What is philosophy?

• Socratic Method - a method of inquiry by answering a question with a question to

• Comes from two Greek words philos which means "love" sophia which means stimulate critical thinking and to draw out ideas and underlying presumptions
"wisdom". Thus, a philosopher is a "lover of wisdom"
Aristotle
PLATO (428-348BC) mind and self are one
• Student of Socrates
• He believed in the division of a person's body and soul which forms a person aside (ST.) AUGUSTINE
from the material things and that could be observed & associated with the person. • A Saint and a Philosopher of the Church
• He believed that the soul is divided into 3 different parts, that has different views
leading to different behaviors. • He followed the view of Plato but adds Christianity
• appetitive soul - the part of the person that is driven by desire and need to satisfy • His idea of a man and how to understand who we are as a person is related to our
oneself - physical needs, pleasures (food, drink, sleep, sexual needs, etc.) understanding of who we are and how we question ourselves - the more one doubts
o spirited soul - courageous part of the person. One who wants to do something or to and question his life means that the person is actually living.
right the wrongs that they observe. This is very competitive and is very active. • Relates our existence to God being modelled in His likeness though being alive
Competitiveness drives one to expect positive results and winning. means that we are still far from God and has yet to be truly with Him.
o rational soul - The drive of our lives. The part that thinks and plans. It decides what • Follows the idea that God encompasses us all, that everything will be better if we
to do, when to do it and the possible results one could have depending on their are with God.
actions. • Everything is better if we devote ourselves mending our relationship with God.
• man is of a bifurcated nature
SIGMUND FREUD • part of man dwells in the world (imperfect) and yearns to be with the Divine
• Austrian Neurologist and the Father of Psychoanalysis • other part is capable of reaching immortality
• He believed that man has different constructs of personality that • body - dies on earth; soul - lives eternally in spiritual bliss with "God"
interacts with each other （#lifegoal）
• used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind.
• He believed that we are a by-product of our experiences in the past and that actions RENE DESCARTES (1596 - 1650)
are driven by the idea of resisting or avoiding pain and are molded from our need for • Father of Modern Philosophy
pleasure. • Believed in modern Dualism or the existence of body & mind
3 LEVELS OF CONSCIOUSNESS •human person = body + mind
* CONSCIOUS - your current state of awareness. • Known to be the proponent of —METHODICAL DOUBTII - there is so much that we
*PRECONSCIOUS/SUBCONSCIOUS - all information that you are not should doubt - continuous process of questioning - perceiving and accepting the facts
currently aware of but can be recalled that doubting and asking questions are part of one's existence.
* UNCONSCIOUS - always exist outside of your awareness. • MIND - thinks and questions or doubts what the body has experienced
3 ASPECTS OF PERSONALITY • BODY - perceives from the different senses
ID - first part of the self to develop • However, BODY and its perceptions cannot fully be trusted or can easily be
Seat of all our desires and wants deceived. Example:
• Operates the Pleasure Principle - the idea that all your needs • We should focus on the mind in order to perceive as who we are or the essence of
• should be met immediately our existence because we cannot always trust our senses • "! think, therefore I am"
• Wants instant gratification and does not care about morals or • the self = cogito (the thinking thing) + extenza (the unthinking thing) • the body is a
Unconscious collection of urges fighting to be fulfilled machine attached to the mind
EGO - functions in the Reality Principle • it's the mind that makes the man
• It regulates how many of the Id's urges are allowed to be expressed • "I am a thinking thing... A thing that doubts, understands, affirms, denies, wills,
• While ID is irrational, the EGO is able to decide what is right or wrong refuses, imagines, perceives."
based on context. rationalist
• EGO can think, observe reality and decide what is rational and realistic. It cogito ergo sum- i think, therefore, I am
is the one that allows our mind to act. It is the mediator between the Id self: a thinking thing
and superego self is mind

SUPEREGO - Functions on the Ideal Principle. dualism: thinking (spiritual)self

• It is the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral laws of the reason and gods will
standards by which the ego operates. vs physical body
• It the CONSCIENCE of one's personality. laws of nature
• Has the inclination to uphold justice and do what is morally right, socially
acceptable actions. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)
• English Philosopher & Physician
regions of the mind • His work on the "SELF" is most represented by the concept "TABULA RASA
id blank slate/clean slate
ego • SELF is the product of what we acquire through our experience of the world.
superego • Stated that the person is born with knowing nothing and that is susceptible to
stimulation and accumulation of learning from experiences, failures, references and
founded the Psychoanalytic School of Psychology observations of the person
multi-layered: • Experiences "WRITES" knowledge and understanding as the individual matures.
-conscious - awareness Experiences are important in the establishment of who that person can become.
-pre-conscious - we know but we don’t mind it an empiricist
-subconscious - information that can retrieve knowledge originates in our direct sense experience
-unconscious - not aware
information buried deeply in our mind DAVID HUME (1711-1776)
can know through dreams • Scottish Philosopher
repression- kusang nawawala yung memory to cope up the sadness • "the self is nothing but a bundle of impressions and ideas"
voluntary forgetting the memory * Impression
suppression- forcefully forgetting painful memories - basic objects of our experience/sensation
parapractes- slip of the tongue - forms the core of our thoughts
slip of the pen *idea
- copies of impressions
SOCRATES (470-399BC) - not as "real" as impressions - feeling mo lang yun!
the soul and the self are one • he doubted basic ideas of individual character; and contended that there is no
dualistic reality lasting "self" that proceeds after some time.
• Socrates is known as one of the most important philosophers in history. • There is no permanent self because impressions of things are based from our
He is often described as the father of Western philosophy. experiences where we can create our ideas and knowledge.
• Concerned with the problem of the self. His philosophy underlies in the importance Thus, it may improve or totally be replaced
of the notion -KNOWING ONESELFII • self = a collection of different perceptions which rapidly succeed each other
• pointed out that human choice was motivated by the desire for happiness - for him, • self = in a perpetual flux and movement
man's goal is to obtain happiness. an empiricist, skeptici and nihilist
• Happiness motivates us to act towards or avoid things that could have negative there is no self
effects in our lives. empiricism
• Thus, by fully knowing oneself, a person will be able to achieve happiness impressions- basic sensations of experience
• Possession of knowledge is a VIRTUE, Ignorance is DEPRAVITY • ideas- copies of our impressions
"the unexamined life is not worth living"
• A person's acceptance of ignorance is the beginning of acquisition of knowledge Emmanuel Kant
• Knowing our self, lies in our abilities and wisdom we construct the self
• Understanding ourselves through INTERNAL QUESTIONING OR INTROSPECTION paul church land
the mind and the self is the brain particular religion, a particular nationality, and how to behave given expectations and
brain physical thing influences from others
mind thinking thing/ideas
memory core of the ideas The self-embedded in culture
• Culture - way of life
maurice merleau-ponty • Subculture - a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs and
mind and body are intertwined interests at variance with those of the larger culture.
the living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF
sociological
man cannot live alone The self as a cognitive construction:
William James and the Me-Self, I-Self
clifford geertz Self is the essence of a person: his thoughts, feelings and actions, experiences,
the struggle for one individuality is only possible in modern society beliefs, values, principles and relationships.
Self as Product of Modern Society Clifford Geertz: 1. "Me" Self refers to the aspects of someone that come from that person's
"The struggle for one's individuality is only possible in modern society where religio- experiences; it has three sections:
theological traditions are gradually replaced by rational and scientific calculations; a. Material Self - consists of things that belong to us or that we belong to (e.g., family,
and the intimate personal affiliations are replaced by exceedingly impersonal clothes, our body, money)
associations brought about by urbanized way of life." b. Social Self - who we are in a given social situation
The stability of one's self-identity is no longer anchored on pre-given tradition-bound c. Spiritual Self - who we are at the core
definition of the self. IT IS NOW FREELY CHOSEN. 2. "I" Self is classified as the thinking self

Self as a Necessary Fiction (Friedrich Nietzsche) True vs False selves

• Necessary fictions are beliefs that cannot be proven to Be true and A person is in her/his true self if s/he has a sense of integrity and of connected
sometimes can be proven false, but are. nonetheless, necessary to wholeness.
sustain life. When the person has to comply with external rules, such as being polite or otherwise
• They are fictions because they cannot be proven. They are necessary following social codes, then a false self is used.
because without them we would be rudderless in a world chaos. • Healthy false self
• The 'self is a set of moving parts, wih the When the false self is functional both for the person and for society then it is
• movenent being informed by one's need at any considered healthy. The healthy false self feels that it is still being true to the true self.
• given time • Unhealthy false self
• In one situation we experience our 'self in this way. In another situation A self that fits in but through a feeling of forced compliance rather than loving
we experience our self differently. adaptation is unhealthy.
• So each of us is many people, or in relational parlance, we are multiple
(Nitzsche, 1857). The manner in which we organize our multiplicity The self as proactive and agentic
shapes our character, what we call self. Self as Proactive
Agentic
 controlling a situation by making things happen or by preparing for
Zygmunt Bauman: possible future problems
Modern problem of identity - how to construct an identity and keep it solid and  asocial cognition theory of Albert Bandura that views people as self-
stable. organizing, proactive, self-
Postmodern problem of identity - how to avoid fixation and keep the options open.  reflective and self-regulating as times change
 the capacity for human beings to make choices in the world
Self as Artistic Creation Agentic Perspective
Nietzsche: "The unity of the self is not something that is pregiven to individuals. It is  states that we are not merely reactive organisms shaped by
something that they must accomplish through conscious effort." environmental forces or driven by inner impulses
• We can recreate ourselves to get hold of the present, forgive the past and plan the Agentic Self
future.  is seeing the world as agents of change
You sent
Self Creation and the Struggle for Cultural Identity Individualistic vs Collectivistic Self
A challenge of self-identity amidst recognition of racial and ethnic identities which are Individualism
considered unalterable circumstances - a belief that the needs of each person are more important than the needs of the
Beyond self-creation society
• Search for self-identity is a product of modern society but this is complicated by the - promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement
socio-cultural sensibilities of postmodernity, new information technologies and - own opinion is important over the general opinion; task over relationship
globalization. Yet the project of self creation is embedded within imagined - personality type: more assertive and strong; artistic type
communities.
• The self constantly lives in this paradox: to pursue self creation within pre-given, not
Collectivism
willfully chosen social circumstances
- the self is part of the community
- the rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the
Mead and the Social Self
individual
The social conception of the self entails that individual selves are the products of
- working with others and cooperating is the norm
social interaction and not the logical or biological preconditions of that interaction.
- personality type: trustworthy; honest; generous; sensitive
It is not initially there at birth, but arises in the process of social experience and
activity.
The Self as embedded in relationships and through spiritual development in
Mind arises out of the social act of communication.
Confucian thought
Three activities through which the self is developed:
 Confucianism can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one
1. Language allows individuals to take on the "role of the other" and allows people to
should properly act according to their relationship with other people;
respond to his or her own gestures in terms of the symbolized attitudes of others.
thus, it is also focused on having a harmonious social life.
2. Play allows individuals to take on the roles of other people and pretend to be those
 the identity and self-concept of the individual are interwoven with the
other people in order to express the expectations of significant others.
identity and status
3. Game requires the individual to internalize the roles of all others who are involved
 of his/her community or culture, sharing its pride as well as its failures
with him or her in the game and must comprehend the rules of the game.
 The cultivated self in Confucianism is what some scholars call a
Edited
"subdued self" wherein personal needs are repressed (subdued) for the
Two sides of the self:
good of many, making Confucian society also hierarchal for the purpose
1. The "me" represents the expectations and attitudes
of maintaining order and balance in society
(the generalized other).
 with their collectivistic culture, Easterners put more emphasis on
-It represents the learned behavior, attitudes, and expectations of others and the
hierarchy as the culture
society.
 wants to keep things in harmony and order
2. The "I" self can be considered the present and future phase of the self
clifford geertz
- represents the individual's identity based on response to the "me"
the struggle for one individuality is only possible in modern society
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE SELF

The self and person in contemporary anthropology

According to Marcel Mauss, every self has two faces:
Moi - refers to a person's basic identity; it is a person's sense of who he is, his body,
and his basic identity, his biological givenness
Personne - composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is; it has
much to do with what it means to live in a particular institution, a particular family, a
The Cradles of Early Science  They used bricks to make houses that protected them from the harsh weather and
Transportation. Our means of moving from place to place have developed faster and to build a wall around the city that prevented wild animals and neighboring raiders
more comprehensive with every passing generation of technology. from entering.
 Examples: wheel, wheeled chariot, sailboat, sailing ship, road, compass, steamboat,
railroad, THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR
Communication. Communication today have transformed drastically that it extended  Another engineering and architectural feat of the Sumerians is the Great Ziggurat of
limitless possibilities in our reach, broadened our vision, and expanded our Ur
knowledge that we are often said to live in the Age of Information.  It is also called the mountain of God built in the same manner that as city of URUK
 Examples: cuneiform, ink, papyrus, paper, hieroglyphics, newspaper, bound book or  It served as the scared place of their chief god where only their priest was allowed
codex, numbers, Greek and Latin alphabet, parchment and vellum, printing to enter.
press,photography, telegraph, telephone, phonograph, motion picture,  SAILBOATS
Food production, agriculture, and industry. The growth of living organisms and the  was also invented by Sumerians
manufacturing of new materials and objects are vital to the maintenance of life. This  boats were used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large
is true to the increasing number people in different parts of the world. Improvements distances
in food production, agriculture, and industry demonstrate the steadfastness ofhuman  Sumerians wanted to discover faraway lands and they needed a mode of
beings to make their material lives safe, easier, comfortable, and prosperous. transportation that did not require much human resource.
 Examples: plowshare, silk, tea, bronze, iron, petroleum refinery, power loom,  Sailboats were essential in transportation and trading as well as fostering culture,
canning, refrigeration, steel, aluminum, sheet and plate glass, rayon, Bakelite, information and technology.
combine harvester, industrial robots, fullerenes  WHEEL
Military. Weapons and armors were important in the discovery of new places,  latter part of history - wheel was invented
especially in the establishment of alliances, taking of needed resources, conflicts,  the first wheels were not made for transportation but farm work and food
security, and protection. Stronger nations tend to invade and colonize weaker ones to processes
expand their territories as well as their resources. Inventions in the field of weaponry  with the use of wheel and axle mass production was made easier
and security have contributed in the deliberate and organized application of deadly  Farmers were able to mill grains with less effort in less time
force against other people.  THE PLOW
 Examples: spear, bow and arrow, gunpowder, rifled muzzleloaders, submarine,  Another farm technology invented by the MESOPOTAMIANS
machine gun, assault rifle, tank, ballistic missile, nuclear weapons  It is used to dig the ground where seeds would be planted
Conservation of life, medicine, and health. Nothing testifies more convincingly to  It is used to dig the earth in a faster pace
human ingenuity than their ability to understand the processes of the human body  Farmers could cultivate larger parcels of land faster, enabling them to mass produce
and to influence the longevity of life through the study and improving the processes food without taking so much effort and time
of saving lives, maintaining good health, and preventing the spread of diseases..
 Examples: smallpox vaccine, general anesthesia, pasteurization, Xray imaging, IRRIGATION and DIKES
insulin, antibiotics, blood transfusion, polio vaccine, birth control pill, heart  Sumerians created dikes and irrigation canals to bring water to farmlands and at the
transplantation, genetic engineering, cloning same time control of flooding of the rivers.
Engineering and architecture. The building of great structures is a sign not only of  It is considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works Through the
human inventiveness but of organization. Over time we have gathered the dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting,
intelligence, materials, and collective will to bridge chasms, erect soaring towers, which increased their food production
domes, and vaults, and even create artificial controlled environments inside our own  ROADS
homes. Architectural designs, though seen by some as a mere style, are actually signs  Sumerians developed the first road
of technologicaladvancement. It is a status symbol of how advanced a nation’s  it made the flow of traffic become faster and more organized
technology is and it establishes the identity of a nation.  they made the roads with the same technology they used in making the sun-baked
 Examples: city, ziggurat, irrigation, dike, Wonders of the World, aqueduct, arch, bricks that they laid down on the ground
brick, dam, Roman dome, plumbing, paved road, reinforced concrete, suspension
bridge, dynamite, skyscraper, elevator, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning  BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION (4000 BC)
Power and energy. Fundamental to all inventions are power and energy, the  Babylonia was a state in a state in ancient MESOPOTAMIA located along the
harnessing of the capacity of the physical world to do work. The human race has Euphrates River. (Present-day Iraq, about 50 miles south of Baghdad) o Babylon grew
applied its genius to using all sources of energy for a multitude of ends. into one of the largest cities of the ancient world under the rule of Hammurabi (1792
 Example: waterwheel, controlled fire, windmill, steam engine, electric battery, to 1750 BC). He conquered neighboring city-states, he brought much of southern and
electric generator and motor, incandescent lightbulb, steam turbine, gasoline engine, central Mesopotamia under unified Babylonian rule, creating an empire called
jet engine, nuclear reactor laser, wind turbine, solar cell, fuel cell Babylonia.
o Hammurabi turned Babylon into a rich, powerful and influential city. He created
THE ANCIENT WORLD one of the world’s earliest and most complete written legal codes known as Codes of
The different major technological advancements during the ancient times which Hammurabi, it helped Babylon surpass other cities in the region.
include some of the achievements of the early civilizations such as the Asian, African  the Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architectures o Babylonia
and Western Civilizations however, was short-lived. The empire fell apart after Hammurabi’s death and reverted
back to a small kingdom for several centuries.
 THE ASIAN CIVILIZATIONS  A new line of kings established the Neo-Babylonian Empire which lasted from 626
BC to 539 BC. The Neo-Babylonian Empire becamethe most powerful state in the
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. world after defeating the Assyrians at Nineveh 612 BC.
It is host to many cultural, economic, scientific and political activities of all ages. In the o The Neo-Babylonian Empire was a period of cultural renaissance in the Near East.
field of science, technology and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out: India, The Babylonians built many beautiful and lavish buildings and preserved statues and
China and the Middle East civilizations (Mesopotamian Civilizations.) These artworks from the earlier Babylonian Empire during the reign of
civilizations were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of Nebuchadnezzar II.
knowledge during their time.  The ancient scientists who lived in the city made important discoveries in
 SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION (4500 – 4000 BC) mathematics, physics and astronomy. Among their many accomplishments, they
 Sumer is located on the southernmost tip of ancient MESOPTAMIA (Mesopotamia developed trigonometry, used mathematical models to track the planet Jupiter and
is a historical region of Western Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river developed methods in tracking time that are still used today. Ancient Babylonian
system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent, in modern days roughly records are still used by modern- day astronomers to study how the rotation of the
corresponding to most of Iraq, Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Earth has changed.
Turkey, and regions along the Turkish–Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.)  One of the major contributions is the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the
 Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and seven wonders of the ancient world.It is one of the Seven Ancient Wonders of the
their desire for great things. World and was supposedly built high above the ground on split-level stone terraces. It
 They are not contented with basic things which ignite them to develop many things was believed that the gardens were destroyed by war and erosion, while others
connected with science and technology) believe an earthquake destroyed them.
 CUNEIFORM one of the major contributions of Sumerians was the development of
the first writing system CHINESE CIVILIZATION (1250 BC – 220 AD)
 A system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay  China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas
using wedge instruments and then left to dry. like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music among
 Cuneiform allowed the Sumerians to keep records of things with great historical others. Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighbor countries
value or their everyday life. like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand Cambodia, Myanmar an other
countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
URUK CITY
 Another contribution of the Sumerians. Silk Road.
 It is a great wonder  it is known as middle kingdom and located on the far east of Asia
 It is first true city on the world and for the way it was erected  it was famous among other ancient civilizations because of the silk trade
 There were no building stones in the location of the city and the lumber was limited  SILK
- making the construction a big challenge.  naturally produced by silk worms and the Chinese were the ones who developed
 The Sumerians were able to build the city using only mud or clay from the river the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing
which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks - a true engineering feat.
 SILK TRADE opened China to the outside world making way for cultural, economic  High quality steel was being produced in southern India the crucible technique. In
and scientific exchanges bridging the gap between the western world and the middle this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in crucibles
kingdom. and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon. The resulting high-carbon
 TEA PRODUCTION steel, called fūlāḏ in Arabic and wootz by later Europeans, which was exported
 Tea is a beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crushed or throughout Asia and Europe
shredded dried tea leaves .
 believed that the first tea was drunk by a Chinese Emperor  AYURVEDIC MEDICINE
 Tea production was developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a  Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in India before 2500
machine that was bale shred tea leaves into strips BC
 Machine with a wheel-based mechanism with sharp edge attached to a wooden or  Ancient texts like Sursuta Samhita, describes different surgical and other medical
ceramic pot procedures famous in Ancient India.
 Advantages: increase tea production and trade with other nations  ASTRONOMY
 was one of the most popular beverages in the world today  Ancient India is notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories on the
 GREAT WALL OF CHINA configuration of the Universe, the spherical self-supporting Earth, and the 360days
 the only man-made structure that could be seen from outer space with 12 equal parts of 30 days each Siddhanta Shiromani, an ancient Indian text
 largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built covers topics including mean longitudes for planets; true longitudes of planets; the
 it was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the borders of China three problems of diurnal rotation; syzygies; lunar eclipses; solar eclipses; latitudes of
 made with stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials planets; risings and settings; the moon’s crescents; conjunctions of planets with the
 it showcased the extent of engineering technology at that time fixed stars; and paths of the Sun and the Moon.
 the wall’s construction put the nation among the powerful civilizations during the  Mathematicians of ancient India often applied their mathematical knowledge to
ancient times make accurate astronomical predictions. The most significant among them was
 this was the pride of their land and their crowning glory Aryabhatta whose book, Aryabhatiya, represented the pinnacle of astronomical
 CHINESE MEDICINE knowledge at the time. He correctly propounded that the Earth is round, rotates on
 The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of its own axis and revolves around the Sun i.e the heliocentric theory. He also made
experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical predictions about the solar and lunar eclipses, duration of the day as well as the
properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness distance between the Earth and the Moon.
 Acupuncture is a form of treatment widely practiced in China. It involves inserting  MATHEMATICS
very thin needles through a person’s skin at specific points on the body to various  THE IDEA OF ZERO
depths which help relieve pain and it is used for a wide range of other complaints. one of the most important inventions of all time. Mathematician Aryabhatta was the
 CHINESE TECHNOLOGY first person to create a symbol for zero and it was through his efforts that
Bien Que was the earliest mathematical operations like addition and subtraction started using the digit , zero.
known Chinese doctor The concept of zero and its integration into the place-value system also enabled one
The Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous discoveries and to write numbers, no matter how large, by using only 10 symbols.
inventions of the Chinese civilization were paper making, gunpowder, printing tools  THE DECIMAL SYSTEM
and compass. India gave the ingenious method of expressing all numbers by means of ten symbols –
 PAPER MAKING the decimal system. In this system, each symbol received a value of position as well as
 Before the invention of paper, the Chinese used to write on strips of wood and an absolute value. Due to the simplicity of the decimal notation, which facilitated
bamboo, or cloth and silk. Problems with wooden blocks and flattened bamboo were calculation, this system made the uses of arithmetic in practical inventions much
they took up too much space, while cloth and silk were no cheap commodities. There faster and easier.
arises the need for a more economical and convenient alternative.  THE VALUE OF PI
 T’sai Lun (Cai Lun) The value of ―pi‖ was first calculated by the Indian mathematician Budhayana, and
a Han Dynasty court official, is popularly accredited with having invented paper using he also explained the concept of what is known as the Pythagorean Theorem.
mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.  NUMERAL NOTATIONS
 PRINTING PRESS Indians, as early as 500 BCE, had devised a system of different symbols for every
 Before the emergence of the printing technique, manuscripts were all handwritten number from one to nine. This notation system was adopted by the Arabs who called
by scholars. It is known that the block printing technique was used near the end of it the hind numerals. Centuries later, this notation system was adopted by the
the Han Empire (206 BC – 220 AD) both for printing on paper and for western world who called them the Arabic numerals as it reached them through the
printing designs on cloth. Arab traders.
 Bi Sheng is credited with being the inventor of movable type printing in the Song  FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
Empire. He greatly innovated this important printing method, so he is called the The Fibonacci numbers and their sequence first appear in Indian mathematics as
"father of typography." However, the thousands of characters in their written mātrāmeru, mentioned by Pingala in connection with the Sanskrit tradition of
language were not very suitable for being printed with movable type. prosody. Later on, the methods for the formation of these numbers were given by
 GUN POWDER mathematicians Virahanka, Gopala and Hemacandra , much before the Italian
 of the most interesting inventions in China mathematician Fibonacci introduced the fascinating sequence to Western European
 Originally it was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve mathematics.
immortality.  BINARY NUMBERS
 They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate but instead of creating an elixir of Binary numbers is the basic language in which computer programs are written. Binary
life they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large basically refers to a set of two numbers, 1 and 0, the combinations of which are called
amounts of heat and gas in an instant. bits and bytes. The binary number system was first described by the Vedic scholar
 Gun powder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause Pingala, in his book Chandahśāstra, which is the earliest known Sanskrit treatise on
countless deaths China. prosody ( the study of poetic metres and verse).
 COMPASS  CHAKRAVALA METHODS OF ALGORITHMS
 Earliest records show a spoon shaped compass made of lodestone or magnetite ore, The chakravala method is a cyclic algorithm to solve indeterminate quadratic
referred to as a "South-pointer" dating back to sometime during the Han Dynasty(2nd equations, including the Pell’s equation. This method for obtaining integer solutions
century BCE to 2nd century CE). The spoon-shaped instrument was placed on a cast was developed by Brahmagupta, one of the well-known mathematicians of the 7th
bronze plate called a "heaven-plate" or diviner's board that had the eight trigrams (Pa century CE. Another mathematician, Jayadeva later generalized this method for a
Gua) of the I Ching, as well as the 24 directions (based on the constellations), and the wider range of equations, which was further refined by Bhāskara II in his Bijaganita
28 lunar mansions (based on the constellations dividing the Equator) . treatise.
 THEORY OF ATOM
INDIAN CIVILIZATION (2500 – 1700 BC)  One of the notable scientists of the ancient India was Kanad who is said to have
 India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge devised the atomic theory centuries before John Dalton was born. He speculated the
mountains in its northern bodies. existence of anu or a small indestructible particles, much like an atom. He also stated
 It is also called Indus valley civilization or Harappan civilization. that anu can have two states — absolute rest and a state of motion. He further held
 The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region and then that atoms of same substance combined with each other in a specific and
in 1922 at Mohenjodaro (Mohenjodaro), near the Indus River in the Sindh synchronized manner to produce dvyanuka (diatomic molecules) and tryanuka
(Sind)region. The Indus civilization apparently evolved from the villages of neighbors (triatomic molecules).
or predecessors, using the Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture with
sufficient skill to reap the advantages of the spacious and fertile Indus River valley.  THE AFRICAN CIVILIZATION
 Perhaps the best-known artifacts of the Indus civilization are a number of small Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources. Science also emerged in this part
seals, generally made of steatite (a form of talc), which are distinctive in kind and of the planet long before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science and
unique in quality, depicting a wide variety of animals, both real—such as elephants, mathematics show that similar to other ancient civilizations, the early civilizations in
tigers, rhinoceros, and antelopes—and fantastic, often composite creatures. Africa are knowledge producers too.
Sometimes human forms are included. A few examples of Indus stone sculpture have EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION (3100 BC to 332 BC)
also been found, usually small and representing humans or gods.  located in NORTH AFRICA
 Aside from farming, Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies  it is the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world
useful in their everyday lives.  The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant
 METALLURGICAL WORKS advances in the field ofs of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine alongside other
 Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the Roman technologies.
Empire.  PAPER OR PAPYRUS
 one of the earlier contribution
 papyrus is a plant that grew abundantly along NILE RIVER in Egypt  BOUND BOOKS OR CODEX
 they were able to process the plants in order to produce thin sheets on which one  through the invention of paper - it became easier to write down
could write down things. everything happened in their time
 thinner and lighter and less breakable than clay tablets  Record keeping - became easier since paper did not easily break.
 the major accomplishment in Egyptian record - keeping and communications Lightweight and did not occupy much space
advantages:  resulted to: civilization became fond of record-keeping (historical
 send letters or correspondences anywhere in the world events and legislated laws)
Cyperus Papyrus (Egyptian Papyrus), an aquatic plant found in the Nile River  literature was also changed form from clay tablets to parchment
 easier to keep from raiders who often destroyed records of the nations they invaded paper
 INK  according to sources, Julius Cesar started the tradition of stacking
 They invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks of up papyrus to form pages of a book
different colors  later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus
 It was used to record history, culture, and codified laws  earlier covers was made of wax but were later on replaced by
 HIEROGLYPHICS animal skin (stronger and long-lasting)
 system of formal writing using symbols  ROMAN NUMERALS
 Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by gods  devised their own number system specifically to address the
 It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the need for standard counting method
ancient EGYPTIANS.  ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
 Hieroglyphs combined logographic, syllabic and alphabetic elements, with a total of  one of the most visual contributions of the Roman Empire to the world
some 1,000 distinct characters. Cursive hieroglyphs were used for religious literature  considered a continuation of Greek architecture
on papyrus and wood.  all engineering and architecture development was fully supported and funded by
 ALCHEMY the Roman government
 Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, which is known as the forerunner of  able to implement major projects such as large churches (basilicas and cathedrals,
chemistry. coliseums amphitheaters etc.)
 Egyptian beliefs in life after death and the mummification procedure they  MAYAN CIVILIZATION
developed gave rise to rudimentary knowledge and a goal of immortality  One of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately
 COSMETICS 2,000 years.
 Were used for both health and aesthetic reasons  The Maya Empire, centered in the tropical lowlands of what is now Guatemala,
 Egyptians wore KOHL - eye cosmetic(created by mixing soot or malachite with reached the peak of its power and influence around the sixth century A.D.
mineral galena) to cure diseases  The Maya excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making and
 Soot (black powder that is formed when something is burned) mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and
 Egyptians believed that a person wearing make-up was protected from evil and that symbolic artwork.
beauty was a sign of holiness.  ASTRONOMY
 At present - cosmetics are used to  They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples
improve and highlight the facial features and religious structures. A good example is the pyramid El Castillo at the Chichen Itza
of a person woman applying Kohl with a wig on her side in Mexico is situated at the location of the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes.
 WIG  They were able to predict eclipses and used astrological cycles in planting and
 worn for health and wellness rather than for aesthetic purposes harvesting.
 used to protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptians from the harmful rays  They built observatories so their priests could watch the stars and plan the best
from the sun time for festival, religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
 considered as a cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the accumulation of  The Maya used two calendars .An everyday calendar with 13 months of 20 dayseach
head lice. was probably related to the appearance of the planet Venus.
 At present - wigs are used to enhance the appearance of people who are balding  The Maya developed their own hydraulic system
and to those who want to try new ones.  WEAVING LOOMS
 WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA  They also have weaving loom for weaving cloths
 Another important ancient Egyptian contribution is the water clock  HEIROGLYPH
 utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other  The Maya hieroglyph writing is arguably one of the most
 the amount of water remaining in the device determines how much time has visually striking writing systems in the world. It is also very complex, with hundreds of
elapsed since it is full (time is measured) unique signs or glyphs in the form of humans, animals, supernaturals, objects, and
 used as time keeping device abstract design
 INCA CIVILIZATION
 WESTERN CIVILIZATION  The Inca civilization made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as
The term Western Civilization refers broadly to a constellation of customs, beliefs, an old civilization.
political systems, and events rooted in European history and Western culture. The  The largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and possibly the largest empire in the
influence of Western Civilization is global; defining American culture and North world in the early 16th century.
American culture among others.  It flourished in Ancient Peru between 1400 and 1533 BCE.
 GREEK CIVILIZATION  The following were scientific ideas and tools that they developed to help them in
 Greece - is an archipelago in the southern part of Europe known in Greek everyday life :
as Hellas or Ellada  Roads paved with stones;
 known as the birthplace of Western philosophy  Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
 The Early influences were the Egyptians and the Minoans (Isle of Crete)  Irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types
 The geography of Greece greatly influenced the culture in that with few natural of land;
resources and surrounded by water, (the cities were built around the Aegean, Ionian  Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for
and the Black Seas) the people eventually took to the sea for livelihood. planting season
 ALARM WATER CLOCK  The first suspension bridge
 One of the most utilized gadgets today invented by the Greeks  Quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret;
 they made used of water or small stones or sand that dropped into drums which and
sounded the alarm  Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements
 Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm to signal the start of his lecture  AZTEC CIVILIZATION
MILL  The Aztecs were a Mesoamerican people of central Mexico in the fourteenth,
 one of the most important contributions of the Greek Civilization to the world fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries. They were a civilization with a rich cultural heritage
 commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary whose capital, Tenochtitlan, rivaled the greatest cities of Europe in size and grandeur.
form of food processing  Among the significant contribution of the Aztec Civilization are the
 because milling was made possible by the use of watermills, the mass production of following:
rice, cereals, flours became common  MANDATORY EDUCATION
 better than mills powered by farm animals because they required less effort and  The Aztec puts value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get
time to operate since the farmer did not have time to raise the animals education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of
universal or inclusive education.
 ROMAN CIVILIZATION  CHOCOLATES
 Roman Empire  The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture,
 was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west they used it as currency The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part
 was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance of their tributes to Gods.
 large and the other civilization looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation  CHINAMPA
and codified laws  It is a form of Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was
 NEWSPAPER divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
 one of the major contributions of the Romans  AZTEC CALENDARS
 GAZETTES - first newspaper  This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting seasons.
 made before the invention of paper  INVENTION OF THE CANOE
 graved in metal or stone tablets and then publicly displayed  A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems
 when paper was invented publish matters became easier and faster
MEDIEVAL/ MIDDLE AGES C. Contemporary Period
The middle ages were also known as the ―Age of Exploration‖. The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw new
INNOVATION HIGHLIGHTS DURING THE MEDIEVAL TIMES applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and transistor.
 PRINTING PRESS  Postmodernity is the state or condition of being postmodern - after or in reaction
 After the Chinese developed woodblock printing Johann Gutenberg was able to to that which is modern, as in postmodern art. Postmodernism a late-20th-century
invent a more reliable way of printing using a cast type style and concept in the arts, architecture, and criticism that represents a departure
 utilized a wooden machine that extracted from juices from modernismand has at its heart a general distrust of grand theories and
 Attached to them a metal impression of the letters and pressed firmly the cast ideologies as well as a problematical relationship with any notion of ―art‖.
metal into a piece of paper which then  World War I was a situation where defensive technologies were far superior to
made an exact impression on paper.  soon evolved to be a mechanical printing offensive ones-trenches, bunkers and machine guns were far superior to artillery and
press which was eventually used all over the world infantry running while defended by a thin layer of uniform made out of cotton. The
 advantage: to address the need for publishing books that would spread information mobile technology of the day – cavalry – was rendered irrelevant. Air power did not
to many people at faster rate play a major role.
 made works accessible to individuals who could not even write  Atomic Age or World War II. The Atomic Era, is the period of history following the
 MICROSCOPE detonation of the first nuclear bomb, Trinity, on July 16, 1945, during World War II.
the Another invention in the middle ages is microscope. Growing populations caused New weapons made warfare much more mobile - mainly tanks but also air power.
massive migration and urbanization during the period. More and more people That made World War II much more about maneuvering than about fortification and
transferred to polluted and populated urban areas which resulted in many people concentration of firepower to thin defensive line. As the Germans learned first and
getting sick and needed medical attention. To develop the proper medications for Allies, learned next, tactics, intelligence, and maneuvering ruled the battlefield of the
illnesses, experts must understand the sickness through an investigation. 1940s, not trenches and barbed wire. Some technologies that shaped World War II:
 It was invented by ZACHARIAS JANSSEN  Airplanes - fighters and bombers
 the key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illness  Submarines (started in WWI but matured in WWII)
 TELESCOPE  Radar
The need for nautical inventions was high. Considering the vast empty oceans that  Sonar
separated lands, ship captains needed to see far and wide for them to navigate or to  Tanks
avoid dangers at sea, hence, the invention of the TELESCOPE.  Code-breaking
 It is an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects  Electronic warfare
 The invention of compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer.  Atomic bomb
 The first person to apply for a patent for a telescope was a Dutch eyeglass maker  Space Age is a time period encompassing the activities related to Space Race, space
named Hans Lippershey (or Lipperhey). In 1608, Lippershey laid claim to a device exploration, space technology, and cultural developments influenced by these events.
that could magnify objects three times. His telescope had a concave eyepiece aligned The space age is generally considered to have begun with Sputnik.
with a convex objective lens. Thus, he got the credit for the invention because of his  Information Age also known as the Computer Age, Digital Age or New Media Age
patent applications. is a historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional
One of Galileo's first telescopes. He did not invent the telescope, but he did make industry that the Industrial revolution brought through industrialization, to an
several improvements and was the first to aim one at the stars. economy based on information technology. This era brought about a time period in
 WAR WEAPONS which people could access information and knowledge easily.
 since wars were widespread during this age, great development in weaponry Other Significant Highlights during the Modern Age:
technology occurred  for open area battles, people developed cross bows and long PASTEURIZATION
bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe  It is the process of heating dairy products to kill harmful bacteria that allow them
with the protection of walls and fortresses to spoil faster
 in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect  It is a better means of production to meet the needs for population, food
themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors preservation and food safety
 body armors were heavy and limited their movements  It was invented by Louis Pasteur (French biologist, microbiologist and chemist)
 advantage: milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period
 prevents illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
PETROLEUM REFINERY
 Modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation
Modern Ages  They used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes
The Modern Era includes the early period, called the early modern period, which  Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by refining petroleum
lasted from 1500 - present. The Modern Period covers human history from the  KEROSENE was later on referred to as the illuminating oil (was used at first to
creation of a more global network to present day. provide lightning at homes) and then was used for heating purposes
A. Early Modern Period  the development of Kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry
 The Renaissance is a period in the history of Europe beginning inabout 1300-1600,  At present, petroleum is used in poring automobiles, factories and power plants
and following the medieval period. ―Renaissance‖ is a French word meaning TELEPHONE
―rebirth‖.  The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a
 The Scientific Revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early way to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real
modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology time
(including human anatomy), and chemistry transformed societal views about nature  It was one of the most important inventions at that time and was invented by
that unfolded in Europe roughly during 1550-1700. The Scientific Revolution began in ALEXANDER Graham Bell
Europe toward the end of the renaissance period, and continued through the late CALCULATOR
18th century influencing the intellectual social movement known as Enlightenment.  Was invented to make easier way for arithmetic calculations
 The Age of Enlightenment period of the Modern Era of philosophy corresponds  It resulted in the development of more complex processing machine like computer.
roughly to the 18th Century (1700). In general terms, the Enlightenment was an
intellectual movement developed mainly in France and Germany, which advocated Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science
freedom, democracy and reason as the primary values of society. and technology IN THE PHILIPPINES
Despite the Philippines being considered as a developing country, its contribution to
Famous Scientists during the Scientific Revolution global advancement of science and technology is also remarkable. The Philippines is
 Galileo Galilei - Father of Modern Astronomy; Father of Modern Physics; Albert known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many
Einstei called him Father of Modern Science. of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from
 Nicolaus Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory. indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment.
 Johannes Kepler – Three Laws of Planetary Motion HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES
(1) All planets move about the sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the  Science and Technology in the Philippines had experienced periods of intense
foci. (2) A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal growth as well as long periods of stagnation
lengths of time. (3) The squares of the sidereal periods (of revolution) of the planets  The main managing agency responsible for science and technology is the
are directly proportional to the cubes of their mean distance to the Sun. Department of Science and Technology.
 Sir Isaac Newton – Father of Calculus and formulated the  Numerous national scientists have contributed in different fields of science
Universal Law of Gravitation and the Famous Laws of Motion. including Fe del Mundo in the field of Pediatrics, Eduardo Quisumbing in the field of
plant taxonomy, Gavino Trono in the field of tropical marine phycology, Maria Orosa
B. Mid Modern Period in the field of food technology and many more.
 Industrial Revolution 1700’s. From the introduction of the first viable Steam Engine  PRE-SPANISH ERA
by Thomas Newcomen in 1712, the invention of steam engine was crucial to the  Even before the colonization by the Spaniards in the Philippine islands, the natives
industrialization of modern civilization, for almost 200 years it was the outstanding of the Philippine archipelago already had practices linked to science and technology.
source of power industry and transport system in the West.  Filipinos were already aware of the medical and therapeutic properties of plants
 The Progressive Era was a period of widespread social activism and political reform and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
across the United States that spanned from the 1890s to 1920s. The main objectives  They already had an alphabet number system, a weighing and measuring system
of the Progressive movement were eliminating problems caused by industrialization, and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and
urbanization, immigration, and corruption in government. weaving.
 Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes also  The Banaue Rice Terraces are among the sophisticated products of engineering by
including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945. pre-Spanish era Filipinos.
It forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution  SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
 The colonization of the Philippines contributed to the growth of science and resource development is the heart of these efforts focusing more on producing
technology in the archipelago. engineers, scientists, technology experts, doctors and other professionals in the
 The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution. country.
 During the early years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. Parish schools were SEVERAL PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught.  SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE
 Sanitation and more advanced methods of agriculture were taught to natives.  The conversion of American military jeeps used in WORLD WAR II into jeepneys
 Later the Spanish established colleges and universities in the archipelago including  Another invention is addition of sidecar to a motorcycle transforming it into a
the oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas. tricycle to accommodate more passengers
 The Galleon Trade have accounted in the Philippine colonial economy.  During rainy season-flooding is common, Water Technologies headed by Dominic
 Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard Colonial authorities due to the Chung and Lamberto Armada together with Chief designer Victor Atoy Llave
prospects of big profits. invented the SALAMANDER (an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded
 The opening of Suez Canal saw the influx of European visitors to the Spanish colony streets but also rivers and lakes.)
and some Filipinos were able to study in Europe who was probably influenced by the  SALT LAMP
rapid development of scientific ideals brought by the age of Enlightenment.  one of the major needs in the Philippines is ELECTRIFICATION (electricity powers
various types of machines, including light sources)
 AMERICAN PERIOD  it was invented by Aisa Mijeno (invented lightning system that utilizes a material
 The progress of Science and Technology in the Philippines continued under the abundant in the Philippines called saltwater.)
American rule of the Islands  she invented the SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE LIGHTNING LAMP (SALT)
 They established the public education system — an environment friendly light source that runs on saltwater.
 Improved the engineering works and health conditions of the people. Advantages:
 They established the University of the Philippines which is a research university.  safer as it poses no risk of fire and emit no toxic gases
 The Americans created more public hospitals than the Spaniards.  benefit those from far-flung barrios - they can make their own saltwater by mixing
 Basic education science focused on nature studies and sanitation. Later, the subject two tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water.
was formally called ―Science‖
 Researchers were done to control malaria, cholera, and tuberculosis and other
tropical diseases.

 JAPANESE OCCUPATION
 The Japanese occupation of the Philippines occurred between 1942 and 1945,
when Imperial Japan occupied the Commonwealth of the Philippines during World
War II. The invasion of the Philippines started on 8 December 1941, ten hours after
the attack on Pearl Harbor.
 Japan occupied the Philippines for over three years, until the surrender of Japan
 During this time, many of the established industries in the Philippines were turned
into ashes and many lives were destroyed. Horses, cars and trucks were confiscated.
EDUCATION
 Under Education, the country was subjected to Military Order No. 2 on February
17, 1942, which contains the Japanese educational policies that upholds Six Basic
Principles:
1. Realization of new order;
2. Propagation of Filipino Culture;
3. Endeavor to elevate the morals o people, giving up, over emphasis materialism;
4. The teaching and propagation of Niponggo;
5. Diffusion of elementary and vocational education; and
6. Promotion of love of labor

 The educational system prioritized the opening of elementary schools and next was
the re-opening of vocational and normal schools which offers Agriculture, Fisheries,
and Engineering. This classes were composed of sixty students each
 School calendars became longer since there were no summer vacation
 American songs were banned including American symbols, poems and pictures
 During the time of Jose P. Laurel, he required teachers to obtain licenses
TRANSPORTATION
 Transport was a big problem for local people throughout Japanese occupation
because they were in control of the world’s rubber and many oil fields. They forced
many motor vehicles to run on coal gases or inferior petrol made from vegetable
sources.
 Bicycles were widely used as mode of transport during the Japanese reign
 Public vehicles dwindled and cars ceased to be available for almost all other than
the Japanese.
 Generally, there was transportation through land air and water and machines were
available
HEALTH AND MEDICINE
 People engaged in the sale of food and medicine particularly the Sulfathiazole,
Sulfanilamide and Quinine for aiding soldiers which were at very high prize that time.
 Owing to economic dislocation and the scarcity of food, thousands died of malaria,
malnutrition, tuberculosis and other diseases.
 Men, women and children suffered and died from extreme hunger and tropical
ulcer
AGRICULTURE
 Rice production sank and most of the lands were planted with cotton.
 Coffee and tea were produced but Erzatz and Mango leaves also became a
substitute to these.
INFRASTURCTURE
 Several government corporations were reorganized and new ones were created to
perform such varied functions as the exploitation and development of natural
resources.
 During Commonwealth, National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) was established.
 There were 22,970 km of road in the country, half of which was in Central and
Southern Luzon The human spirit to survive and rebuild the country maybe strong
but the capacity of the country to bring what has been destroyed was limited. The
reparation funds focused on building some institutions and public facilities like
schools, hospitals, and transportation system. The reparation money from Japan was
also concentrated on building highways and providing technological training and
human resource development in the country.

 POST COMMONWEALTH ERA

Since the establishment of the New Republic, the whole nation has been focusing on
its limited resources in improving its science and technological capability. Human