ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

LECTURE NOTE 4: Types of Communicative Strategy and Types of Speeches.

WEEKS 1 & 2
(Second Quarter)
I. LEARNING COMPETENCIES topic. Speakers are restricted to sideswipe to avoid communication
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to: breakdown.
1. Engages in a communicative situation using acceptable, polite and -Refers to limitation you may have as a speaker in communication. For
meaningful communicative strategies. (CG) example, in class reporting you are given specific instruction to just talk
2. Explains that a shift in speech context, speech style, speech act and about the important things in your report.
communicative strategy affects language form, duration of
interaction, relationship of speaker, role and responsibilities of a 3. Turn-taking
speaker, message and delivery. (CG) -To make communication be organized and all ideas are well-facilitated,
3. Uses principles of speech delivery in different situations. (CG) people in the circle must be given equal opportunities to present their
ideas during the conversation.
-Used to control and prevent unnecessary interruption and topic shifts in a
LESSON 1: TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY certain conversation. For example, giving a specific topic, giving
information, accepting answers and asking questions which are related
Good communication strengthens relationship. It builds trust, only on the topic.
suggests individual’s manner, and may also resolve certain issue. Since we 4. Topic Control
are addressed as “social being” where it is not easy for us to live without -Topic control is a communicative strategy used to control and prevent
interaction to one another, there are ways on how people may unnecessary interruptions and topic shifts in a certain conversation. Topic
communicate effectively and meaningfully. control is considered a procedural formality or informality that affects the
Everyone must know the importance of establishing good development of certain topics in particular discussion or conversation.
communication in order to avoid confusion, misunderstanding and to gain -Moreover, topic control works along the concept of turn-taking, where
more others’ ideas, and experiences and to resolve problems in every everyone can express related ideas to the ongoing topic without the need
situation. to interrupt others.
-Used to control and prevent unnecessary interruption and topic shifts in a
1. Nomination certain conversation. For example, giving a specific topic, giving
-This is a speaker’s strategy in establishing a collaborative conversation by information, accepting answers and asking questions which are related
opening a subject. Commonly, to employ this strategy without prior only on the topic.
conversation, the speaker frequently asks questions, tell some current 5. Topic Shifting
news or announcements that would require his/her listener to respond and -Topic shifting is a diversionary tactic in which one person in a discussion
have a good start for conversation. (the shifter) manages to subtly change the discussion's topic to another,
-Commences a conversation by suggesting, introducing or proposing a related but different topic, without explicitly announcing the change of
topic to be discussed for the conversation. For example: Project proposals, subject or reaching any kind of mutual agreement that such a change is
giving tips, asking questions and suggestions, introducing a new product appropriate.
and many more. -involves moving from one topic to another.
2. Restriction 6. Repair
-Restriction in communication refers to any limitation you have as a -Repair refers to how speakers address problems in speaking, listening,
speaker (Sipacio and Balgos, 2016). This strategy limits the speaker’s and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. Repair is
content of what to say – mostly only those that are relevant to the topic self-righting mechanism in any social interaction. Once a problem in
presented. communication is not repaired right away, surely, it would lead into
-If a teacher gives a topic to collaborate, everyone in the group are misunderstanding or confusion.
expected to bring out ideas that would only be concerned with the given

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 4: Types of Communicative Strategy and Types of Speeches.
WEEKS 1 & 2
(Second Quarter)
-Refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening and -This pattern is used when you want to talk about the physical structure of
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation. an object or the way how things fit together in a certain space. Topics that
deal with geography fit this pattern best.
C. Topical/Categorical Pattern
7. Termination -This can be used if you want to inform your audience about the main
- Termination refers to the conversation participants' close initiating features, descriptions, or categories of your topic.
expressions that end a topic in a conversation. Most of the time, the topic
initiator takes responsibility to signal the end of the discussion as well. Specific Purpose- To persuade a group of High School Seniors to attend a
-Ending the conversation. Certain University
-You can do this by means of sharing what you learn from the Main Points- Life in the dorm, Life in the classroom, Life inside the
conversation, soliciting information from the conversation participants and campus.
using concluding words.
D. Cause-Effect Pattern
LESSON 2: TYPES OF SPEECHES -This can be used to show the origin and consequences of events or
A. According to Purpose phenomena.
1. Informative Speech E. Comparison-Contrast
-Provides the audience with a clear understanding of a concept or idea. -This can be used if you want to compare objects, events, or concepts
The lectures of your teachers are the best examples of this type. underscoring their similarities and differences.

Types of Informative Speeches 2. Persuasive Speech

a. Speech about objects or people -Persuasive speaking is the form of communication that people of diverse
-This focuses on tangible items like gadgets, products, structures, or background mostly engage in. When you deliver your persuasive speech,
people. Visual aids are necessary. your primary goal is to influence the thoughts, feelings, actions, and
b. Speech about processes behaviours or attitudes of your listeners (Gamble, 2012). Likewise, you also
-This focuses on a process or sequence of events. Visual aids are aim to change their perception and convince them that your argument is
necessary. more important, attainable, or feasible. In essence, you as a persuasive
c. Speech about events speaker promote for whatever your message is.
-This focuses on an event that happened, is happening, or might
happening in the future. Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech
d. Speech about Concept
-This focuses on beliefs, knowledge, theories, principles or ideas. a. Speech that Questions Fact
-This type questions the existence of a particular event or happening. In
Informative Speech Organizational Patterns this case, the persuasive speaker poses question of fact, derives
A. Chronological Pattern conclusion from different sources of information, and attempts to convince
-This can be used if you want to present the history, evolution and the audience to believe in his/her ideas.
development of your topic in a sequential order, from past to present or
beginning to end. b. Speech that Questions Value
B. Spatial Pattern -Asks whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable. A value
is something that requires a more judgemental response than does a

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 4: Types of Communicative Strategy and Types of Speeches.
WEEKS 1 & 2
(Second Quarter)
question of fact. Take note, values vary dramatically from one person to General MacArthur- “Duty, Honor, Country”.
another. Abraham Lincoln- “Government of the people, by the people, for
the people”.
c. Speech that Questions Policy “Pro God, pro man, pro nature”.
-This speech questions an existing policy/rules or a proposed one. For 2. Problem-Solution
example, the policy that prohibits the use of cell phones during class -Identify the problem and then provide a solution that will show the
hours, domestic violence drug policy, foreign policy, English Only Policy, No practicality of your proposal.
ID, No Entry, No Helmet, No Travel and many more.

Organizational Patterns for Persuasive Speech 3. Problem-cause-solution

-Identify the problem, analyse the root causes of the problem and then
1. A. F. O. R. E. S. T. provide solutions.
a. Anecdotes- begin your story with a personal story, observation, or
4. Comparative Advantages
experience.
-Identify the problem, present two solutions to the problem and then
Example: It all started when I am in grade 3, I remember getting zero on a
compare the two solutions.
quiz and because of that I became more studious. That was one of the
reasons why I became successful with my studies and now I am a proud
Methods of Persuasion
lawyer.
b. Facts and figures- Provide striking statistics that can support your
1. How to enhance your credibility (Paano mo pagtitibayin ang iyong
ideas.
kredibilidad)
a. Explain how you become an expert to the topic. (Ipaliwanag mo kung
Example: According to the census conducted by the Philippine Statistics
paano ka naging magaling o dalubhasa sa paksa).
Office, three-fourth of the Ilocano’s belong to the marginalized sector of
b. Connect your experiences, beliefs, values or attitudes with your
the society.
audience. (Ikonekta or iugnay ang iyong mga karanasan, paniniwala,
c. Opinion- Add in your opinion. You can begin your statement with “I
asal at ugali sa iyong audience).
believe that”.
c. Practice more often so you can deliver your speech with conviction. (Sabi
d. Rhetorical Questions- these are questions which do not intend to
nga nila, “practice is mastery”.)
elicit answers, but to make a point.
Examples: Do you want to be a failure for the rest of your life? Are we
2. How to use evidence (Paano gumamit ng ebidensiya o mga patunay)
a nation that tolerates the hypocrisy of a system where workers who
a. Specify evidence.
pick our fruit and make our beds never have a chance to get right with
b. Avoid outdated evidence.
the law? Are we an educational institution anchored on academic
c. Choose credible and reliable sources for your evidence.
excellence, moral formation and community engagement?
e. Emotive Language – appeal to your audience’s emotion.
3. How to use reasoning
f. Superlatives- Use superlatives to exaggerate an Idea.
-Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning.
Examples: most, smartest, newest, hardest and many more.
g. Tripling- Rule of three or using three words together to reinforce your
Common Errors in Reasoning
point.
a. Ad Hominem- This happens when you attack the character of a person
Examples: Julius Caesar- “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I saw, I conquered).
instead of his argument.
Shakespear- “Friends, Romans, Countrymen”.

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 4: Types of Communicative Strategy and Types of Speeches.
WEEKS 1 & 2
(Second Quarter)
b. Circular Argument- This happens when the idea of a stated -Choose a light topic. Remember, you are there to give the audience a
argument is repeated. good time.
c. False Analogy- This happens when two things, which might be 2. Enjoy!
alike in some respects, are compared and assumed to be similar -If you exude confidence and you obviously enjoy the moment, the
in other ways. audience will enjoy your presence, too.
Examples: A pocket wax is complex, and it’s clear that it must have 3. Simplify!
been designed intelligently by a watchmaker. Living beings and the -Simplify the flow of your speech. Your audience does not need a mentally
world are similarly complex. Thus, they might also be the product of exhausting message.
intelligent design. Payday Loan and credit card companies are just like 4. Visualize!
opportunistic vultures. They’ll always strike at victims when they’re at -Your words should be highly descriptive. Use vivid words and keep them
their weakest. flowing to make your audience feel as if they were in a story.
d. False Authority- This happens when a statement of someone who is 5. Surprise!
not expert in the field in question is being used in an argument. -Astonish your audience with unexpected twists in your presentation. The
e. False Cause and Effect more you surprise them, the more entertaining your speech will become.
-This happens when the connection between two consecutive events are
not clear.
g. Hasty Generalization- This happens when a conclusion is drawn
from insufficient evidence.
h. Red Herring- This Happens when the answer does not address the
question.
4. How to use emotional appeal
a. Internalize what you are saying.
b. Use emotion appropriately.

Entertainment Speech

An entertainment speech aims to share goodwill, joy, and pleasure

to the audience. The purpose of an entertainment speech is not to inform,
educate, or inspire because the primary goal is to make the audience
relax, enjoy and even laugh. This means that you, the speaker, are
expected to be friendly and relaxed, but still courteous during the speech
delivery. Moreover, you should know your audience well in order to
entertain them effectively.

How to Make your Speech Entertaining

To make your speech entertaining, you may:

-tell jokes;, -share funny stories ,-dramatize experiences; and, -recall a PRACTICE/EXERCISE (Avoid Erasures)
scary story. Activity #1: Matching Type

Steps in Writing an Entertaining Speech Direction: Match the Column A to Column B to connect the
1. Choose! Communicative Strategy to its meaning.

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 4: Types of Communicative Strategy and Types of Speeches.
WEEKS 1 & 2
(Second Quarter)
Column A Column B "We need to work together for this project.
3 William, you are good in making good
1. Nomination a. The Speaker will always try to address 2. visuals, yes? Are you interested to do
Turn-Taking and correct the problem in it for us? "
3. Topic shifting understanding the conversation.
4. Termination b. The speaker has to end the
5. Repair conversation with no confusion. 4
"Speaking of summer, do you even feel how
c. Each member in a group must hot it is outside?"
share their idea.
d. A sudden change of topic which has "Please hear me out, I need to tell you
connection from the previous 5 something"
conversation. "That's it for today's topic, I'll see you next
e. The speaker leads the start of 6 week."
conversation.
"We should take this moment as learning
7
opportunity.
Let's take a note regarding this matter."

8
"I'm sorry, could you repeat your question
please? I didn't hear it quite clearly. Thanks"

9
Group presentation with topic presentation
divided among members.

10 "How were you able to bring the cat out?"

Activity #2: Identification

Direction: To check whether the strategies are well-understood,
ENRICHMENT ACTIVYITY: Voice Recorded Informative Speech (20
here is a short activity. Identify what strategy is used in each of the
points)
following statements.

Class report on a certain topic, and you are Direction: Using your smartphone, kindly record a short speech about any
1 the presenter. informative topic and of any type. Your speech should not be shorter than
2 minutes and not longer than 5 minutes. Use English Language Only. Also,
write your speech in any sheet of paper or you can send it via Messenger,
2 "What did you like about today's activity?" Telegram or Gmail.
Rubrics
Criter 2 3 4 5

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 ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
LECTURE NOTE 4: Types of Communicative Strategy and Types of Speeches.
WEEKS 1 & 2
(Second Quarter)
ia
Conte The whole Most of Most of The
nt X2 speech the speech the whole
content content speech speech
showed showed content content
irrelevance irrelevance showed showed
to the to the relevanc strong
topic. Most topic. Most e or relevanc
of the of the connecti e or
ideas were ideas were on to the connecti
unorganize unorganize topic. on to the
d, d, Most of topic. All
unclearly unclearly the ideas Ideas
stated, stated, were were
and not and not well well
united. united. organize organize
d, clearly d, clearly
stated, stated,
and and
united. united.
Voice The voice The voice The The
X2 of the of the voice of voice of
speaker speaker the the
sounded sounded speaker speaker
unconfiden unconfiden sounded sounded
t, t, with with
unconvicti unconvicti confiden confiden
ng, ng, ce, ce,
unclear, unclear, convictio convictio
and not and not n, clarity, n, clarity,
impactful impactful and and
all the most of impactful impactful
time. the time. most of all the
the time. time.

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