)‬ ‭sample‬ ‭retained (%)‬
‭retained (g)‬

‭10.00‬ ‭379.5‬ ‭386.0‬ ‭6.5‬ ‭0.3‬ ‭0.3‬ ‭99‬ ‭99.7‬

‭6.30‬ ‭558.5‬ ‭646.5‬ ‭88.0‬ ‭4.4‬ ‭4.7‬ ‭95‬ ‭95.3‬

‭5.00‬ ‭494.5‬ ‭507.5‬ ‭13.0‬ ‭0.6‬ ‭5.4‬ ‭94‬ ‭94.7‬

‭3.35‬ ‭478.0‬ ‭517.5‬ ‭39.0‬ ‭2.0‬ ‭7.3‬ ‭92‬ ‭92.7‬

‭2.36‬ ‭467.0‬ ‭496.0‬ ‭29.0‬ ‭1.4‬ ‭8.8‬ ‭91‬ ‭91.2‬

‭1.18‬ ‭431.0‬ ‭470.0‬ ‭39.0‬ ‭1.9‬ ‭10.7‬ ‭89‬ ‭89.3‬

‭0.60‬ ‭430.0‬ ‭536.5‬ ‭106.0‬ ‭5.3‬ ‭16.0‬ ‭84‬ ‭84.0‬

‭0.425‬ ‭419.0‬ ‭774.0‬ ‭355.0‬ ‭17.7‬ ‭33.7‬ ‭66‬ ‭66.3‬

‭0.30‬ ‭417.0‬ ‭1418.0‬ ‭1001.0‬ ‭50.0‬ ‭83.7‬ ‭16‬ ‭16.2‬

‭0.15‬ ‭401.5‬ ‭683.0‬ ‭281.5‬ ‭14.0‬ ‭97.8‬ ‭2‬ ‭2.2‬

‭Pan‬ ‭344.5‬ ‭387.0‬ ‭42.5‬ ‭2.1‬ ‭99.9‬ ‭0‬ ‭0.0‬

‭SUM‬ ‭= 4820.5‬ ‭= 6822.0‬ ‭= 2000.5‬ ‭= 99.9‬ ‭= 368.4‬ ‭= 728‬ ‭-‬

‭Calculations:‬

‭ rrors:‬
E
‭= (2000.5-2000/2000)*100‬
‭= 0.025% (<10%)‬
‭= experiment is a success because the percentage of error is less than 10% which is 0.025%.‬

‭ ieve size: 10mm:‬

S
‭Sieve + sample retained = 386.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 386.0g - 379.5g = 6.5g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (6.5/2000)x100 = 0.3%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 0+0.3 = 0.3%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-0.3 = 99%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-0.3 = 99.7%‬

‭19‬
‭ ieve size: 6.3mm:‬
S
‭Empty Sieve = 558.5g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 646.5g‬
‭Sample retained = 88.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (88.0/2000)x100 = 4.4%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 0.3+4.4 = 4.7‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-4.7 = 95%‬
‭Percentage Passing =100-4.7 = 95.3%‬

‭ ieve size: 5.0mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 494.5g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 507.5g‬
‭Sample retained = 13.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (13.0/2000)x100 = 0.6%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 4.71+0.6 = 5.4%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-5.35 = 94%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-4.71 = 94.7%‬

‭ ieve size: 3.35mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 478.0g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 517.5g‬
‭Sample retained = 39.5g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (39.5/2000)x100 = 2.0%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 5.35+2.0 =7.3%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-7.3 = 92%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-7.3 = 92.7%‬

‭ ieve size: 2.36mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 467.0g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 496.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 29.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (29.0/2000)x100 = 1.4%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 7.32+1.4=8.8%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-8.8 =91%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-8.8 = 91.2‬

‭ ieve size: 1.18mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 431.0g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 470.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 39.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (39.0/2000)x100 = 1.9%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 8.76+1.9=10.7%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-10.7 = 89%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-10.7 = 89.3%‬

‭20‬
‭ ieve size: 0.6mm:‬
S
‭Empty Sieve = 430.5g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 536.5g‬
‭Sample retained = 106.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (106.0/2000)x100 = 5.3%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 10.7+5.3=16.0%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-15.9 = 84%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-15.9 = 84.0%‬

‭ ieve size: 0.425mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 419.0g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 774.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 355.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (355.0/2000)x100 = 17.7%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 15.9+17.7=33.7%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-33.7 = 66%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-33.7 = 66.3%‬

‭ ieve size: 0.30mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 417.0g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 1418.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 1001.0g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (1001.0/2000)x100 = 50.0%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 33.7+50.0=83.7%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-83.7 = 16%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-83.7 = 16.2%‬

‭ ieve size: 0.15mm:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 401.5g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 683.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 281.5g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (281.5/2000)x100 = 14.1%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 83.8+14.1=97.8%‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-97.8 = 2%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-97.8 = 2.2%‬

‭ ieve size: Pan:‬

S
‭Empty Sieve = 344.5g‬
‭Sieve + sample retained = 387.0g‬
‭Sample retained = 42.5g‬
‭Percentage Retained = (42.5/2000)x100 = 2.1%‬
‭Cumulative percentage retained = 97.8+2.1= 100 %‬
‭Percentage finer = 100-100 = 0%‬
‭Percentage Passing = 100-100 = 0%‬

‭21‬
‭Graph: Grading curve‬

‭22‬
‭(B)‬ ‭Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate‬

‭Data and Calculation‬

‭Item‬ ‭Mass (g)‬

‭W1 Mass of Empty Beaker‬ ‭436.5‬

‭W2 Mass of Pycnometer + Sample‬ ‭936.5‬

‭W3 Mass of Pycnometer + Sample + Distilled‬ ‭1897.0‬

‭Water‬

‭W4 Mass of Pycnometer + Distilled Water‬ ‭1573.0‬

‭Specific Gravity =‬ (‭𝑊‭4‬ ‬‭−

(‭𝑊‬‭2‬‭−
‬ ‭‭𝑊
‬ ‬‭1‬) ‭2.84‬
‬ ‭‭𝑊
‬ ‬‭1)‬ ‭−
‬ ‭(‬ ‭𝑊‬‭3‬‭−
‬ ‭‭𝑊
‬ ‬‭2‬)

‭Mass of Empty Pan‬ ‭575.5‬

‭Mass of Pan + Sample (before)‬ ‭1625.5‬

‭Mass of Pan + Sample (after 24hrs in oven)‬ ‭1105‬

(‭𝑊‬‭2‬‭−
‬ ‭‬‭𝑊‭1
‬ ‬)
‭The formula for specific gravity of fine aggregate =‬ (‭𝑊‭4‬ ‬−‭‬‭𝑊‬‭1)‬ ‭‬−‭(‬ ‭𝑊‬‭3‬‭−
‬ ‭‭𝑊
‬ ‬‭2‬)

‭Therefore, specific gravity of fine aggregate‬

(‭936‬.‭5‭‬−
‬ ‭‭4
‬ 36‬.‭5‬)
‭=‬ (‭1573‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‭4
‬ 36‬.‭5‬)‭−
‬ ‭(‬ ‭1897‬.‭0‬‭‬−‭‭9
‬ 36‬.‭5‬)

‭500‬
‭=‬ ‭1136‬.‭5‬‭−
‬ ‭‬‭960‬.‭5‬

‭= 2.84‬

‭Additional Calculation‬

‭(1)‬ ‭Bulk specific gravity (oven dry)‬

‭1105‬
‭=‬ ‭1573‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‬(‭1897‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‭5
‬ 00‬)
‭‬

‭= 6.28‬

‭(2)‬ ‭Bulk specific gravity (SSD)‬

‭500‬
‭=‬ ‭1573‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‬(‭1897‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‭5
‬ 00‬)

‭= 2.84‬

‭23‬
‭(3)‬ ‭Apparent specific gravity (oven dry)‬

‭1105‬
‭=‬‭1573‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‬(‭1897‬.‭0‬‭−
‬ ‭‭1
‬ 150‬)

‭= 1.41‬

‭(4)‬ ‭% Absorption‬

(‭500‬‭−
‬ ‭‭1
‬ 105‬)
‭=‬ ‭1105‬
‭𝑥‭1
‬ 00‬

‭= - 54.75 %‬

‭24‬
‭Fineness Modulus‬

‭Sieve (mm)‬ ‭Weight(G)‬ ‭Cumulative‬ ‭Cumulative‬

‭weight‬ r‭ etained (%)‬
‭retained (g)‬
‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭Sieve +‬ ‭Sample‬
‭ ample‬
S ‭Retained‬
‭retained‬

‭10.00‬ ‭379.50‬ ‭386.00‬ ‭6.50‬ ‭6.5‬ ‭0.32‬

‭6.30‬ ‭558.50‬ ‭646.50‬ ‭88.00‬ ‭94.50‬ ‭4.72‬

‭5.00‬ ‭494.50‬ ‭507.50‬ ‭13.00‬ ‭107.50‬ ‭5.37‬

‭3.35‬ ‭478.00‬ ‭517.50‬ ‭39.50‬ ‭147.00‬ ‭7.35‬

‭2.36‬ ‭467.00‬ ‭496.00‬ ‭29.00‬ ‭176.00‬ ‭8.80‬

‭1.18‬ ‭431.00‬ ‭470.00‬ ‭39.00‬ ‭215.00‬ ‭10.74‬

‭0.60‬ ‭430.50‬ ‭536.50‬ ‭106.00‬ ‭321.00‬ ‭16.04‬

‭0.42‬ ‭419.00‬ ‭774.00‬ ‭355.00‬ ‭676.00‬ ‭33.78‬

‭0.30‬ ‭417.00‬ ‭1418.00‬ ‭1001.00‬ ‭1677.00‬ ‭83.81‬

‭0.15‬ ‭401.50‬ ‭683.00‬ ‭281.50‬ ‭1958.50‬ ‭97.88‬

‭Pan‬ ‭344.50‬ ‭387.00‬ ‭42.50‬ ‭2001.00‬ ‭100.00‬

‭SUM‬ ‭4821.00‬ ‭6822.00‬ ‭2001.00‬ ‭7380.00‬ ‭368.82‬

‭Fineness Modulus of Fine Aggregate‬

‭ sum ( cumulative % retained )/100‬

=
‭= (368.82 /100)‬
‭= 3.69‬

‭ ineness Modulus of 3.62 means average size is in between 8th and 9th sieve, that is‬
F
‭between 300 μm to 420 μm.‬

‭26‬
‭CALCULATIONS:‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 10.00 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 379.50 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 386.00 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 386 - 379.5 = 6.50 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retained‬ ‭= 6.50 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 6.5 / 2001 )100 = 0.32 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 6.30 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 558.50g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 646.50g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 646.5 - 558.50 = 88 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retained‬ ‭= 6.50 + 88 = 94.5 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 94.5 / 2001 )100 = 4.72 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 5 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 494.50 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 507.50 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 507.5 - 494.50 = 13 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retained‬ ‭= 94.5 + 13 = 107.50 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= (107.5 / 2001 )100 = 5.37 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 3.35 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 478 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 517.5 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 517.5 - 478 = 39.5 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retained‬ ‭= 107.5 + 39.5 = 147 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= (147 / 2001 )100 = 7.35 %‬

‭27‬
‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 2.36 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 467 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 496 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 496 - 467 = 29 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retained‬ ‭= 147 + 29 = 176 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 176 / 2001 )100 = 8.80 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 1.18 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 431 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 470 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 470 - 431 = 39 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retaine‬ ‭= 176 + 39 = 215 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 215 / 2001 )100 = 10.74 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 0.60 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 430.50 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 536.5 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 536.5 - 430.50 = 106 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retaine‬ ‭= 215 + 106 = 321 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 321 / 2001 )100 = 16.04 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 0.42 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 419 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 774 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 774 - 419 = 355 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retaine‬ ‭= 321 + 355 = 676 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 676 / 2001 )100 = 33.78 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 0.30 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 417 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 1418 g‬

‭28‬
 ‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 1418 - 417 = 1001 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retaine‬ ‭= 676 + 1001 = 1677 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 1677 / 2001 )100 = 83.81 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= 0.15 mm‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 401.5 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 683 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 683 - 401.5 = 281.5 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retaine‬ ‭= 1677 + 281.5 = 1958.50 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 1958.5 / 2001 )100 = 97.88 %‬

‭Sieve size‬ ‭= Pan‬

‭Empty Sieve‬ ‭= 344.5 g‬

‭Sieve + sample retained‬ ‭= 387 g‬

‭Sample retained‬ ‭= 387-344.5 = 42.5 g‬

‭Cumulative Weight Retaine‬ ‭= 1958.50 + 42.5 = 2001 g‬

‭Cumulative % Retained‬ ‭= ( 2001/ 2001 )100 = 100 %‬

‭Sum ( Cumulative % retained )‬

‭ 0.32 + 4.72 + 5.37 +7.35 + 8.80 +10.74 + 16.04 + 33.78 + 83.81 + 97.88 +100‬
=
‭= 368.82 %‬

‭29‬
‭30‬
‭C) Silt Content‬

‭Description‬ ‭Sample (ml)‬

‭Water with impurities‬ ‭62‬

‭Silt Layer‬ ‭8‬

‭Sand Layer‬ ‭80‬

‭Total‬ ‭150‬

‭CALCULATIONS:‬

‭ ilt layer, y = 8.0 ml‬

S
‭Sand layer, x = 80 ml‬
‭Silt content ( % ) = 8/80 x 100‬
‭= 10%‬

‭31‬
‭DISCUSSION‬

‭ ieve Analysis :‬
S
‭Sieve Analysis is a method of dividing samples like aggregates into various fractions of sizes.‬
‭Through sieve analysis, we can determine and assess the particle size distribution of the fine‬
‭aggregates. This process would be known as “grading” of the aggregates. With the grading‬
‭of the fine aggregates, the finesses modulus can be determined. And, based on the result,‬
‭we can see that the finesse modulus is 3.69.‬

‭ pecific Gravity :‬
S
‭Specific gravity by pycnometer method is the ratio of the mass of a unit volume of soil‬
‭at a stated temperature to the mass of the same volume of gas-free distilled water at a stated‬
‭Temperature. To begin with, the source of the mistake and inaccuracy in this experiment is‬
‭that the pycnometer lid is not secure enough, allowing the water to escape inside and‬
‭causing the weight measurement to be inaccurate.‬

‭ ilt Test :‬
S
‭Silt fines is a fine material which is less than 150 micron. It is unstable in the‬
‭presence of water.Thus, they will affect the strength of structure upon shrinking and‬
‭expanding due to weather condition changes(Chitlange, Pajgade,& Nagarnaik,‬
‭2008). In this test, the salt solution is used to help separate the water from the sand.‬
‭Therefore, it is easier to measure the silt layer that is on the surface of the sand.‬

‭32‬
 ‭6‬ ‭CONCLUSION‬
‭Firstly,‬‭based‬‭on‬‭the‬‭findings‬‭from‬‭the‬‭sieve‬‭analysis,‬‭our‬‭fineness‬‭modulus‬
‭of‬‭fine‬‭aggregate‬‭is‬‭3.69.‬‭By‬‭referring‬‭to‬‭the‬‭ASTM‬‭standard,‬‭the‬‭optimal‬‭range‬‭for‬
‭fineness‬ ‭modulus‬ ‭is‬ ‭between‬ ‭2.2‬ ‭to‬ ‭3.2‬ ‭for‬ ‭concrete.‬ ‭Therefore,‬ ‭the‬ ‭fineness‬
‭modulus‬‭is‬‭not‬‭considered‬‭a‬‭fine‬‭aggregate‬‭sample.‬‭However,‬‭the‬‭number‬‭of‬‭sieve‬
‭sizes‬ ‭used‬ ‭compared‬ ‭to‬ ‭ASTM‬ ‭sieve‬ ‭sizes‬ ‭are‬ ‭different.‬ ‭Not‬ ‭only‬ ‭that,‬ ‭the‬
‭aggregate‬ ‭can‬ ‭still‬ ‭be‬ ‭used‬ ‭to‬ ‭produce‬ ‭concrete‬ ‭by‬ ‭taking‬ ‭account‬ ‭of‬ ‭low‬ ‭water‬
‭content‬ ‭to‬ ‭prevent‬ ‭segregation.‬‭Our‬‭suggestions‬‭are‬‭implementing‬‭the‬‭same‬‭sieve‬
‭sizes in accordance with the ASTM standard.‬
‭Secondly,‬ ‭from‬ ‭determining‬ ‭the‬ ‭outcome‬ ‭of‬ ‭our‬ ‭specific‬ ‭gravity‬ ‭and‬ ‭water‬
‭absorption,‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬ ‭indicate‬ ‭that‬ ‭the‬ ‭specific‬ ‭gravity‬ ‭value‬ ‭is‬ ‭2.84.‬ ‭In‬ ‭reference‬‭to‬
‭ASTM‬ ‭and‬ ‭AASHTO‬ ‭standard,‬ ‭no‬ ‭accepted‬‭reference‬‭is‬‭suitable‬‭for‬‭indicating‬‭the‬
‭measure‬‭of‬‭specific‬‭gravity,‬‭although‬‭specific‬‭gravity‬‭value‬‭above‬‭2.80‬‭is‬‭considered‬
‭high‬ ‭strength‬ ‭and‬ ‭high‬ ‭in‬ ‭workability.‬‭Recommendation‬‭that‬‭could‬‭be‬‭suggested‬‭is‬
‭to provide different ranges of specific gravity value for different types of concrete.‬
‭Next,‬‭in‬‭accordance‬‭with‬‭the‬‭silt‬‭content‬‭test,‬‭our‬‭silt‬‭content‬‭is‬‭calculated‬‭to‬
‭10%.‬ ‭As‬ ‭stated‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬‭ASTM‬‭standard,‬‭silt‬‭content‬‭shall‬‭not‬‭exceed‬‭3%‬‭to‬‭5%‬‭for‬
‭fine‬ ‭aggregate‬ ‭finer‬ ‭than‬ ‭75‬ ‭µm.‬ ‭The‬ ‭sample‬ ‭used‬ ‭may‬ ‭not‬ ‭be‬ ‭finer‬ ‭than‬ ‭75‬ ‭µm‬
‭which‬ ‭resulted‬ ‭in‬ ‭high‬ ‭silt‬ ‭content.‬ ‭High‬ ‭silt‬ ‭content‬ ‭could‬ ‭impact‬ ‭overall‬ ‭strength‬
‭and‬ ‭workability‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭potential‬ ‭cracking.‬ ‭Recommendations‬ ‭are‬ ‭to‬ ‭sieve‬ ‭the‬ ‭fine‬
‭aggregate‬ ‭sample‬‭to‬‭the‬‭desired‬‭ASTM‬‭specification‬‭before‬‭proceeding‬‭to‬‭conduct‬
‭the silt content test.‬

‭103727‬
‭33‬
‭References:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Magma upwelling (2022)‬

‭Retrieve from‬
‭https://youtu.be/mMYhvQHG27s?si=qlPE-Inx0_52XxkH‬

‭2.‬ ‭Abhijeet Baikerikar (2017)‬

‭Retrieve from‬
‭https://allaboutcivilengg.com/sieve-analysis-of-fine-aggregates-2/‬

‭3.‬ ‭Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregates‬

‭https://youtu.be/42obF5R5AmY?si=GoMWkTKR9cV6Fv8d‬

‭4.‬ ‭ASTM‬ ‭C136:‬ ‭Standard‬ ‭Test‬ ‭Method‬ ‭for‬ ‭Sieve‬ ‭Analysis‬ ‭of‬ ‭Fine‬ ‭and‬
‭Coarse Aggregates‬

‭5.‬ ‭ASTM C33-86: Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates‬

‭6.‬ ‭ASTM‬ ‭C128:‬ ‭Standard‬ ‭Test‬ ‭Method‬ ‭for‬ ‭Relative‬ ‭Density‬ ‭(Specific‬
‭Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate‬

‭7.‬ ‭AASHTO‬ ‭T84:‬ ‭Standard‬ ‭Method‬ ‭of‬ ‭Test‬ ‭for‬ ‭Specific‬ ‭Gravity‬ ‭and‬
‭Absorption of Fine Aggregate‬

‭8.‬ ‭ASTM‬‭D2419:‬‭Standard‬‭Test‬‭Method‬‭for‬‭Sand‬‭Equivalent‬‭Value‬‭of‬‭Soils‬
‭and Fine Aggregate‬

‭34‬