Student book exam-style question answers

INDIVIDUAL AND FAMILY

QUESTION 1
a) Family types found in the Caribbean:
• Nuclear family
• Single parent family
• Extended family
• Sibling family
Any two family types listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) Some possible advantages and disadvantages of family types:

Advantages:
Nuclear – both male and female role models present to raise children.
Single parent – clear line of authority.
Extended – potentially more adults to supervise and mentor children, possibly more income earners.
Sibling family – siblings will identify well with each other.

Disadvantages:
Nuclear – conflicting views on how to raise children.
Single parent – fewer adults around to supervise children and support financially.
Extended – can be overcrowded, there may be confusion over who is in charge.
Sibling family – potential lack of parental support and guidance, instability.
Any one advantage and one disadvantage listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) (i) Some reasons why there are laws to protect partners in common-law unions:
• Partners in common-law unions do not have the legal protection which marriage provides
until they have been living together for five years.
• Traditionally, common-law unions are not given the same status as legal marriages.
• Without legal protection, common-law unions tend to be less stable.
Any reason clearly outlined: 2 marks (KC)

(ii) Laws in force in the region include:

• After five years of cohabitation, partners in common-law unions have the same rights as
married couples including rights to property and maintenance.
• Children born to unwed parents have the same rights as those born to married couples.
• Inheritance laws do not discriminate against children born out of wedlock.
Any law clearly outlined: 2 marks (KC)

d) (i) Measures parents may take to provide for their unborn child include:
• Mother should have prenatal health care.
• Mother should not use alcohol or illegal drugs.
• Mother should eat well and take vitamins.

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
1
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

• Mother should remain stress-free and comfortable during pregnancy.

• Parents prepare for baby’s needs by purchasing items the child will need.
• Parents educate themselves on how to care for a young baby.
Any three measures listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Any three measures well described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

(ii) Example of explanation why an action would work:

A young couple should provide for their unborn child by purchasing the items the child would need
when it arrives. This would mean that the child would come into a home which is well equipped for
its specific needs. For example, a crib, bottles and other necessary items should be purchased
and prepared for the arrival of the baby. Preparing in this way would also make the transition to
parenthood easier for a young couple.
Three strategies briefly justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Strategy well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
2
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 2
a) Ancestral customs found in the Caribbean include:
• Religious practices e.g. Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, African religions.
• Traditional foods e.g. roti, doubles, coucou.
• Family patterns e.g. joint family household, extended family, respect for elders.
• Artistic expression e.g. drumming, basket weaving, pottery.
• Style of dress.
Any two customs clearly outlined, 1 mark each: 2 marks (KC)

b) Explanation of how these ancestral traditions survived in the Caribbean:

• Continued practice and observance of practices over time.
• Constant contact with place of origin keeps customs current and relevant.
• The need to stick to the familiar in a unfamiliar and sometimes hostile environment.
• They are marketable to locals and tourists.
• Promoted by governmental organizations in national activities and festivals.
Any explanation clearly made: 2 marks (KC)

c) Customs affect families in the following ways:

• Affect family size and structure.
• Marriage and courtship patterns.
• Food and ingredients used.
• Attitude towards culture of the society and involvement in society.
• Child-rearing practices.
Two effects listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Effect well described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) THREE activities to promote any named ancestral practice:

• Special days to observe practice.
• Competitions and prizes.
• Education through the mass media.
• Education of youth in schools.
• Documentation of practices in video, audio or printed form.
• Registration of practitioners/experts, who can be used to educate others e.g. specialist in
preparing ancestral dishes.
• Preservation of model examples of ancestral practices e.g. art and craft.
Three activities listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Activity well described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

e) Example of explanation why an action would work:

Educating young people about ancestral practices in school would be successful because it would allow
you to reach a larger number of people at one time. Educating the youth also makes sure that
ancestral practices are transferred to the next generation. One challenge involved in this particular
strategy is that young people might ignore what they are taught if it is not reinforced in the home.
In some instances, their parents or guardians may also dismiss these practices as unimportant.
Three strategies briefly justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Strategy well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
3
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIETY

QUESTION 1
a) Differences between a group and an institution:
• Institutions serve a specific purpose in society
• Institutions endure over time
• Institutions are always formal, while groups may be informal
Any two differences listed, 1 mark each: 2 marks (KC)

b) Examples of types of institutions include:

• Educational – schools, universities, community colleges, skills training centers, polytechnics
• Recreational – sports clubs, dance studios, community centers
• Religious – churches, mosque, Temple, Tabernacle
• Financial – banks, credit unions, saving and lending societies
• Political – governments
Any two examples clearly stated, 1 mark each: 2 marks (KC)

c) Outline TWO reasons why institutions are important to society:

• Help maintain stability
• Provide for basic needs of the population
Two reasons listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two consequences well described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) Measures that could be employed to encourage citizens to use the services of recreational
institutions include:
• Educating the population on the importance of recreation to a healthy lifestyle.
• Educating the population on the recreational institutions which are available.
• Advertising recreational institutions in the mass media.
• Making institutions readily available and conveniently located.
• Providing recreational institutions which are attractive and up to date.
Three measures listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Three measures well described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

e) Example of explanation why a strategy is likely to be successful:

‘If the government works on making publicly-owned recreational institutions up to date and attractive,
the population would be more likely to use them in large numbers. They might provide the type of
recreation which people find attractive and entertaining. For example, community centers which are in
a good state of repair, and include modern facilities and technology like computer labs, will be more
attractive to the population. Government may also offer funding and incentives to private institutions to
make them attractive and up to date as well.’
Three strategies briefly justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Three strategies well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
4
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 2
a) First-past-the-post and proportional representation are the two types of electoral systems used in the
Commonwealth Caribbean.
Either electoral system given, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) The Electoral and Boundaries Commission/Elections Commission has to update the electoral register
before Election Day. On Election Day, it must ensure that balloting is properly supervised, so that each
eligible voter votes only once and only those who are eligible are allowed to vote.
One responsibility outlined, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Two reasons why it is important that elections are conducted according to the laws governing the
election process are:
(i) When a country conducts its elections according to the laws governing the election process,
there is less likelihood of post-election violence as the results are more likely to be accepted by
the voters and the candidates and parties which contested the elections.
(ii) Secondly, the country’s democratic status will be further enhanced because it will be recognized
by the international community as one which holds free and fair elections.
Two reasons listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two reasons clearly described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) Three measures which the Electoral and Boundaries Commission/Elections Commission may take to
ensure that the voters list is accurate:
(i) The Electoral and Boundaries/Electoral Commission may make copies of the list available for
inspection by voters, candidates and political parties at public locations such as libraries, malls
and government offices.
Example of explanation:
This measure would help to ensure that the election is conducted fairly by allowing voters to see if
their names are included in the list and take the necessary steps to have it included if it has been
excluded. It would also allow candidates/parties to object to the names of deceased persons
being on the list or to persons being registered in constituencies in which they do not live.
(ii) Secondly, it must remove the names of those persons who have died or migrated permanently and
publish those names in the daily newspapers for public information.
Example of explanation:
This measure would help to reduce election fraud by deterring voters from using the personal
identification of deceased persons, and thus ensuring they can vote only once in the election.
(iii) Thirdly, during the registration process, voters should be asked to provide proof in the form of a
property tax or utility bill as evidence that they live in the constituency in which they are seeking
to be registered.
Example of explanation:
This measure would help to reduce election fraud such as voter padding, by forcing voters to vote
in the constituency in which they live.
Three measures briefly described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three measures well explained, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
5
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 3
a) A manifesto is a document which contains the policies and objectives of a political party.
Term clearly defined, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) An electoral code of conduct may not work because the electorate, the candidates and the political
parties may not respect the group or institution which drew it up and may therefore ignore it.
The electoral code of conduct does not contain any penalties for candidates, parties or party
supporters who may breach its terms. It therefore depends on the voluntary cooperation of all
concerned in order to be effective. This cooperation may be withdrawn at any time before the elections.
Either reason well explained, total 2 marks (KC)
Reason briefly described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Two reasons why a political party which has access to large sums of campaign finance may have an
advantage over parties which do not:
(i) The political party which has access to large sums of campaign finance can afford to mount a
high-level election campaign, using the latest communications technology, and/or rallies that
feature performances by top international artistes. These may attract greater interest in the party
and increase its chances of being elected to govern.
(ii) Secondly, the party may also use some of its campaign finances to influence some voters directly
by offering them bribes to vote for it.
Two reasons listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two reasons clearly described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) Three strategies which political parties may use to help curb undesirable behaviour by their supporters
during an election campaign:
(i) Party leaders should set the example of good behaviour by respecting the views and rights of
others to make comments and campaign without interference.
Example of explanation:
Party supporters usually look up to their leaders; if they set the example, their supporters are
likely to follow, which will help to curb undesirable behaviour.
(ii) Party leaders and supporters should publicly condemn any action by any member that may
undermine the free and fair conduct of elections.
Example of explanation:
This measure may be successful because it would discourage party supporters because their
actions would not be supported by the party and they may even be identified to the authorities.
(iii) Political parties must accept the result of the election or challenge the result in a court of law.
Example of explanation:
This action would signal to the supporters that the party intends to settle any election dispute by
legal means and therefore there would be no need for undesirable behavior to show dissatisfaction
with the result.
Three measures briefly described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three measures well explained, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
6
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 4
a) A floating voter is one who has not decided which way to vote in an election. (One who does not vote
consistently for any party or candidate.)
Correct definition given: 2 marks (KC)

b) Voters may not reveal which party or candidate they are voting for because they may fear victimization
by the winning party if their party loses the election or victimization by supporters of the other party.
Any reason listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Two reasons why the government party may call elections well ahead of the constitutionally due date:
(i) The governing party may want to introduce some unpopular measures which may cause them to
lose the election if they implement them before the election.
(ii) The opposition parties may not be prepared for the elections and calling elections well ahead of
the due date would give the governing party an advantage over them.
Two reasons listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two reasons clearly described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) Three measures which a party may use to improve its chances of winning an election:
(i) Select campaign issues/policies which are relevant and appeal to the majority of the electorate.
Example of explanation:
The electorate is more likely to vote for a party which has clear policies for dealing with the major
issues confronting the country, because successful implementation of relevant policies will help to
improve their quality of life.
(ii) Provide the electorate with evidence to show that it is the party that is worthy of being elected to
govern. The evidence may include some successful policies, which have benefitted the country
over the years, or feasible alternative policies, which have been proposed in place of the
government’s failed policies.
Example of explanation:
The complexity of governance is more likely to influence the electorate to vote for a party which
has a proven track record for good governance, instead of entrusting the governance of the
country to a party that does not have such a record.
(iii) Select a team of candidates that appeal to the electorate. The team should include persons with
the skills needed to govern a country. They should also be experienced, honest, hard-working and
be prepared to put country before self.
Example of explanation:
A governing party requires individuals with various skills and abilities to manage the affairs of
the country. The electorate is more likely to vote for a party which demonstrates that it has those
skills and abilities.
Three measures briefly described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three measures well explained, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
7
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 5
a) A constitution is a body of principles and laws by which citizens of a country agree to be governed.
Part of definition given, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) Two rights are:

• The right to life
• The right to personal liberty
Any valid right given, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Two reasons why government should observe the rules set out in the constitution:
(i) The government would be more likely to be assured of the support of the citizens, because their
rights and privileges would be protected.
(ii) The country’s reputation would be enhanced, because it would not be black-listed by foreign
countries and international organizations as one which does not observe the rule of law.
Two reasons listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two reasons clearly described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) Three lawful actions which a citizen may take if his or her human rights have been violated by
the government:
(i) The citizen may take legal action against the government in the Supreme Court.
Example of explanation:
The Supreme Court upholds the constitution: if the citizen’s rights have been violated, it will rule
against the government.
(ii) The citizen may publicize the violation in all sections of the media.
Example of explanation:
This action may be successful because it would bring the matter to the attention of the public.
There may be public outcry against the action, and the case may be taken up by the
Parliamentary Opposition or influential members of the public.
(iii) The citizen may with the help of legal professionals take his case to the international human
rights body.
Example of explanation:
This action may be successful because the government may not wish to have its human rights
ratings negatively affected by such an incident.
Three actions briefly described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three actions well explained, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
8
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

RESOURCES
QUESTION 1
a) List any TWO of the following, or another physical resource:
• oil
• natural gas
• gold
• diamonds
• limestone
• soil
• fresh water
Any two resources listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) Choose two resources, each of which has at least TWO uses, for example:
• fresh water: drinking, or for irrigating agricultural crops
• natural gas: to generate electricity, for cooking or to make chemicals
• gold: to make jewelry or fillings for teeth
• limestone: as a building material or to make cement
• Soil: agriculture, forest
• Diamonds: jewelry, industrial use
Any two uses clearly outlined, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Examples of possible answers on use and abuse of stated resources:

For the soil:
• Good use of the resource allows sustainable agriculture, with production of useful crops.
• Misuse of the resource leads to soil erosion, and an increased danger of flooding because
rainwater runs quickly off the land into rivers.

For oil:
• Good use of the resource allows increased government revenue and better provision of education
and public services.
• Misuse of the resource leads to oil spills at sea and pollution of the marine environment.
For two consequences listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
For two consequences well described 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

d) (i) Measures to protect the environment include:

• Developing public facilities for recycling glass, paper, metals, plastic and other waste.
• Developing and enforcing regulations on proper waste disposal for businesses and households.
• Building and maintaining sewage treatment plants.
• Requiring an environmental impact investment for major planned investment projects.
• Using the tax system and other regulations to encourage the use of vehicles with low fuel
consumption and reduced exhaust gases.
• Improving public education on pollution control and waste disposal.
For three measures listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
For three measures well described 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
9
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

(ii) Example of explanation why a strategy is likely to be successful:

‘Using the tax system and other regulations to encourage the use of vehicles with low fuel
consumption is likely to be effective because people are keen to save money. If a car with low fuel
consumption carries a low rate of tax, people are likely to buy it, rather than pay more tax for a
car which performs with fewer kilometers per liter of fuel.’
Three strategies briefly justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Three strategies well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

QUESTION 2
a) (i) The diagram is a population pyramid
Correct answer given: 1 mark (KC)

(ii) A population census is a government survey to collect information on the population, usually
repeated every ten years.
Correct answer given: 2 marks (KC)

b) Choose one of the following, or another valid use:

• Shows the proportion of old and young people in the population
• Helps predict population growth
• Shows proportion of males and females in the population
One valid use of the population pyramid: 2 marks (KC)

c) Country B is more economically developed.

Correct answer given: 1 mark (KC)

Reasons could be any of the following:

• Pyramid has a narrow base, indicating low birth rate
• Pyramid shows a high proportion of elderly people, indicating good health care and a long
life expectancy.
Reason well explained: 2 marks (KC)
Reason briefly explained: 1 mark (KC)

d) Choose the following, or another valid strategy:

• Improving education about family planning and birth control
• Making contraceptives readily available at low (or no) cost
• Improving health care for adults and the elderly
• Provide good pre- and post-natal care for mothers
• Provide good child health and preventative care such as vaccinations
• Provide good sanitation and garbage disposal to prevent diseases
Any three strategies listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Any three strategies clearly described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Example of a good explanation:

‘Improving education about family planning and birth control will allow some families to limit the
number of children they have, if they wish to. If there are fewer children, the pyramid will have a
narrower base, as in Country B.’
Each strategy relevant but not justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Each strategy listed and well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
10
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

INTEGRATION
QUESTION 1
a) A common market is a group of countries that agree to promote the free movement of goods, services,
capital and labor between them.
Correct answer given: total 2 marks (KC)

b) One objective of the Caribbean Common Market was to increase and regulate free trade among the
member states, and share the benefits of this increased trade fairly.
A second objective was to promote the economic development of the member states.
One objective given, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) A common external tariff is one feature which distinguishes a common market from a free trade area.
This is a uniform rate of duty which the member states apply to all goods imported from countries
which are not members of the common market.
One feature listed but not described, 1 mark (KC)
Feature well described, 2 marks: total 2 marks (KC)

d) One negative effect which membership in a common market is likely to have on a less developed
country is that producers in the less developed country will have to compete in their domestic market
with goods produced by more efficient producers in the more developed countries. They may not be
able to compete and may be forced out of business.
Effect listed but not described, 1 mark (KC)
Effect well described, 2 marks: total 2 marks (KC)

e) Concessions to reduce the negative effects of free trade on your country’s economy:
(I) One concession would be to ask for more time to phase in complete duty-free trade. The
government depends very heavily on taxes on imports for revenue to finance its expenditure.
Complete duty-free trade would significantly reduce the country’s revenue and affect the
government’s ability to provide social services for citizens.
(ii) Another concession would be to ask that the more developed countries buy all of their agricultural
products from the less developed countries first. The more developed countries sell expensive
manufactured goods to the less developed countries, while the less developed countries sell them
cheap agricultural products. If the more developed countries were to buy their agricultural
products from the less developed countries, this would increase their volume of exports and help
to reduce the gap between the cost of their exports and imports.
(iii) The third concession would be to ask that the more developed countries stop competing with the
less developed countries for new industries. The less developed countries have little or no
manufacturing industries and this has created a trade imbalance between them and the more
developed countries. If the less developed countries are allowed to attract new industries, this will
help to reduce the trade imbalance.
Each suggestion relevant but not explained, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Each suggestion listed and well explained, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
11
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 2
a) The single market is an arrangement by which Caricom countries have agreed to convert their separate
national markets into one large single market, through the removal of all barriers to the free movement
of regional goods, services, capital, and labour.
Part of correct definition, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) Two ways in which the CARICOM Single Market differs from the Common Market:
(i) The Common Market permitted the free movement of goods only, whereas the Single Market
permits the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor.
(ii) Secondly, the Caricom Single Market requires participating member states to make more
generous economic concessions than the Common Market.
Any way described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Two ways in which the achievement of international competitiveness for regionally produced goods and
services will benefit Caribbean citizens:
(i) There would be an increased demand for and output of regional goods. This would result in
increased employment of Caribbean citizens.
(ii) International competiveness means that regional producers would be producing goods at a lower
cost. Caribbean consumers will therefore benefit from cheaper regionally produced goods.
Any two ways listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Any two ways clearly described, 2 marks each: 4 marks (KC)

d) Three measures which Caribbean governments may take to help Caribbean producers achieve
international competiveness:
(i) Grant producers duty-free concessions on equipment and machinery imported to produce
goods for export.
Example of explanation:
This measure would result in a saving to the producer and could help to lower output costs,
thereby resulting in a cheaper product.
(ii) Pool national markets by removing all barriers to the movement of goods, services, capital
and labor.
Example of explanation:
This measure would allow producers to reap economies of scale as a result of producing for a
larger market. Economies of scale help to reduce the final cost of the goods produced.
(iii) Provide technical assistance in the form of management and production specialists to businesses
producing for export.
Example of explanation:
These specialists may implement modern management and production techniques, which may
reduce wastage and improve the overall efficiency of the business. This may possibly result in a
better quality and cheaper product.
Any three measures listed but not justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Any three measures listed and well justified, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
12
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 3
a) Functional cooperation is an organized group of countries jointly sharing the costs of providing
common services; for example, Caribbean countries sharing the costs of providing education at the
University of the West Indies.
Correct definition given: total 2 marks (KC)

b) AREA OF COOPERATION CARICOM INSTITUTION

Health The Caribbean Public Health Agency (CARPHA)
Agriculture The Caribbean Agricultural Research and
Development Institute (CARDI)
Disaster management The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management
Agency (CDEMA)
Development finance The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)

Institution correctly completed, 1 mark each: total 4 marks (KC)

c) The Conference should communicate the decisions of its meetings to CARICOM citizens in order to
make them more aware of what is happening with regional integration, so that they can support it.
Many citizens do not know much about regional integration and therefore lack interest in it.
Any reason clearly stated: total 2 marks (KC)

d) Three measures which the Conference may use to create more interest among CARICOM citizens
in its meetings:
(i) Arrange for the CARICOM Secretariat to have the proceedings streamed live on the internet.
Example of explanation:
This measure may be effective because communications technology allowing citizens to access
the internet, such as computers and smart phones, are widely used by Caribbean citizens.
Those who have an interest in regional integration would therefore have little difficulty in
following the meetings.
(ii) Arrange for the CARICOM Secretariat to issue communiqués to media houses in all member states.
Example of explanation:
This may be effective because the print media would reproduce it in its newspapers so citizens
can read it at any time. The electronic media would broadcast it in their news programs, and
might also invite respected commentators to comment on the outcome of the meetings during
the program.
(iii) Heads of government may hold press conferences in their respective countries to bring the nation
up to date with the proceedings of the meeting.
Example of explanation:
This measure may be effective because CARICOM citizens usually pay close attention to press
conferences held by their leaders.
Three measures listed but not justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three measures well justified, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
13
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 4
Essay Outline
a) Two factors that promote cooperation among Caribbean countries:
(i) The size of their population: Caribbean countries have very small populations. They must therefore
cooperate to form a large regional market, to help their producers achieve international
competitiveness for their products.
(ii) Common cultural heritage: Caribbean countries are populated by people who have shared common
values, goals and aspirations. These should make it easy for them to work together to promote
regional integration.
Any two factors given, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

b) Two regional organizations which have been established to promote cooperation among
Caribbean countries:
(i) The Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) in the area of agriculture.
(ii) The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) in the area of disaster management.
Any two organizations listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

c) Two example explanations to show how regional cooperation may help Caribbean producers to
compete in international markets:
(i) Cooperation among Caribbean countries will create one large regional market which would enable
producers to produce larger quantities and reap economies of scale.
(ii) The Single Market will expose national businesses to competition from other regional businesses.
In this situation, competition will provide the incentive for businesses to become more efficient.
The most efficient will survive.
Explanations given, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (AEP)

d) Three strategies which Caribbean producers may use to encourage Caribbean citizens to support
regional integration:
(i) Caribbean producers may provide opportunities for Caribbean citizens to share in the ownership of
Caribbean businesses by offering shares for sale throughout the region where stock exchanges exist.
Explanation:
This strategy may be successful because citizens will now have increased opportunities for
investment and they would now take greater interest in supporting and encouraging support for
regional businesses because of the benefits from the investment.
(ii) A second strategy would be for producers to pass on to consumers the benefits of reduced costs
resulting from economies of scale.
Explanation:
This strategy may be successful because most Caribbean consumers purchase foreign goods in
preference to regional goods, because they are cheaper. If cheaper regional goods become
available, consumers would be more willing to purchase them, thereby assisting in the survival of
regional producers.
(iii) A third strategy would be for groups of producers to mount trade exhibitions throughout the
region showcasing the range and quality of regional products.
Explanation:
This strategy may be successful because consumers would now be more aware of the range and
quality of goods produced in the region. They may purchase them in preference to extra-regional
goods. This would help to encourage economic development in the region.
Three strategies listed but not described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three strategies fully described, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)
Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
14
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 5
a) Two examples of how CARICOM states have benefitted from regional integration:
(i) Caribbean countries have benefitted from increased trading between them, as a result of the
barriers to trade in goods and services.
(ii) Caribbean countries have experienced an increase in the production of goods and services,
in order to meet the increased regional demand.
Two examples given but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two examples fully described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

b) Two factors which may have prevented more CARICOM citizens from benefitting from
regional integration:
(i) The limited category of workers who are allowed to move and work without work permits excludes
the masses, who are unemployed, underemployed or working for lower wages, from accessing
employment in other CARICOM countries.
(ii) Some CARICOM countries have not fully supported freedom of movement, for fear that migrants
may reduce job opportunities for their citizens. They therefore limit the number of CARICOM
migrants, or create obstacles to prevent them from accessing employment in their countries.
Two factors given but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Two factors fully described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

c) Three strategies which a group of regional integration supporters may use to make more CARICOM
citizens aware of the benefits of regional integration:
(i) Sponsor an “integration day” on which exhibitions are mounted featuring the history, objectives
and benefits of regional integration. This strategy may be successful because it would give
those visiting the exhibition the opportunity to learn about regional integration in a relaxed
environment. They may find the information in visual presentations easier to understand than
reading printed information.
(ii) Prepare infomercials for broadcast on regional media featuring the benefits of regional
integration, using popular regional artistes, charismatic regional leaders and outstanding regional
sports personalities to outline the benefits. This strategy may be successful because these
persons have a regional following and CARICOM citizens would most likely listen to or view any
information which they present.
(iii) Present case studies on regional media, featuring persons in different categories who have
benefitted from regional integration. This strategy may be successful as viewers and listeners
may be more impressed with actual accounts from persons who have benefitted directly from
regional integration.
Three strategies outlined but not described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three strategies fully described, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
15
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

TOURISM
QUESTION 1
These are points which could be covered in your essay.

Ways in which Caribbean economies benefit from tourism could include two of the following:
• Foreign exchange earnings, to pay for imports of goods and services.
• Creation of employment.
• Government revenue from taxes on tourism.
• Encourages investment in infrastructure, such as airports and seaports.
Any two examples given, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Negative effects of tourism could include two of the following:

• Environmental damage to wildlife and natural environments.
• Additional demand for fresh water and other scarce resources.
• Access to beaches may be restricted for local people.
• Other sectors of the economy, such as agriculture, may be neglected.
Any two examples given, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Strategies to provide accommodation during the peak tourist season may include:
• Providing loans to entrepreneurs who want to establish small hotels and guest houses.
• Making government land available for construction of hotels and resorts.
• Providing tax concessions and other incentives to encourage investment in tourist accommodation.
Three strategies listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Three strategies well described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Example of justification of suggestion:

‘There are many people who have ideas, or may even have land which is perfectly located to
provide accommodation for tourists, but do not have the money. If governments provide loans
to entrepreneurs, they will be better able to afford to build small hotels and guest houses.
This would also help where entrepreneurs find it difficult to secure financing from banks or other
lending institutions.’
Suggestion relevant but not justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Suggestion listed and well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

QUESTION 2
These are points which could be covered in your speech.

A tourist is a person spending one or more nights away from home for business or pleasure.
Correctly defined: total 2 marks (KC)

Types of tourism important to the Caribbean may include two of the following:
• Sun, sand and sea tourism.
• Yachting and pleasure boats.
• Sports tourism
• Medical tourism.
• Business tourism.
• Ecotourism.
• Cultural and heritage tourism.
Any two examples, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
16
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

For features which could be developed into tourist attractions, suggest two specific examples from the
following list:
• A beach
• A historic building
• An area with wildlife or forest
• A coral reef or offshore island
• A river or waterfall
• A cultural or heritage feature
Any two examples, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Actions which may be taken to develop tourism may include the following:
• Advertising and marketing in source countries.
• Encouraging construction of tourist accommodation.
• Improving airports.
• Encouraging additional flights by regional and international airlines.
• Improving port facilities for cruise ships.
• Encouraging the development of festivals and cultural activities.
• Preserving historic buildings, wildlife and the natural environment.
• Promoting education and training in skills related to tourism.
Three strategies listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Three strategies well described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Example of justification of suggestion:

‘Encouraging additional flights by regional and international airlines would definitely help with the
development of tourism. Transportation is one of the vital areas of tourism: without an adequate
number of flights entering the tourist destination, there would be no tourism. Put simply, more flights
could mean more tourists. If money is spent on other tourism related areas, but not on increasing
flights, there would be attractive facilities but no one to stay at or visit them.’
Each suggestion relevant but not justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Each suggestion listed and well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
17
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

COMMUNICATION
QUESTION 1
These are points which should be covered in your speech.

Communication: Interaction through messages or signals, usually between people but also, for example,
between computers and other machines or between animals.
Term clearly defined: total 2 marks (KC)

Verbal communication uses words. Non-verbal communication does not use words.
Terms clearly differentiated: total 2 marks (KC)

Why good communication is important in the home:

• It means that family members can be more aware of each other’s needs and wants.
• It can help resolve differences where they exist.
• It helps family members cater to each other’s emotional and psychological needs.
Why good communication is important in a school:
• Students are aware of what the teachers expect from them.
• Teachers are aware of difficulties faced by students in meeting expectations.
• Conflict among students may be resolved without resorting to violence.
• Expectations may be clearly communicated to students.
One detailed explanation for school and home, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Ways in which teenagers could improve communications skills may include these, or other alternatives:
• Read widely, to improve vocabulary and understanding of grammar and punctuation.
• Discuss ideas and plans, taking care to express thoughts clearly and logically so that others
can understand.
• Create a Facebook page or blog, and maintain it with pictures and written words.
• Listen carefully to others when they speak, and ask for an explanation if their meaning is not
completely clear.
• Be familiar with the different patterns of both standard English and dialect (or creole) in oral
communication, and learn to use each of them effectively in appropriate settings.
Any three measures listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Any three measures with brief examples, 2 marks each: 6 marks (AEP)

Example of justification of strategy:

‘It is important that teenagers become familiar with both Standard English and dialects, because they
will be called upon to communicate with people in all types of situations. Especially as they prepare
for the world of work, or have opportunities to travel or interact with persons from other countries or
cultures, they need to be able to understand them and be understood by them.’
Each strategy relevant but not justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Each strategy listed and well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
18
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 2
These are points which should be covered in your article.

Examples of modern technology used in communication:

• Cellular telephones
• Skype
• Email
• Texting
• Facebook
• YouTube
• Twitter
Any two examples, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

Factors that influence forms of communication:

• Geographical location: climate, distance, rivers, sea and mountains
• Socio-cultural factors: religion, beliefs, customs, status
• Technological factors: availability of energy and technology
Any one factor, well described: total 2 marks (KC)

Dangers of modern technology to communication within families could include two of the following:
• Family members communicate frequently with people outside the family, but have little time to talk
to each other.
• Family members spend time in a bedroom or study with their own computer or television, not in a
shared living space.
• Family members do not have shared cultural experiences, because they watch different television
programs and listen to different music.
Any two examples, clearly stated, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Develop your own proposals for using modern communication methods within the family, such as these, or
any others which you can propose:
• Finding a call tariff which allows free or low-cost calling and texting to friends and family.
• Developing a shared family Facebook page, and share it with more distant relatives and family friends.
• Use Twitter to tell others about small incidents during the day, to express your feelings, or let
others know where you are and what your immediate plans are.
• Use Skype for extended video calls with family members who live overseas.
• Helping older family members to become familiar with new forms of communications, such as
Skype or texting, understanding and dealing with any initial difficulties they may face.
Any three with no explanation, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Any three with brief examples, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Example of justification of suggestion:

‘By helping older members of the family become familiar with technology, younger members will help
them to overcome their fear of modern technology and communicate with younger members more.
When older family members begin using technology, they will be able to communicate in a much more
convenient and efficient manner, because of the speed of modern technology. This will also help to
bridge the generation gap.’
Each suggestion relevant but not justified, 1 mark each: total 3 marks (AEP)
Each suggestion listed and well justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
19
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

CONSUMER AFFAIRS
QUESTION 1
Essay Outline
Electronic banking is the process by which a customer may perform banking transactions electronically
without visiting a bank or having face-to-face contact with bank staff.
Term clearly defined: total 2 marks (KC)

Two ways in which consumers benefit by using electronic banking services:

(i) It saves time, because customers do not have to stand in line or visiting bank
(ii) It is convenient, because business can be conducted at any time and from anywhere internet
access is available.
Any two benefits listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Any two benefits fully described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Reason for caution: consumers are liable to become victims of electronic fraud if they are careless with
the use of their banking information, or they are not familiar with correct use of the technology.
Reason clearly described: total 2 marks (KC)

Three precautions which consumers should take when using electronic banking services:
(i) Keep passwords and PINs secret. This action is important in order to prevent unauthorized
persons from having access to the customer’s account.
(ii) Choose ATMs which are located in relatively secure areas. This action is important for the
customer to ensure his physical safety, and to prevent theft by would-be criminals.
(iii) Check account transactions frequently. This action would allow customers to detect fraudulent
activity on their account early and notify the bank, in order to have the matter investigated and
reduce further loss of funds.
Three strategies listed but not described, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three strategies fully described, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

QUESTION 2
Essay Outline
Two government organizations which protect consumers:
• the Weights and Measures Division
• the Public Health Division of the Ministry of Health
Any two organizations listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

Functions of organizations:
The Weights and Measures Division checks instruments used for measuring in business places to ensure
that they are measuring accurately; this helps to guarantee that consumers get the amount they pay for.

The Public Health Division of the Ministry of Health safeguards the public’s health, by setting and
monitoring regulations for the preparation, serving, storage, and sale of food and drink for consumption
at public events.
Function clearly described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
20
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

Two examples of reasons why consumers need protection:

(i) Advertisers create too many false impressions in their advertisements, which influence consumers
to buy goods they later discover do not adequately satisfy their needs.
(ii) Consumers are either unaware or unable to keep abreast of the sales tactics which are used.
They may therefore be tricked into buying goods which they do not need or are of little value.
Any valid reason described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)

Three examples of actions consumers may take:

(i) Consumers should complain about violations of their rights to the offending business place, or
the relevant consumer protection authorities. When consumers complain, they may be able to get
redress and they may also help to protect other consumers.
(ii) Consumers should shop around and not buy on impulse because prices, quality, and terms vary
from business to business. By comparing prices before purchasing, consumers would be better
able to protect themselves by making a more informed decision.
(iii) Consumers should know their rights under the law and demand them. Business people are less
likely to exploit consumers who act responsibly as a result of knowing and demanding their rights.
Three actions outlined but not justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three outlines fully justified, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

QUESTION 3
Essay Outline
Exchange rate is the price for which the currency of one country can be exchanged for another
country’s currency.
Term clearly defined: total 2 marks (KC)

Example of change to exchange rate:

The exchange rate may be changed through devaluation of the national currency. Devaluation is the official
or deliberate reduction in a country’s official exchange rate relative to other currencies.
Any valid change identified and defined: total 2 marks (KC)

Two examples of negative effects of devaluation:

(i) It increases the cost of imports because more local currency is needed to purchase foreign goods.
(ii) It reduces the standard of living, particularly for those on fixed incomes and pensioners, because
their income will be able to buy less goods and services as a result of the devaluation.
Any two examples listed, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Any two examples fully described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Three examples of actions which consumers may take to reduce the negative effects of depreciation:
(i) Consumers can buy locally produced goods which are cheaper, in preference to more expensive
imports. The purchasing power of consumers’ income has been reduced and purchasing cheaper
local goods will help consumers to stretch their income.
(ii) Consumers can prioritize their needs and wants. This action will help consumers to prevent
wastage of their income by limiting their spending to essentials only.
(iii) Consumers can produce some of the food items in back-yard gardens where possible. This saves
money and the consumer can continue to enjoy a reasonable standard of living by consuming
locally-grown substitutes.
Any three actions listed but not justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Any three actions fully justified, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
21
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012
 Student book exam-style question answers

QUESTION 4
Essay Outline
Two examples of strategies which business people use to increase sales of their products:
(i) Advertising: Sellers use persuasive advertising to encourage consumers to buy their goods
and services. In these persuasive advertisements, sellers use vivid and emotive language and
pictures, which are aimed at persuading consumers to buy a particular brand of a good in
preference to another.
(ii) Credit: Sellers offer consumers attractive credit arrangements, which feature low deposits and long
repayment periods. Credit is an agreement in which goods, services, or money are exchanged
against a promise to pay later.
Any two strategies listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Any two strategies fully described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Two examples of reasons why it is important for consumers to keep up with sales tactics:
(i) Consumers may be tricked into buying goods which are not their preference. This is particularly so
in the case of ‘bait and switch’ tactics. This is a situation in which a seller advertises a product to
attract consumers to his store and then introduces consumers to an alternative product.
(ii) Consumers may be influenced into buying obsolete goods because they would be offered at
substantially reduced prices (knocked down prices). The consumer may later find that no parts or
service are available for the product.
Any two reasons listed but not described, 1 mark each: total 2 marks (KC)
Any two reasons fully described, 2 marks each: total 4 marks (KC)

Three examples of actions which consumers should take when buying goods in a sale:
(i) Consumers should inspect items carefully for expiry dates and defects. This action should be
taken because, if the expiry date has passed, the item may be dangerous to the consumer’s
health. Defective goods may be a waste of money if the consumer does not return them.
(ii) Consumers should investigate to find out whether or not it is a genuine sale. This action is being
suggested because sellers may sometimes temporarily increase prices and then reduce them to
the original level to simulate a sale.
(iii) Consumers should compare “sale price” with prices of the item where it is not on “sale”.
Consumers may sometimes be tricked into believing that they are getting a bargain but the
item may be offered elsewhere at a lower price.
Three actions outlined but not justified, 2 marks each: total 6 marks (AEP)
Three actions fully justified, 4 marks each: total 12 marks (AEP)

Profile Abbreviations:
KC – Knowledge and Comprehension
AEP – Application, Evaluation and Problem Solving
22
Caribbean Social Studies for CSEC® Copyright Oxford University Press 2012